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PHARMACOPCEI^-:
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OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
NINTH DECENNIAL REVISION
BY AUTHORITY OF THE
UNITED STATES PHARMACOPCEIAL CONVENTION
HELD AT WASHINGTON, D.C., MAT 10, 1910
PREPARED BY THE COMMITTEE OF REVISION AND
PUBLISHED BY THE BOARD OF TRUSTEES
OFFICIAL FROM SEPTEMBER 1, 1916
PHILADELPHIA
AGENTS
P. BLAKISTON'S SON & COMPANY
SUB-AGENTS
New York, PAUL B. HOEBER, 67 East 59th Street
Chicago. CHICAGO MEDICAL BOOK CO., Congress and Honore Streets
St. Louis. LEWIS S. MATTHEWS & CO.. 3563 Olive Street
San Francisco, POTTER BROTHERS CO. INC., 571 Market Street
PHARMACOPCEIA
OF TBB
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
NINTH DECENNIAI. mBTISIO.V
OFFICIAL COPY
l-ilOPrBlUHX
P A-'.^A
Entered acpording to Act of Congress, in the year 1916. by
The Board of Trustees
of the
United States Pharmacopoeial Conventics
In the Ofiace of the Librarian of Congress at Washingtoii
All rights reserved
PRINTERS AND BINDERS
J. B. LIPPINCOTT COMPANY
i'nii,ADi:i.ri;iA
CONTENTS
PART I
PAGB
Historical Introduction ▼
Articles of Incorporation xix
Abstract of the Proceedings of the Ninth Decennial Convention, 1910 . . . xxiii
General Principles To Be Followed for the Ninth Revision xxxi
Preface xxxv
Introductory Notices xlv
International Protocol liii
Admissions, Deletions and Changes lix
Articles Added to Part I, U.S. P. IX lix
Articles Dismissed from U.S. P. VIII Ix
Articles Added to Part II, U.S.P. IX Ixiii
Articles Dismissed from Appendix, U.S.P. VIII Ixv
Changes in Official Latin Titles . Ixvi
Changes in Official English Titles Ixvii
Comparative Table Showing the Strength of the More Important Pharmaco-
poeial Substances and Preparations in the Preceding and in the Present
Pharmacopoeia Ixviii
The Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America 1
PART II
Atomic Weights 503
Elements and Pharmacopoeial Chemicals 504
Multiples of Some Atomic and Molecular Weights 520
Reagents 521
Test Solutions 521
Volumetric Solutions 555
Indicators for Acidimetry and Alkalimetry 579
General Tests 584
1. Arsenic Test 584
2. Arsenic Test, Bettendorf s 586
3. Heavy Metals Test 586
4. Electrolytic Determinations 587
5. Assay for Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides 588
6. Assay for AlkaU Salts of Organic Acids ^ 589
7 . Determination of Ash or Non-volatile Matter 589
8. Iodine Absorption Value 590
9. Saponification Value 590
10. Acid Number for Resins 591
11. Determination of Crude Fiber 591
12. Determination of Volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether 591
iii
IV CONTENTS
13. Determination of Non-volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether 592
14. Determination of Alcohol in Official Preparations with List of Alco-
holic Percentages 592
15. Proximate Assays (General Directions) 593
16. Melting Points 596
17. Boihng Points 598
18. Congealing Points 599
19. Solubihties 599
20. Gasometric Estimations 600
21. Optical Rotation 602
22. Refractive Index 603
23. Biological Assays 604
Standard Thermometers 610
Powders 612
Percolation 613
Sterilization 616
Diagnostical Reagents and Clinical Tests 618
Tables 628
Thermometric Equivalents 628
Alcoholometric Table 633
Temperature Corrections for Alcoholometric Table 636
Acid and AlkaU Tables 638
Acetic Acid 639
Hydrochloric Acid . 642
Nitric Acid 643
Sulphuric Acid 646
Ammonia 649
Reduction of Apparent to True Specific Gravity 650
Reduction of Apparent Weight in Air to Weight in Vacuum 651
Cahbration of Pycnometers 652
CaUbration of Glass Measuring Apparatus 653
Metric Equivalents 654
Weight and Volume Relations 658
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities
in the Avoirdupois System 660
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities
in Apothecaries Measures 661
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities
in Apothecaries Weights 662
Index 663
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
IN January, 1817, Dr. Lyman Spalding,* of New York City, sub-
mitted to the Medical Society of the County of New York a project
for the formation of a National Pharmacopoeia, f
Dr. Spalding's plan was as follows: The United States were to be
divided into four districts — Northern, Middle, Southern, and Western;
the New England States to form the Northern District; New York,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and the District of
Columbia, the Middle District; and the States south and west of these
borders to constitute the other two districts.
The plan provided that a Convention should be called in each of these
districts, to be composed of delegates from all the medical societies and
schools situated within each of them. Each District Convention was to
form a Pharmacopoeia, and appoint delegates to a General Convention,
to be held in Washington. To this General Convention the four District
Pharmacopoeias should be taken, and from the material thus brought
* Born at Cornish, N.H., June 5, 1775; died at Portsmouth, N.H., October 30, 1821.
t While European pharmacopoeias were chiefly relied upon as authorities previous
to the appearance of the first official Pharmacopoeia of the United States of America,
yet a few works had appeared, previous to this time, which deserve to be recorded
here.
In 1778 there was published at Philadelphia a small Pharmacopoeia for the use
of the Mihtary Hospital of the U.S. Army located at Lititz, Lancaster Co., Penn-
sylvania, under the title: "Pharmacopoeia simpliciorum et efficaciorum, in usiun
nosocomii militaris, ad exercitum foederatarum Americce civitatum pertinentis;
hodiernae nostrae inopise rerumque angustiis, feroci hostium ssevitiae, belloque crudeU
ex inopinato patriae nostrae illato debitis, maxime accommodata." A second edition
of this appeared in 1781, on the title-page of which Dr. WiUiam Brown is men-
tioned as author.
On October 3, 1805, the Counsellors of the Massachusetts Medical Society ap-
pointed a Committee to draft a Pharmacopoeia adapted to the special wants of their
section of this country. The Committee, consisting of Dr. James Jackson and Dr.
John C. Warren, endeavored to secure the co-operation of medical institutions in
other States, with the object of making the work national, but without success.
They presented the result of their labors to the Coimsellors on June 5, 1807, and
the work was issued some time in the early part of 1808. It was based upon the
last preceding edition of the Edinburgh Pharmacopoeia, but contained much original
matter, among which was a posological and prosodial table.
In 1815 the Physicians and Surgeons of the New York Hospital appointed Dr.
Samuel L. Mitchill and Dr. Valentine Seaman a Committee to prepare a Pharma-
copoeia for the use of that institution. This was issued in 1816, and enjoyed for
some years an authority of more than local character.
V
VI HISTORICAL iNtRODUCtlON
together a National Pharmacopceia should be compiled. Dr. Spalding's
plan was approved by the committee to which it was referred, and sub-
sequently, through the agency of the Medical Society of the State of
New York, it was carried into effect. This society issued circulars re-
questing the co-operation of the several incorporated State Medical
Societies, the several incorporated Colleges of Physicians and Surgeons,
or Medical Schools, or such medical bodies as constituted a faculty in
any incorporated university or college in the United States ; and in any
State or Territory in which there was no incorporated medical society,
college, or school, voluntary associations of physicians and surgeons
were invited to assist in the imdertaking.
The follo^^^ng organizations approved the plan of forming a National
Pharmacopoeia, and appointed delegates to district conventions : Massa-
chusetts Medical Society, June 2, 1818; College of Physicians and Sur-
geons in the City of New York, June 25, 1818; Medical and Chirurgical
Faculty of Maryland, June, 1818; Rhode Island Medical Society, Sep-
tember 1, 1818; Medical Society of South Carolina, September, 1818;
Medical Society of the District of Columbia, October 5, 1818; Cormec-
ticut Medical Society, October 15, 1818; Medical Institution of Yale
College, October 28, 1818; Vermont Medical Society, October, 1818;
Board of Physicians and Surgeons of the First Medical District of the
State of Indiana, November 3, 1818; College of Physicians and Surgeons
of the Western District of the State of New York, January, 1819; Col-
lege of Physicians of Philadelphia, February 2, 1819; Medical Faculty
of Brown University, March 15, 1819; Medical School at Lexington,
Kentucky, April, 1819; New Hampshire Medical Society, May 5,
1819; Medical Society of New Jersey, May 11, 1819; Medical Society
of the State of .Delaware, May, 1819; Medical Society of Georgia, May,
1819.
The Medical College of Ohio and the Medical Society of New Orleans
approved the formation of a National Pharmacopoeia, but they did not
appoint delegates.
The District Convention for the New England States was held in
Boston, June 1, 1819, and a District Pharmacopoeia was adopted.
The District Convention of the Middle States was held in Philadel-
phia, June 1, 1819, and two outlines of Pharmacopoeias, submitted by
the delegates from New York and Philadelphia, were formed into one,
which was adopted as the Pharmacopoeia of the Middle District.
There were no conventions held in the Southern and Western Districts,
but measures were taken, by those concerned, to secure a representation
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION VU
of the Southern District in the General Convention at Washington.
The General Convention for the formation of a National Pharmacopoeia
assembled in the Capitol, at Washington, January 1, 1820, and elected
Samuel L. Mitchill, M.D., President, and Thomas T. Hewson, M.D,,
Secretary.
The two Pharmacopoeias prepared in the Northern and Middle Dis-
tricts were submitted to examination, compared in detail, and their
contents, with such additions as were thought necessary, consolidated
into one work, which, after full revision, was adopted by the General
Convention, and ordered to be published by a committee appointed for
that purpose, of which Dr. Lyman Spalding was chairman. It was
published in Boston, December 15, 1820, in both the Latin and English
languages, a second edition appearing in 1828.
FIRST REVISION
Before adjourning, the General Convention of 1820 made arrange-
ments for the future revision of the work. It instructed its President to
issue, on January 1, 1828, writs of election to the several incorporated
State Medical Societies and incorporated Medical Colleges and Schools
in the Northern District, requiring them to ballot for three delegates to
a General Convention to be held at Washington on January 1, 1830,
for the purpose of revising the American Pharmacopoeia; and that these
several institutions be requested to forward to the President, on or
before April 1, 1829, the names of three persons thus designated by
ballot; and the President of the Convention was requested, on the said
day, to assort and count the said votes, and to notify the three persons,
who should have the greatest number of votes, of their election; and,
in case there should not be three persons who had a greater number of
votes than others, then the said President was desired to put a ballot
into the box for each of those persons who had an equal number of
votes, and draw therefrom such number of ballots as should make the
number of delegates three, and notify as before directed.
This resolution was to apply in like manner to the Middle, Southern,
and Western Districts.
Accordingly, there were to be three delegates from each of the four
districts, the Convention thus to consist of twelve delegates.
Notwithstanding the care thus exercised by the Convention of 1820 to
arrange for a Convention in 1830, a serious misunderstanding occurred,
the result of which was that two Pharmacopoeias were pubUshed in
1830 — one in New York and one in Philadelphia.
Vlll HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
The President issued, on January 1, 1828, writs of election, as in-
structed by the Convention of 1820; but, on account of a certain am-
biguity of expression in the resolution of the Convention of 1820, and
perhaps, also, in the communication of President Mitchill addressed
to the various societies and colleges, some of the organizations did not
correctly understand what was expected of them, and instead of sending
to President Mitchill the state of the ballot, sent to him merely its result.
It appears to have been the impression in many places that the societies
addressed were to choose delegates, and that the delegates thus chosen
were to proceed to Washington.
President Mitchill received returns from the Northern and Middle
Districts, but none from the Southern and Western Districts. He
counted the ballots returned to him, as he understood that they should
be counted, and notified the three chosen by each of the two districts
of their election, but the appointment of the delegates for the Middle
District was not satisfactory to many of the medical societies of that
region.
The delegates from the Northern and Middle Districts who had been
notified by President Mitchill of their election resolved, by general
concurrence, and for the sake of convenience, to hold the meeting of
the Convention at New York instead of Washington, as directed by
the authority under which they were chosen. Eli Ives, M.D., of Yale
College, Connecticut, was elected President. As they were so few in
number, they adjourned for six months in order to obtain assistance
from the medical fraternity of the country. They issued a circular to
each of the Medical Societies and Medical Institutions in the United
States not represented in the Convention, requesting each to appoint
a delegate to co-operate with this Convention in revising the American
Pharmacopoeia; and, provided no delegate should be appointed, or, if
appointed, be unable to attend, said society or medical institution or
delegates were requested to communicate their ideas, in relation to the
revision of the Pharmacopoeia, to the Convention at their next session
to be held on the first Wednesday of June, 1830, at the College of Phy-
sicians and Surgeons of New York.
The Convention met, according to agreement, in New York, June 2,
1830, ten delegates being present, representing: Connecticut, South
Carolina, New York, Ohio, and Western Massachusetts. They revised
the Pharmacopoeia of 1820, authorized the publication of their revision,
and, before adjourning, provided for a subsequent revision in 1835. The
book was published in New York, November, 1830.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION IX
In consequence of the dissatisfaction existing in the Middle District,
arrangements were made to hold a Convention at Washington, January,
1830, which should be more fairly representative of the medical societies,
colleges, and schools of the Middle District.
The Convention was held in the Capitol, at Washington, January 4,
1830. It consisted of eight delegates, two from New Jersey, two from
Philadelphia, one from Delaware, one from IVIaryland, and two from the
District of Columbia, all members from the Middle District. Lewis
Condict, M.D., of New Jersey, was elected President.
Since many sections of the United States were not represented at this
Convention, and it appeared desirable that the various medical interests
of the country should have their due representation, it was resolved,
soon after the organization of the Convention, that the Surgeon-General
of the Army, the senior surgeon of the Navy, stationed at Washington,
and those Members of Congress who were practitioners of medicine,
should be invited to participate in the proceedings.
In compliance with this invitation, the Surgeon-General of the Army,
the senior surgeon of the Navy, and three Members of Congress took
their seats in the Convention, thus increasing the number of the dele-
gates to thirteen. The Convention appointed a Committee of Revision
consisting of a Chairman and two members from each of the following
cities, viz.: Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington,
Charleston, Lexington, and Cincinnati.
The Chairman of the Committee was requested to open a correspond-
ence with the several members for the purpose of submitting to their
examination a revised draft of the Pharmacopoeia presented to the Con-
vention by the delegates from Pennsylvania. He was also instructed to
call a meeting of the Committee in Philadelphia. Any three members
were constituted a quorum for the transaction of business, and, after
a careful examination of the several communications that might be
submitted to them, they were to prepare a revised edition of the Phar-
macopoeia, and make the necessary arrangements for its publication.
The Committee performed the duty imposed upon them, and their
revision of the Pharmacopoeia was published in Philadelphia in 1831.
SECOND REVISION
Previous to adjournment, the Convention arranged for a Convention
in 1840, by the following resolution: "Resolved, That the President of
this Convention shall, on the first day of January, 1839, issue a notice,
requesting the different incorporated State Medical Societies, the incor-
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
porated Medical Colleges, and the incorporated Colleges of Physicians
and Surgeons, throughout the United States, each to elect a number of
delegates, not exceeding three, to attend a General Convention to be
held at Washington, D.C., on the first Monday in January, 1840."
The plan of the New York Convention for a revision of the Pharma-
copoeia in 1835 was abandoned. The plan of the AVashington Conven-
tion for a revision in 1840 was generally recognized as the more feasible
and was fully carried out.
The notices for the choice of delegates to the Convention of 1840
were issued by Lewis Condict, M.D., President of the Washington Con-
vention of 1830, in accordance with the resolution quoted above. The
Convention assembled at Washington. on the first day of January, 1840,
twenty delegates being present, representing the Rhode Island Medical
Society, the New Jersey Medical Society, the College of Phj^sicians of
Philadelphia, the University of Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical
College of Philadelphia, the Delaware Med'cal Society, the Washing-
ton University of Baltimore, the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of
Maryland, the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, the Colum-
bian Medical College, the Vincennes Medical Society of Indiana, and
the Medical Society of Georgia.
The credentials of delegates from the Medical Society of Vermont, the
Medical Society of New Hampshire, the Albany Medical College, and
the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Lexington, Kentucky, were
presented, but the delegates did not make their appearance during the
session. Lewis Condict, M.D., of New Jersey, was elected President.
With the view of giving the various medical interests of the country
proper representation in the Convention, the Surgeon-General of the
Army and the senior surgeon of the Navy stationed at Washington
were invited to participate in the proceedings. The Convention ap-
pointed a Committee of Revision and Publication, consisting of seven
members (three to form a quorum), and the meetings of the Committee
to be held at Philadelphia. To this Committee were referred all
communications received by the Convention from the various organiza-
tions represented. The Committee was authorized to request the co-
operation of the colleges of pharmacy in the United States, and to
publish the work after the completion of the revision. Valuable assis-
tance was rendered the Committee by the Colleges of Pharmacy of
Boston and New York; the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy pre-
sented a complete revised copy of the Pharmacopeia, elaborated with
ability and great industry; the Committee accepted, after deliberate
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION Xl
examination, nearly all of the suggestions, and this caused delay in
the issue of the work. The book was not published until early in the
year 1842. In this revision the Latin version was omitted. The proc-
ess of displacement or percolation was introduced for the first time.
THIRD REVISION
Before adjourning, provision was made, by the following resolution,
for a Convention in 1850:
"The President of this Convention shall, on the first day of May,
1849, issue a notice, requesting the several incorporated State Medical
Societies, the incorporated Medical Colleges, the incorporated Colleges
of Physicians and Surgeons, and the incorporated Colleges of Pharmacy,
throughout the United States, each to elect a number of delegates, not
exceeding three, to attend a General Convention to be held at Wash-
ington, on the first Monday in May, 1850."
In accordance with this resolution, the Convention met at Washing-
ton, May 6, 1850, thirty delegates being present, representing: the
Rhode Island Medical Society, the Geneva Medical College, the College
of Pharmacy of the City of New York, the Medical Society of New
Jersey, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the University of
Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, the Medical
Faculty of the Pennsylvania College, the Medico-Chirurgical College
of Philadelphia, the Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the Medical
Society of Delaware, the Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland,
the Medical Society of the District of Columbia, the National Medical
College of the District of Colurfibia, the Medical Department of the
National Institute, the Georgetown Medical College, and' the Rush
Medical College of Chicago.
The credentials of delegates from the New Hampshire Medical Insti-
tution, the University of Buffalo, the Medical Department of Hampden-
Sidney College, the Medical Society of South Carolina, the Medical
College of Ohio, the Cincinnati College of Pharmacy, the Missouri
Medical Society, the Wisconsin State Medical Society, and the Medical
Faculty of the University of Iowa were presented, but the delegates did
not make their appearance during the session.
George B, Wood, M.D., of Philadelphia, was chosen President. The
Surgeon-General of the Army and the Chief of the Bureau of Medicine
and Surgery of the Navy Department were invited to participate in the
proceedings.
The Convention appointed a Committee of Revision and Publication.
Xll HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
consisting of the President of the Convention and three other members,
three to form a quorum; the meetings of the Committee were held in
Philadelphia, and the Committee published the revised work in 1851. A
second edition was issued in 1855.
FOURTH REVISION
Before adjourning, the Convention of 1850 made arrangements for
a Convention to be held on the first Wednesday in May, 1860, by a
resolution similar to the one adopted by the Convention of 1840.
The Convention met in 1860, thirty delegates being present, repre-
senting: the Maine Medical Association, the Massachusetts Medical
Society, the Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, the Connecticut State
Medical Society, the Medical Society of the State of New York, the
New York Academy of Medicine, the College of Pharmacy of the City
of New York, the University of Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical
College of Philadelphia, the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, the
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy, the Delaware State Medical Society,
the University of Maryland, the Maryland College of Pharmacy, the
National Medical College of Washington, the Medical Society of the
District of Columbia, the United States Army, and the United States
Navy. George B. Wood, M.D., of Philadelphia, was chosen President.
A Committee of Revision and Publication was appointed, consisting
of nine members, including the President of the Convention. To this
Committee were referred all communications relating to the revision of
the Pharmacopoeia. Three members were to form a quorum. The
Committee was to meet in Philadelphia, and was authorized to publish
the work after its revision. The book was published in June, 1863.
Before adjourning, the Convention made arrangements, by a resolution
similar to that adopted by the Convention of 1850, for a Convention in
1870.
FIFTH REVISION
In accordance with this resolution, a Convention met in Washington,
Wednesday, May 4, 1870, sixty delegates being present, representing:
the St. Louis Medical College, the Maryland College of Pharmacy, the
Missouri Medical College, the St. Louis College of Pharmacy, the Chi-
cago College of Pharmacy, the Medical Society of the District of Colum-
bia, the Medical College of Virginia, the Massachusetts College of Phar-
macy, the Medical Society of the State of New York, the College of
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION XllI
Physicians of Philadelphia, the College of Pharmacy of the City of New
York, the National Medical College of Washington, the University of
Pennsylvania, the Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, the Phila-
delphia College of Pharmacy, the College of Pharmacy of Baldwin
University, the Medico-Chirurgical Society of Louisville, the Baltimore
Medical Association, the Medical Department of Georgetown College,
the Washington University of Baltimore, the Massachusetts Medical
Society, the Maine Medical Association, the University of Buffalo, the
Medical and Chirurgical Society of Maryland, the Baltimore Medical
Association, the University of Nashville, the University of Maryland,
the Pharmaceutical College of Howard University, the University of
Virginia, and the Woman's Medical College of Philadelphia.
Such Members of Congress as were graduates of regular medical
schools, the Surgeon-General of the Army, and the Chief of the
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery of the Navy Department were invited
to take seats in the Convention and participate in its deliberations.
Joseph Carson, M.D., of Philadelphia, was elected President of the
Convention.
A Committee of Revision and Publication, consisting of fifteen mem-
bers, was appointed and given definite instructions as to the general
plan to be followed in revising the Pharmacopoeia.
A resolution was adopted directing "that measures of capacity be
abandoned in the Pharmacopoeia, and that the quantities in all formulas
be expressed in weights and in parts by weight." The Committee of
' Revision by a unanimous vote decided that the adoption of the principle
of parts by weight was impracticable, and definite weights and measures
were used in the Pharmacopoeia.
Before adjourning, it was resolved that the rules adopted by the Con-
vention of 1860, for the meeting of 1870, be adopted for the Convention
of 1880, simply changing the dates.
The fifth revision of the Pharmacopoeia was published in 1873.
SIXTH REVISION
The next Convention assembled on May 5, 1880, at Washington.
There were one hundred and nine delegates accredited from ten Medical
Societies, twenty-three Medical Colleges, eleven Pharmaceutical Col-
leges, and the medical departments of the Army, the Navy, and the
Marine Hospital Service. Seventy-five delegates attended the meeting.
Dr. Robert Amory, of Boston, was elected President of the Convention.
Important changes were directed at this meeting to be made in the
XIV HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
Pharmacopoeia, the more prominent ones being the following : all articles
were to be arranged in alphabetical order; a new chemical nomencla-
tm"e was to be introduced; quantities were to be stated in "parts by
weight," and descriptions of crude drugs and of chemicals were to be
made more comprehensive and exact. Numerous tables were also
directed to be added to the work. A Committee of Revision was elected,
consisting of twenty-five members, and its powers and duties were
expressly defined.
Regarding the call to be issued for the Convention of 1890, it was
resolved that the President of the Convention of 1880 should, on or
about the first day of May, 1889, issue a notice requesting the several
incorporated Medical Societies, the incorporated Medical Colleges, the
incorporated Colleges of Pharmacy, the incorporated Pharmaceutical
Societies throughout the United States, the American Medical Associa-
tion, and the American Pharmaceutical Association, each to elect a
number of delegates, not exceeding three; the Surgeon-General of the
Army, the Surgeon-General of the Navy, and the Surgeon-General of the
Marine Hospital Service, each to appoint not exceeding three medical
officers, to attend a General Convention for the Revision of the Pharma-
copoeia of the United States, to be held in Washington, D.C., on the
first Wednesday of May, 1890.
It was also resolved that the several bodies, as well as the Medical
Departments of the Army, the Navy, and the Marine Hospital Service,
thus addressed, should also be requested by the President to submit the
Pharmacopoeia to a careful revision and to transmit the result of their*
labors, through their delegates, to the Committee of Revision, at least
three months before the meeting of the Convention.
The several medical and pharmaceutical bodies were further to be
requested to transmit to the President of the Convention of 1880 the
names and residences of their respective delegates, as soon as they had
been appointed ; a list of whom was to be published, under his authority,
for the information of the medical public, in the newspapers and medical
journals, in the month of March, 1890.
Finally, it was resolved that in the event of the death, resignation, or
inability of the President of the Convention to act, these duties should
devolve successively, in the following order of precedence: upon the
Vice-Presidents, the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary, and the Chair-
man of the Committee of Revision and Publication of the Pharmacopoeia.
The sixth revision of the Pharmacopoeia was published at the close
of October, 1882.
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION XV
SEVENTH REVISION
In accordance with the instructions of the Convention of 1880, the
Convention for the Seventh Decennial Revision of the Pharmacopoeia
of the United States of America met on May 7, 1890, in the City of
Washington, one hundred and seventy-five delegates being present,
representing the Medical Departments of the United States Army, the
United States Navy, the United States Marine Hospital Service, and
fifteen Medical Societies or Associations, twenty-three Medical Colleges
and Universities, twenty-five Pharmaceutical Associations, and twenty-
three Colleges of Pharmacy and Universities.
Dr. Horatio C. Wood, of Philadelphia, was elected President.
It was recommended by the Convention that assay processes should
be appended to the United States Pharmacopoeia! description of the
energetic or otherwise important drugs, and to such galenical prepara-
tions as the Committee of Revision of the Pharmacopoeia should deem
wise, especial care being taken that the assay processes for opium and
cinchona should be attended with as little manipulative difficulty
as possible; that the standard of purity for drugs should not be above
the point of practicability; that the strength of official tinctures and
wines should be ten per cent, as far as advisable in the judgment of the
Committee; that no substances protected by proprietary rights, or
produced solely under a patented process, should be introduced into the
Pharmacopoeia.
In regard to weights and measures, the principle of parts by weight
was abandoned, and the Committee of Revision was instructed to direct
soHds to be weighed and liquids to be measured, except in those cases
in which the Committee should find it advisable to use weights only;
also, that the metric system should be employed.
The Committee of Revision, consisting of twenty-six members, which
was elected by the Convention, proceeded to revise the Pharmacopoeia
in accordance with their instructions.
Before its adjournment, the Convention for the Revision of the United
States Pharmacopoeia directed that the President of this Convention
shall, on or about the first day of May, 1899, issue a notice requesting
the several bodies represented in the Conventions of 1880 and 1890, and
also such other incorporated State Medical and Pharmaceutical Associa-
tions, and incorporated Colleges of Medicine and Pharmacy, as shall
have been in continuous operation for at least five years immediately
preceding, to elect a number of delegates, not exceeding three, and the
Surgeon-General of the Army, the Surgeon-General of the Navy, and
XVI HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
the Surgeon-General of the Marine Hospital Service, each, to appoint,
not exceeding three, medical officers, to attend a General Convention for
the Revision of the Pharmacopoeia of the United States, to be held in
Washington, D.C., on the first Wednesday of May, 1900.
The seventh revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia was pub-
lished in September, 1893, and became official January 1, 1894.'
EIGHTH REVISION
The Eighth Revision differed from previous revisions in the fact that
the business management was entrusted to a Board of Trustees and the
Committee of Revision was thus afforded more time to devote to the im-
mediate duties of revision. On July 7, 1900, a Charter with articles of
incorporation was issued by the District of Columbia to the United
States Pharmacopoeial Convention, with a view of giving greater stability
to the organization (see page xix).
By far the most important thing in connection with the Pharmacopoeia
was the passage of an Act by the Congress of the United States, entitled
the Food and Drugs Act, June 30, 1906. The standards adopted under
this Act were those of the United States Pharmacopoeia and the National
Formulary, Up to the time of the passage of this Act the standards of
the United States Pharmacopoeia were not compulsory, except in a very
few instances ; in certain States and for Governmental use various States
in the Union followed the action of the Federal Government and passed
laws of similar import. The passage of this legislation at once compelled
official preparations to be made in accordance with the requirements of
the standards of the United States Pharmacopoeia, and a far greater
interest was taken in these standards in all parts of the country.
In September, 1902, there was held in the City of Brussels an impor-
tant conference, entitled "Conference Internationale pour I'Unification
de la Formule des Medicaments Heroiques," which was composed of
delegates from nearly every civilized country. The purpose of this body
was to endeavor to formulate standards for potent remedies which would
be adopted by the various pharmacopoeias of the world, and thus there
would be secured the principal object of an international pharmacopoeia.
The recommendations of this conference were adopted by the Com-
mittee of Revision, except in one or two instances. This has made
necessary a number of changes in the strength of important official prep-
arations (see table, page liii).
The Purity Rubric was first established in the eighth revision, the
object being explained as follows: "The necessity for more accurately
HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION XVll
defining the limit of purity permissible in official chemical substances
has been apparent for many years. In the Sixth Decennial Revision
this question was met by inserting more definite descriptions with
qualitative and quantitative tests. In the Seventh Revision will be
found a still greater elaboration of this plan. In the present revision
there has been added what has come to be kno^vn as the purity standard,
or purity 'rubric,' which is placed in large type immediately before the
description, and which defines the percentage of small quantities of per-
missible, innocuous impurities which do not materially affect medicinal
action or interfere with pharmaceutical uses. It is believed that this
plan will enable the reader to ascertain at a glance the standard which
has been adopted, and which represents what the Committee believes to
be obtainable, and which, on the other hand, will not prove burdensome
or impossible for the manufacturer to produce without adding unneces-
sary and excessive cost to the consumer. The Purity Standard require-
ments, which limit the quantity of innocuous impurities, are, unless other-
wise specified, to be understood as applying to chemical substances
which are free from adherent moisture, but an allowance not exceeding
3 per cent, of moisture is permitted in non-hygroscopic crystallized chem-
ical salts. Chemical substances in the form of powder or capillary crys-
tals and all hygroscopic salts are to be dispensed in a condition of sen-
sible dryness. As long as this condition is fulfilled, the moisture present
is not to be regarded as an impurity.
In the case of efflorescent salts, the Purity Standard must be under-
stood as applying only to the uneffloresced crystals, and only such should
be dispensed.
In some cases it \vill doubtless be found that the manufacturer can
slightly exceed the hmit of purity, and if this be the case, no objection
can be made, the language used being usually 'not less than — per cent,
of pure salt.'
Inasmuch as there has existed in the past on the part of the public a
misconception of the purposes of a pharmacopoeia, and penalties have
been imposed upon those who have sold substances bearing pharma-
copoeial names which were to be used in the arts, for manufacturing,
and other purposes, and not as medicines, it became necessary to make
the following declaration:
The standards of purity and strength prescribed in the text of this Phar-
macopoeia are intended to apply to substances which are used solely for
medicinal purposes and when professedly bought, sold, or dispensed as
such."
2
XVlll HISTORICAL INTRODUCTION
An advance was made in the eighth revision in the number of proxi-
mate assays and the processes themselves were made more efficient.
Serum products were introduced because of their growing importance.
The long continued custom of designating United States Pharmaco-
poeias by the decennial periods of their revision was dropped, and they
were designated by the number of revisions; instead of U.S.P. 1900,
which was not issued until 1905, it was called simply the " Eighth Decen-
nial Revision."
Average doses were appended under each article, which were not
intended to be compulsory, but which were to act as a guide in the admin-
istration of medicines.
The eighth revision became official from September 1st, 1905, and
some additions and corrections were necessary, to June 1st, 1907, on
account of the passage of the Food and Drugs Act.
General tests for heavy metals and arsenic which would apply to
many chemical substances throughout the text were inserted under the
head of "General Tests" in the Appendix. This saved much space and
was greatly appreciated.
A Digest of Comments was authorized in this revision and the work
was done under the supervision of the Public Health and Marine Hos-
pital Service.
A Spanish translation of the Eighth Revision of the United States
Pharmacopoeia, in 1909, was received with much satisfaction in the Span-
ish-speaking countries.
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
IN accordance with the mstructions of the United States Pharma-
copoeial Convention of May, 1900, the Board of Trustees directed
its Chairman, Mr. W. S. Thompson, of Washington, D. C, to em-
ploy an attorney who should take out articles of incorporation for the
Convention under the laws of the District of Columbia.
The first difficulty encountered was in the fact that the laws aforesaid
require that a majority of the Incorporators be residents of the District
of Columbia. This made it, at least, impracticable to include among
these Incorporators the Officers and Committee of Revision elected by
the Convention. It was then determined to ask the Committee on
Credentials and Arrangements to officiate in this capacity, and the
treasurer. Dr. W. M. Mew, took the place of Dr. J. E. Brackett, because
of the latter's absence from the country.
These preliminaries having been arranged, the following certificate of
incorporation was drawn up, signed, and recorded, finally, on the
eleventh day of July, 1900:
CERTIFICATE OF INCORPORATION
This is to certify that wc, whose names are hereunto subscribed, citizens of the
United States, of full age, and a majority citizens of the District of Columbia, do
associate ourselves together pursuant to the provisions of sections 545-552 inclusive
of the Revised Statutes of the United States relating to the District of Columbia and
of the act of Congress to amend the same, approved the twenty-third day of April,
1884, under the corporate name of The United States Pharmacopoeial Convention.
This Association is organized for a period of nine hundred and ninety-nine years.
The particular objects and business of this Association are the encouragement and
promotion of the science and art of medicine and pharmacy by selecting by research
and experiment and other proper methods and by naming such materials as may be
properly used as medicines and drugs with formulas for their preparation; by estab-
lishing one uniform standard and guide for the use of those engaged in the practice
of medicine and pharmacy in the United States whereby the identity, strength, and
purity of all such medicines and drugs may be accurately determined, and for
other like and similar purposes; and by printing and distributing at suitable
intervals such formulas and the results of such and similar selections, names, and
determinations among the members of this Association, pharmacists, and physicians
generally in the United States and others interested in pharmacy and medicine.
xix
XX ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION
The management and control of the affairs, funds, and property of this Associa-
tion for the first year of its existence shall be vested in a Board of Trustees consisting
of the seven following persons :*
Albert E. Ebert.
Samuel A. D. Sheppard.
William S. Thompson.
Charles E. Dohme.
George W. Sloan.
Horatio C. Wood.
Charles Rice.
In testimony whereof we have hereunto set our hands and affixed our seals this
seventh day of July, 1900,
t William S. Thompson. [seal]
t G. Lloyd Magruder. [seal]
t John T. Winter. [seal]
t Thomas C. Smith, [seal]
Murray G. Motter. [seal]
t William M. Mew. [seal]
Frank M. Criswell. [seal]
Extracts from tlie Constitution and By-Laws of the United States
Pliarmacopceial Convention.
Constitution, Article II. — Membership
"Section 1. — The members of the United States PharmacopcEial
Convention, in addition to the incorporators and their associates, shall
be delegates elected by the following organizations in the manner they
shall respectively provide: Incorporated Medical Colleges, and Medical
Schools connected with Incorporated Colleges and Universities; Incor-
porated Colleges of Pharmacy, and Pharmaceutical Schools connected
with Incorporated Universities; Incorporated State Medical Associa-
tions; Incorporated State Pharmaceutical Associations; the American
Medical Association, the American Pharmaceutical Association, and the
American Chemical Society; provided that no such organization shall
be entitled to representation unless it shall have been incorporated
within, and shall have been in continuous operation in, the United
States for at least five years before the time fixed for the decennial
meeting of this corporation.
* The laws of the District of Columbia with regard to corporations require that
the Board of Trustees, or Directors, for the first year shall be named in the Certifi-
cate of Incorporation.
t Deceased.
ARTICLES OF INCORPORATION XXI
"Section 2. — Delegates appointed by the Surgeon-General of the
United States Army, the Surgeon-General of the United States Navy,
and the Surgeon-General of the United States Marine Hospital Service,
and by the organizations not hereinbefore named, which were admitted
to representation in the Convention of 1900, shall also be members of
the corporation. Each body and each branch of the United States
Goverrmient above mentioned shall be entitled to send three delegates
to the meetings of this corporation. But no such delegates as are pro-
vided for in this article shall be members until their credentials shall
have been examined and acted upon as provided for by the By-Laws.
Delegates admitted as members at any decennial meeting shall con-
tinue to be members of the United States Pharmacopoeial Convention
until their successors shall have been appointed and admitted as dele-
gates to the ensuing Convention, and no longer."
Constitution, Article V. — Meetings
"The regular meetings of this corporation shall be held once in ten
years. The time of holding the decennial meeting shall be upon the
second Tuesday in May, in the first year in each decade ending in zero,
and the place of meeting shall be in the City of Washington, D.C. The
first decennial meeting shall be held in the year 1910."
By-Laws, Chapter I. — Of the President
"Article VIII. — He shall issue, on or about the first of ]\Iay of the
year immediately preceding that of the decennial meeting, a notice
inviting the several bodies, entitled under the Constitution to repre-
sentation therein, to send delegates to the next meeting. He shall
repeat the notification eight months later, and shall request the medical
and pharmaceutical journals of the United States to publish the call
for the said meeting."
ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910
THE first decennial meeting of the United States Pharmacopoeial
Convention, Incorporated (the ninth decennial convention for
the revision of the Pharmacopoeia), met at the New Willard
Hotel, Washington, D.C., on Tuesday, May 10th, 1910, at 10 o'clock
A.M., and, owing to the illness of the President, Horatio C. Wood, Sr.,
and the death of the First Vice-President, Albert B. Prescott, the
meeting was called to order by the Second Vice-President, Otto A. Wall.
Addresses were delivered by the Honorable Charles Nagel, Secretary
of Commerce and Labor, and by Senor Don Joaquin Bernardo Calvo,
Envoy Extraordinary and Mmister Plenipotentiary of Costa Rica.
The presidential address of Dr. H. C. Wood, Sr., was read by Dr. Otto
A. Wall and reports were presented by the Secretary, Henry M. Whelp-
ley; the Treasurer, G. Wythe Cook; the Acting Chairman of the Board
of Trustees, James H. Beal; and the chairman of the Committee of
Revision, Joseph P. Remington.
The order of business was similar to that followed by previous Phar-
macopoeial Conventions. After the report of the Committee on Cre-
dentials and Arrangements, the Committee on Nominations organized
and, in due course, presented nominations for officers and the members
of the Committee of Revision for the ensuing decade, who were duly
elected (see page xli).
The Convention then entered into a discussion on the General Princi-
ples to be followed in revising the Pharmacopoeia (see page xxxi) ; reports
and recommendations, submitted by various institutions and organiza-
tions, were referred to the Committee of Revision for its guidance; and,
after the usual resolutions of thanks, the Convention adjourned, sine
die, at noon on Thursday, May 12.
The Abstract of Proceedings of the Convention has been published
in pamphlet form by the Board of Trustees and may be obtained on
application, enclosing four cents postage, to Murray Gait Motter, M.D.,
Secretary of the Convention, who may be addressed at the Hygienic
Laboratory, 25 and E Streets, Northwest, Washington, D.C.
xxiii
XXIV ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OP
THE MEMBERSHIP OF CONVENTION OF 1910
The Members of the U. S. Pharmacopoeial Convention of 1910 consisted of the
four incorporators who were living, the Officers of the Convention of 1900, the
Board of Trustees, the Committee of Revision of 1900-1910 and the following
registered delegates:*
U. S. GOVERNMENT SERVICES
Surgeon-General's Office, United States War Department: Walter D. McCaw, Carl
R. Darnall, Frederick F. Russell.
Bureau of Medicine and Surgery, United States Navy Department: H. G. Beyer,
G. L. Angeny, P. J. Waldner.
Bureau of Public Health and Marine-Hospital Service, United States Treasury De-
partment: John F. Anderson, Reid Hunt, Martin I. Wilbert.
United States Department of Agriculture: Rodney H. True, John R. Mohler, Lyman
F. Kebler.
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS
American Medical Association {Inc. 1897): W. A. Puckner, George H. Simmons.
American Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1888) : Albert B. Lyons, Charles Holz-
hauer, Thomas F. Main.
American Chemical Society (Inc. 1877) : George D. Rosengarten, L. W. Andrews,
Edward Hart.
Association of Official Agricultural Chemists: W. D. Bigelow, L. P. Brown, C. E.
Parker.
Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments: Charles D. Woods,
V. K. Chesnut.
National Wholesale Druggists' Association: W. J. Schieffelin, C. M. Kline, J. K.
LiUy.
National Dental Association (Inc. 1906): M. F. Finley, Joseph Head.
ARKANSAS
Arkansas Medical Society (Inc. 1875) : L. J. Kosminsky, William Crutcher.
Arkansas Association of Pharmacists (Inc. 1889) : W. L. Dewoody, Jesse D. Hodges.
CALIFORNIA
Medical Society, Slate of California (Inc. 1870) : A. L. Lengfeld.
COLORADO
Colorado State Medical Society (Inc. 1888): E. C. Hill, George A. Moleen.
Colorado Pharmacal Association (Inc. 1890): Charles M. Ford, S. L. Bresler.
*This list is based upon the ruling of the Chair, from which no appeal was
taken, as follows:
" The Chair feels compelled to rule that anyone elected a delegate here who has
not come, is not a member of this Convention, and cannot be elected a member of
any committee or as an officer."
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 XXV
CONNECTICUT
Connecticut State Medical Society (Inc. 1834): Samuel M. Garlick.
Yale Medical School, New Haven (Inl "810): Oliver T. Osborne, Clarence G.
Spalding.
Connecticut Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1889): Charles A. Rapelye, Charles
W. \NTaittlesey.
DELAWARE
Delaware Pharmaceutical Society {Inc. 1890): H. J. Watson, William Poole, J. T.
Challenger.
DISTBICT OF COLUMBIA
Medical Society of the District of Columbia {Inc. 1819): Murray Gait Motter, John
W. Chappell.
Georgetown University, School of Medicine {Inc. 1815): George M. Kober, Wilfred
M. Barton.
George Washington University, Department of Medicine {Inc. 1821): Sterling RufEn,
B. M. Randolph, Noble P. Barnes.
Howard University, Medical College {Inc. 1867): Wilham H. Seaman, J. Herve
Purdy.
Howard University, Pharmaceutical College {Inc. 1867): Paul Bartsch.
George Washington University, National College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1872): Henry
E. Kalusowski, Samuel L. Hilton, Lewis Fiemer.
Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons {Inc. 1898): C. C. Aven, I. W. Cum-
mings.
Georgia Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1890): Max Morris, W. S. Elkin, Jr.
Atlanta College of Pharmacy {Atlanta College of Physicians and Surgeons, Depart-
ment of Pharmacy) {Inc. 1874): George F. Payne, N. T. Ritter, W. F. Beden-
baugh.
University of Georgia, School of Pharmacy, Athens {Inc. 1903): Robert C. Wilson,
Atherton Seidell, Thad. B. Rice.
Illinois State Medical Society {Inc. 1903): N, S. Davis.
Chicago Medical Society {Cook County) {Inc. 1897): Walter S. Haines.
Northwestern University, Medical School, Chicago {Inc. 1864): Arthiur R. Edwards,
John H. Long.
University of Illinois, Medical Department, College of Physicians and Surgeons of
Chicago {Inc. 1881): Bernard Fant us.
Chicago College of Medicine and Surgery {Inc. 1902): Clyde ^L Snow.
Illinois Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1880): Wilhelin Bodemann, W. C. Simp-
son, Herman Fry.
University of Illinois, School of Pharmacy {Chicago College of Pharmacy) {Inc.
1859): C. S. N. Hallberg, A. H. Clark, W. B. Day.
Northwestern University, School of Pharmacy {Inc. 1886): Harry Mann Gordic,
Charles W. Patterson.
XXVI ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OP
INDIANA
Indiana Staee Medical Association {Inc. 1875): Samuel Kennedy.
Indiana University, School of Medicine (Inc. 1830): C. Richard Schaefer, A. D.
Thorburn.
Indiana Pharmaceutical Association (Not Inc.): Fred W. Meissner, Leo Eliel,
William H. Rudder.
University of Notre Dame, School of Pharmacy, Notre Dame (Inc. 1898): J. W.
Sturmer, Louis Kelley.
Purdue University, School of Pharmacy, Lafayette (Inc. 1869): Harvey W. Wiley,
Ernest C. Eberhardt, Charles E. Vanderkleed.
Val-paraiso University, School of Pharmacy (Inc. 1893): J. Newton Roe.
State University of Iowa, College of Medicine, Iowa City (Inc. 1869): Charles S.
Chase, Charles E. Riggs.
Iowa Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1888): George Judisch.
University of Iowa, College of Pharmacy, Iowa City (Inc. 1885): Wilber J. Teeters.
Highland Park College of Pharmacy, Des Moines (Inc. 1899): George A. Menge.
University of Kansas, School of Medicine, Lawrence (Inc. 1905): S. J. Crumbine.
Kansas Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1880): Frank E. HoUiday, Matt. Noll,
W. S. Amos.
University of Kansas, School of Pharmacy, Lawrence (Inc. 1885): L. E. Sayre.
KENTUCKY
Kentucky State Medical Association (Inc. 1855): J. N. McCormack, "\''irgil E.
Simpson.
Kentucky Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1888): C. Lewis Diehl, L. A. Brown.
LOUISIANA
Tulane University, Medical Department, New Orleans (Inc. 1847): Abraham Louis
Metz.
New Orleans University, Flint Medical College (Inc. 1873): W. H. Harrison.
Louisiana State Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1884): Philip Asher, F. C. God-
bold, Adam Wirth.
New Orleans College of Pharmacy (Inc. 1900): C. D. Sauvinet, John E. Scott.
MAINE
Maine Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1868): Charles H. Davis.
MARYLAND
Medical and Chirurgical Faculty of Maryland (Inc. 1799): John D. Blake, Elmer
R. Freeman, C. Urban Smith.
University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore (Inc. 1812): Joseph E.
Gichner.
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 Xxvil
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Baltimore {Inc. 1872): John Ruriih, S. J. Fort,
Harvey G. Beck.
Baltimore Medical College {Inc. 1S81): William Caspari, Charles O'Donovan.
Johns Hopkins University, Medical Department {Inc. 1S93): Leonard G. Itowntree.
Maryland Medical College {Inc. 189S): G. C. Dohme, W. S. Love.
Maryland Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1889): A. R. L. Dohme, Charles Mor-
gan, E. F. Kelly.
University of Maryland, Department of Pharmacy, Baltimore {Inc. 1841): David
M. R. Culbreth, Henry P. Hynson, Charles Caspari, Jr.
MASSACHUSETTS
Massachusetts Medical Society {Inc. 1781): Frank G. Wheatley.'
Harvard Medical School: F. L. Pleadwell, J. L. Neilson, C. N. Fiske.
Tufts College Medical School, Boston {Inc. 1852): Alfred William Balch.
College of Physicians and Surgeons, Boston {Inc. 1880): I. E. Leonard.
Massachusetts Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1883): Charles F. Nixon, Ernest
O. Engstrom, Fred A. Hubbard.
Massachusetts College of Pharmacy, Boston {Inc. 1852): Elie H. LaPierre, Irving
P. Gammon, John G. Godding.
MICHIGAN
University of Michigan, Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ann Arbor {Inc. 1850):
Charles W. Edmunds, Worth Hale, J. W. Trask.
Detroit College of Medicine {Inc. 1885): Walter J. Wilson, Jr., E. M. Houghton.
Michigan State Pharmaceutical Association: Leonard A. Seltzer, J. M. Francis.
University of Michigan, School of Pharmacy, Ann Arbor (Inc. 1868): J. O. Schlot-
terbeck, A. B. Stevens.
MINNESOTA
University of Minnesota, College of Medicine and Surgery, Minneapolis {Inc. 1S8S):
E. D. Brown.
Minnesota State Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1883): John Nielson, J, W.
Harrah, A. D. Thompson.
Minnesota State University, College of Pharmacy, Minneapolis {Inc. 1892): W. A.
Frost.
MISSOURI
University of Missouri, School of Medicine, Columbia {Inc. 1873): W. O. Emery,
H. L. Shantz, W. H. Schultz.
St. Louis Medical Society {Inc. 1834): Otto A. Wall.
Washington University, Medical School, St. Louis {hic. 1891): Henry M. Whelpley.
Missouri Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1889): Charles Gietner, H. M. Pettit.
St. Louis College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1866): James M. Good, Charles E. Caspari.
NEBRASKA
University of Nebraska, College of Medicine, Lincoln {Inc. 1875): Rufus Ashley
Lynaan.
XXVlll ABSTRACT OE» THE PROCEEDINGS OP
NEW HAMPSHIRE
New Hampshire Medical Society {Inc. 1791): C. W. Bowker.
NEW JERSEY
Medical Society of New Jersey {Inc. 1864): Henry L. Coit, Alexander Marcy, Jr.,
Philip Marvel.
New Jersey Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1874): George M. Beringer, Herman
J. Lohmann, George H. White.
New Jersey College of Pharmacy, Newark {Inc. 1892): Rudolph Breves, Adolph
Marquier, Philemon E. Hommell.
NEW YORK
Medical Society of the State of New York {Inc. 1807): William A. Groat, W. A,
Bastedo, Samuel W. S. Toms.
Albany Medical College {Inc. 18S9): Spencer Lyman Dawes.
Medical Society of the County of Kings {Inc. 1813): Murrett F. DeLorme.
Brooklyn Medical Society {Inc. 1895): Albert H. Brundage.
Long Island College Hospital, Brooklyn {Inc. 1858): Elias H. Bartley.
University of Buffalo, Medical Department {Inc. 184-6): Eli H. Long, Edward J.
Kiepe.
New York Academy of Medicine {Inc. 1851): Frank Sherman Meara.
Columbia College, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York {Inc. 1807) : S. W.
Lambert, W. R. Williams, C. C. Leib, Jr.
University and Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New York {Inc. 1831): George
B. Wallace, C. F. Claassen.
Cornell University, Medical College, New York {Inc. 1865): Robert A. Hatcher.
Syracuse University, College of Medicine {Inc. 1870): WiUiam Dewey Alsever,
Frank P. Knowlton, H. L. Taylor.
New York State Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1879): Joseph Kahn, John Hurley,
Joseph Weinstein.
Albany College of Pharmacy {Department of Pharmacy, Union University) {Inc.
1881): Alfred B. Huested, Harry B. Mason.
Kings County Pharmaceutical Society, Brooklyn {Inc. 1877): Otto Raubenheimer,
Fred P. Tuthill, K. C. Mahegin.
Brooklyn College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1886): William C. Anderson, Henry W. Schimpf,
A. P. Lohness.
University of Buffalo, Department of Pharmacy {Inc. 1886): Willis G. Gregory,
Frank E. Lock.
Literary and Scientific Society of the German Apothecaries of the City of New York
{Inc. 1867): William C. Alpers, G. C. Drobegg.
New York College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1829): Albert Plant, George C. Diekman,
Henry H. Rusby.
NORTH CAROLINA
Medical Society of the State of North Carolina {Inc. 1858): William DeB. MacNider.
North Carolina Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1880): W. H. Wearn.
University of North Carolina, Department of Pharmacy, Chapel Hill {Inc. 1897):
E. V. Howell.
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 Xxix
NORTH DAKOTA
North Dakota Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1886): Oscar Hallenberg.
OHIO
Ohio State Medical Association {Inc. 1904): Torald Sollmann, Julius Eichberg.
University of Cincinnati, Medical Department {Inc. 1852): H. Kennon Dunham.
Weste7~n Reserve University, Medical Department, Cleveland (Inc. 1884): John P.
Sawyer, Richard Dexter, J. W. Kerr.
Ohio State Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1880): Lewis C. Hopp, Theodore D.
Wetterstroem, George B. Topping.
Cincinnati College of Pharmacy {Inc. 1850): John C. Otis.
Northern Ohio Druggists' Association {Inc. 1899): Eugene R. Selzer, Virgil Coblentz.
Cleveland School of Pharmacy, Western Reserve University, Department of Pharmacy
{Inc. 1895): Harry V. Arny, Joseph Feil, William T. Hankey.
Ohio State University, College of Pharmacy, Columbus (Inc. 1896): George B. Kauff-
man, C. A. Dye, William McPherson.
OKL.\HOMA
University of Oklahoma, School of Pharmacy (Inc. 1890): Homer C. Washburn.
OREGON
Oregon Agricultural College^ Department of Pharmacy (Inc. 1898): E. R. Lake,
C. M. McKeUips.
PENNSYLVANIA
Medical Society of the State of Pennsylvania (Inc. 1890): Adolph Koenig, Henry
Beates.
Philadelphia County Medical Society (Inc. 1877): Henry W. Cattell,
College of Physicians of Philadelphia (Inc. 1789): H. C. Wood, Jr., Solomon Solis
Cohen.
University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia (Inc. 1791): John
Marshall,
Jefferson Medical College, of Philadelphia (Inc. 1838): H. A. Hare, J. W, HoUand,
E. Q. Thornton.
Medico-Chirurgical College of Philadelphia (Inc. 1867): Judson Daland, I. V. Stan-
ley Stanislaus, Herbert J. Smith.
Temple University, Medical Department, Philadelphia (Inc. 1888): Horace Binney
Morse, E. B. Rogers.
Allegheny County Medical Society, Pittsburgh (Inc. 1892): Thomas TurnbuU, Jr.,
J. C. Burt.
University of Pittsburgh, Medical School (Inc. 1892): Albert Floyd Judd.
Pennsylvania Pharmaceutical Association (Inc. 1878): Lucius L. Walton, W. L.
Cliffe, C. B. Lowe,
Philadelphia College of Pharmacy (Inc. 1822): Joseph P. Remington, Samuel P.
Sadtler, Henry Kraemer.
Alumni Association of the Philadelphia College of Pharinacy (Inc. 1894): Charles
H. LaWaU, E. Fullerton Cook, Joseph W. England.
Temple University, Pharmacy Department, Philadelphia (Inc. 1901): H. Evert
Kendig, John R, Minehart,
ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF
University of Pittsburgh, Department of Pharmacy {Inc. 1878): Julius A. Koch,
James H. Beal, Louis Saalbach. ■>
EHODE ISLAND
Rhode Island Medical Society {Inc. 1812): William J. McCaw, George M. Bailey,
Charles W. Higgins.
Rhode Island Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1875): Howard A. Pearce, A. W.
Fenner, Jr., Frank A. Jackson.
Rhode Island College of Pharmacy and Allied Sciences {Inc. 1903): James O'Hare.
BOrXH CABOLINA
South Carolina Medical Association {Inc. 1848): C. P. Aimar.
Medical College of the State of South Carolina {Inc. 1832): A. R. Taft, E. S.
Bumham.
BOUTH DAKOTA
South Dakota Stale Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1893): David F. Jones, I. A.
Keith, Edward C. Bent.
TE^'^ESSEE
Tennessee Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1904): J. O. Burge.
University of Tennessee, School of Pharmacy {Inc. 1898): Charles O. Hill.
VanderhiXt University, Department of Pharmacy, Nashville {Inc. 1879): William
R. White.
TEXAS
University of Texas, Schools of Medicine and Pharmacy {Inc. 1887): Edward
Randall.
Texas Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1895): J. C. Buckner, E. G^ Eberle, Her-
man Nester.
Baylor University, Pharmacy Department, Dallas {Inc. 1903): J. Connor Chisholm.
VERMONT
University of Vermont, School of Medicine {Inc.): J. N. Jenne.
VIRGINIA
Medical Society of Virginia {Inc. 1871): John Staige Davis.
University of Virginia, Department of Medicine, Charlottesville {Inc. 1825): J. A.
E. Eyster, J. C. Flippin.
Medical College of Virginia, Richmond {Inc. 1854): Frank M. Reade.
University College of Medicine, Richmond {Inc. 1893): Albert Bolenbaugh, Wort-
ley F. Rudd.
Virginia Pharmaceutical Association {Inc. 1886): C. B. Fleet, Gordon Blair.
WASHINGTON
Washington State Pharmaceutical Association {Inc.): P. Jensen.
University of Washington, School of Pharmacy {Inc. 1894): Charles W. Johnson.
WISCONSIN
State Medical Society of Wisconsin {Inc. 1841): A. S. Loevenhart.
Wisconsin Pfiarmaceutical Association {Inc. 1881): Otto J. S. Boberg, Edward G.
Raeuber.
University of Wisconsin, School of Pharmacy {Inc. 1883): Edward Kremers.
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 XXXi
GENERAL PRINCIPLES TO BE FOLLOWED FOR THE
NINTH REVISION
1. (Scope of the Pharmacopceia. — We recommend that the Committee
of Revision be authorized to admit into the Pharmacopoeia any medic-
inal substance of known origin, but no substance or combination of
substances shall be introduced if the composition or mode of manufac-
ture thereof be kept secret, or if it be controlled by unlimited pro-
prietary or patent rights and the list of substances should be carefully
selected, with standards for identity and purity, as far as possible.
Substances used only for technical purposes should not be admitted
to the next Pharmacopoeia, and a statement should be placed in the
preface to the effect that standards of purity and strength, prescribed
in the text of the Pharmacopoeia, are intended solely to apply to sub-
stances which are used for medicinal purposes or in determining the
identity and purity of the same.
2. Doses. — We recommend that after each pharmacopoeial article
(drug, chemical, or preparation) which is used or likely to be used
internally or hypodermically, the committee be instructed to state the
average approximate (but neither a minimum nor a maximum) dose
for adults, and, where deemed advisable, also for children. The metric
system to be used, and the approximate equivalent in ordinary weights
or measures inserted in parentheses. It is to be distinctly understood
that neither this Convention nor the Committee of Revision created by
it intends to have these doses regarded as obligatory on the physician
or as forbidding him to exceed them whenever in his judgment this
seems advisable ; the Committee should be directed to make a dis-
tinct declaration to this effect in some prominent place in the new
Pharmacopoeia.
3. Nomenclature. — We recommend that changes in the titles of arti-
cles at present official be made only for the purpose of insuring greater
accuracy, brevity, or safety in dispensing, and to eliminate therapeuti-
cally suggestive titles. In the case of newly admitted articles, it is
recommended that such titles be chosen as are in harmony with gen-
eral usage and convenient for prescribing, but in the case of chemicals
of a definite composition the scientific name should be given at least as
a synonym.
There should also be inserted, after each article used by physicians
in prescriptions, a carefully considered abbreviated name, which may
be known as an official abbreviation, in order that uniformity may be
XXXll ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF
established throughout the country, with the object of preventing
mistakes in reading and compounding prescriptions, and further, to
serve as authorized abbreviations in labeling the store furniture of the
pharmacist.
4. Synonyms. — We recommend that the list of synonyms should be
enlarged for the next revision, and the synonyms printed in the text of
the Pharmacopoeia, immediately after the English name of the sub-
stance. A statement should be made in the preface of the Pharma-
copceia, that substances labeled with an official synonym must comply
with the same standards, tests and requirements as are demanded for the
official article under any name.
5. Purity and Strength of Pharmacopoeial Articles. — We recommend
that the Committee be instructed to revise as carefully as possible the
limits of purity and strength of the pharmacopoeial chemicals and
preparations for which limiting tests are or may be given. While no
concession should be made towards a diminution of medicinal value,
allowance should be made for unavoidable, innocuous impurities or
variations due to the particular source or mode of preparation, or to
the keeping qualities of the several articles.
The "Purity Rubric," which limits the percentage of innocuous im-
purities, as introduced into the Eighth Revision, should be continued,
and tests and requirements should be appended to each article carrying
a "Purity Rubric."
In the case of crude drugs and natural products, the limits of admis-
sible impurities should be placed at such a figure as to exclude any that
would hot be accepted by other countries.
6. International Standards. — The International Conference for the
Unification of Formulas for Potent Remedies performed a signal ser-
vice for all countries by recommending the various pharmacopoeias of the
world to adopt certain standards for potent medicines. It is recom-
mended that the next Committee of Revision adopt these standards,
but it is believed that it would be unwise to require the acceptance
of the details of pharmaceutical or other processes recommended by
the International Conference.
If the finished product conforms to the International standards we
believe that each country should be left free to adopt such detail and
manipulation as may seem best. Nothing should prevent, however,
the adoption of the recommendations of the conference, as to details, if
in the opinion of the next Committee of Revision, by so doing, the Phar-
macopoeia can be improved.
THE NINTH DECENNIAL CONVENTION, 1910 JCXxiU
7. General Formulce. — It is recommended that general formulae be
introduced, as far as the particular nature of the several drugs will
permit, for fluidextracts, tinctures and such other preparations as are
made by identical processes, and that the general formula to be followed
in each case be merely indicated by reference.
8. Appending a List of Preparations in Which an Official Article
is Used. — It is recommended that, especially for the convenience of
practicing physicians, there should be appended after each article in
the text a list of the official preparations in which it is used.
A few exceptions may be made to this in such cases as water, alcohol,
glycerin, sugar, etc.
9. Alcoholic Percentage in Official Preparations. — It is recommended
that a range of volume content, of absolute alcohol, be stated in the
Pharmacopoeia, for each preparation containing alcohol.
10. Assay Processes. — We recommend that the Committee be in-
structed to introduce assay processes for as many of the potent drugs
and preparations made therefrom as may be found practicable, pro-
vided that the processes of assay are reasonably simple (both as to
methods and apparatus required) and lead to fairly uniform results in
different hands. As regards the products of such assays, tests of
identity and purity should be added wherever feasible.
It is recommended that biological tests or assays, when accurate and
reliable, may be admitted.
11. Serums and Other Biological Products. — It is recommended that
serums and other biological products, of approved usefulness, if
standardized by the Goverimient or one of the departments, may be
admitted to the next Revision of the Pharmacopoeia.
12. Weights and Measures. — It is recommended that the Committee
be instructed to retain the metric system of weights and measures as
adopted in the Eighth Decennial Revision.
13. Supplement. — It is recommended that the Committee of Re-
vision be authorized to prepare a supplement to the Pharmacopoeia at
any time they may deem such action desirable.
14. Publicity. — It is recommended that the General Committee of
Revision make public, for comment and criticism, an abstract of new
descriptions and standards and of changes in descriptions and standards
proposed, before final adoption.
15. Atomic Weights. — It is recommended that the system of atomic
weights, authorized by the International Committee (0 = 16), be
adopted for the next Revision.
3
XXXIV ABSTRACT OF THE PROCEEDINGS OF THE CONVENTION
16. Physical Constants. — It is recommended that official methods for
taking physical constants be inserted in the "Introductory Notices,"
and these shall apply to all articles in which phj'sical constants are
officially used, unless otherwise specifically excepted.
17. Standard Temperature. — It is recommended that the standard
temperature of 25° C. (77° F.) be retained, as used in the present Re-
vision (except in the case of alcohol), and that a table be inserted in
the appendix for corresponding figures at 15° C. (59° F.).
18. Compound Preparations. — It is recommended that the intro-
duction of new compound preparations be discouraged as far as
possible.
19. Pharmacognostical Descriptions. — It is recommended that, with
the description of a crude drug, there be included brief pharmacog-
nostical descriptions, both macroscopic and microscopic where prac-
ticable, and there should be added a statement of the appearance of
the structural elements in the powder, when examined microscopically,
as a means of detecting adulteration.
20. Powdered Drugs. — It is recommended that, in the next Pharma-
copoeia, powdered drugs be required to represent the entire drug unless
specificallj' stated otherwise. Where the drug can be powdered with-
out residue this should be required; in other cases the amount of
allowable tailings, gruffs, or residue should be determined and inserted
in the text.
21. Diagnostical Reagents. — It is recommended that there be included
in the next Pharmacopoeia such reagents, with standards for strength and
purity, as are needed for the proper execution of tests that are valu-
able and important in the making of a correct diagnosis.
22. Date When the Next Pharmacopoeia Becomes Official. — It is
recommended that the Committee of Revision print upon the title
page of the next Pharmacopoeia a definite date, reasonably distant from
the actual date of publication, announcing when the new Pharmacopoeia
is intended to go into effect and to supersede the preceding one.
23. Precedents. — In all matters not especially provided for, in these
"General Principles" the rules established for previous revisions, if there
are any, should generally be followed.
24. Solvbilities. — It is recommended that the degree of solubility
of drugs in various solvents be given as extensively as possible.
I
PREFACE
THE Ninth Revision of the I'nited States Pharmacopoeia contains
a number of new features and it is the purpose to include in
this Preface a statement of the changes which have been made
necessary* bj'- the greatly enlarged functions of the bcok. Under the
head of "Introductory Notices," special subjects will be found in detail.
The Committee of Revision is an integral part of a chartered organi-
zation, the United States Pharmacopceial Convention. The division
of the work which was made in 1900 has been continued in this
revision. The Committee of Revision was relieved of attending to
the business management of a general character by a Board of
Trustees, and the Committee was thus given more time to devote
to the actual work of revision with its voluminous detail.
Plan of Revision. — The plan of this revision has been largely that
of the previous Pharmacopoeia. The larger part of the work was con-
ducted through communications by mail. A number of conferences were
also held among the members of the Committee and Sub-committees,
meeting at different points in the United States. Hearings were granted
to groups of men having special information concerning the manu-
facture of various official products. These conferences have been of
great value in fixing the standards. The plan of the previous revision
was improved by a more systematic division of labor. The Committee
was doubled in number and now consists of fifty members with the
President of the Convention ex-officio. An Executive Committee
consisting of fifteen members was elected to have immediate charge of
the work of revision. The subjects were classified and each member
of the Executive Committee was made the Chairman of a Sub-com-
mittee; the members of the General Committee being assigned to
service on one or more Sub-committees. Upon general subjects and
in some cases where the Executive Committee or the Chairman desired
a full vote, the General Committee decided the question.
Scope. — The inclusion of the National Formulary in the Food and
Drugs Act as a standard has permitted the deletion of a number of
compound preparations from the Pharmacopceia. The consensus of
KXXV
XXXVl PREFACE
opinion of the Committee was in effect to provide standards for veg-
etable drugs, chemical substances, and such pharmaceutical prepara-
tions as were simple in their character, and most largely used. A few
compound preparations, however, were retained because of their large
use; an increase has been made in the number of standardized
serums and animal products. A number of synthetic remedies have
been added to the list which the Sub-committee on Scope had recom-
mended for admission, permission having been granted by the manu-
facturer, firm or corporation to include such substances; unfortunately
the European War has interfered with the receipt of some answers
from foreign countries. In most cases where answers were received,
the replies were in the negative.
The class of preparations known as "Wines" has not been included
in this revision. Wine as a menstruum or solvent can with advantage
be replaced by alcohol of various strengths, and the uncertainties,
due to the variability in quality and alcoholic content of the wines
of commerce, are avoided.
Part II. — In the supplementary matter usually placed at the end of
the text a number of changes will be noticed. This part of the book
has been designated as Part II instead of Appendix as in former
editions; a table of contents precedes it, and a more systematic
arrangement of the subjects has been adopted. Much revision was
found necessary in this part of the work, and the list of reagents has
been enlarged. While a knowledge of chemical analysis is presupposed,
the Committee has deemed it not out of place to add explanatory re-
marks or instruction in the details of manipulations in Part II.
Publicity. — For the Ninth Revision an entire change was recom-
mended by the Convention, this was, to publish in advance of the
issue of the book the proposed new descriptions and standards and
changes in descriptions and standards with the object of informing
those interested in the Pharmacopoeia of the proposed changes, so
that comments and criticisms might be offered. This plan has the
advantage of ascertaining the views of the parties directly concerned
and, although involving much labor, has been carried out; it necessarily
caused some delay in the issue of the book. The Journal of the
American Pharmaceutical Association undertook- the publication of
these detailed changes and other journals were given permission to
copy the list of changes.
Food and Drugs Act.— The National Food and Drugs Act, which was
passed by Congress on June 30th, 1906, was followed by similar legis-
PREFACE XXXVll
lation in the various States of the Union. These laws make the United
States Pharmacopoeia and the National Formulary the standards for
drugs. The National Act states:
"The term 'drug' as used in this Act, shall include all medicines and
preparations recognized in the United States Pharmacopoeia or National
Formulary for internal or external use, and any substance or mixture
of substances intended to be used for the cure, mitigation, or prevention
of disease of either man or other animals."
This legislation has been the means from which a great improvement
in the quality of medicines has resulted. In former revisions the Com-
mittee was embarrassed by their inability to obtain information from
many sources, particularly that which manufacturers were not dis-
posed to furnish; but with the passage of the Food and Drugs Act
a great change occurred in the attitude of many manufacturers and
information was tendered willingly.
Language of the Chemical Tests. — A change has been made in the
method of expressing the chemical tests. The imperative mood was
not used in former revisions, but since the Pharmacopoeia is now a legal
standard, the conditional form of previous Pharmacopoeias, in which
nearly every test began, "If — Gm. be dissolved, " has been changed to
the imperative "Dissolve — Gm., etc."
International Protocol (P. I.). — These standards were referred to in
the preface to the Eighth Revision (see page xvi); for a comparative
table (see page liv).
Atomic Weights. — The atomic weights adopted in this revision
are based upon oxygen taken as 16 (0 = 16) and are in accordance
with the report of the International Committee on Atomic Weights
for 1915. The report of the International Committee for 1916 was
received too late for inclusion, as the Pharmacopoeia was already
in type.
General Tests. — In the chemical tests an extension has been made of
the plan employed in the previous Pharmacopoeia where general tests
were adopted for Arsenic and Heavy Metals. The additions will be
found in Part II. The adoption of this plan saves space by avoiding
frequent repetition of detail in the text of Part I.
General Formulas. — This term is used to define a plan to save space
and avoid repetition by printing a typical formula for galenical prep-
arations. It will be seen that there are four type processes for fluid-
extracts designated by the letters. A, B, C, and D; two type processes
are provided for tinctures, P and M, and also a type process for medi-
XXXVUl PREFACE
cated waters. The Convention recommended the introduction of this
plan.
Mils vs. Cc. — The term cubic centimeter has been replaced by the
word mil. The United States Bureau of Standards declared that the
term cubic centimeter was a misnomer, there being a slight difference
between the thousandth part of a liter and the cubic centimeter, as one
liter was determined to be equivalent to 1.000027 cubic decimeters.
The Committee of Revision decided that the time had come to adopt
the word mil, the first three letters of the whole word milliliter. In
addition, the change promotes international uniformity in the two
Pharmacopoeias published in the English language.
Nomenclature. — The chemical and botanical nomenclature is sub-
stantially the same as that adopted for the Eighth Revision. In
the case of new articles the terminology and latinization is in accord
with this plan. Some botanical changes have been made in the
light of further knowledge of the subject and in most cases Natiir-
liche Pflanzenfamilien (Engler and Prantl) has been followed as the
authority. A new feature, that of inserting abbreviations of official
titles, has been introduced. It was believed that these will be of ser-
vice to physicians in writing prescriptions and to pharmacists in label-
ing bottles for their store furniture. In the interest of international
uniformity, the Chairman visited Dr. Nestor Tirard, Editor of the
British Pharmacopoeia, and the Commission approved the sugges-
tion to provide abbreviations. While there are a few points of
difference, the plan of having official abbreviations for English-speak-
ing nations has been started. Uniformity in usage will minimize the
danger of errors in dispensing and compounding prescriptions (see
page xlvii).
Synomjms will be found following the titles and printed in small type.
The Convention passed the following resolution which was adopted by
the Committee of Revision: "Substances labeled with an official
synonym must comply with the standards, tests, and requirements
demanded for the official article." In a fcAV cases synonyms are on-
closed in quotation marks; these names, while not scientifically cor-
rect, are so largely used in commerce that it seemed wise to include
them. It is understood that a synonym appearing under the title
of a drug applies with equal force to any official preparation made from
that drug.
Standard Temperature. — The standard temperature of 2.5° C. has
been retained in this revision as that most suitable to the climate
PREFACE XXXIX
of the United States. Exceptions were made in the temperature for
alcohol in order to correspond with the Government regulations and in
that for determining refractive indices.
Structural Formulas. — For chemical substances several methods for
expressing symbolic formulas have been adopted. Throughout the text
empirical formulas are employed as a rule, structural characteristics
being also indicated where it seems desirable. In Part II the empirical
formula is usually given; in acids, the replaceable hydrogen stands
first in the formula.
Lists of Official Preparations. — The Convention recommended, " That,
especially for the convenience of practicing physicians, there should
be appended after each article in the text a list of the official prepa-
rations in which it is used." This plan has been followed, but in
the case of compound preparations, flavoring ingredients, correctives,
solvents like alcohol, glycerin, and syrup have been omitted, as they
would occupy a large amount of space and be of slight value to
the physician.
Sterilization. — A chapter on sterilization has been introduced with
the view of encouraging the production of preparations which are free
from micro-organisms.
Diagnostical Reagents. — In recent years diagnosis through the use of
chemical reagents and clinical tests with or without the use of the micro-
scope has become an important factor in determining the presence or
nature of disease and in this Pharmacopoeia a chapter on Diagnostical
Reagents and Tests has been appended.
Biological Assays. — Certain valuable and largely used drugs have so
far defied the efforts of analytical chemists to provide reliable chemical
tests which could be used as standards. The Committee of Revision
decided to introduce biological tests, which have been in use for many
years, as providing the best available method for the assay of certain
drugs. A chapter on biological assays will be found in Part II. The
biological assay for Pituitary Solution and Cannabis and its prepara-
tions is a requii-ement.
Powdered Drugs. — The Convention recommended the insertion of
microscopical descriptions of powdered drugs mainly for the purpose of
detecting adulteration. These will be found in the text under the drug
titles. While powdered drugs, wherever possible, should represent
the entire drug, it has not been found practicable to specify in each case
a hmit of residue or so-called gruffs or tailings, which remain when
drugs are ground or powdered.
Xl PREFACE
Alcoholic Percentage. — The Convention recommended that a range
of volume content of absolute alcohol be stated in the Pharmacopoeia
for each preparation containing alcohol. It was found impracticable to
follow this recommendation in its entirety; the figures for alcoholic
content of tinctures, elixirs and other preparations will be found in
Part II.
Electrolj^ic Determinations. — Two metals, Mercury and Zinc, with
their salts are assayed by electrolysis. This is a departure from methods
used in previous Pharmacopoeias. A chemical assay is also provided
and the electrolytic method is given as an alternative. A chapter on
this subject will be found in Part II.
Refractive Index. — Refractive indices have been added in this revision.
This test is based on the deflection of a ray of light which passes from one
transparent substance to another. This constant has proved a val-
uable addition in testing the purity of certain substances. A chapter
entitled " Refractive Index " will be found in Part II.
Admissions and Deletions.- — The number of articles, reagents, and
assays in the present Pharmacopoeia is 1436; there were 1297 in the
previous Pharmacopoeia. In the present book there are 782 articles in
the text; 277 test solutions and volumetric solutions; 315 volumetric,
gravimetric, and other assays and 62 diagnostical reagents. In the
U. S. P. VIII there were 958 articles in the text, 155 test solutions and
volumetric solutions, 149 volumetric assays, and 35 gravimetric assays.
Of those articles official in the text of the U.S.P. VIII, 243 have
been dismissed while 67 new ones have been introduced into the
U.S.P. IX (see pages lix to Ixiii).
Coupon. — There will be found on the back of the title-page, as in the
previous Pharmacopoeia, a coupon which bears a serial number and a
letter and the following words: "Pharmacopoeia of the United States
of America, Ninth Revision, Official Copy, Copyright."
Official Date. — In accordance with the instructions of the Convention,
a date has been fixed on which the present work is to supersede the
Eighth Revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, and to go into
effect. This date is September 1, 1916.
Assistance. — The Committee is greatly indebted to many gentlemen,
who were not members, for most valuable assistance rendered either by
undertaking experimental researches, sometimes very protracted and
laborious, on certain subjects, or by placing material at its disposal, or
by scrutinizing the proof sheets. Some have rendered aid from the be-
ginning to the end of the revision. Especial assistance has been received
PREFACE xli
from the United States Public Health Service, through the Hygienic
Laboratory, and its Digest of Comments; the U. S. Bureau of Stand-
ards, and the United States Department of Agriculture, through its
Bureau of Chemistry; the American Medical Association Section
Reports and New and Nonojffiicial Remedies; American Pharmaceutical
Association and its branches; American Chemical Society; American
Therapeutic Society; State Pharmaceutical Associations and other
Associations. Reports from the following were also sent to the Conven-
tion: New York Branch of the American Pharmaceutical Association,
Washington, D. C, Branch of the American Pharmaceutical Associa-
tion, Iowa Veterinary Association, Kings County Pharmaceutical
Society, Medical Society of the State of New York, New Jersey College
of Pharmacy, New Jersey Pharmaceutical Association, New York State
Pharmaceutical Association, Philadelphia College of Pharmacy and the
University of Michigan, School of Pharmacy; assistance has been ten-
dered through reports, hearings, and communications and by pharma-
cists, chemists, and manufacturers (see page xliv). The editor extends
his personal thanks to E. Fullerton Cook, B. A. Heims, and Joseph
Rosin for continuous service, especially in correcting proof sheets and
preparing copy.
OFFICERS OF THE CONVENTION
Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., Washington, D. C, President.
N. S. Davis, M.D,, Chicago, 111., 1st Vice-President.
Chas. Caspari, Jr., Phar.D., Baltimore, Md., Snd Vice-President.
O. T. Osborne, M.D., New Haven, Conn., Srd Vice-President.
*Leo Eliel, South Bend, Ind., 4th Vice-President.
W. A. Bastedo, M.D., New York, 5th Vice-President.
M, G. Motter, M.D., Washington, D. C, Secretary.
Noble P. Barnes, M.D., Washington, D. C, Assistant Secretary.
S. L. Hilton, Phar.D,, Washington, D. C, Treasurer.
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
J. H. Beal, Sc.D., Urbana, 111., Chairman.
F. W. Meissner, Ph.G., LaPorte, Ind.
Wm. Jay Schieffelin, Ph.D., New York.
G. H. Simmons, M.D., Chicago, 111.
H. M. Whelpley, M.D., St. Louis, Mo., Secretary.
Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., Washington, D. C, Ex-officio.
Joseph P. Remington, Ph,M., Philadelphia, Pa., Ex-officio.
* Deceased,
xlii
PREFACE
COMMITTEE OF REVISION
Joseph P. Remington, Ph.M., Philadelphia, Pa., Chairman.
C. Lewis Diehl, Ph.M., Louisville, Ky., First Vice-Chair man.
H. C. Wood, Jr., M.D., Philadelphia, Pa., Second V ice-Chairman.
Charles H. La Wall, Ph.M., Philadelphia, Pa., Secretary.
W. C. Alpers, Sc.D., Cleveland, Ohio.
J. F. Anderson, ]\LD., New Brunswick, N. J.
H. V. Arny, Ph.D., New York.
E. H. Bartley, M.D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
George M. Beringer, Ph.M., Camden, N. J.
Wilhelm Bodemann, Chicago, 111.
Charles Caspari, Jr., Phar.D., Baltimore, Md.
C. E. Caspari, Ph.D., St. Louis, Mo.
Albert H. Clark, B. S., Chicago, 111.
Virgil Coblentz, Ph.D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
S. SoLis Cohen, M.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
N. S. Davis, M.D., Chicago, 111.
Geo. C. Diekman, M.D., New York.
A. R. L. Dohme, Ph.D., Baltimore, Md.
E. G. Eberle, Ph.G., Philadelphia, Pa.
C. W. Edmunds, M.D., Ann Arbor, Mich.
J. W. England, Ph.M., Philadelphia, Pa.
J. M. Francis, M.A., Detroit, Mich.
James M. Good, Ph.M., St. Louis, Mo.
H. M. GoRDiN, Ph.D., Chicago, 111.
W^iLLis G. Gregory, M.D., Buffalo, N. Y.
Walter S. Haines, M.D., Chicago, 111.
*Carl S. N. Hallberg, Phm.D., Chicago, 111.
R. A. Hatcher, M.D., New York.
Lewis C. Hopp, Ph.G., Cleveland, Ohio.
Reid Hunt, M.D., Boston, Mass.
L. F. Kebler, M.D., Washington, D. C.
J. A. Koch, Ph.D., Pittsburg, Pa.
Henry Kraemer, Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
J. H. Long, Sc.D., Chicago, 111.
A. B. Lyons, M.D., Detroit, Mich.
Philip Marvel, M.D., Atlantic City, N. J.
C. F. Nixon, Ph.G., Leominster, Mass.
* Deceit sod-
PREFACE Xliii
0. T. Osborne, M.D., New Haven, Conn.
*Albert Plaut, New York.
W. A. PucKNER, Chicago, III.
Otto Raubenheimer, Phar.D., Brooklyn, N. Y.
G. D. RosENGARTEN, Ph.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
H. H. RusBY, M.D., Newark, N. J.
Samuel P. Sadtler, Ph.D., Philadelphia., Pa.
Lucius E. Sayre, Ph.IM., Lawrence, Kan.
J. O. ScHLOTTERBECK, Ph.D., Aim Arbor, Mich.
Torald Sollmann, M.D., Cleveland, O.
A. B. Stevens, Ph.D., Ann Arbor, Mich.
Rodney H. True, Ph.D., Washington, D. C.
C. E. Vanderkleed, Phar.D., Philadelphia, Pa.
M. I. WiLBERT, Ph.M., Washington, D. C.
Harvey W. Wiley, Ph.D., M.D., Washington, D. C, Ex-officio.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
Joseph P. Remington, Chairman.
Number Subject
L S. SoLis Cohen, M.D., Chairman Scope
2. Torald Sollmann, M.D., Chairman.. . Therapeutics, Pharmacody-
namics and Posology
3. J. F. Anderson, M.D., Chairman Biological Products, Diag-
nostical Tests
4. Henry Kraemer, Ph.D., Chairman. . . Botany and Pharmacognosy
5. C. H. La Wall, Ph.M., Chairman General and Inorganic
Chemistry
6. G. D. RosENGARTEN, Ph.D., C/iaiman . Organic Chemistry
7. A. B. Stevens, Ph.D., Chairman Proximate Assays
8. Harvey W. Wiley, M.D., Chairman. .Volatile Oils
9. G. M. Beringer, Ph.M., Chairman. . . .Fluid and SoUd Extracts,
Tinctures
10. C. Lewis Diehl, Ph.M., Chairman. . . .Aromatic Waters, Spirits,
Liquors
IL W. C. Alpers, Sc.D., Chairman Syrups and Elixirs
12. Otto Raubenheimer, Phar.D., Chair-
man Cerates and Ointments
13. WiLHELM BoDEMANN, Chairman Miscellaneous Galenicals
14. A. B. Lyons, M.D., Chairman Tables, Weights, ]\Ieasures
15. Charles Caspari, Jr., Phar.D., Chair-
man Nomenclature
Note. — Each member of the Executive Committee was Chairman of
a Sub-committee (see above list).
* Deceased.
LIST OF THOSE WHO ARE NOT MEMBERS OF THE COMMITTEE BUT
WHO HAVE BEEN OF ESPECIAL ASSISTANCE DURING
THE WORK OF REVISION
Carl L. Alsberg, Washington, D. C.
George F. Atkinson, Ithaca, N. Y.
Daniel Base, Baltimore, Md.
M. Becker, Philadelphia, Pa.
Charles E. Bessy, Lincoln, Neb.
L. Henry Bernegau, Philadelphia, Pa.
C. S. Brinton, Philadelphia, Pa.
N. L. Britton, New York.
E. D. Brown, MinneapoUs, Minn.
E. M. Chace, Washington,^D. C.
John M. Coulter, Chicago, 111.
D. M. R. Culbreth, Baltimore, Md.
William B. Day, Chicago, 111.
Francis D. Dodge, New York.
H. A. B. Dunning, Baltimore, Md.
F. R. Eldred, Indianapohs, Ind.
Hermann Engelhardt, Baltimore, Md.
P. F. Fackenthall, Philadelphia, Pa.
W. G. Farlow, Cambridge, Mass.
Oliver A. Farwell, Detroit, Mich.
E. C. Franklin, Washington, D. C.
William Frear, State College, Pa.
Harry B. French, Philadelphia, Pa.
E. N. Gathercoal, Chicago, 111.
L. D. Havenhill, LawTcnce, Kan.
S. L. Hilton, Washington, D. C.
Anton Hogstad, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa.
E. M. Holmes, London, Eng.
W. W. Home, Chapel Hill, N. C.
E. M. Houghton, Detroit, Mich.
E. V. Howell, Chapel Hill, N. C.
Clemens Kleber, Clifton, N. J.
C. Mahlon Kline, Philadelphia, Pa.
James P. Leake, Washington, D. C.
Henry Leffmann, Philadelphia, Pa.
John Uri Lloyd, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Armin K. Lobeck, Haworth, N. J.
George W. McCoy, Washington, D. C.
W. W. McNeary, Philadelphia, Pa.
xliv
E. Mallinckrodt, St. Louis, Mo.
William ^L\nsfield, New York.
George H. Meeker, Philadelphia, Pa.
George A. Menge, Washington, D. C.
Fred A. Miller, Indianapolis, Ind.
Frank X. Moerk, Philadelphia, Pa.
John Moser, Baltimore, Md.
Murray Galt Moti'er,
Washington, D. C.
Sister Bertha Mueller, Philadelphia.
B. L. Murray, Rahway, N. J.
Edwin L. Newcomb, Minneapolis, Minn.
William A. Pearson, Philadelphia, Pa
Paul S. Pittinger, Philadelphia, Pa.
John R. Rippetoe, New York.
B. L. Robinson, Cambridge, Mass.
George B. Roth, Washington, D. C.
Albert Schneider, San Francisco, Cal.
Wilbur L. Scoville, Detroit, Mich.
Atherton Seidell, Washington, D. C.
Harry E. Sindall, Philadelphia, Pa.
Carl E. Smith, New York City.
Clyde M. Snow, Chicago, 111.
Maud Sollenberger, Asburj' Park,N. J.
F. E. Stewart, Philadelphia, Pa.
J. L. Stingel, Twinsburg, Ohio.
Warner W. Stockberger,
Washington, D. C.
Witmer Stone, Philadelphia, Pa.
John K. Thum, Philadelphia, Pa.
.\. M. Todd, Kalamazoo, Mich.
William Trelease, Urbana, 111.
Wallace S. Truesdell,
Philadelphia, Pa.
Joseph L. Turner, Brooklyn, N. Y.
Arno Viehover, Washington, D. C.
Florence Yaple, Philadelphia, Pa.
Heber W. Youngken, Philadelphia, Pa
INTRODUCTORY NOTICES
UNDER this head it has been customary to include statements
of a general character and intended to apply to classes of
preparations, but in this revision the effort is made to confine
the subjects in the Preface to a short explanation of changes of a general
character which have been made, while in the Introductory Notices
details of a specific character are taken up.
Title of Book. — The use of Roman numerals to designate successive
revisions of the Pharmacopoeia, which was introduced in the Eighth
Revision, has been continued, hence the present book will be known as
the "Ninth Revision" and its abbreviated form is "U. S. P. IX."
Official. — The word "official" used in this edition of the Pharma-
copceia is considered to be synonymous with " pharmacopceial " and is
applied to any substance or preparation recognized by the Pharmaco-
poeia. When substances conform to the tests, assays and requirements
given in the text of the Pharmacopoeia, they are to be considered as
official. Such tests and assays are considered sufficient for substances
used as medicines.
Medicinal Substances Must Conform to U.S.P. — Owing to miscon-
ceptions on the part of those unfamiliar with pharmacopoeias, it is
necessary to make the following statement.
Standards of purity and strength, prescribed in the text of this Pharma-
copoeia, are intended solely to apply to substances which are used for medici-
nal purposes or in determining the identity or purity of such substances.
Some misunderstanding has also prevailed in the past with regard
to the strength or purity of articles directed to be used in formulas or
in testing. The words "alcohol," "syrup," "glycerin," or any other
official title when used in this text and not otherwise specified is under-
, stood to mean the official article. In the case of alcohol, it is official
alcohol of 94.9 per cent., by volume, that is intended and not absolute or
dehydrated alcohol. "Syrup" when not otherwise specified is intended
to mean syrup of the official strength and quality. Official prepara-
tions are to be made from drugs that conform to the official definitions,
tests, and descriptions.
Products and Preparations Made on a Large Scale. — In the manu-
facture of products and preparations on the large scale, deviation from
xlv
xlvi INTUODUCTORY NOTICES
the official processes may be necessary, l)ut the products must conform
to the official requirements as determined by the tests of the U. S.
Pharmacopoeia, IX, and the finished preparations must be identical
with those made by the official processes.
Purity Rubric. — In the Eighth Revision of this Pharmacopoeia, the
"purity rubric" was introduced for the first time. It is well known that
absolute purity in many of the commercial chemical substances is
unattainable, unnecessary, or practically undesirable on account of
greatly increased expense. The analytical chemist must, of course,
use chemicals for volumetric solutions and reagents of the highest
possible purity, but such standards are not required in medicine or
pharmacy, provided poisonous or dangerous substances are rigidly ex-
cluded. Minute quantities of innocuous products will not perceptibly
affect the dosage or medicinal activity of a remedy. The figures given
in the purity rubrics represent requirements that can be reasonably
demanded in each instance.
In some cases it will doubtless be found that the manufacturer can
slightly exceed the standard of purity, and if this be the case no objection
can be made, the language used being usually " not less than ..."
Instead of using the words "absolute" or "pure" as in the Eighth
Revision, the chemical formula of the substance, in symbols, is now
given.
In the case of certain efflorescent chemicals, a range has been adopted
which will permit a limit of efflorescence. It is to be understood that
the strength of drugs or preparations for which assay processes are
provided is to be determined by the official assay process and not by
any other process.
It has been deemed advisable in some parts of the Pharmacopoeia
for greater convenience to round off decimal figures which are only
given for information, as these would otherwise require the extension
of decimals to an inconvenient length. For this reason in the articles
on chemical substances there may be a slight difference between the
requirement of the rubric and the statement at the end of the volu-
metric assay, but the figures given in the rubric in each case define the
standards adopted for the article.
Time Limitations and Tolerances. — In some cases the allowable per-
centage of moisture in chemicals is specified in the text under the article.
When not specified, 5 per cent, of moisture is permitted provided the
chemical is dispensed in a condition of sensil)le dryness.
In the case of chemical tests for innocuous impurities in this Pbarma-
INTRODUCTORY NOTICES xlvii
copoeia (chlorides, sulphates, and others), it is understood that five
minutes shall be the time allowed for the reaction to be observed except
in the cases where the time is specified in the test.
In the test for carbonizable impurities, where sulphuric acid is used,
it is understood that the time for observation is limited to fifteen minutes
unless otherwise specified in the text.
Vegetable Drugs. — In the case of vegetable drugs, the standards pro-
vided in the text apply also to the powdered or ground drug. For the
preservation of vegetable or animal substances from the ravages of
insects, it is directed in special cases that they be preserved in tightly-
closed containers and a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride
added. It is not intended that this precaution should be used for
drugs imported in bales or large original containers. This precau-
tion is intended to aid in the preservation of drugs in the stock of
a pharmacist.
Abbreviations. — To avoid the possibility of error in interpreting
abbreviations, official abbreviations were introduced, using the ordinary
abbreviations and specifying the exceptions, thus: The abbreviation
"Sulph." is used for "Sulphate." Sulphur, sulphite and sulphide are
not abbreviated. In the same way "Chlor.," unless otherwise specified,
means "Chloride"; for "chlorate" the word "chloras" is used (see page
xxxviii).
Tables. — The feature in the last revision of inserting tables in the
Appendix (now Part II) has been continued and several additions have
been made. The specific gravity tables have been based on data from
the latest and most authoritative sources. In the tables for alcohol and
sulphuric acid the figures given by the United States Bureau of Stand-
ards have been followed with only such changes as were necessary to
reduce them to Pharmacopceial basis.
Melting Points, Boiling Points, Congealing Points. — The figures given
for melting points, boiling points, and congealing points as factors in
determining identity or purity have been determined according to
methods which are to be found in detail in Part II. It is understood
that where any of these factors are given with a range instead of a
single figure that these are to be regarded as inclusive, thus : in the case
of Acetanilid, "It melts between 112° and 114° C," means that if it
begins to melt at 112° or 114° C. or within these limits, it is official so
far as the melting point is concerned.
Solubilities. — Solubility figures are inserted in the text as information
to serve as a convenient aid in determining identity and purity approxi-
Xlviii INTRODUCTORY NOTICES
mately and are not intended to be construed as legal requirements, except
in the case of volatile oils where solubilities in alcohol of different
strengths are used as tests for purity. The subject of solubilities will
be found under a special chapter in Part II.
In testing for solubility, slight mechanical impurities, such as frag-
ments of filter paper, fiber, dust particles, permitted by other tests for
the same substance but which slightly interfere with the transparency of
the solution, are not to be construed as vitiating the test for solubility.
Non-weighable. — The term " non-weighable" in the text in the state-
ment of ash is intended to mean a quantity which is not more than
0.0005 Gm.
Chemical Tests. — A change has been made in the method of stating
the quantities to be taken for some tests and assays to conform with
the general custom among chemists and to save time. A convenient
quantity is taken, the word "about" being used to show that this need
not be a definite quantity; this approximate quantity is then accurately
weighed, and the result of the test or assay based upon the accm-ate
weight. In those cases where the substances are corrosive, volatile,
efflorescent or hygroscopic, this plan will be found especially useful.
Such phrases as "(1 in 10)" or "(1 in 20)" are understood to mean
that 1 part of a liquid is to be diluted with, or a solid dissolved in, suffi-
cient of the solvent to make 10 or 20 parts by volume. Under copper
sulphate, the identity test to show the presence of sulphate reads:
"Barium chloride T.S. produces a white precipitate, insoluble in hydro-
chloric acid, in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10)"; here 1 Gm.
of copper sulphate would be dissolved in sufficient distilled water to
make the solution measure 10 mils.
" Absence of " and " Limit of." — The terms "absence of " and "limit
of" following the tests indicating impurities are no longer used in the
Pharmacopoeia, Ninth Revision, as a rule; but a few exceptions may be
found. Such words as (chloride), (sulphate), and (free alkali), in italics
and parentheses, which follow tests, are merely intended to give infor-
mation as to the object of the test, the words of the test itself
indicating that the substance is not present in an amount which would be
objectionable for medicinal use, or in other cases that it is to be absent.
Posology. — The insertion of doses has been continued in the Ninth
Revision in accordance with the recommendation of the Convention.
As in previous revisions, it is necessary to remind the users of this Phar-
macopoeia that "it is to be distinctly understood that neither the
Convention nor the Committee of Revision created by it, intends to
INTRODUCTORY NOTICES xlix
have these doses regarded as obligatory on the physician or as forbidding
him to exceed them whenever in his judgment this seems advisable."
The doses are given in both the metric and apothecaries systems.
The figures are not interchangeable nor are they to be considered as
equivalents. Rounded figures are used in order to assist the memoriz-
ing of the figures by physicians and pharmacists. The words "average
dose " are used throughout the text, and the doses are intended for adults.
Deterioration. — Deteriorations are inevitable in many official prepara-
tions which when first made comply with the tests and requirements.
Limits are provided through the text in most instances for substances
prone to deteriorate, through the establishment of maximum and mini-
mum figures in the rubrics.
Temperatures
Statements of temperature are given in this Pharmacopoeia in degrees
of the centigrade hydrogen thermometer, the equivalent Fahrenheit
temperature being given in the Tables (see Part II).
The standard temperature for solubilities, specific gravities, polari-
metric determinations, and for the preparation of volumetric solutions
is 25° C. (see Volumetric Solutions, Part II). For alcohol the former
standard temperature of 60° F. (15.67° C.) has been retained, since
the laws and regulations of the Internal Revenue Department of the
United States, relating to alcohol and alcoholic liquids, are still based
on this degree of temperature. For refractive indices and certain
saccharimeters the temperature is 20° C. to conform to the temperature
adopted by the Bureau of Standards of the United States.
By the term "gentle heat" is meant any temperature between 30° C;
and 40° C.
In official formulas, "cold water" is intended to have a temperature
of 15° to 25° C; "luke warm water," 35° to 40° C; "warm water,"
60° to 70° C; "hot water," 85° to 95° C. When the Pharmacopoeia
directs the use of a water bath it intends a temperature of about 100° C.
In elevated localities, where the boiling point of liquid is lower than
that at the level of the sea, the water bath temperature would be
less than 100° C.
Weights and Measures
Metric Weights and Measures. — The Metric system of Weights and
Measures is the only one recognized in the formulas of this Pharmaco-
poeia. All standard weights and measures in this country are derived
1 INTRODUCTORY NOTICES
from or based upon the United States National Prototype Standards
of the Meter and the Kilogramme, made of platinum-iridium, in the
custody of the National Bureau of Standards at Washington. The liter
is a unit of capacity equivalent to the volume occupied by the mass of
1 kilogramme of pure water at its maximum density (at a temperature
of 4° C, practically) and under the standard atmospheric pressure
(760 mm.). It is equivalent in volume to 1.000027 cubic decimeters.
The units of the metric system are designated by abbreviations as
follows:
M. = meter Kg. = kilogramme
dm. = decimeter Gm. = gramme
cm. = centimeter dg. = decigramme
mm. = millimeter eg. = centigramme
mg. = milligramme
1. = liter
dl. = deciliter
ml. = miUiliter or mil (formerly cubic centimeter or Cc.)
In measuring liquids cylindrical graduates are preferred where extreme
accuracy is required but conical graduated measures are in universal
use for less exacting purposes. These, if accurately graduated, are
deemed suitable for the use of the pharmacist in compounding or dis-
pensing medicines. The lower surface of the meniscus is the point from
which the reading is to be taken.
Apothecaries Weights and Measures. — Physicians in prescribing, and
pharmacists in dispensing medicines commonly employ the time-honored
■apothecaries weights and measures which were in use in England prior
to 1825, the weights being originally derived from the old English
Troy weight, the fluid measures from the old wine gallon. The units
of this system are designated in prescribing by signs or abbreviations
as follows:
§ = apothecaries ounce = 8 drachms = 480 grains
5 = drachm = 3 scruples = 60 grains
3 = scruple = 20 grains
gr. = grain
0 = pint = 16 fluidounces
f5=fluidounce = 8 fluidrachms = 480 minims
f 3 = fluidrachm = 60 minims
1^,= minim
INTRODUCTORY NOTICES U
In writing prescriptions in the apothecaries system, Roman, not
Arabic, numerals are employed, and these are always placed after the
symbol or abbreviation, thus: f5ii; gr.xv.
In the ease of metric abbreviations, the numerals precede the
abbreviation, and are always written in Arabic characters, thus:
5 Gm.; 2 mils. Care is taken to distinguish the abbreviation for
gramme (Gm.) from that for grain (gr.) by writing the former with a
capital, the latter A\ath a small initial.
Equivalents of Metric and Apothecaries Weights and Measures.
1 Meter is (Hiual to 39.3700 inches (statute of July 28, 1866).
1 Pound (avoirdupois), 7000 grains, is e(iual to 453.5924277 grammes.
1 Liquid Gallon is equal to the volume of 231 cubic inches or
3785.3323 milliliters.
Approximate Measures.
Physicians have hitherto very commonly prescribed liquid medicines
in teaspoonful, dessertspoonful or tablespoonful doses. Inasmuch as
spoons vary greatly in capacity, and from their form are unfit for use in
the dosage of medicine, it is desirable that the more scientific practice
should be always adopted, of prescribing doses in mils, fiuidrachms or
minims, to be measured with a suitable medicine measure. The follow-
ing are the values conventionally attached to the several approximate
measures above mentioned:
Metric
A teaspoonful = 4 mils
A dessertspoonful = 8 mils
A tablespoonful =15 mils
Apothecaries System
A teaspoonful = 1 fluidrachm
A dessertspoonful = 2 fiuidrachms
A tablespoonful = 3^ fluidounce
I
lii INTRODUCTORY NOTICES
Relations Between the Various Units of Weights and Measures
1 meter = 39.3700 inches
1 yard = 0.9144018 meter
1 square yard = 0.8361307 square meter
1 cubic inch = 16.38672 mils
1 liter = 0.264178 liquid gallon
1 fluidounce = 29.5729 mils
1 kilogramme = 2.204622 pounds, avoirdupois
1 gramme = 15.432356 grains
1 avoirdupois ounce (437.5 grains) =28.349527 grammes
1 apothecaries ounce = 31.103481 grammes
1 grain = 64.798918 milligrammes
Weight and Volume Relations
At maximum density in vacuo:
1 liter of water weighs 1 kilogramme.
1 gallon of water weighs 58416.6 grains.*
1 fluidounce of water weighs 29.5729 grammes, or 1.043154 avoir-
dupois ounces, or 456.3797 grains.
1 minim of water weighs 61.61025 milligrammes, or 0.950791
grains.
1 grain of water measures 0.0647989 mil, or 1.0517555 minims.
Specific Gravity
Except where otherwise stated, the specific gravity basis of this
Pharmacopoeia is 25°~c. (apparent), i.e., the ratio of the apparent
weight of a substance in air at 25° C. to that of an equal volume of
pure water at the same temperature.
* 1 Gallon of water weighs, in air, at 25° C, under normal conditions of humidity
and atmospheric pressure, about 58185 grains; a pint 7273.1 grains; a fluidounce
454.6 grains; and a minim 0.947 grain.
International Protocol (P. I.)
Compared with Drugs and Preparations of U.S.P, IX
International Protocol (P. I.)
Acid Hydrocyanic, Diluted
Acidum hydrocyanicura dilu-
tum:
Title Aciaum hydrocj^anicum
dilutum
Requirement Strength: 2 per cent, of
HCN
U.S.P. IX
Acidum Hydrocyanicum Dilu-
tum.
Strength: 1.9 to 2.1 per cent,
of HCN with not more than
0.1 per cent, of HCl.
Aconite
Aconitum Napellus (L.) :
Title Aconiti tuber seu Tuber Aconitum.
Afoniti
Requirement Tuberof thecurrentyear
Assayed: 0.5 per cent, ether-
soluble alkaloids. See also
biological test. (Tuber of
current year not required.)
Tinctura aconiti:
Title Aconiti tinctura seu Tinctura Aconiti.
Tinctura Aconiti
Strength 10 per cent
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . .
Requirement 0.05 per cent, of total
alkaloids
100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.j.
Alf^ohol, 70 per cent.*
100 mils contains 0.045 to 0.055
Gm. ether-soluble alkaloids
(see also biological test).
Belladonna
Atropa Belladonna (L.) :
Title Beiladonnae folium seu Belladonnae Folia.
Folium Belladonnte
Requirement Use only the dried leaf.
Tinctura belladonnae:
Title Belladonna; tinctura seu
Tinctura Belladonnte
Strength 10 per cent
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . .
Requirement
Extractum belladonnge*
Title Belladonnse extractum
seu Extractum Bella-
donnse
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . .
Requirement .
Solid extract (containing
about 10 per cent, of
water)
Assayed: 0.3 per cent, total
alkaloids. Dried leaves and
tops.
Tinctura Belladonnae Foli-
orum.
100 mils from 10Gm.(approx.).
Alcohol, 50 per cent.
100 mils contains 0.027 to 0.033
Gm. alkaloids.
Extractum Belladonnse Foli-
orum.
Pilular: 75 per cent, alcohol.
Powdered: 95 per cent.
alcohol.
Assayed: 1.18 to 1.32 per cent.
alkaloids.
*The figures for the comparative strength in this table and alcoholic percentages are
to be understood as approximate, the exact figures for each preparation will be found
in the text under the head of each article.
liu
liv IXTERXATIONAL PROTOCOL
International Protocol U.S. P. IX
Bitter Almond Water
Aqua amygdalae amarae :
Title Amygdalae amarse aqua Aqua Amygdalae Amarae.
seu Aqua Amygdalae
amarae
Requirement Strength: 0.1 per cent, of Contains a mere trace of liydro-
HCN cyanic acid.
Cherry Laurel Water
Aqua laurocerasi:
Title Laurocerasi aqua .«!eu Not ofTicial.
Aqua Laurocerasi
Requirement Strength: 0.1 per cent, of
HCN.
Cocaine Hydrochloride
Cocainae hydrochloridum :
Title Cocainum hydrochlori- Cocainae Hydrochloridum.
cum
Requirement The anhydrous salt .... Same as International Pro-
tocol: melts between 183°
and 191° C.
Colchicxun
Colchicimi autumnale (L.):
Title Colchici semen seu Se- Colchici Cormus and Colchici
men Colchici Semen are both official.
Requirement Use only the seed.
Tinctura colchici:
Title Colchici tinctura seu Tinctura Colchici Seminis.
Tinctura Colchici
Strength 10 per cent lOOmilsfrom lOGm. (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent.. . . Alcohol, 60 per cent.
Reciuirement Assayed: 100 mils contains
0.036 to 0.044 Gm. colchi-
cine.
Digitalis
Digitalis purpurea (L.):
Title Digitalis folium seu Fo- Digitalis.
lium Digitalis
Requirement The leaf of the second Assayed biologicall}-. Leaf of
year second year not required.
Tinctura digitalis:
Title Digitalis tinctura seu Tinctura Digitalis.
Tinctura Digitalis
Strength 10 per cent lOOmilsfrom 10 Gm. (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 75 per cent.
Requirement May be assayed biologically.
Ergot
Sclerotium clavicepitis pur-
pureas (Tul.) seu clavi-
cepiti purpureae (Tul.)
sclerotium :
Title Secale cornutura seu Ergota.
Ergotum Secale
Requirement Not to be more than one Must be dried before storing.
year old and to be kept
whole
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL
Iv
International Protocol
U.S.P. IX
Ergot
Extractum ergotae:
Title Secaliscornutiextractum Extractum Ergotae.
seu Extractum Secalis
Cornuti; Ergoti ex-
tractum seu Extrac-
tum Ergoti
Menstruum and require- Prepare an aqueous ex-
ments tract and treat with
60 per cent, alcohol
Alcohol 85, water 15, HCl 1.
Purified benzin used to ex-
tract fixed oil.
Fluidextractum ergotae :
Title Secalis cornuti ex-
tractum fluidum, seu
Extractum fluidum
Secalis cornuti; Ergoti
extractum fluidum seu
Extractum fluidum
Ergoti
Strength 100 per cent
Menstruum Diluted alcohol,
cent. HCl.
Requirement
Fluidextractum Ergotae.
100 mils from lOOGm. (approx.) .
with 2 per
Hyoscyamus
Hyoscyamus niger (L.) ;
Title
Requirement .
Tinctura hj-oscyami:
Title
Strength ....
Menstruum .
Requirement
Extractum hyoscyami:
Title
Menstruum . .
Requirement .
Ipecac
Uragoga ipecacuanhae (Baill.) :
Title
Requirement
Hyoscyami folium seu Hyoscyamus.
FoUum Hyoscyami
Use only the leaf Assayed: not less than 0.065 per
cent, of alkaloids. Leaves
and tops used.
Hyoscyami tinctura seu Tinctura Hyoscyami.
Tinctura Hyoscyami
10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Alcohol, 70 per cent.. . . Alcohol, 50 per cent.
Assayed: 100 mils contains
0.0055 to 0.0075 Gm. of myd-
riatic alkaloids.
Hyoscyami extractum Extractum Hyoscyami.
seu Extractum Hyo-
scyami
Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Made with 75 per cent, alco-
hol.
Solid extract (containing Assayed: 0.22 to 0.28 per cent,
about 10 per cent, of of alkaloids,
water)
Ipecacuanhae radix seu Ipecacuanha. (Rio or Carta-
Radix Ipecacuanhae gena.)
Only the root bark to be
used. The powder to The whole drug to contain 1.75
have an alkaloidal per cent, of ether-soluble
strength of 2.0 per alkaloids.
cent.
Ivi
Ipecac
Tinctura ipecacuanhae :
Title
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL
International Protocol
U.S.P.IX
Strength
Menstruum . .
Requirement .
Ipecacuanhae tinctura Not official,
sou Tinctura Ipeca-
cuanhae
10 per cent.
Alcohol, 70 per cent.
Syrupus ipecacuanhae ;
Title
Strength.
Mercurial Ointment
Unguentum hydrargyri:
Title ,
Strength.
Nux Vomica
Strychnos nux vomica (L.)t
Title
Requirement
Tinctura nucis vomica;:
Title
Strength ....
Menstruum .
Requirement
Ipecacuanhae sirupus seu SjTupus Ipecacuanhae.
Sirupus Ipecacuanhae
10 per cent, of the tine- Seven times stronger than the
ture International Protocol.
Hydrargyri imguentum Unguentum Hydrargyri.
seu Unguentum Hy-
drargyri
30 per cent 50 per cent. (Unguentum Hy-
drargyri Dilutum. U.S. P.
contains about 30 per cent,
of mercury.)
Strychni semen seu Se- Nux Vomica.
men Strj'chni seu Nux
vomica
2.5 per cent, total alka- Assayed: 2.5 per cent, of the
loids alkaloids.
Strychni tinctura se>i Tinctura Nucis Vomicae.
Tinctura Strychni;
Nucis vomicae tinc-
tura seu Tinctura Nu-
cis vomicae
10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . Alcohol, 75 per cent.
0.25 per cent, total alka- Assayed: 100 mils contains
loids 0.237 to 0.263 Gm. of the
alkaloids.
I
Extractum nucis vomica?:
Title
Menstruum .
Requirement
Opium
Opium :
Title
Strychni extractum .seu
Extractum Strychni ;
Nucis vomicae extrac-
tum seu Extractum
Nucis vomic;c
Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . .
16 per cent, total alka-
loids
Extractum Nucis Vomicae.
Powdered extract made with
75 per cent, alcohol.
Assayed: 15.2 to 16.8 percent.
of the alkaloids.
Requirement .
Opii pulvis seu Pulvis Opii Pulvis
Opii
Powder to be dried at
60° C; morphine 10
per cent.
Assayed: Powdered Opium 10
to 10.5 per cent, anhydrous
morphine.
INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL Ivil
Opium International Protocol U.S. P. IX
Extractum opii:
Title Opii extractum seu Ex- Extractum Opii.
tractum Opii
Requirement Morphine 20 per cent . . Assayed: 19.5 to 20.5 per cent.
anhydrous morphine.
Tinctura opii:
Title Opii tinctura seu Tine- Tinctura Opii.
tura Opii
Strength 10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Menstruum • Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 50 per cent.
Requirement Morphine 1 per cent.. . . 100 mils contains 0.95 to 1.05
Gm. anhydrous morphine.
Tinctura opii crocata:
Title Opii tinctura crocata seu Not official.
Tinctura Opii crocata
seu Laudanum Sydeu-
hami
Strength 10 per cent, opiimi.
Menstruum »
Requirement Morphine 1 per cent .
Pulvis ipecacuanhas et opii :
Title Opii et Ipecacuanhse pul- Pulvis Ipecacuanhse et Opii.
vis compositus seu .
Pulvis Doveri
Requirement To contain 10 per cent. Ipecac 10, powdered opium
of powdered opium 10, sugar of milk 80.
Tinctura opii camphorata:
Title Opii tinctura benzoica Tinctura Opii Camphorata.
seu Tinctura Opii ben-
zoica
Requirement Morphine, 0.05 per cent. 100 mils contains 0.4 Gm.
powdered opium.
Phenol Water
Aqua phenolata:
Title Phenoli solutio seu Aqua Not official.
phenolata
Requirement Strength : 2 per cent.
Sodium Arsenate
Sodii arsenas:
Title Arsenas sodii seu Sodii Sodii Arsenas.
arsenas; Arsejiicicum
natrimn seu Natrium
arsenicicum
Requirement The crystallized salt con- Contains 58.98 to 61.92 per
taining 36.85 per cent. cent. anhydrous sodium
of arsenic acid arsenate.
Solution of Potassium Arsenite
Liquor potassii arsenitis :
Title Arsenicalis liquor Fowl- Liquor Potassii Arsenitis.
eri seu Liquor arseni-
cahs Fowleri seu Kalii
arsenicosi liquor
Requirement Strength in arsenious Contains potassium arsenite
acid, 1 per cent. corresponding in amount to
not less than 0.975 nor more
than 1.025 per cent, of
arsenic trioxide.
Iviii INTERNATIONAL PROTOCOL
International Protocol U.S. P. IX
SjTup of Ferrous Iodide
SjTupus ferri iodidi:
Title Ferri iodidi sirupus seu Syrupus Ferri Iodidi.
Sirupus iodati ferrosi
seuSirupus ferri iodati
Requirement Strength in anhydrous Contains 4.75 to 5.25 per cent.
ferrous iodide 5 per of ferrous iodide,
cent.
Tincture of Cantharides
Tinct ura cantharidis :
Title Cantharidis tinctura seu Tinctura Cantharidis.
Tinctura Cantharidis
Strength 10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 95 per cent.
Requirement
Tincture of Iodine
Tinctura iodi:
Title Iodi tinctura seu Tine- Tinctura Iodi.
tura iodi
Strength 10 per cent Iodine 7 Gm., potassium iodide
5 Gm. in 100 mils.
Menstruum Alcohol, 95 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 90 per cent.
Requirement
Tincture of Lobelia
Tinctura lobeliae:
Title Lobehae tinctura seu Tinctura Lobelise.
Tinctura Lobeliie
Strength 10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm. (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . Alcohol, 50 per cent.
Requirement
Tincture of Strophanthus
Tinctura strophanthi:
Title Strophanthi tinctura seu Tinctura Strophanthi.
Tinctura Strophanthi
Strength : . 10 per cent 100 mils from 10 Gm (approx.).
Menstruum Alcohol, 70 per cent. . . . Alcohol, 95 per cent.
Requirement Seeds not to be freed Assayed biologically. Purified
from fat benzin used to extract fixed
oil.
Wine of Antimony
Vinum antimonii:
Title Antimoniale vinum seu Not official.
Vinum antimoniale ;
Stibiatum vinum seu
Vinum stibiatum
Strength In tartar emetic, 0.4
per cent.
Requirement
I
I
Admissions, Deletions and Changes
ARTICLES ADDED TO PART I, U.S.P. IX
Acidum Phenj^lcinchoninicum
j^thylmorphinse Hydrochloridiim
Agar
Aqua Destillata Sterilisata
Aspidosperma
BetaeucainsE Hydrochloridum
Bismuthi Betanaphtholas
CaffeinjB Sodio-Benzoas
Calcii Glj'cerophosphas
Lactas
Cotarninae Hydrochloridum
Creosoti Carbonas
Diacetylmorphina
Diacetylmorphinse Hydrochloridum
Diastasum
Emetinae Hydrochloridum
Emplastrum Cantharidis
" Elasticum
" Resinae
Extractum Aconiti
" Fellis Bo vis
" Grelsemii
" Hydrastis
" Viburni Prunifolii
Fluidextractmn Aspidospermatis
Sabal
Glucosum
Hydrargyri Salicylas
Hydrastinae Hydrochloridum
Hypophysis Sicca
Liquor Hypophj^sis
" Sodii Chloridi Physiologicus
" " Glycerophosphatis
Magma Bismuthi
Magma Magnesia?
Nitrogenii Monoxidum
Oleoresina Petroselini
Oleum Pini Pumilionis
" Sesami
Oxj^genium
Paraformaldehydum
Petroselinum
Phenolphthaleinum
Potassa Sulphurata
Quininae Dihydrochloridum
" et LTreae Hydrochloridum
" Tannas
Scammoniae Radix
Serum Antidiphthericum Purificatum
" " Siccum
" Antitetaniciun
Purificatum
Siccum
Sodii Benzosulphinidmn
" Cacodylas
" Cyanidum
" Glycerophosphas
" Indigotindisulphonas
" Per boras
Sulphis Exsiccatus
Terra Sihcea Purificata
Theobrominae Sodio-SaHcylas
Theophylhna
Toxitabellae HydrargjTi Chloridi Cor-
rosivi
Trinitrophenol
Uranii Nitras
Virus Vaccinicum
lix
I
ARTICLES DISMISSED PROM U.S.P. VIII
Acetum Opii
Acidum Camphoricum
" Nitriciun Dilutum (Part II)
" Sulphurosum (Part II)
^ther Aceticus (Ethyl Acetate, Part II)
Aloe Purificata
Alumini Sulphas
Amygdala Amara
Anthemis
Apocynum
Argenti Cyanidum
" Nitras Mitigatus
Benzinum
Berberis
Bismuthi Citras
Bromum (Part II)
Calamus
Calcii Phosphaa Prgecipitatus
" Sulphas Exsiccatus
Calendula
Carbo Animalis
" " Purificatus
Carbonei Disulphidum (Part II)
Cassia Fistula
Cataplasma Kaolini
Ceratum Camphorae
" Plumbi Subacetatis
" Resinae Compositum
Chimaphila
Chirata
Chloralformamidum
Cinnaldehydum
Coca
Collodium Stypticum
Confectio Rosae
" Sennae
Conium
Convallaria
Cusso
Cypripedium
Elastica
Elixir Ferri, Quininae et StrychninsB
Phosphatura
Ix
Emplastrum Adhaesivum
" Hydrargyri
" Opii
" Saponis
Emulsum Chloroformi
" Olei Morrhuae cum Hypo-
phosphitibus
Euonymus
Eupatorium
Extractum Aloes
" Digitalis
" Euonymi
" Haematoxyli
" Krameriae
" Leptandrae
" Quassiae
" Scopolae
Fel Bovis Purificatum
Ferri Citras
" et Ammonii Sulphas (Part II)
" " " Tartras
" " Potassii "
" " Quininae Citras
" " Strychninae Citras
" Hydroxidum
" Hypophosphis
" Pyrophosphas Solubilis
Ficus
Fluidextractum Apocyni
" Berberidis
" Calami
" Calumbae
" Capsici
" Chimaphilse
" Chiratae
" Cocae
" Conii
" ConvallarisB
" Cubebae
" Cypripedii
" ' Euonymi
" Eupatorii
" Geranii
ARTICLES DISMISSED FROM U.S.P. VIII
Ixi
Pluidextractum Hamamelidis Foliorum
" Kramerise
" Lappae
" Leptandrse
" Lupulini
" Matico
" Mezerei
" Pareirae
" Phytolaccae
" Pruni Virginianae
" Quassise
" Quercus
" Quillajae
" Rhois Glabra?
Rubi
" Sabinae
" Sanguinariae
" Scopolse
" Scutellariae
" Serpentariae
" Stramonii
" Valerianae
" Viburni Opuli
Geranium
Glyceritum Ferri, Quininae et Strychninae
Phosphatum
Gossypii Cortex
Haematoxylon
Hamamelidis Cortex
Folia
Hedeoma
Hyoscyaminae Sulphas
Infusum Pruni Virginianae
lodolum
Kaoliniun
Krameria
Lappa
Leptandra
Limonis Succus
tiquor Antisepticus
" Chlori Compositus (Part II)
" Hydrargyri Nitratis
" Sodii Phosphatis Compositus
Lithii Benzoas
" Citras Effervescens
" SaUcylas
Lupulinum
Magnesii Sulphas Effervescens
Mangani Hypophosphis
Sulphas (Part II)
Marrubium
Mastiche
Matico
Mistura Ferri Composita
" Rhei et Sodae
Morphinae Acetas
Mucilago Sassafras Medullae
Ulmi
Naphthaleniun
Oleatum Atropinae
" Cocainae
" Quininae
" Veratrinae
Oleoresina Lupulini
Oleum Adipis
" -iEthereum
" Copaibae
" Erigerontis
" Hedeomae
" Rosse
" Sabinae
Pareira
Physostigminae Sulphas
Phytolacca
Pilulae Aloes et Ferri
" " " Mastichea
" " " Myrrhae
" Catharticae Vegetabiles
" Laxativae Compositae
" Opu
" Podophylli, BeUadonnae et Capsici
Pimenta
Piperina
Plumbi lodidum
" Nitras (Part II)
Potassii Cyanidum
" Dichromas (Part II)
" Ferrocyanidum (Part II)
Sulphas (Part II)
Prunum
Pulvis Acetanilidi Compositus
" Morphinae "
Quercus
Quillaja
Rhus Glabra
Rubus
Ixii
ARTICLES DISMISSED FROM U.S.P. VIII
Sabina
Safrolum
Salvia
Santonica
Sassafras Medulla
Scammonium
Scoparius
Scopola
Scutellaria
Sodii Bisulphis (Part II)
" Chloras
" Nitras
PjTophosphas
Sulphis
Spiritus .Etheris Cumpositus
" Ammonise
" Frumenti
" Gaultheria
Vini GaUici
Sulphuris lodidum
Syrupus Amygdake
Calcis
" Ferri, Quininas et Strj-chnina;
Phosphatum
" Hypophosphitum Compositus
" Krameriae
" Rosae
Rubi
Talcum
Tamarindus
Terebinthina
" Canadensis
Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhae
Tinctura Calendulae
" Cimicifugae
Gallaj
" Herbarum Recentium
" Ipecacuanhae et Opii
" Krameriae
Quillajae
" . Serpen tariae
Vanilla
Trochisci Gambir
" GlycjTrhizae et Opii
" Krameriae
" Santonini
Unguentum HydrargAri Oxidi Rubri
" Potassii lodidi
" Veratrinae
" Zinci Stearatis
\'anilla
\'iburnum Opulus
\'inum Album
" Antimonii
" Cocae
" Colchici Seminis
" Ergotae
" Ferri
" " Amarum
" Ipecacuanhae
" Opii
" Rubrum
Zea
Zinci Bromidum
" lodidum
I
ARTICLES ADDED TO PART II, U.S.P. IX
Reagents, Test Solutions, and Volumetric Solutions
Acetic Acid Anhydride
Acetone
Ammonia, Spirit of
Ammonium Nitrate
Polysulphide T.S.
" Vanadate
Aniline Sulphate
T.S.
Arsenic Acid
" " T.S., Concentrated
" Trioxide
Asbestos
AzoUtmin
T.S.
Azur II
" II-Eosin
Barium Chloride
" Hydroxide
" Nitrate
Beef Extract
Benzidine
Betaiminazolylethylamine Hydrochlo-
ride
Blood Senma
Bromine
Cadmium and Potassium Iodide
Chloride
T.S.
Iodide
Canada Turpentine
Carbon Tetrachloride
Carmine
Cobaltous Chloride
" T.S.
Congo Red
" T.S.
Cupric Acetate
" T.S.
Curare
•Dimethylaminoazobenzene
Diphenylamine
Eosiu A
Ether, Dehydrated
Ethyl Acetate
Ferric Ammonium Sulphate
Ferrous Sulphate (Acid) T.S.
Filter Paper, Quantitative
Fluorescein
Fuchsin
" Acid
Fuchsin-Sulphurous Acid T.S.
Glass ^^'ool
Glucose, Dry
Gold Chloride
T.S., Diluted
Hematein
Hematoxylin
Hydrated Chloral T.S.
Indigo Carmine T.S.
lodeosin
Iodine, Purified
lodo-bromide T.S.
Laevomethj'laminoethanolcatechol
Lead Acetate Glass Wool
" " Test Paper
" . T.S., Alcoholic
" Nitrate
" Peroxide
Lime, Freshly Slaked
Magnesium Chloride
Manganese Sulphate
T.S.
Mercuric Bromide
" " Test Paper
T.S., AlcohoUc
Methyl Orange
" Red
" T.S.
" Violet 6B
Methylene Green
Molybdic Acid
Naphthylamine (Alpha) Hydrochloride
ti a " T S
(Beta)
bdii
Ixiv
ARTICLES ADDED TO PART II, U.S.P. IX
■1
Nitric Acid, Diluted
Oil of Cedanvood
Orange G
Orcin
Ouabain
Palladous Chloride
Paradimethylaminobenzaldehj'de
Peptone
Phenoldisulphonic Acid T.S.
Phenylhydrazine
" Dihydrochloride
" Hydrochloride
Phloroglucinol
T.S.
Phosphotungstic Acid
Platinic Chloride
Potassium Chromate
" Ferricyanide
" Hj'droxide T.S., Special
** Sulphate
PyrogaUol T.S., Alkaline
Resorcinol T.S.
Rosaniliue Acetate
Rosolic Acid
" " T.S.
Sawdust, Purified
Selenous Acid
Silver, Metallic
" Sulphate
Sodium Acetate, Anhydrous
" Bisulphite
T.S.
Sodium Bitartrate
" Carbonate, Anhydrous
Chloride
" Cyanide T.S.
" Hj'pobromite T.S.
" Nitroprusside
Oxalate
" Phospho-tungstate T.S.
Sulphide
T.S.
" Tartrate, Neutral
" Tungstate
Stannous Chloride
T.S., Acid
T.S., Saturated
Starch (Potato)
Succinic Acid
SulphaniUc Acid
Sulpho-sahcylic Acid
Sulphuric Acid, Fuming
" " Purified and Concen-
trated for Tests
Sulphurous Acid
Toluol
Xylol
Yeast
Zinc Dust
" Oxide
Tenth-Normal Barium Hydroxide V.S.
Half-Normal Potassium Hydroxide V.S.
Hundredth-Normal Silver Nitrate V.S.
Two-Hundredth-Normal Sodium Thio-
sulphate V.S.
Diagnostical Reagents and Clinical Tests
Agar-Agar, Glycerin
" " Glucose
" " Lactose-htmus
" Plain
Alcoholic Solution of Dimethylamino-
azobenzene
" " " Iodine (1 per cent.)
tt II n it /•jn " " ")
" '' " Methyl Violet 6B
" " " Methylthionine
Chloride (Saturated)
Aloin (isobarbaloin containing barbaloin)
Alum-hematoxylon Solution
Anihne Water and Methj'l Violet 6B
Solution
Aqueous Solution of Trinitropheuol
(Saturated)
Bial's Reagent
Borax Methylene Blue Solution
Bouillon, Glucose
Plain
Stock
Carminfibrin
Congo Red Test Paper
Diluted Carbolfuchsin Solution
Ebner's Fluid
ARTICLES ADDED TO PART II, U.S.P. IX
Ixv
Ehrlich's Solution for Diazo Reaction
" Urobilinogen
" Triacid Stain
Esbach's Reagent
Ether (containing Hydrogen Dioxide)
Gelatin, Glucose
" Plain
Giemsa's Stain
Gram's Iodine Solution
Giinzburg's Reagent
Hayem's Solution
Iodine Potassium Iodide Solution
Jenner's Stain
Loffler's Methylene Blue Solution
" Mixture (Blood Serum)
Mayer's Hemalum
Mixture of Zinc Acetate
Nitric Acid (containing a trace of nitrous
acid)
" " Solution for Decolorizing
Nylander's Reagent
Obermeyer's Solution
Oxygenated Oil of Turpentine
Pavy's Solution
Solution for Hemoglobin Estimation
" WTiite Corpuscles
of Calcium Chloride
" Carbolfuchsin
" Carbol Methyl Violto
" Chlorinated Lime (Saturated)
" Copper Sulphate
" Guaiac
" Lead Acetate
" Rosolic Acid
" Sodium Hydroxide (for Sugar
Reaction)
" Sodium Hypobromite
" Zinc Chloride (10 per cent.)
Spiegler-Jolles Reagent
Toison's Solution
Wright's Stain
Yeast (for fermentation test)
ARTICLES DISMISSED FROM APPENDIX, U.S.P. VIII
Mercuric Chloride Test Paper
T.S., AlcohoUc
Methyl Alcohol
Naphthylamine Acetate T.S.
Potassium Cyanide T.S.
Sodium Nitrite
Barium Carbonate
Brazil-Wood T.S.
Cobaltous Nitrate T.S.
Indigo T.S.
Iodine T.S., Alcoholic
Lead Acetate Test Gause
CHANGES IN OFFICIAL LATIN TITLES
U.S.P. VIII U.S.P. IX
Alcohol Absolutum Alcohol Dehydratum
Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi Liquor Hydrogenii Dioxidi
Calx Sulphurata Calcii Sulphidum Crudum
Cannabis Indica Cannabis
Cardamomum Cardamomi Semen
Charta Sinapis Emplastrum Sinapis
Elixir Adjuvans EUxir Glycyrrhizae
Extractum Cannabis Indicse Extractum Cannabis
" Rhanini Purshianse " Cascarse Sagradae
Ferri et Quininse Citras Solubilis Ferri et Quininae Citras
" Phosphas SolubiUs " Phosphas
Fluidextractum Cannabis Indicse Fluidextractum Cannabis
" Rhamni Purshianae " Cascarse Sagradae
" Rhamni Purshianae Aro- " Cascarse Sagradae Aro-
maticum maticum
" Veratri " Veratri Viridis
Glandulae Suprarenales Siccae Suprarenalum Siccum
" ThjToidese " Thyroideum "
Hyoscinae Hydrobromidum Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum
Methylthioninae Hydrochloridum Methylthioninae Chloridum
Oleum Aurantii Corticis Oleum Aurantii
" Betulae Meth3iis Salicylas
" Cinnamomi Oleum Cassiae
" Gaultheriae Methylis Salicylas
" Lavandulae Florum Oleum Lavandulae
" Picis Liquidae " Picis Liquidae Rectificatxmi
Resina Scammonii Resina Scammoniae
Rhamnus Purshiana Cascara Sagrada
Tinctura Cannabis Indicae Tinctura Cannabis
" Veratri " Veratri Viridia
Veratmm Veratrum Viride
Ixvi
I
i
I
CHANGES IN OFFICIAL ENGLISH TITLES
u.s.p. vm u.s.p. IX
Acetanilide Acetanilid
Wool-Fat Wool Fat
Hydrous Wool-Fat Hydrous Wool Fat
Absolute Alcohol Dehydrated Alcohol
Sulphurated Lime Crude Calcium Sulphide
Indian Cannabis Cannabis
Cardamom Cardamom Seed
Cloves Clove
Mustard Paper Mustard Plaster
Adjuvant Elixir Elixir of Glycyrrhiza
Extract of Indian Cannabis Extract of Cannabis
Soluble Iron and Quinine Citrate Iron and Quinine Citrate
" Ferric Phosphate Ferric Phosphate
Fluidextract of Cannabis Indica; Fluidextract of Cannabis
" " Veratrum " " Veratrum Viride
Desiccated Suprarenal Glands Dried Suprarenals
Thyroid " " Thyroids
Hyoscine Hydrobromide Scopolamine Hydrobromide
Methj-lthionine Hydrochloride Methylthionine Chloride
Oil of Orange Peel Oil of Orange
" " Betula Methyl Salicylate (from Betula)
" " Gaultheria " Salicylate (from Gaultheria)
" " Lavender Flowers Oil of Lavender
" " Tar Rectified Oil of Tar
Tincture of Cannabis Indica Tincture of Cannabis
" " Veratrum " " Veratrum Viride
Blue Ointment Diluted Mercurial Ointment
^'eratrum Veratrum Viride
Ixvii
Ixviii
COMPARATIVE TABLE SHOWING STRENGTH OF THE MORE
-. CQ
B
a
&
o
o
o
y
vt
(0
E
E
u
CO
CQ
Ji
X
a.
0.
•*•*
■M
c
c
m
Rt
CA
^
4>
L.
O
0.
a
E
i^
•a
c
V
rt
JC
■4-)
be
«t«
c
o
"O
J3
-4-1
be
2
C
0.
4)
X
c
■♦J
be
c
c
o
^
11
o
u.
JS
C3
CA
a
4>
4>
L.
X
Q.
CQ
l-
CI 71 e^ CO
o o o o
pH S S n
u u o ™
u o
c -
a>
K W K ^ o
^ Cm Clh
1*^ CO n
i-M h5 W
. ^ ^ S
s w
o __
w o
o
u ^
(N ~ M)
«
fO lO O lO lO
fe "^ S 25 cj d
C2
-St- a.
lO »-i lO "C O
CO O C^ (M o 5
CO 1—1 CO <-i «
o o
c3
o o o o o o o
-f^ -*^ -+-> -^ -4J -f^ -fcJ
Oi 05 T— I 0> fH o o>
S lO ^
O 05 S
'o "rt O
Q O q C3 _o o
i; e
<^ do
a
o ::
D. 'o
T3 O
=3 S
3
- Op-- O -
=^ a
C! -
si -
J3
o ^ ^ -
(N O O lO .-
c3
-tJ
c -
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I
I
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
I
I
THE
PHARMACOPOEIA
OF THE
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
PART I
ACACIA
Acacia
Acac. — Gum Arabic
The dried gummy exudation of Acacia Senegal Willdenow, and of
other African species of Acacia (Fam. Leguminosce) .
In ovoid, more or less spheroidal tears, or in broken, angular fragments from
2 to 30 mm. in diameter, varying from white or yellowish-white to light amber-
colored; translucent; very brittle; fractured surface glass-Uke, sometimes iri-
descent; nearly inodorous; taste insipid, mucilaginous.
Insoluble in alcohol ; slowly and almost completely soluble in twice its weight
of water, forming a mucilaginous liquid, which has a slight, characteristic odor
and is acid to litmus. When either 0.1 mil of basic lead acetate T.S., or 0.1 mil
of a concentrated solution of sodium borate, or 0.1 mil of ferric chloride T.S. is
added to 10 mils of a 10 per cent, aqueous solution of Acacia, a gelatinous pre-
cipitate is produced. The precipitate produced with ferric chloride T.S. is neither
black nor brownish-black {tannin).
The powder is whitish, with few or no starch grains or fragments of vegetable
tissues.
Not more than 1 per cent, of powdered Acacia is insoluble in water {plant
tissues, sand, or dirt).
Acacia yields not more than 4 per cent, of ash, and the powder contains not
more than 15 per cent, of moisture.
Preparations — Mucilago Acaciae Syrupus Acaciae.
ACETANILIDUM
Acetanilid
Acetanil. — Acetanihde Antifebrin
The monoacetyl derivative [CsHgON or CeHsNH.CHgCO = 135.08]
of aniline.
Acetanilid occurs in colorless, shining, micaceous, crystalline laminae, or as a
crystalline powder; odorless, having a slightly burning taste; permanent in
the air.
3
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
One Gm. of Acetanilid dissolves in 190 mils of water, 3.4 mils of alcohol, 3.7
mils of chloroform, 17 mils of ether, 47 mils of benzene, and in about 5 mils of
glycerin at 25° C. ; also in 20 mils of boiling water and in 0.6 mil of boiling alcohol.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to litmus.
AcetaniUd melts between 112° and 114° C.
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Acetanilid with 5 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S., the
characteristic odor of aniline becomes noticeable. Now add 1 mil of chloroform,
and again heat the mixture; the disagreeable odor of phenylisocyanide (a poison-
ous substance) is evolved.
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Acetanilid for several minutes with 2 mils of hydro-
chloric acid; a clear solution results, which, when mixed with 3 mils of an aqueous
solution of phenol (1 in 20) and afterwards with 5 mils of a filtered, saturated
solution of chlorinated lime, acquires a brownish-red color, which becomes deep
blue upon supersaturation with ammonia water.
Bromine T.S. produces a white, crystalline precipitate in an aqueous solution
of Acetanilid.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of AcetaniUd; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
The solution of about 0.5 Gm. of Acetanilid in 5 mils of colorless sulphuric
acid is not more than faintly yellow {readily carbonizable impurities).
Add 5 drops of ferric chloride T.S to 5 mils of a cold, saturated aqueous
solution of Acetanilid; the color does not differ from that produced by adding
5 drops of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of distilled water ^aniline salts or other
allied substances).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3 grains.
ACETONUM
Acetone
Aceton . — Dimethyl-ketone
A liquid containing not less than 99 per cent, by weight of CaHeO or
CH3.CO.CH3 (58.05). Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool
place, remote from fire.
A transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid of a characteriatic ethereal
odor and a pungent, sweetish taste.
Specific gravity: about 0.790 at 25° C.
Miscible without cloudiness with water, alcohol, ether, chloroform, and with
most volatile oils.
It volatilizes even at low temperatures and boils between 56° and 58° C. It
is inflammable and bums with a luminous, non-sooty flame.
Acetone does not aff'ect the color of blue or red Utmus paper previously mois-
tened with water.
Evaporate 25 mils of Acetone in a platinum or porcelain dish on a water
bath; not more than 0.002 Gm. of residue remains.
Mix 20 mils of Acetone in a clean, glass-stoppered bottle, with 0.1 mil of
tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. ; the pink tint so produced does
not wholly disappear in less than fifteen minutes [empyreumatic substances).
Assay — Determine the exact weight of a glass-stoppered weighing bottle
containing 15 mils of distilled water, add about 1 mil of Acetone, and again
weigh accurately. Transfer the contents of the bottle, washing the bottle well
with distilled water, to a 1000 mil graduated flask, fill to the mark with distilled
water, and mix the contents thoroughly. Place 25 mils of normal potassium
hydroxide V.S. in a 250 mil glass-stoppered flask, add exactly 25 mils of the
Acetone solution (representing one-fortieth of the weight of Acetone taken),
then, with constant agitation of the flask, add 35 mils of tenth-normal iodine
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA
V.S., and allow the mixture to stand for fifteen minutes. Now add 26 mils of
nonnal hydrochloric acid V.S. and at once titrate the residual iodine with tenth-
nonnal sodium thiosulphate V.S., with the addition of starch T.S. as indicator
when the Uquid is nearly decolorized. Conduct a blank test with the same
quantities of the reagents and subtract the quantity of tenth-normal iodine
V.S. consumed in this blank test from that consumed in the assay.
Each mil of this difference, which represents the iodine consumed by the
reaction with the Acetone, corresponds to 0.0009675 Gm. of CsHsO. Each
gramme of Acetone corresponds to not less than 1023 mils of tenth-normal
iodine V.S.
ACETPHENETIDINUM
Acetphenetidin
Acetphen. — Phenacetin
The monoacetyl derivative [CioHiaOaN or C6H4(0C2H5).NH.CH3
CO 1:4 = 179.1 1 ] of para-amidophenetol.
Acetphenetidin occurs in white, glistening, crystalline scales or as a fine crystal-
line powder ; odorless, having a slightly bitter taste and producing a faint numbing
effect on the tongue; permanent in the air.
OneGm. of Acetphenetidin dissolves in 1310 mils of water, 15 mils of alcohol,
14 mils of chloroform, and in 90 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 82 mils of boil-
ing water and 2.8 mils of boiling alcohol.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to litmus.
Acetphenetidin melts between 133° and 135° C.
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Acetphenetidin for one minute with 1 mil of hydro-
chloric acid, dilute the mixture with 10 mils of distilled water, cool, and filter it; a
drop of potassium dichromate T.S. added to the filtrate produces a ruby-red color.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Acetphenetidin; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
A mixture of about 0.005 Gm. of Acetphenetidin and 1 mil of nitric acid is
colored yellow, the color becoming darker on standing. The solution of about
0.5 Gm. of Acetphenetidin in 5 mils of colorless sulphuric acid is not more than
faintly yellow {readily carbonizable impurities).
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Acetphenetidin with 10 mils of distilled water until
dissolved, cool the solution, filter it, and add bromine T.S. to the filtrate, drop
by drop, with agitation after each addition, until the solution remains perma-
nently yellow; neither turbidity nor precipitation is produced (acetanilid) .
A mixture of about 0.3 Gm. of Acetphenetidin with 1 mil of alcohol and 1
drop of tenth-normal iodine V.S. does not acquire a red tint when diluted with
three times its volume of distilled water and boiled (parophenetidin) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
ACETUM SCILL.E
Vinegar of Squill
Acet. Scill.
Squill, in No, 20 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Diluted Acetic Acid, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
6 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Macerate the squill with nine hundred mils of diluted acetic acid
during seven days with frequent agitation; then strain the mixture,
and wash the mass on the strainer with enough diluted acetic acid
to make the strained liquid measure nearly one thousand mils.
Heat this liquid to boiling, filter while hot, and when cold add
sufficient diluted acetic acid to make the product measure one thousand
mils.
Preparation — Syrupus Scillae.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
ACIDUM ACETICUM
Acetic Acid
Acid. Acet.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 36 per cent, nor more
than 37 per cent, of C2H4O2 or CH3.COOH (60.03).
Acetic Acid is a clear, colorless liquid, having a strong, characteristic, vinegar-
Uke odor, a sharply acid taste, and a strongly acid reaction.
Acetic Acid is miscible with water or alcohol.
Specific gravity: about 1.045 at 25° C.
Add sufficient ammonia water to Acetic Acid to neutralize it or to leave the
Acid in slight excess, and then add ferric chloride T.S.; a blood-red color de-
velops which is discharged by strongly acidulating the liquid with sulphuric acid.
Evaporate 20 mils of Acetic Acid to dryness on a water bath; not more than
0.002 Gm. of residue remains.
Acetic Acid diluted with 20 volumes of distilled water does not respond to
the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Separate portions of 1 mil each of Acetic Acid, diluted with 10 volumes of
distilled water, show no turbidity on the addition of a few drops of barium
chloride T.S. (sulphuric acid) nor any opalescence with a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S. (hydrochloric acid).
Supersaturate 5 mils of the Acid with 10 mils of ammonia water, add 5 mils of
tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. and boil the solution for one or two minutes;
no dark deposit is produced (formic or sulphurous acid).
Dilute 4 mils of the Acid, in a glass-stoppered bottle, with 20 mils of dis-
tilled water and add 0.5 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
The pink tint is not changed to brown at once, and does not become entirely
brown or free from pinkish-brown in less than half a minute (empyreumatic
subslances).
Assay — Pour about 6 mils of Acetic Acid into a tared flask, stopper and
weigh accurately, dilute with 50 mils of distilled water, and titrate with normal
potassium hydroxide V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows
not less than 36 per cent, nor more than 37 per cent, of C2H4O2.
Each mil of normal potas.sium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06003
Gm. of C2H4O2. Each gramme of Acetic Acid corresponds to not less than
6.00 mils nor more than 6.16 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — Acidum Aceticum Dilutum.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ACIDUM ACETICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Acetic Acid
Acid. Acet. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 5.7 nor more than 6.3
per cent, of C2H4O2 or CH3.COOH (60.03).
Acetic Acid, one hundred and twenty grammes 120 Gm.
Distilled Water, six hundred and ten grammes 610 Gm.
To make seven hundred and thirty grammes. . . 730 Gm.
Mix them.
It is miscible with water or alcohol.
Specific gravity: about 1.008 at 25° C.
Diluted Acetic Acid responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Acidum Acelicum, allowance being made for the difference in strength.
Assay — Pour about 25 mils of Diluted Acetic Acid into a tared flask, weigh
accurately, and titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 5.8 nor more than 6.3
per cent, of C2H4O2.
Each mil of normal pota.ssium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06003
Gm. of C2H4O2. Each gramme of Diluted Acetic Acid corresponds to not less
than 0.95 mil nor more than 1.05 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
ACIDUM ACETICUM GLACIALE
Glacial Acetic Acid
Acid. Acet. Qlac.
A liquid containing not less than 99 per cent, of C2H4O2 or CH3.COOH
(60.03). Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles.
Glacial Acetic Acid is a clear, colorless hquid with a strong, vinegar-hke odor,
and a very pungent, acid taste.
It is miscible with water or alcohol.
Specific gravity: from 1.047 to 1.050 at 25° C.
It boils between 117° and 118° C.
Congealing point: not below 14.5° C.
Glacial Acetic Acid responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Acidum Aceticum when diluted to that strength, but the tint produced by the
addition of 0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. to 2 mils of
Glacial Acetic Acid, diluted with 10 mils of distilled water and contained in a
glass-stoppered bottle, is not changed to brown within two hours.
Assay — Pour about 2.5 mils of Glacial Acetic Acid into a tared flask contain-
ing 10 mils of distilled water, stopper and weigh accurately, dilute ^-ith 40 mils
of distilled water, and titrate this solution \\-ith normal potassium hydroxide
V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 99 per
cent, of C2H4O2.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06003
Gm. of C2H4O2. Each gramme of Glacial Acetic Acid corresponds to not less
than 16.5 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ACIDUM BENZOICUM
Benzoic Acid
Acid. Benz.
An organic acid obtained from benzoin, or prepared synthetically.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of CvHeOa or CeHs.COOH
(122.05). Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, protected
from light.
Benzoic Acid occurs in lustrous scales or friable needles. The synthetic
Acid is white, odorless, or ^dth a slight odor of benzaldehyde; the natural Acid
is white or yellowish, acquires a darker color on exposure to Ught, and has a
slight odor of benzoin. Benzoic Acid has a pungent taste, is somewhat vola-
tile at moderately warm temperatures and freely volatile with steam.
One Gm. of Benzoic Acid dissolves in 275 mils of water, 2.3 mils of alcohol,
4.5 mils of chloroform, 3 mils of ether, in 10 mils of benzene and in 23 mils of
oil of turpentine at 25° C; also in 18 mils of boiUng water, 1.5 mils of boiling
alcohol, and in fixed or volatile oils.
A saturated aqueous solution of Benzoic Acid is acid to litmus.
It melts between 120° and 122° C.
Benzoic Acid is freely dissolved by solutions of the alkali hydroxides; neu-
tralize such a solution carefully and add ferric chloride T.S., previously diluted
with 2 volumes of distilled water and neutralized, if necessary, with ammonia
water; a pink precipitate of ferric benzoate is produced.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Benzoic Acid; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the synthetic Acid in 2 mils of sulphuric acid
does not become darker than light yellow, when warmed for five minutes at
50° C. The color produced by the Acid from benzoin «tested in the same manner,
does not become darker than light brown {readily carhonizable impurities).
Mix 0.5 Gm. of the Acid and about 1 Gm. of calcium carbonate (free from
chloride) with a little distilled water in a crucible, dry the mixture and incinerate it
at a low red heat. Dissolve the residue in 25 mils of diluted nitric acid (free from
chloride) and filter. If the s3Tithetic Acid is being tested, the addition of 0.5 mil
of silver nitrate T.S. to the filtrate does not produce a greater turbidity than is
produced by the same quantity of the reagent in a mixture of 25 mils of distilled
water and 0.1 mil of tenth-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. If the Acid from ben-
zoin is being tested, the turbidity is not greater than that produced by the same
quantity of reagent in a mixture of 25 mils of distilled water and 0.05 mil of
tenth-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. (chlorine).
Warm 0.5 Gm. of the Acid with 5 mils of distilled water and 0.5 Gm. of potas-
sium permanganate in a loosely-stoppered test tube, and place it in a water
bath, heated to about 45° C, for ten minutes. Stopper the test tube tightly
and allow it to cool. On removing the stopper, no odor of benzaldehyde is per-
ceptible {cinnamic acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Benzoic Acid, previously dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, in 25 mils
of diluted alcohol which has been previously neutralized with tenth-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S., phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator.
Titrate this .solution with tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried acid, not less than 99.5
per cent, of C7H6O2.
Each mil of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.012205
Gm. of CvIIeOa. Each gramme of Benzoic Acid, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 81.5 mils of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — Tinctura Opii Camj)horata.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
ACIDUM BORICUM
Boric Acid
Acid. Bor. — Boracic Acid
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over
sulphuric acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of H3BO3 (62.02).
Boric Acid occura in transparent, colorless scales, of a somewhat pearly lustre,
as six-sided, triclinic crystals, or as a white, bulky powder, slightly unctuous
to the touch; odorless, having a faintly bittei; taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Boric Acid dissolves in 18 mils of water, 18 mils of alcohol, and
in 4 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 4 mils of boiling water and 6 mils of
boiling alcohol.
When heated to 100° C, Boric Acid loses water, forming metaboric acid
(hydrogen metaborate, HBO2), which slowly volatilizes at that temperature.
Heated to about 160° C, Boric Acid fuses to a glassy mass of tetraboric or
pyroboric acid (hydrogen tetraborate, H2B4O7); at a higher temperature the
fused mass swells, loses all of its water, and becomes boron trioxide (B2O3),
which fuses into a transparent, non-volatile, hygroscopic mass.
Boric Acid volatilizes from a boiling aqueous or alcoholic solution.
Its solution in alcohol or glycerin, when ignited, burns with a flame enveloped
by a green mantle.
An aqueous solution of Boric Acid (1 in 50) is slightly acid to litmus. Tur-
meric paper moistened with such a solution, to which a little hydrochloric acid
T.S. has been added, becomes reddish-brown on drying, this color being changed
to greenish-black by ammonia water.
One Gm. of Boric Acid dissolves completely in 10 mils of boiling alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the Acid does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of Boric Acid meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 2.5 Gm. of Boric Acid, previously dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, in 50 mils
of distilled water and 50 mils of glycerin and titrate with normal sodium hydrox-
ide V.S., phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator. It shows, in the dried
acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of H3BO3.
Each mU of normal sodium hj'droxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06202 Gm.
of H3BO3. Each gramme of Boric Acid, previously dried, corresponds to not
less than 16.04 mils of normal sodium hydroxide V.S.
Preparations — Glyceritum Boroglycerini Unguentum Acidi Borici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5_Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
ACIDUM CITRICUM
Citric Acid
Acid. Cit.
A tribasic organic acid usually obtained from the juice of limes or
lemons. It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of C6H8O7+H2O
or C3H4(0H)(C00H)3+H20 (210.08). Preserve it in well-closed con-
tainers.
Citric Acid occurs in colorless, translucent, right-rhombic prisms, or as a
white powder; odorless and having an acid taste; efflorescent in warm air.
One Gm. of Citric Acid dissolves in 0.5 mil of water, 1.8 mils of alcohol,
and in about 30 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water.
10 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
An aqueous solution of Citric Acid (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
Add 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 10) to 50 mils of calcium
hydroxide T.S. (or sufficient of the latter to render the mixture alkaline); the
liquid remains clear. When boiled for about one minute, the solution becomes
opaque through the precipitation of calcium citrate.
When slowly ignited, Citric Acid is gradually decomposed without emitting
an odor resembling burning sugar (difference from tartaric acid).
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Citric Acid; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
An aqueous solution of Citric Acid (1 in 10), which has been nearly neutralized
with ammonia water, remains clear on the addition of calcium sulphate T.S.
(oxalic acid).
Heat about 5 Gm. of powdered Citric Acid for fifteen minutes on a water
bath with 5 mils of sulphuric acid in a porcelain dish, which has previously been
rinsed with sulphuric acid, keeping the mixture protected from dust; no darker
color than yellow develops (tartaric acid).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 50) mixed with 0.5 mil
of hydrochloric acid does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. 3).
The addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solu-
tion of the Acid (1 in 100), to wliich have previously been added a few drops of
hydrochloric acid, produces no turbidity (sulphuric acid).
Dissolve 10 Gm. of Citric Acid in 20 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils of sul-
phurous acid and boil the mixture until the odor of sulphur dioxide is barely
f)erceptible. Cool the solution, mix it with 1 mil of sodium cyanide T.S. and fol-
ow this immediately with stronger ammonia water until the solution possesses
a slight odor of ammonia. When cold, transfer the solution to a glass-stoppered
cylinder graduated at 50 mils, dilute it with sufficient distilled water to measure
60 mils, and add 3 drops of sodium sulphide T.S. After mixing well, the color
produced in the solution, if any, when viewed downward against a white surface,
is not greater than the color of a control solution prepared as follows: Dissolve 2
Gm. of ammonium chloride (see Reagents, Part II) in 20 mils of distilled water,
add 4 mils of a solution containing 0.08 Gm. of lead nitrate in 1000 mils of dis-
tilled water, and then 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid. Treat this solution with
the same quantity of sulphurous acid, sodium cyanide T.S. and stronger ammonia
water, as directed above, transfer to another 50 mil glass-stoppered cylinder,
then dilute it with sufficient distilled water to make 50 mils and add 3 drops
of sodium sulphide T.S. (before adding the sodium sulphide T.S., the liquid
must possess a distinct odor of ammonia, and the two cylinders used must be
matched, be of practically colorless glass, and have the same internal diameter)
(lead).
Assay — Dissolve about 3 Gm. of the Acid, accurately weighed, in 50 mils of
distilled water and titrate the solution with normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 99.5 per cent.
of CsHsOt+HsO.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.07003
Gm. of C6H8O7+H2O. Each gramme of Citric Acid corresponds to not less
than 14.2 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — Syrupus Acidi Citrici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
ACIDUM GALLICUM
Gallic Acid
Acid. Gallic.
An organic acid [CHeOs+HaO or C6H2(0H)3.C00H l:3:4:5-f-
H20 = 188.06].
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 11
Gallic Acid occurs in white, or pale fawn-colored, silky, interlaced needles,
or in triclinic prisms; odorless and having an astringent and slightly acidulous
taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Gallic Acid dissolves in 87 mils of water, 4.6 mils of alcohol, 10
mils of glycerin, and in about 100 mils of ether at 25° C.; also in about 3 mils
of boiling water; almost insoluble in chloroform.
A saturated aqueous solution of Gallic Acid is acid to litmus.
Add 6 drops of sodium hydroxide T.S. to 5 mils of a cold, saturated aqueous
solution of the Acid; a deep green color gradually develops, which is changed
to reddish or brownish-red by acids.
Gallic Acid neither colors nor precipitates solutions of pure ferrous salts,
but it [forms a bluish-black precipitate with ferric salts.
When dried to constant weight at 100° C., the Acid loses not more than 12
per cent, of its weight.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Gallic Acid; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
A cold, saturated aqueous solution of Gallic Acid yields no precipitate with
gelatin T.S. or starch T.S. (tarmic add).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
ACIDUM HYDRIODICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hydriodic Acid
Acid. Hydriod. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of HI (127.93). Preserve it in amber-colored,
glass-stoppered bottles, protected from light, and do not dispense it if
it contains free iodine.
Potassium Iodide, one hundred and thirty-five grammes. 135.0 Gm.
Potassium Hypophosphite, ten grammes 10.0 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, one hundred and thirty-six and five-tenths
grammes 136.5 Gm.
Distilled Water,
Diluted Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Dissolve the potassium salts in two hundred and fifty mils of distilled
water with the aid of heat, and the tartaric acid in four hundred mils
of diluted alcohol. Having poured the solution of tartaric acid into a
bottle of about one thousand mils capacity, add the solution of the
potassium salts and shake the mixture briskly. Cool the mixture to
about 5° C. for several hours and, having inserted a pledget of puri-
fied cotton tightly in the throat of a funnel, transfer the contents of
the bottle to the funnel. When all the liquid has passed through,
wash the bottle and crystalline precipitate with diluted alcohol in
12 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
successive small portions until the filtrate weighs one thousand grammes.
Evaporate the liquid at a moderate temperature, on a water bath,
until all of the alcohol has evaporated, and add sufficient distilled water
to make the product weigh one thousand grammes.
Diluted Hydriodic Acid is a colorless or not more than pale yellow, odorless
liquid; it has a strongly acid taste and is strongly acid to litnius.
Specific gravity: about 1.100 at 25° C.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. or chlorine water to Diluted Hydriodic
Acid, diluted with twice its volume of distilled water; iodine is liberated and
imparts to the solution a reddish-brown color. On agitating this mixture with
a few drops of chloroform, the latter acquires a violet color.
No blue color is produced on adding a few drops of starch T.S. to 5 mils of
the Acid (free iodine).
Five mils of Diluted Hydriodic Acid, when evaporated to dryness on a
water bath and the residue ignited, leaves not more than 0.165 Gm. of residue.
The addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of Diluted Hydriodic
Acid produces not more than a slight cloudiness {sulphuric acid); the addition
of 1 mil of potassium sulphate T.S. to 10 mils of the Acid causes no turbidity
{barium).
Mix 0.5 mil of Diluted Hydriodic Acid with 10 mils of distilled water, add
8 mils of silver nitrate T.S. and 6 mils of ammonium carbonate T.S., digest the
mixture for ten minutes on a water bath, cool, and filter. The filtrate, upon
supersaturating with nitric acid, does not become more than shghtly opalescent
(chloride) .
Ten mils of Diluted Hydriodic Acid, without further acidulation, does not
respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Mix 5 mils of Diluted Hydriodic Acid with 1 mil of nitric acid and evaporate
the liquid to dryness on a water bath; the residue meets the requirements of the
Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Pour about 5 mils of Diluted Hydriodic Acid into a tared flask, weigh
accurately, dilute with 20 mils of distilled water, add 50 mils of tenth-norrnal
silver nitrate V.S. and shake the mixture, well. Now add 5 mils of nitric acid,
heat the mixture on a water bath until the precipitate has a bright yellow color,
cool and add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. The residual titration
with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. shows not less than 9.5 per
cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HI.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.012793
Gm. of HI. Each gramme of Diluted Hydriodic Acid corresponds to not less
than 7.4 mils nor more than 8.2 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — SjTupus Acidi Hydriodici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
ACIDUM HYDROBROMICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hydrobromic Acid
Acid. Hydrobrom. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5. per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of IIBr (80,93). Preserve it in amber-colored,
glass-stoppered bottles, protected from light.
Diluted Hydrobromic Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid having a strongly
acid taste; it is strongly acid to litmus.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 13
Specific gravity: about 1.076 at 25° C.
On distilling it, weak acid passes over first; when the tennperature of 126° C.
is reached, an acid of 48 per cent, remains, which may be distilled unchanged.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces a yellowish-white precipitate, which is insoluble
in diluted nitric acid, slowly soluble in an excess of stronger ammonia water,
but readily soluble in a 10 per cent, solution of sodium thiosulphate.
Evaporate 25 mils of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid from a platinum or porcelain
dish and afterwards dry it at 110° C; not more than 0.0025 Gm. of residue
remains.
The addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of the Acid produces
not more than a slight cloudiness {sulphuric acid); the addition of 1 mil of
potassium sulphate T.S. to 10 mils of the Acid causes no turbidity {barium).
Shake 10 mils of the Acid with 2 mils of chloroform; no color is imparted to
the latter {free bromine). Now add 5 drops of ferric chloride T.S. and shake the
mixture; the chloroform does not acquire a violet tint {iodine).
Ten mils of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid, without further acidulation, does not
respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Mix 5 mils of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid with 1 mil of nitric acid and evapo-
rate the hquid to dryness on a water bath; the residue meets the requirements
of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Mix 0.5 mil of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid with 10 mils of distilled water,
add 8 mils of silver nitrate T.S., and 6 mils of ammonium carbonate T.S., digest
the mixture for ten minutes on a water bath, cool and filter. The filtrate, on
supersaturating with nitric acid, does not at once become more than slightly
turbid {chloride).
Assay — Pour about 20 mils of l)iluted Hydrobromic Acid into a tared flask,
weigh accurately, dilute with 30 mils of distilled water, and titrate the liquid
with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator.
It shows not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HBr.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.08093
Gm. of HBr. Each gramme of Diluted Hydrobromic Acid corresponds to not
less than 1.17 mils nor more than 1.30 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM
Hydrochloric Acid
Acid. Hydrochl.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 31 per cent, nor more
than 33 per cent, of HCl (36.47). Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles.
Hydrochloric Acid is a colorless, fuming liquid, having a pungent odor, and
an intensely acid taste; the fumes and odor disappear on diluting the Acid with
2 volumes of water; it is strongly acid to htmus, even when highly diluted.
Specific gravity: about 1.155 at 25° C.
On distilling it at normal barometric pressure, a stronger acid passes over
first, until, at 110° C, an acid of about 20 per cent, remains, which distils
unchanged.
When heated with manganese dioxide, it evolves chlorine.
It conforms to the tests for identity and purity under Acidum Hydrochloricum
Dilutum when diluted to that strength.
Assay — Pour about 3 mils of Hydrochloric Acid into a tared bottle con-
taining about 10 mils of distilled water, stopper, weigh accurately, dilute
with 50 mils of distilled water and titrate the liquid with normal potassium
14 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 31
per cent, nor more than 33 per cent, of HCl.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.03647
Gm. of HCl. Each gramme of Hydrochloric Acid corresponds to not less than
8.50 mils nor more than 9.05 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparations — Acidum Hydrochloricum Dilutum Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum
Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum.
ACIDUM HYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid
Acid. Hydrochl. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of HCl (36.47). Preserve it in glass-stoppered
bottles.
Hydrochloric Acid, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Distilled Water, two hundred and twenty grammes 220 Gm.
To make three hundred and twenty grammes .... 320 Gm.
Mix them.
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid; it has a strongly
acid taste and is strongly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.049 at 25° C.
With silver nitrate T.S. it yields a white, curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric
acid, but readily soluble in ammonia water.
Evaporate 25 mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid from a platinum or porcelain
dish and dry at 110° C; not more than 0.003 Gm. of residue remains.
, Add 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid and then
cautiously introduce chlorine water, which has been diluted with an equal
volume of distilled water, a drop at a time, with constant agitation; the chloro-
form remains free from any yellow, orange or violet color {bromide or iodide).
Add 1 mil of potassium iodide T.S. and 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils of Di-
luted Hydrochloric Acid and agitate the mixture; the chloroform remains free
from any violet coloration (free chlorine or bromine).
Two mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, diluted with seven volumes of dis-
tilled water, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test
No. 3).
Five mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid diluted with 12 mils of distilled water
(without the treatment with sulphuric and sulphurous acids) meets the require-
ments of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Add 5 drops of barium chloride T.S. to a mixture of 3 mils of Diluted Hydro-
chloric Acid and 5 mils of distilled water; neither turbidity nor precipitation ap-
pears within one hour (sulphuric acid or sulphates). At the end of this period,
the further addition to the liquid of 2 drops of tenth-normal iodine V.S. pro-
duces neither turbidity nor decoloration of the iodine (sulphurous acid).
Assay — Pour about 10 mils of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid into a tared flask,
weigh accurately, dilute with 30 mils of distilled water and titrate the liquid
with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator.
It shows not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HCl.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.03647
Gm. of HCl. Each gramme of Diluted Hydrochloric Acid corresponds to not
less than 2.6 mils nor more than 2.9 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 15
ACIDUM HYDROCYANICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid
Acid. Hydrocyan. Dil. — Diluted Prussic Acid Acidum hydrocyanicum
dilutum P. I.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 1.9 per cent, nor more
than 2.1 per cent, of HCN (27.02) and not more than 0.1 per cent, of
HCl. Preserve it in small, dark amber-colored, well-stoppered vials.
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid is a colorless liquid, of a characteristic odor resem-
bling that of bitter almond; it is acid to litmus.
On account of its poisonous character it must be handled with great caution.
Render 1 mil of the Acid alkaline with potassium hydroxide T.S., add a few
drops of ferrous sulphate T.S., boil the mixture, and then acidulate with hydro-
chloric acid; a blue precipitate is formed.
Not more than 0.002 Gm. of residue remains on evaporating 10 mils of
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid to dryness on a water bath.
Pour 5 mils of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid into a tared 100 mil glass-stop-
pered flask containing 25 mils of distilled water, accurately determine the
weight of the Acid added and then add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate
V.S. and enough distilled water to make 100 mils. Agitate it well and filter
through a dry filter, rejecting the first 10 mils of the filtrate. In 50 mils of the
clear filtrate determine the excess of silver nitrate by titration with tenth-
normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S., previously adding 2 mils of nitric acid
and 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. From the number of mils of tenth-
normal silver nitrate V.S. consumed in this assay subtract twice the niunber
of mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. consumed in the assay of the same
quantity of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid as ascertained below. The difference
when calculated to free hydrogen chloride, using the factor 0.003647, does not
amount to more than one-tenth of 1 per cent, of the weight of Diluted Hydro-
cyanic Acid originally taken for the determination {hydrogen chloride).
Assay — Pour about 5 mils of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid into a 100 mil flask
containing 25 mils of distilled water and 5 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S.,
the whole having been previously tared, and weigh the Acid accurately. Then
add 3 drops of potassium iodide T.S. and titrate with tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S. to the production of a slight, permanent precipitate. It shows
not less than 1.9 per cent, nor more than 2.1 per cent, of HCN.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.005404
Gm. of HCN. Each gramme of Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid corresponds to not
less than 3.5 mils nor more than 3.9 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
AVERA.GE DOSE — Metric, 0,1 mil — Apothecaries, 13^ minims.
ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM
Hypophosphorous Acid
. Acid. Hypophos.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 30 per cent, nor more
than 32 per cent, of HPH2O2 (66.06). Preserve it in glass-stoppered
bottles.
Hypophosphorous Acid is a colorless or slightly yellow, odorless liquid; it has
an intensely acid taste, and is acid to litmus, even when highly diluted.
Specifio gravity: about 1.130 at 25° C.
16 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
When the Acid is heated in a suitable dish, water evaporates and it becomes
more concentrated. On further heating between 130° and 140° C, it decom-
poses, forming hydrogen phosphide, which ignites, and phosphorous acid; the
latter between 160° and 170° C. decomposes into hydrogen phosphide and
phosphoric acid; the pasty residue finally reddens, ignites, and the last portions
of unoxidized phosphorus burn out at a higher temperature.
Hypophosphorous Acid conforms to the tests for identity and purity under
Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilutum when diluted to that strength.
Assay — Pour about 7 mils of Hypophosphorous Acid into a tared and stoppered
flask, weigh accurately, dilute with 50 mils of distilled water and titrate wuth
normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It
shows not less than 30 per cent, nor more than 32 per cent, of HPH2O2.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06606
Gm. of HPH2O2. Each gramme of Hypophosphorous Acid corresponds to not
less than 4.54 mils nor more than 4.84 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — Acidum Hypophosphorosum Dilutum.
ACIDUM HYPOPHOSPHOROSUM DILUTUM
Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid
Acid. Hypophos. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of HPHgOa (66.06). Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles.
Hypophosphorous Acid, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Distilled Water, two hundred and ten grammea 210 Gm.
To make three hundred and ten grammes 310 Gm.
Mix them.
Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid; it has a strongly
acid taste and is strongly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.042 at 25° C.
When heated in a porcelain dish, water evaporates with the evolution of
hydrogen phosphide, and further decomposition takes place as described under
Acidum Hypophosphorosum.
With silver nitrate T.S. it yields a black precipitate of silver, and with mer-
curic chloride T.S., a white precipitate of mercurous chloride.
Neutralize 30 mils of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid with ammonia water;
not more than a slight precipitate results, and, after filtering, a portion of the
filtrate, slightly acidulated with hydrochloric acid, does not become turbid
upon the addition of potassium sulphate T.S. {barium); another portion of the
filtrate shows no turbidity with calcium chloride T.S. {oxalic add).
One mil of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid mixed with 9 mils of distilled
water does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Mix 5 mils of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid with 3 mils of nitric acid and
10 mils of distilled water, and evaporate the liquid to dryness on a water bath;
the residue meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test
No. 1).
Assay — Pour about 25 mils of Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid into a tared
flask, weigh accurately, add 25 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal
f)otassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not
ess than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HPH2O2.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 17
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06(506
Gm. of HPH2O2. Each gramme of Diluted Ilj^pophosphorous Acid cor-
responds to not less than 1.44 mils nor more than 1.6 mils of normal potassium
hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
ACIDUM LACTICUM
Lactic Acid
Acid. Lact.
A liquid containing lactic acid [optically inactive alphahydroxy-
propionic acid, CgHeOa or CH3.CH0H.C00H = 90.05] and lactic anhy-
drides, equivalent to a total of not less than 85 per cent, nor more than
90 per cent, of CgHeOg.
Lactic Acid is a colorless, or slightly yellow, sjTupy liquid, nearly odorless,
having an acid taste, and absorbing moisture on exposure to air.
It is miscible with water, alcohol, or ether; insoluble in chloroform, petroleum
benzin, or carbon disulphide.
Lactic Acid is strongly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.206 at 25° C.
Lactic Acid is not vaporized at a temperature below 160° C; at a higher
temperature it emits inflammable vapors.
Add about 0.1 Gm. of potassium permanganate to 2 mils of a mixture of equal
volumes of Lactic and sulphuric acids, and heat it gently; the odor of aldehyde
becomes perceptible.
Not more than 0.006 Gm. of ash remains on incinerating 5 mils of Lactic Acid.
Ten mils of a solution of the Acid in distilled water (1 in 100) is not rendered
opalescent by 1 mil of silver nitrate T.S. (chloride).
Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 20)
remain unaffected by the addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. (sulphate),
or by 1 mil of copper sulphate T.S. (sarcolactic acid).
An aqueous solution of the Acid does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part IL Test No. 3).
Add a few drops of Lactic Acid to 10 mils of hot alkaline cupric tartrate V.S. ;
no red precipitate is produced [sugars).
Add 1 mil of Lactic Acid, in drops, to 5 mils of ether, shaking it after each
addition; the ether solution does not become even transiently turbid (glycerin).
Pour Lactic Acid carefully upon an equal volume of colorless, concentrated
sulphuric acid contained in a clean test tube, and keep the temperature at
15° C; no dark colored zone develops at the line of contact upon standing for
fifteen minutes (organic impurities).
No turbidity is produced on heating the Acid with an excess of lime water
(phosphoric, tartaric, citric, or oxalic acid) .
Assay — Pour about 2.5 mils of Lactic Acid into a tared and stoppered 250 mil
flask, weigh accurately, add 50 mils of normal potassium hj'droxide V.S. and
boil the liquid for twenty minutes. The residual titration of the boiling solu-
tion with normal sulphuric acid V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator,
shows not less than 85 per cent, nor more than 90 per cent, of CsHeOs.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.09005
Gm. of CsHeOa or lactic anhydrides calculated as C3H6O3. Each gramme of
Lactic Acid corresponds to not less than 9.44 mils nor more than 10.0 mils of
normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
7
18 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
ACIDUM NITRICUM
Nitric Acid
Acid. Nitric.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 67 per cent, nor more
than 69 per cent, of HNO3 (63.02). Preserve it in dark amber-colored,
glass-stoppered bottles, and protect it from light.
Nitric Acid is a fuming liquid, very caustic and corrosive; it has a peculiar,
somewhat suffocating odor, and is strongly acid to litmus, even when highly
diluted.
Specific gravity: about 1.403 at 25° C.
It is volatiUzed at 110° C.
Nitric Acid dissolves copper, mercury, silver, and many other metals with
the evolution of brownish-red fimaes, and stains woollen fabrics and animal
tissues a bright yellow.
Evaporate 20 mils of Nitric Acid from a platinum or porcelain dish and dry
at 110° C; not more than 0.003 Gm. of residue remains {non-volatile impurities).
Shake 2.5 mils of Nitric Acid, diluted with 7.5 mils of distilled water, with 2
mils of chloroform; the latter remains colorless {iodine or bromine) even after the
introduction of a small piece of metallic tin {iodic or bromic acid).
Nitric Acid diluted with 25 volumes of distilled water and neutraUzed with
ammonia water does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test
No. 3).
Evaporate 0.5 mil of Nitric Acid to dryness on a water bath; the residue
meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Separate portions of Nitric Acid, diluted with 10 volumes of distilled water,
do not yield a precipitate upon the addition of barium chloride T.S. {sulphuric
acid), or of silver nitrate T.S. {hydrochloric acid).
Assay — Pour about 2 mils of Nitric Acid into a tared flask containing 10
mils of distilled water, stopper, weigh accurately, dilute with 50 mils of distilled
water and titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange
T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 67 per cent, nor more than 69 per
cent, of HNO3.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.06302
Gm. of HNO3. Each gramme of Nitric Acid corresponds to not less than 10.63
mils nor more than 10.95 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparations — Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum Acidum Nitrohydrochloricum
Dilutum.
ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM
Nitrohydrochloric Acid
Acid. Nitrohydrochl. — Nitromuriatic Acid
A strong aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid, nitric acid,
nitrosyl chloride, and chlorine.
Nitric Acid, eighteen milliliters 18 mils
Hydrochloric Acid, eighty-two milliliters 82 mils
To make about one hundred milliliters 100 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 19
Mix the acids in a capacious glass vessel, and, when effervescence has
ceased, pour the product into dark amber-colored, glass-stoppered
bottles, which must not be more than half filled, and must be kept in a
cool place.
Note — Do not dispense Nitrohydrochloric Acid which does not
immediately liberate iodine when one drop of the Acid is added to 1
mU of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide (1 in 5).
Nitrohydrochloric Acid is a golden-yellow, fuming, and very corrosive liquid;
it has a strong odor of chlorine and is intensely acid to litmus, afterwards
bleaching it. It readily dissolves gold leaf.
Not more than 0.0035 Gm. of residue remains on evaporating 10 mils of the
Acid in a glass or porcelain dish and drj'ing at 110° C.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
ACIDUM NITROHYDROCHLORICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid
Acid. Nitrohydrochl. Dil.— Diluted Nitromuriatic Acid
A diluted aqueous solution containing hydrochloric acid, nitric acid,
nitrosyl chloride, and chlorine.
Nitric Acid, ten milliliters 10.0 mils
Hydrochloric Acid, forty-five and five-tenths milliliters. . 45.5 mils
Distilled Water, one hundred and ninety-four and five-
tenths milliliters 194.5 mils
To make about two hundred and fifty milli-
liters 250 mils
Mix the acids in a capacious glass vessel, and, when effervescence
has ceased, add the distilled water; pour it into dark amber-colored,
glass-stoppered bottles and keep it in a cool place.
Note — Do not dispense Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid which does
not immediately liberate iodine when five drops of the Acid are added
to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide (1 in 5).
Diluted Nitrohydrochloric Acid ia a colorless or pale yellow liquid; it has
a faint odor of chlorine, a very acid taste and is strongly acid to Utmus, after-
wards bleaching it.
Not more than 0.0015 Gm. of residue remains on evaporating 20 mils of the
Acid in a glass or porcelain dish and drying at 110" C.
Average po3E — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
20 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ACIDUM OLEICUM
Oleic Acid
Acid. Oleic.
An acid obtained from fats, consisting chiefly of Ci8H3402 or C17H33.
COOH (282.27), Preserve it in well-closed glass or stoneware containers,
in a cool place.
Oleic Acid is a yellowish or brownish-yellow, oily liquid, having a peculiar,
lard-like odor and taste free from rancidity. It becomes darker and absorbs
oxygen on exposure to air.
It is practically insoluble in water; slightly soluble in 60 per cent, alcohol
(by volume), the solubility very rapidly increasing in stronger alcohol; it is
completely miscible with about 85 per cent, alcohol (by volume); it is also
soluble in chloroform, benzene, petroleum benzin, or in fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: about 0.895 at 25° C.
When gradually cooled, Oleic Acid does not become semi-solid above 9° C;
on further cooling, it congeals to a whitish, solid mass at about 4° C.
When heated to a temperature of about 95° C, decomposition commences
and acrid vapors are produced.
Incinerate 5 mils of Oleic Acid; not more than 0.005 Gm. of ash remains.
Shake Oleic Acid with an equal volume of distilled water; the separated water
after filtration is not reddened by the addition of a drop of methyl orange T.S.
{mineral acids).
Boil about 1 Gm. of Oleic Acid and about 0.5 Gm. of monohydrated sodium
carbonate with 30 mils of distilled water in a capacious flask; the resulting solu-
tion while hot is clear or at most opalescent (undecomposed fat or mineral oil).
ACIDUM PHENYLCINCHONINICUM
Phenylcinchoninic Acid
Acid. Phenylcinch. — Phenyl-quinoline-carboxylic Acid
An organic acid, 2-phenyl-quinoline-4-carboxylic acid [C16H11O2N or
C6H5.C9H5N.COOH = 249.10].
Phenylcinchoninic Acid occurs in small, colorless needles or as a white or yel-
lowish-white micro-crystalline powder; odorless or having a slight odor resem-
bling benzoic acid, and a bitter taste. It is permanent in the air.
Insoluble in cold water; slightly soluble in cold alcohol, hot water or ether;
readily soluble in hot alcohol.
It melts at about 210° C. with partial decomposition.
A saturated solution of Phenylcinchoninic Acid in hot diluted hydrochloric
acid yields a precipitate of reddish-brown crystals with platinic chloride T.S. _
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Phenylcinchoninic Acid in an excess of ammonia
water, evaporate the solution to dryne,«3 on a water bath, or until free from the
odor of ammonia, then dilute to 20 mils with distilled water, and filter. Separate
portions of this filtrate yield a white, flocculent precipitate with silver nitrate
T.S.; a yellowish, flocculent precipitate with lead acetate T.S.; and a green,
flocculent precipitate with copper sulphate T.S.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating about 0.5 Gm. of Phenylcincho-
ninic Acid.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 21
ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM
Phosphoric Acid
Acid. Phos.
A liquid containing not less than 85 per cent, nor more than 88 per
cent, of H3PO4 (98.06). Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles.
Phosphoric Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid of a syrupy consistence; it has
a strongly acid taste and is strongly acid to litmus, even when highly diluted.
Specific gravity: about 1.72 at 25° C.
When heated, the liquid loses water; at 200° C. it gradually begins to change
to pyrophosphoric acid. At a still higher temperature, it is converted into
metaphosphoric acid, which volatilizes in dense fumes, or which forms, on cool-
ing, a transparent mass of glacial metaphosphoric acid.
Phosphoric Acid conforms to the tests for identity and purity given under
Acidum Phosphoriciim Dilutum when diluted to that strength.
Assay— Pour about 1 Gm. of Phosphoric Acid into a tared flask, stopper, and
weigh accurately, transfer it to a 100 mil graduated flask and make it up to
100 mils with distilled water. Transfer 10 mils of this solution to a 100 mil
graduated flask, add a drop of phenolphthalein T.S. and neutralize it with
special potassium hydroxide T.S. (see page 545). Add 50 mils of tenth-normal
silver nitrate V.S. and agitate it, gradually adding zinc oxide (see page 554) in
small portions until the liquid is neutral to litmus paper. Now add distilled
water to make the liquid measure 100 mils, agitate it thoroughly, filter through
a dry filter, collect 50 mils of the filtrate, add 2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of
ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and determine the excess of silver nitrate by
titration vnih. tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S., to the production
of a permanent red color. \Yhen calculated to the amount of Phosphoric Acid
originally taken, it shows not less than 85 per cent, nor more than 88 per cent.
of H3PO4.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.0032687
Gm. of H3PO4. Each gramme of Phosphoric Acid corresponds to not less than
260.0 mils nor more than 269.2 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Acidum Phosphoricum Dilutum.
ACIDUM PHOSPHORICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Phosphoric Acid
Acid. Phos. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of H3PO4 (98.06). Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles.
Phosphoric Acid, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Distilled Water, seven hundred and sixty-five grammes. . . . 765 Gm.
To make eight hundred and sixty-five grammes . . 865 Gm.
Mix them.
Diluted Phosphoric Acid is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid; it has a strongly
acid taste and is strongly acid to Htmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.057 at 25° C.
Supersaturate 3 mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid with ammonia water; the
addition of magnesium sulphate T.S. (or of magnesia mixture T.S.) produces a
22 THE pharmacopceia of the
white, crj'stalline precipitate. Collect this precipitate, wash it, and then dissolve
it in diluted acetic acid; the solution yields a yellow precipitate with silver
nitrate T.S. (distinction from melaphosphoric or pyrophosphoric acid).
Warm 5 mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid gently and add a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S.; it does not become turbid or brov/n {jphosphorous or , fiypophos-
phorous acid).
Ten mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Two mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Diluted Phosphoric Acid is not immediately affected by silver nitrate T.S.
(hydrochloric acid) ; nor is it affected, even after one hour, by the addition of an
equal volume of tincture of ferric chloride (pyrophosphoric or metaphosphoric
add).
Evaporate 20 mils of Diluted Phosphoric Acid to a volume of about 4 mils on
a water bath. Cool, transfer 2 mils to a graduated cylinder and add 6 mils of
ether and 2 mils of alcohol; no turbidity appears (phosphates).
Mix 1 mil of Diluted Phosphoric Acid with 6 mils of distilled water, and
add 1 mil of barium chloride T.S.; no immediate precipitate is produced (sul-
phuric acid).
Mix equal parts of Diluted Phosphoric Acid and sulphuric acid and, after
cooling, add a clear crystal of ferrous sulphate; no brownish color appears around
the crystal (nitric acid).
Assay — Pour about 1 mil of Diluted Phosphoric Acid into a tared flask, weigh
accurately, transfer it to a 100 mil graduated flask, add a drop of phenolphthalein
T.S., neutraUze it with sodium hydroxide T.S. (free from chloride), then intro-
duce 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S., agitate the liquid, and gradually
add zinc oxide (free from chloride) in small portions until the mixture is neutr:il
to litmus. Now add distilled water to make the product measure 100 mils,
agitate it thoroughly, filter through a dry filter, collect 50 mils of the filtrate,
add 2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and deter-
mine the excess of silver nitrate by titration with tenth-normal potassium sul-
phocyanateV.S. to the production of a permanent red color. When calculated
to the amoimt of Diluted Phosphoric Acid originally taken, it shows not less
than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of H3PO4.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.0032687
Gm. of H3PO4. Each gramme of Diluted 'Phosphoric Acid corresponds to not
less than 29.0 mils nor more than 32.1 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
ACIDUM SALICYLICUM
Salicylic Acid
Acid. Salicyl.
Orthohydroxybenzoic acid, existing naturally in combination in vari-
ous plants, but generally prepared synthetically. It contains, when
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, not less than
99.3 per cent, of CHeOg or C6H4(0H)C00H (138.05). Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 23
Salicylic Acid occurs in fine prismatic needles, or as a bulky, crystalline
powder, having a sweetish, afterwards acrid taste; permanent in the air. Syn-
thetic Salicylic Acid is white and odorless; when prepared from methyl salicylate
the Acid may have a slightly yellow or pink tint and a slight, gaultheria-like odor.
One Gm. of Sahcylic Acid dissolves in 460 mils of water, 2.7 mils of alcohol,
42 mils of chloroform, 3 mils of ether, 135 mils of benzene, or in 52 mils of
oil of turpentine at 25° C; also in about 15 mils of boiling water.
A saturated, aqueous solution of Salicylic Acid is acid to Utmus.
It melts between 156° and 159° C.
A saturated, aqueous solution of SalicyUc Acid is colored intensely bluish-
violet (in high dilution violet-red) by ferric chloride T.S.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of SalicyUc Acid; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
Allow a saturated alcoholic solution of about 1 Gm. of Salicylic Acid to evapo-
rate spontaneously, in a glass or porcelain dish in a place protected from dust; the
sj^Tithetic Acid jdelds a perfectly white, crystalline residue; the Acid, prepared
from methyl salicylate, yields a white, or not more than a slightly yellow,
or slightly pink residue {iron, phenol, or coloring mailer).
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Salicylic Acid in an excess of cold sodium carbonate
T.S., agitate the hquid with an equal volume of ether, and allow the ethereal
solution to evaporate spontaneously; the residue, if any, is free from the odor
of phenol.
A solution of about 0.5 Gm. of the synthetic Salicylic Acid in 10 mils of sul-
phuric acid at room temperature acquires not more than a light yellow color.
The Acid, prepared from methyl sahcylate, under similar conditions, may pro-
duce a slightlj' brown color {organic impurities).
A solution of about 0.5 Gm. of Salicylic Acid in 10 mils of alcohol mixed with
a few drops of nitric acid remains unaffected upon the addition of a few drops
of silver nitrate T.S. {hydrochloric acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Salicylic Acid, pre\aously dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, in 25 mils
of diluted alcohol which has previously been neutralized with tenth-normal
potassium hj^droxide V.S., phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator.
Titrate this solution with tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried acid, not less than 99.3 per
cent, of CtHgOs.
Each mil of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.013805 Gm.
of CtHsOs. Each gramme of Salicylic Acid, previously dried, corresponds to
not less than 71.9 mils of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.75 Gm. — Apothecaries, 12 grains.
ACIDUM STEARICUM
Stearic Acid
Acid. Stear.
An acid obtained from tallow and other solid fats, consisting chiefly of
CisHaeOa or C17H35.COOH (284.29).
Stearic Acid is a hard, white, or yellowish-white, somewhat glossy solid, odor-
less, or having a slight, tallow-like odor, tasteless, and permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Stearic Acid dissolves in 21 mils of alcohol, 2 mils of chloroform,
or in 3 mils of ether at 25° C. ; almost insoluble in water; freely soluble in carbon
disulphide or carbon tetrachloride.
Melting point: not below 56° C.
Congealing point : not below 54° C.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Stearic Acid; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
24 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Boil about 1 Gm. of Stearic Acid and about 0.5 Gm. of monohj'drated sodium
carbonate with 30 mils of distilled water in a capacious flask; the resulting solu-
tion while hot is not more than opalescent (undecomposed fat or paraffin).
Shake melted Stearic Acid with an equal volume of hot distilled water; the
separated water, after filtration, is not reddened by the addition of a drop of
methyl orange T.S. (mineral acids).
ACIDUM SULPHURICUM
Sulphuric Acid
Acid. Sulphuric.
A liquid containing not less than 93 per cent, nor more than 95 per
cent, of H2SO4 (98.09). Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles.
Sulphuric Acid is a colorless, odorless liquid, of oily consistence, very caustic
and corrosive; it is strongly acid to litmus, even when highly diluted.
Specific gravity: about 1.83 at 25° C.
Sulphuric Acid is miscible with water or alcohol, with the evolution of much
heat; the Acjd must be added with great caution to the diluent.
When heated on platinum foil, it is vaporized with the evolution of dense
fumes.
Sulphuric Acid chars cane sugar, wood, and many other organic substances.
Pour a layer of ferrous sulphate T.S. carefully upon 3 mils of Sulphuric Acid,
contained Ln a test tube, and cool the liquid; the zone of contact does not as-
sume a brown or reddish-brown color (nitric or nitrous acid).
No precipitate is formed within an hour on mixing Sulphuric Acid with 4 or 5
volumes of alcohol (lead).
Sulphuric Acid conforms to the tests for identity and purity given under
Acidum Sulphuricum Dilutum when diluted to that strength.
Assay — Pour about 1 mil of Sulphuric Acid into a tared flask, stopper,
weigh accurately, dilute with 50 mils of distilled water, cool the solution and
titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as
indicator. It shows not less than 93 per cent, nor more than 95 per cent, of
H2SO4.
Each mil of normal potassiima hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.049045
Gm. of H2SO4. Each gramme of Sulphuric Acid corresponds to not less than
18.96 mils nor more than 19.37 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparations — Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum Acidum Sulphuricum
Dilutum.
ACIDUM SULPHURICUM AROMATICUM
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid
Acid. Sulph. Arom.
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid contains free sulphuric acid and ethyl-
sulphuric acid together equivalent to not less than 19 per cent, nor more
than 21 per cent, of H2SO4 (98.09). Preserve it in glass-stoppered
bottles.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 25
Sulphuric Acid, one hundred and nine milliliters 109 mils
Tincture of Ginger, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Oil of Cinnamon, one milliliter 1 mil
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Add the sulphuric acid gradual!}^, and with great caution, to seven
hundred mils of alcohol, and allow the mixture to cool. Then add to
it the tincture of ginger and the oil of cinnamon, and afterwards enough
alcohol to make the product measure one thousand mils.
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid is a clear, reddish-brown liquid; it has a pleasant,
aromatic odor and is strongly acid to litmus.
When added to barium chloride T.S. it produces a white precipitate, insoluble
in hydrochloric acid.
Specific gravity: about 0.933 at 25° C.
Assay — Pour about 10 mils of Aromatic Sulphuric Acid into a tared flask,
stopper, weigh accurately, transfer to a small flask, using 60 mils of distilled
water to rinse the weighing-flask, and, having connected the flask with a reflux
condenser, boil the liquid for six hours. When cold, dilute it with distilled water
to about 100 mils and titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., methyl
orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 19 per cent, nor
more than 21 per cent, of H2SO4.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.049045
Gm. of H2SO4. Each gramme of Aromatic Sulphuric Acid corresponds to not
less than 3.87 mils nor more than 4.28 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
ACIDUM SULPHURICUM DILUTUM
Diluted Sulphuric Acid
Acid. Sulph. Dil.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more
than 10.5 per cent, of H2SO4 (98.09). Preserve it in glass-stoppered
bottles.
Sulphuric Acid, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Distilled Water, four hundred and twenty grammes .... 420 Gm.
To make four hundred and seventy grammes 470 Gm.
Pour the acid gradually, with constant stirring, into the distilled
water and allow it to cool.
Diluted Sulphuric Acid is a colorless, odorless Uquid; it has a strongly acid
taste and is strongly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.067 at 25° C.
With barium chloride T.S. it yields a white precipitate insoluble m hydro-
chloric acid.
26 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Evaporate 25 mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid from a platinum or porcelain
dish, and ignite the residue; not more than 0.0015 Gm. of residue remains after
ignition (non-volatile impurities).
Ten mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid d9es not at once discharge the color of
0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium pernianganate V.S. (sidphuroiis or nitrous
acid).
Diluted Sulphuric Acid is not immediately affected by silver nitrate T.S.
{hydrochloric acid).
Ten mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Two mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Pour about 20 mils of Diluted Sulphuric Acid into a tared flask, weigh
accuratel}^, dilute with 10 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal potas-
sium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less
than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of H2SO4.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.049045
Gm. of H2SO4. Each gramme of Diluted Sulphuric Acid corresponds to not
less than 1.94 mils nor more than 2.14 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
ACIDUM TANNICUM
Tannic Acid
Acid. Tann. — Gallotannic Acid Tannin
A tannin usually obtained from nutgalls. Preserve it in well-closed
containers, in a cool place, protected from light.
Tannic Acid occurs as a yellowish-white to light brown, amorphous powder,
gradually turning darker when exposed to air and light, usually cohering in
the form of glistening scales or spongy masses; odorless, or having a faint,
characteristic odor, and a strongly astringent taste.
One Gm. of Tannic Acid dissolves in 1 mil of glycerin with the application
of a moderate heat; very soluble in water and alcohol at 25° C. and in boiling
water and boiling alcohol; freely soluble in diluted alcohol, slightly soluble in
dehydrated alcohol and almost insoluble in ether, chloroform, benzene, or
petroleum benzin.
An aqueous solution of Tannic Acid (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
The addition of a small quantity of ferric chloride T.S. to an aqueous solu-
tion of the Acid produces a bluish-black color or precipitate.
An aqueous solution of Tannic Acid produces precipitates with nearly all
alkaloids and glucosides, and with solutions of gelatin, albumin, and starch.
Tannic Acid does not lose more than 12 per cent, of its weight when dried
to con.stant weight at 100° C.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Tannic Acid in a platinum dish; not more than
O.G per cent, of ash remains.
Dis.solve about 2 Gm. of Tannic Acid in 10 mils of hot distilled water; the solu-
tion is not more than slightly turbid, and no turbidity is produced on diluting
5 mils of the cooled and filtered solution with twice its volume of alcohol (gum
or dextrin) or with twice its volume of distilled water (resinous substances).
Preparations — Glyceritum Acidi Tannici Trochisci Acidi Tannici Unguentum
Acidi Tannici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 27
ACIDUM TARTARICUM
Tartaric Acid
Acid. Tart.
A dibasic organic acid usually obtained from wine lees or argol. It
contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of C4H6O6 or C2H2(OH)2(COOH)2
(150.05).
Tartaric Acid occurs in colorless, translucent, monoclinic prisms, or as a
white, granular or fine powder; odorless, having an acid taste; permanent in
the air.
One Gm. of Tartaric Acid dissolves in 0.75 mil of water and in 3.3 mils of
alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water; almost insoluble in chloro-
form, slightly soluble in ether.
An aqueous solution of Tartaric Acid (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
An aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 2) mixed with an equal volume of
an aqueous solution of potassium acetate (1 in 3) yields a white, crystalline
precipitate, which is dissolved by solutions of alkalies and by mineral acids,
but is insoluble in acetic acid.
When slowly ignited it is gradually decomposed, evolving an odor resembling
burning sugar.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Tartaric Acid; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
The addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution
of the Acid (1 in 100), to which has previously been added a few drops of hydro-
chloric acid, produces no turbidity (sulphuric acid).
An aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 10), in which the free acid has been
nearly neutralized with ammonia water, is not affected by calcium sulphate
T.S. (oxalic add).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 50), mixed with 0.5 mil
of hvdrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part
II. Test No. 3).
Dissolve 10 Gm. of Tartaric Acid in 20 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils of
sulphurous acid and boil the mixture until the odor of sulphur dioxide is barely
perceptible. Cool the solution, mix it with 1 mil of sodium cj-anide T.S. and
foUow this immediately with stronger ammonia water until the precipitate
formed is redissolved and the solution has a shght odor of ammonia. When
cold, transfer the solution to a glass-stoppered cylinder, graduated to 50 mils.
Dilute it with sufficient distilled water to measin-e 50 mils and add 3 drops of
sodimn sulphide T.S. After mi.\ing well, the color produced in the solution,
if any, when viewed downward against a white surface, is not greater than the
color of a control solution prepared as follows; Dissolve 2 Gm. of ammonium
chloride (see Reagents, Part II) in 20 mils of distilled water, add 4 mils of a
solution containing 0.08 Gm. of lead nitrate in 1000 mils of distilled water, and
then 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid. Treat this solution with the same quan-
tity of sulphurous acid, sodium cyanide T.S. and stronger ammonia water, as
directed above, transfer to another 50 mil glass-stoppered cylinder, then dilute
it with sufficient distilled water to make 50 mils, and add 3 drops of sodium
sulphide T.S. (before adding the sodium sulphide T.S., the Uquid must possess a
distinct odor of ammonia and the two cylinders used must be matched, be of
practically colorless glass, and have the same internal diameter) (lead).
Assay — Dissolve about 3 Gm. of Tartaric Acid, accurately weighed, in 50 mils
of distilled water and titrate this solution with normal potassium hydroxide
V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 99.5
per cent, of C4H6O6.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed corresponds to
0.07503 Gm. of C4H6O6. Each gramme of Tartaric Acid corresponds to not
less than 13.26 mils of normal potassium hydro-dde V.S.
A\t:rage dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
28 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ACIDUM TRICHLORACETICUM
Trichloracetic Acid
Acid. Trichloracet.
A monobasic organic acid. It contains, when dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of
C2HO2CI3 or CCI3.COOH (163.39). Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Trichloracetic Acid occurs in colorless, deliquescent, rhombohedral cr\'stals,
having a slight, characteristic odor.
One Gm. of Trichloracetic Acid dissolves in about 0.1 mil of water at 25° C;
it is very soluble in alcohol and ether at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of Trichloracetic Acid (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
When the Acid is heated with potassium hydroxide T.S., it is decomposed
with the formation of cliloroform and potassium carbonate.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Trichloracetic Acid; not more than 0.05 per cent,
of ash remains.
Ten mils of a freshly made, aqueous solution of the Acid (1 in 20) does not
immediately become more than slightly opalescent upon the addition of a few
drops of silver nitrate T.S. (chlorides).
Dissolve a small crystal of ferrous sulphate in 5 mils of an aqueous solution
of Trichloracetic Acid (1 in 20), and pour this solution upon 5 mils of sulphuric
acid (free from nitrogen compounds) so as to form a layer above; no browTiish-
red color is produced at the zone of contact of the two liquids (nitric acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 4 Gm. of Trichloracetic Acid, previously dried to
constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed in a
tared and stoppered flask, in 50 mils of distilled water, add a few drops of phen-
olphthalein T.S. and titrate this solution with normal potassium hydroxide
V.S. It shows, in the dried acid, not less than 99 per cent, of C2HO2CI3.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.16339 Gm. of
C2HO2CI3. Each gramme of Trichloracetic Acid, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 6.06 mils nor more than 6.12 mils of normal potassium
hydroxide V. S.
ACONITINA
Aconitine
Aconitin.
An alkaloid [C34H470iiN = 645.39] obtained from aconite. Preserve
it in well-closed containers protected from light.
Aconitine occurs in colorless or white rhombic tables or prisms, possessing
no odor and permanent in the air. The alkaloid itself must never be tasted, and
its solutions only when largely diluted, and then with the utmost caution. A drop
of an aqueous solution of the alkaloid or its salts (1 in 100,000), placed upon the
tongue, produces a tingling and numbing sensation.
One Gm. of Aconitine dissolves in 28 mils of alcohol, about 65 mils of ether,
and in 7 mils of benzene, at 25° C. ; very slightly soluble in water and almost
insoluble in petroleum benzin at 25° C.
Aconitine .solutions are alkaline to litmus.
When heated rapidly, Aconitine melts at about 195° C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 29
Stir about 0.001 Gm. of Aconitine with 2 or 3 drops of nitric or sulphuric
acid on a white porcelain surface; it dissolves without coloration. With
2 drops of sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of ammonium vanadate in each
mil an orange color is produced under the same conditions.
Dilute solutions of Aconitine salts yield precipitates with mercuric potas-
sium iodide T.S., tannic acid T.S., or gold chloride T.S., but only concentrated
solutions yield precipitates with platinic chloride T.S., mercuric chloride T.S.,
or picric acid T.S.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.05 Gm. of Aconitine.
Evaporate a solution of 0.01 Gm. of Aconitine to dryness, add 5 drops of
fuming nitric acid; evaporate again to dryness; the resulting yellow residue,
when cooled, yields no violet color when treated with alcohoUc potassium
bydro>dde T.S. {pscudaconitine or atropine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.00015 Gm. — Apothecaries, i-^oo grain.
ACONITUM
Aconite
Aconit. — Monkshood Aconite Root Aconiti tuber P. I.
The dried tuberous roots of Aconitum Napellus Linn^ (Fam. Ranun-
culaceoe), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of
stems or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 0.5 per cent,
of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Aconite. If made into a fluidextract
and assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.00004 mil for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig.
More or less conical or fusiform, from 4 to 10 cm. in length and from 1 to 2 cm.
in diameter at the crown; externally dark brown or grayish-brown, smooth or
longitudinally ^Tinkled, the upper end with a bud, remains of bud-scales or stem
scars, the other portions with numerous root-scars or short rootlets; fracture
short, horny or somewhat mealy; internally, bark light or dark brown 1 to 2
mm. in thickness, cambium zone usually 5- to 8-angled, with a small fibro-
vascular bundle in each angle, pith whitish or light brown, from 2 to 7 mm. in
diameter; odor very shght; taste sweetish, soon becoming acrid and developing
a tingling sensation, followed by numbness.
Under the microscope transverse sections, m ade near the middle of the tuberous
root of Aconite, show an outer layer consisting of one or more rows of cells with
blackish-brown walls; a primary cortex of 8 to 15 rows of parenchjTnatous cells
and interspersed with characteristic stone cells, which occur either singly or in
small groups; a more or less modified endodermis; a secondary cortex, consisting
chiefly of starch-bearing parenchyma and interspersed with a few small fibro-
vascular bundles; a more or less star-shaped and characteristic cambium with
from 5 to 12 collateral fibro-vascular bundles; and a pith composed of large,
etarch-bearing parenchjona cells.
The powder is grayish-brown; starch grains numerous, spherical, somewhat
plano-convex, single or 2- to 5-compound, the individual grains from 0.003 to
0.015 mm. in diameter and frequently with a central cleft; tracheae mostly with
slit-like, simple pores, sometimes with spiral or reticulate thickenings or with
bordered pores; stone cells single, tabular, irregular in shape or elongated to
fibers, from 0.1 to 0.4 mm. in length, walls from 0.008 to 0.025 mm. in thick-
ness, strongly lignified and having large, simple pores; fragments of cork few,
yellowish-brown; fragments of parenchyma numerous, the cells being filled
with starch grains; bast-fibers from stems few, very long, with lignified walls
about 0.005 mm. in thickness, and marked by transverse or obUque, slit-hke
pores.
30 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Aconite jaelds not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Proceed as directed under BeUadonnoe Radix (page 73), using 15 Gm.
of Aconite in No. 40 powder and ether only as the immiscible solvent through-
out the assay.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 64.539
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Aconite.
For an alternative method of assaying Aconite see Biological Assays (Part II).
Preparations — ^Extractum Aconiti Fluidextractum Aconiti Tinctura Aconiti.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
ADEPS
Lard
The purified internal fat of the abdomen of the hog {Sus scrofa, var.
domesticus Gray, Fam. Suidce} . Preserve it in a cool place in well-closed
containers which are impervious to fat.
Lard is a soft, white, unctuous sohd, having a faint odor and a bland taste;
it is free from rancidity.
It is insoluble in water; very slightly soluble in alcohol; readily soluble in
ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, or petroleum benzin.
Lard melts between 36° and 42° C. to a clear liquid, from which no aqueous
layer separates.
Distilled water boiled with Lard does not acquire an alkaline reaction (alka-
lies). Boil about 1 Gm. of Lard with 20 mils of alcohol and filter the solution after
coohng; the filtrate is not rendered more than slightly turbid by the addition
of a few drops of a saturated alcoholic solution of silver nitrate (chlorides).
Dissolve 10 Gm. of Lard in 30 mils of chloroform, mix the solution with 10 mils
ofsneutral alcohol and add 1 drop of phenolphthalein T.S.; not more than 2 mils
of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. is required to produce a pink tint
after shaking it vigorously (free fatty adds).
Intimately mix 5 mils of melted and filtered Lard, while warm, by agitating
it in a test tube with 5 mils of an alcoholic solution of silver nitrate (made by
dissolving 0.1 Gm. of silver nitrate in 10 mils of alcohol, and adding 2 drops of
nitric acid); heat this mixture for five minutes on a water bath. The liquid
fat acquires no reddish or brown color, nor is any dark color produced at the
line of contact of the hot liquids (cottonseed fats) .
Dissolve 5 Gm. of Lard in 20 mils of ether in a test tube, stopper the tube
loosely with purified cotton and allow it to stand for about twelve hours or
over night at a temperature of about 20° C. Collect some of the crystals which
have separated at the bottom of the test tube, mount them in either alcohol or
a fixed oil and examine them under a microscope having a magnifying power
of about two hundred diameters. Lard stearin crystallizes in the form of
flat and rhomboidal plates, cut off obliquely at one end and grouped irregularly.
Beef stearin crystallizes in the form of cylindrical rods or needles with sharp
ends, grouped in fan-shaped clusters.
Saponification value: not less than 195 nor more than 203 (see Part II,
Test No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 46 nor more than 70 (see Part II, Test No, 8).
Preparation— Adepa Benzoinatus.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 31
ADEPS BENZOINATUS
Benzoinated Lard
Adeps Benz.
Lard, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
SiAM Benzoin, in coarse powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
To make about one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Add the benzoin to the lard and mix thoroughly; then melt the mixt-
ure by means of a water bath, and, stirring frequently, continue the heat
for two hours, covering the vessel and not allowing the temperature
to rise above 60° C. Lastly, strain the liquid through muslin, and stir
it occasionally, while it cools. Preserve it in a cool place in well-closed
containers which are impervious to fat.
For use in southern latitudes and during the heated season in other
localities, 50 Gm. of the lard (or more, if necessary) may be replaced
by an equal weight of white wax.
ADEPS LANiE
Wool Fat
Adeps Lan. — Anhydrous Lanolin
The purified fat of the wool of the sheep (Ovis aries Linn^ Fam.
Bovidce), freed from water. Preserve it in a cool place in well-closed
containers which are impervious to fat.
Wool Fat is a light-yellow, tenacious, unctuous mass, having not more than
a slight odor.
It is insoluble in, but miscible with, about twice its weight of water, sparingly
soluble in cold alcohol, more soluble in hot alcohol, freely soluble in ether and
in chloroform.
Wool Fat melts between 38° and 42° C. At higher temperatures it vaporizes,
the vapor igniting and burning with a luminous, sooty flame.
A solution of Wool Fat in chloroform (1 in 50), when poured upon the surface
of concentrated sulphuric acid, gradually develops a deep brownish-red color
at the line of contact of the layers.
Dried to a constant weight on a water bath, with frequent stirring, Wool Fat
loses not more than 0.5 per cent, of its weight (water).
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Wool Fat; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains. The ash, if any, is not alkaline to moistened Utmus paper {alkalies
and soaps).
Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Wool Fat in 10 mils of ether and add 2 drops of phenol-
phthalein T.S.; a colorless liquid is obtained (free alkalies) which, on the addi-
tion of 0.2 mil of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., develops a deep red
color (free fatty acids).
Boil about 1 Gm. of Wool Fat with 20 mils of alcohol, and filter the solution
after cooUng; the filtrate is not rendered more than slightly turbid by the
addition of a few drops of saturated alcohoUc solution of silver nitrate (chlorides).
Melt about 10 Gm. of Wool Fat with 50 mils of distilled water on a water
bath, with constant stirring; the fat separates completely on coohng, leaving
32 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
the aqueous layer nearly clear and neutral to litmus. Separate portions of 10 mils
each of the filtered aqueous layer leave no sweet residue on evaporation (glycerin),
emit no ammonia vapors when boiled with 1 mil of potassium hydroxide T.S.,
and do not completely decolorize 0.05 mil of tenth-normal potassium perman-
ganate V.S. within ten minutes (soluble oxidizahle impurities).
About 0.5 Gm. of Wool Fat dissolves completely in 40 mils of boiling dehydrated
alcohol (■petrolatum).
Iodine value not less than 18 nor more than 28 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
ADEPS LAN^ HYDROSUS
Hydrous Wool Fat
Adeps Lan. Hyd. — Lanolin
The purified fat of the wool of the sheep {Ovis aries Linn4 Fam.
Bovidoe), combined with not less than 25 nor more than 30 per cent, of
water. Preserve it in a cool place in well-closed containers which are
impervious to fat.
Hydrous Wool Fat is a yellowish-white, or nearly white, ointment-like mass,
having not more than a slight odor.
It is insoluble in water; with ether or chloroform it yields turbid solutions
which are neutral to moistened litmus paper.
Hydrous Wool Fat on heating separates into an upper oily and a lower aqueous
layer. When heated on a water bath with stirring until it ceases to lose weight,
there remains not less than 70 per cent, and not more than 75 per cent, of residue,
which is transparent when melted, and when cold remains as a yellowish, tena-
cious, unctuous mass, completely soluble in ether or chloroform, and only spar-
ingly soluble in alcohol. Hydrous Wool Fat thus deprived of water responds
to the tests under Adeps Lance.
iETHER
Ether
A liquid containing not less than 95.5 per cent, nor more than 97.5
per cent, of ethyl oxide [(€2115)20 = 74.08], the remainder consisting of
alcohol containing a little water. Preserve it in partially filled, well-
closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire, and protected from
daylight.
When Ether is to be used for anesthesia it is to be dispensed only in
small, well-closed containers and is not to be used for this purpose if
the container has been opened longer than twenty-four hours.
Ether is a transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, having a characteristic odor,
and a burning and sweetish taste.
It is soluble in about 12 times its volume of water at 25° C. with slight con-
traction of volume. Miscible with alcohol, chloroform, petroleum benzin,
benzene, or fixed or volatile oils.
The color of light blue litmus paper, moistened with water, is not changed
to red when the paper is immersed in Ether for ten minutes.
Specific gravity: 0.713 to 0.716 at 25° C.
Boiling point; about 35° C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 33
Ether is highly volatile and inflammable. Its vapor when mixed with air
and ignited may explode violently. It is slowly oxidized by the action of air,
moisture, and sun-light with the formation of peroxides.
The moist residue left on the spontaneous evaporation of 30 mils of Ether from
a shallow dish is odorless and neither reddens nor bleaches blue litmus paper.
Dried at 100° C, this residue does not exceed 0.001 Gm.
Pour 10 mils of Ether in portions upon clean, odorless blotting paper and allow
it to evaporate spontaneously. No foreign odor is perceptible when the last
traces of Ether leave the paper.
Shake 10 mils of Ether occasionally during one hour with 1 mil of potassium
hydroxide T.S. in a glass-stoppered container, protecte'd from light; no color is
developed in either liquid {aldehyde).
Shake 10 mils of Ether occasionally during one hour with 1 mil of a freshly
made solution of cadmium and potassium iodide (1 in 10), in a glass-stoppered
cylinder previou.sly rinsed with the Ether under examination and protected
from light; no color develops in either liquid (peroxides).
Preparation — Spiritus ^theris.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
yETHYLIS CARBAMAS
Ethyl Carbamate
iCthyl. Carbarn.
The ethyl ester [C3H7O2N or CO (0C2H5)NH2 = 89.07] of carbamic
acid. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Ethyl Carbamate occurs in colorless, columnar crystals or scales, odorless,
and having a cooling, saline taste.
One Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate dissolves in 0.45 mil of water, 0.8 mil of alcohol,
2.5 mils of glycerin, 0.9 mil of chloroform, 1.5 milsof ether, and in 32 mils of olive
oil, at 25° C.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to Htmus.
Ethyl Carbamate melts between 48° and 50° C.
Add 1 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate to 5 mils of sulphuric acid and heat it gently;
decomposition follows with the evolution of carbon dioxide (alcohol and acid
ammonium sulphate remain in solution).
Heat 1 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate with 5 mils of concentrated potassium hy-
droxide solution; ammonia gas is given off, recognizable by its odor.
Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate in 5 mils of distilled water with
about 1 Gm. of dry sodium carbonate and about 0.01 Gm. of iodine, and warm
the solution; yellow crystals of iodoform separate on cooling.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate; not more than 0.05 per cent, of
ash remains.
Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Ethyl Carbamate in 2 mils of distilled water and
add 5 mils of nitric acid to the solution; no white precipitate is produced {urea).
Not more than slight opalescence results from the addition of a few drops of
silver nitrate T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of Ethyl Carbamate (1 in 20)
{chloride).
Mix 2 mils of the aqueous solution (1 in 20) with 1 mil of ferrous sulphate
T .S. and pour the mixture upon 2 mils of sulphuric acid, so as to fotm a sepa-
rate layer; no red or brown zone appears {nitrate).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
34 The pharmacopceia ci? the
iETHYLIS CHLORIDUM
Ethyl Chloride
/Ethyl. Chlor.
Monochlorethane [CgHgCl or CH3CH2C1 = 64.50]. Preserve it in
hermetically sealed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire, and
protected from light,
When liberated at ordinary room temperature from its sealed container
Ethyl Chloride vaporizes at once; the gas is very inflammable, and must not be
used in proximity to fire.
At low temperatures or under pressure Ethyl Chloride is a colorless, mobile,
very volatile liquid, having a characteristic, ethereal odor, and a burning taste.
It is slightly soluble in water, freely soluble in alcohol and in ether.
Specific gravity: about 0.921 at 0° C.
Ethyl Chloride boils between 12° and 13" C.
It burns with a smoky, greenish flame, with the production of hydrogen
chloride.
Dissolve about 1 mil of Ethyl Chloride in 20 mils of alcohol, both previously
cooled to the temperature of melting ice, and add a few drops of silver nitrate
T.S. ; no turbidity is produced at once (hydrochloric acid).
Shake 10 mils of Ethyl Chloride with 10 mils of distilled water, both previously
cooled to the temperature of melting ice, and allow the supernatant stratum of
Ethyl Chloride to evaporate spontaneously. The residual liquid is neutral to
litmus, and on adding to it a few drops of potassium dichromate T.S., followed
by some diluted sulphuric acid, and boiling the mixture, no odor of aldehyde is
developed, and no greenish or purplish color is produced in the liquid (alcohol).
On the spontaneous evaporation of 5 mils of Ethyl Chloride, no foreign odor
is noticeable while the last portions evaporate and no weighable residue remains.
iETHYLMORPHIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Ethylmorphlne Hydrochloride
/Ethylmorph. Hydrochl.— Ethylmorphlne Chloride
The hydrochloride [C19H23O3NHCH-2H2O or Ci7Hi70N(0H)
(0C2H5).HC1+2H20 = 385.69] of an alkaloid prepared from morphine
by ethylation. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from
light.
Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride is a white or yellowish, odorless, microcrystalline
powder.
One Gm. of Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride dissolves in 8 mils of water and in
22 mils of alcohol at 25° C; slightly soluble in ether or chloroform.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
It melts at about 123° C. with decomposition.
Add a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to a solution of about 0.01 Gm. of the salt
in 10 mils of sulphuric acid and warm it on a water bath; the color of the mixture
will become at first green, then deep violet-blue, and, after the addition of a
drop of nitric acid, deep red.
Add silver nitrate T.S. to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20); a white
precipitate insoluble in nitric acid is produced.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.2 Gm. of Ethylmorphine Hydro-
chloride.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 35
Heat o mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with 5 mils of potassium
hydroxide T.S. on a water bath; no vapors showing an alkaline reaction with
litmus paper are evolved at once {ammonium compounds)
Dissolve about 0.05 Gm. of potassium ferricyanide in 10 mils of distilled water,
add a drop of ferric chloride T.S., then 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 100); no green or blue color is produced at once (morphine) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, H grain.
AGAR
Agar
Agar-agar
The dried mucilaginous substance extracted from Gracilaria (Sphcero-
coccus) lichenoides Greville and other marine algae growing along the
eastern coast of Asia, particularly several species of Gelidium, or Gloio-
peltis (Class RhodophyceoB) .
Mostly in bundles from 4 to 6 dm. in length, consisting of thin, translucent,
membranous, agglutinated pieces from 4 to 8 mm. in width; externally yellowish-
white or brownish-white; tough when damp, brittle when dry; odor slight; taste
mucilaginous.
A fragment mounted in water and examined under the microscope gradually
becomes more transparent, showing a granular structure and a few diatoms,
notably the frustules of Arachnoidiscus Ehrenbergii Baillon, which are disk-
shaped and from 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in diameter, and also fragments of the spiculse
of sponges; upon the addition of iodine some of the granules or hyphal portiona
are colored bluish-black.
Insoluble in cold water, but slowly soluble in hot water. A solution made by
boiling 0.1 Gm. of Agar in 100 mils of water, upon cooling yields no precipitate
upon the addition of tannic acid T.S. (gelatin), and does not produce a blue
color upon the addition of iodine T.S. (starch).
Boil 1 part of Agar for about ten minutes with 100 parts of water, and re-
place the water lost by evaporation; it yields a stiff jelly upon cooling.
The powder is pale buff; when mounted in water and examined under the mi-
croscope it shows transparent, more or less granular, striated angular fragments,
occasionally containing frustules of diatoms; with iodine T.S., fragments for
the most part are colored bright red, certain more or less definite areas being
stained bluish-black.
Agar yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 10 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2}^ drachms.
ALCOHOL
Alcohol
A liquid containing not less than 92.3 per cent, by weight or 94.9
per cent, by volume, at 15.56° C., of C2H5.OH (46.05). Preserve it in
well-closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire.
Alcohol is a transparent, colorless, mobile and volatile liquid, having a slight,
characteristic odor, and a burning taste.
It is miscible with water in all proportions, and without any trace of cloudi-
ness; also miscible with ether or chloroform.
36 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
.. ^___ .1
It does not affect the color of blue or red litmus paper previously moistened
with water.
Specific gravity: not above 0.816 at 15.56° C .,the U. S. Government standard
temperature for Alcohol, nor above 0.810 at 25° C.
Alcohol is readily volatilized, even at low temperatures, and boils at about
78° C. It is inflammable, and burns with a pale blue, smokele.ss flame.
Evaporate 50 mils of Alcohol in a platinum or porcelain dish on a water bath;
the residue does not exceed 0.002 Gm.
Mi.x 10 mils of Alcohol with 5 mils of distilled water and 1 mil of glycerin
and allow the mixture to evaporate spontaneously from a piece of clean, odorless
blotting paper; no foreign odor is perceptible when the last traces of the Alcohol
leave the paper {fusel oil constituents).
Allow 25 mils of alcohol to evaporate spontaneously in a porcelain evaporating
dish, carefully protected from dust, until the surface of the dish is barely moist.
No red or brown color is produced upon the addition of a few drops of colorless
sulphuric acid {amyl alcohol or non-volatile, carbonizahle organic impurities, etc.).
Mix 10 mils of Alcohol in a test tube with 5 mils of potassium hydroxide
T.S.; the liquid does not at once assume a yellow color {aldehyde or oak tannin).
Shake 20 mils of Alcohol in a clean, glass-stoppered bottle with 1 mil of silver
nitrate T.S.; the mixture does not become more than faintly opalescent, or
acquire more than a faint brownish tint when exposed for six hours to diffused
daylight {organic impurities, amyl alcohol, aldehyde, etc.).
Dilute the Alcohol with distilled water until it contains about 10 per cent., by
volume, of ethyl alcohol. Transfer 5 mils of the dilute alcohol to a test tube, add
to it 2 mils of a potassiiun permanganate solution (made by dissolving 3 Gm. of
potassium permanganate in 100 mils of distilled water) and 0.3 mil of sulphuric
acid, and allow the mixture to stand for five minutes. Now dissolve the precipitate
of manganese dioxide by the addition of sulphurous acid, drop by drop with agita-
tion, then add 1 mil of sulphuric acid and 5 mils of fuchsin-sulphurous acid
T.S. and mix them. After standing for ten minutes, a colorless liquid results
{methyl alcohol).
A mixture of 5 mils of Alcohol, 2 mils of .sodium hydroxide T.S., and 5 drops
of a freshly made aqueous solution of sodium nitroprusside (1 in 50), rendered
slightly acid with acetic acid, shows no violet tint within one minute {acetone).
Preparation — Alcohol Dilutum.
ALCOHOL DEHYDRATUM
Dehydrated Alcohol
Alcohol Dehyd.— Alcohol Absolutum, U.S.P. VIII.
A liquid containing not less than 99 per cent, by weight of C2H5.OH
(46.05). Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, remote
from fire.
Dehydrated Alcohol is a transparent, colorless, mobile, and volatile liquid
having a characteristic odor, and a burning taste. It is very hygroscopic.
Specific gravity: not above 0.798 at 15.56° C, the U. S. Government standard
temperature for alcohol, nor above 0.790 at 25° C.
Shake 10 mils of Dehydrated Alcohol in a stoppered tube with about 0.5 Gm.
of powdered anhydrous copper sulphate; the latter does not become blue {water).
In other respects Dehydrated Alcohol has the properties and responds to the
tests and reactions under Alcohol.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 37
ALCOHOL DILUTUM
Diluted Alcohol
Alcohol Dil.
A liquid containing from 41 to 42 per cent, by weight or from 48.4
to 49.5 per cent, by volume, at 15.56° C, of C2H5.OH (46.05). Preserve
it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire.
Alcohol, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
Distilled Water, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
Measure the alcohol and water at the same temperature and mix them.
If the two liquids are measured at the temperature of 25° C, the
mixture, when cooled to the same temperature, will measure about
970 mils.
Diluted Alcohol may also be prepared in the following manner:
Alcohol, four hundred and eight grammes 408 Gm.
Distilled Water, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Mix them.
Diluted Alcohol has a specific gravity of from 0.935 to 0.937 at 15.56° C, the
U. S. Government standard temperature for alcohol, and from 0.930 to 0.932
at 25° C.
It responds to the reactions and tests under Alcohol, allowance being made
for the difference in strength and the presence of water and the boiling point
being omitted.
ALOE
Aloes
The inspissated juice of the leaves of Aloe Perryi Baker, yielding
Socotrine Aloes; or Aloe vera Linne, jdelding Curasao Aloes; or of Aloe
ferox Miller, yielding Cape Aloes (Fam. Liliacece).
Socotrine Aloes — In yellowish-brown to blackish-brown opaque, or smooth
and glistening masses; fractured surface somewhat conchoidal; sometimes soft or
semi-liquid; odor aromatic or saffron-hke, never fetid or putrid; taste nauseous,
bitter.
Not less than 50 per cent, of Socotrine Aloes is soluble in cold water, the solu-
tion being of a yellowish color.
The powder is dark brown; when mounted in expressed oU of almond and
examined under the microscope, it shows yellowish- to reddish-brown, irregular
or angular fragments. Upon the addition of nitric acid, it yields a yellowish-
to reddish-browTi solution.
Curapao Aloes — In orange to blackish-brown, opaque masses; fractured surface
uneven, waxy, somewhat resinous; odor characteristic but not aromatic as in
Socotrine Aloes.
Not less than 60 per cent, of Curagao Aloes is soluble in cold water, the solu-
tion being of a purplish-red color.
The powder is deep reddish-bro^Ti ; when mounted in expressed oU of almond
and examined under the microscope, it shows numerous blackish-brown, irregular,
3S THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THfi ,
more or less opaque and angular fragments. Upon the addition of nitric acid,
it yields immediately a deep red liquid.
Cape Aloes — In reddish-brown or olive-black masses, usually covered with
a yellowish powder, or in thin, transparent fragments of a reddish-brown color;
fracture smooth and glassy; odor characteristic.
Not less than 60 per cent, of Cape Aloes is soluble In cold water, the solution
being of a pale yellow color.
The powder is greenish-yellow, changing to light brown on aging; when
mounted in expressed oil of almond and examined under the microscope, it shows
nimierous, distinctly angular, bright yellow fragments. Upon the addition of
nitric acid, it yields a liquid that is colored reddish-brown, changing to purplish-
brown and finally greenish.
The tests which follow apply to Socotrine, Curasao, and Cape Aloes.
Aloes contains not more than 10 per cent, of moisture.
Add 50 mils of alcohol to 1 Gm. of Aloes, gently heat the mixture and then
cool it; a nearly clear solution is obtained (gum and inorganic impurities).
Intimately mix 1 Gm. of Aloes with 10 mils of hot water and dilute 1 mil of
this mixture with 100 mils of wat€r; a green fluorescence is produced upon the
addition of an aqueous solution of sodium borate (1 in 20). Dilute 1 mil of the
original aqueous mixture of Aloes with 100 mils of water, and shake it with 10
mils of benzene; upon separating the benzene solution and adding to it 5 mils of
ammonia water, a permanent deep rose color is produced in the lower layer.
Aloes yields not more than 4 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum Pilulae Aloes Pilulae
Rhei Compositae Tinctura Aloes Tinctura Benzoini Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
ALOINUM
Aloin
Aloin.
A pentoside or mixture of pentosides obtained from aloes, varying in
chemical composition, physical and chemical properties according to
the source. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Aloin occurs as a micro-crystalline powder or in minute acicular crystals
from lemon-yellow to dark-yellow in color, odorless, or possessing a slight odor
of aloes and an intensely bitter taste. It becomes darker on exposure to light
and air.
Aloin varies in solubility with its composition. It is soluble in water, alcohol
or acetone; slightly soluble in ether.
A saturated aqueous solution of AJoin is neutral or not more than faintly
arid to litmus.
Aloin is soluble in ammonia water and alkali hydroxide solutions, forming
red solutions (or yellow solutions that soon become red) which exhibit a green
fluorescence.
When added to alkaline solutions, Aloin is rapidly decomposed; when mixed
with acid solutions decomposition is slower. A drop of ferric chloride T.S.
added to an alcoholic solution of Aloin produces a brownish-green color.
The color of a saturated aqueous solution of Aloin is yellow, but changes to
brown on standing.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Aloin; not more than 0.5 per cent, of ash remains.
Shake about 1 Gm. of Aloin with 10 mils of benzene for one minute and filter;
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 39
the filtrate imparts not more than a faint, pink color to an equal volume of
dilute ammonia water (5 per cent.), when shaken with it {emodin).
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Aloin in 120 mils of distilled water, collect the insol-
uble residue, if any, on a filter tared after it has been dried at 100° C. and wash
the residue with 25 mils of distilled water. Tliis residue, when dried at 100° C,
does not exceed 1.5 per cent.
Average dose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
ALTERA
Althaea
Marsh Mallow Root
The root of Althosa officinalis Linne (Fam. Malvacece) deprived of the
brown, corky layer and small roots, and carefully dried. Preserve
Althaea in tightly-closed containers, adding a few drops of chloroform
or carbon tetrachloride from time to time, to prevent attack by insects.
Usually cut into small pieces about 5 mm. in diameter, of a uniform grayish-
white color and otherwise having the characters of entire roots; occasionally
entire, slenderly tapering, attaining a length of 30 cm. and a thickness of 2 cm.;
externally whitish, longitudinally furrowed, frequently spirally twisted and
covered with the somewhat loosened bast-fibers; fracture of bark fibrous, of
wood short and granular; internally yellowish-white; bark 1 to 2 mm. thick,
porous, due to mucilage cells, and separated from the slightly radiating wood
by a distinct, grayish cambium zone; odor slight; taste sweetish, mucilaginous.
The powder is whitish; starch grains numerous, from 0.003 to 0.02 nun. in
diameter, usually with a long cleft at the point of origin of growth; sclerenchy-
matous fibers in groups, the walls being quite thick and more or less lignified;
tracheae with scalariform thickenings or with bordered pores; calcium oxalate
crystals few, in rosette aggregates from 0.02 mm. to 0.03 mm. in diameter.
Add 1 Gm. of Althaea to 10 mils of cold water, allow it to stand with occasional
stirring during thirty minutes, and filter through cotton; a pale yellow-colored
mucilage is obtained, which is neutral to litmus and is colored a deep yellow
on the addition of a few drops of potassium hydroxide T.S. The mucilage
does not have a sour or ammoniacal odor.
Althaea j-ields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
ALUMEN
Alum
Alum.
It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of AINH 4 (SO 4)2+121130
(453.47), or of AIK(S04)2+12H20 (474.53), the label of the container
must indicate whether the salt is Ammonium Alum or Potassium Alum.
Ammonium Alum and Potassium Alum both occur in large, colorless crj'stals,
cr>'stalline fragments, or as white powders; Alum is odorless and has a sweetish
and strongly astringent taste.
Ammonium Alum — It is somewhat less soluble in water than is Potassium
Alum.
Potassium hydroxide T.S. added to an aqueous solution of Ammoniuna Alun3
40 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
(1 in 20) at first causes a precipitate, which completely dissolves in an excess
of the reagent, ammonia being evolved.
Completely precipitate the aluminum from a boiling solution of 1 Gm. of
Ammonium Alum in 100 mils of distilled water by the addition of a slight excess
of ammonia water and filter; not more than 0.5 per cent, of residue remains on
evaporating the filtrate to dryness and igniting it.
Potassium Alum — One Gm. of Potassium Alum dissolves in 7.2 mils of water
at 25° C., and in 0.3 mil of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol, freely soluble in
glycerin.
Potassium Alum imparts a violet color to a non-luminous flame.
The addition of sodium bitartrate T.S. to a saturated solution of Potassium
Alum produces, sometimes slowlj'-, a white crystalline precipitate.
Potassium hydroxide T.S. added to an aqueous solution of Potassium Alum
(1 in 20) at first causes a precipitate, which completely dissolves in an excess
of the reagent, but no ammonia is evolved.
Both Ammonium Alum and Potassium Alum conform, to the following tests:
An aqueous solution of Alum (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
When heated it fuses, and at about 200° C. it loses all of its water of crystalli-
zation. When strongly heated it loses sulphuric anhydride, becoming incom-
pletely soluble in water.
An aqueous solution of Alum (1 in 20) yields with ammonia water a white
gelatinous precipitate almost insoluble in an excess of ammonia water.
With barium chloride T.S., an aqueous solution of Alum (1 in 20) yields a
white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
An aqueous solution of Alum does not respond to the Test for heayj'^ metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3). An aqueous solution of Alum meets the requirements
of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Add 5 drops of potassium ferrocyanide T.S. to 20 mils of an aqueous solution
of Alum (1 in 150); no blue color is produced at once (iron).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of the Alum, accurately weighed, and about
1 Gm. of ammonium chloride in 250 mils of distilled water and precipitate the
/ aluminum hydroxide by the addition of a slight excess of ammonia water to
the boiling solution. Collect the precipitate on a filter, wash it thoroughly
with hot distilled water, dry, ignite strongly and weigh it. The aluminum oxide
so obtained corresponds to not less than 99.5 per cent, of the Alum assayed.
Each Gm. of aluminum oxide corresponds to 8.874 Gm. of AINH4 (804)2 +
I2H2O and to 9.286 Gm. of AlK (804)2 + I2H2O.
Preparation — Alumen Exsiccatum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
ALUMEN EXSICCATUM
Exsiccated Alum
Alum. Exsic. — Alumen Ustum Dried Alum Burnt Alum
It contains, when recently dried to constant weight at 200" C,
not less than 96.5 per cent, of anhydrous A1NH4(S04)2 (237.28) or of
anhydrous A1K(S04)2 (258.34), the label of the container indicating
whether it is made from Ammonium Alum or from Potassium Alum.
Preserve it in well-closed containers and do not dispense it if it contains
more than 10 per cent, of moisture.
Alum, in small pieces, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make about fifty-five grammes 55 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 41
Place the alum in a tared, shallow, porcelain dish so as to form a thin
layer, and heat it cautiously on a sand bath until it liquefies. Then
continue the application of heat, at a temperature not exceeding 200° C,
with constant stirring, until aqueous vapors cease to be evolved and
a dry, white, porous mass is obtained. When cold, reduce the product
to a fine powder.
Exsiccated Alum is a white, granular powder, without odor, possessing a
sweetish, astringent taste, and attracting moisture on exposure to the air.
One Gm. of Exsiccated Alum dissolves very slowly and usually incompletely
in about 20 mils of water at 25° C; also in 1.5 mils of boiling water; insoluble in
alcohol.
Add 2 Gm. of Exsiccated Alum to 40 mils of distilled water and allow it to
stand with occasional agitation for twenty-four hours. Collect the insoluble
residue on previously dried and counterbalanced filters, wash with 50 mils of
distilled water and finally dry at 100° C. until of constant weight; the residue
weighs not more than 0.05 Gm.
Dr>^ about 1 Gm. of Exsiccated Alum in an air bath, to constant weight at
200° C. ; the loss does not exceed 10 per cent.
An aqueous solution of Exsiccated Alum responds to the reactions and tests
for Ammonium Alum or for Potassium Alum given under Alwnien, allowance
being made for the difference in strength.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Exsiccated Alum, pre\nously dried to
constant weight at 200° C. and accurately weighed, in 100 mils of distilled water,
filter if necessary, thoroughly wash the insoluble residue with distilled water,
dilute the filtrate and washings to about 250 mils, with distilled water, and add
1 Gm. of ammonium chloride. Proceed with the assay as directed under
Alumen, beginning with the words "and precipitate," second line of the Assay.
The aluminum oxide so obtained corresponds to not less than 96.5 per cent, of
the previously dried Exsiccated Alum.
Each gramme of aluminum oxide corresponds to 4.643 Gm. of .A1XH4(S04)2,
and to 5.055 Gm. of A1K(804)2.
ALUMINI HYDROXIDUM
Aluminum Hydroxide
Alum. Hydrox.
A compound consisting principally of aluminum hydroxide [A1(0H)3
= 78.12].
Alum, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
MoNOHYDRATED SoDiUM Carbonate, forty-five grammes. . . 45 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve each salt separately in one thousand mils of water, filter
the solutions and heat them to boiling. Then, having poured the hot
solution of monohydrated sodium carbonate into a capacious vessel,
gradually pour in the hot solution of alum with constant stirring, and
afterwards add two thousand mils of boiling water. Allow the precipi-
tate to subside, decant the clear liquid, and mix the precipitate with
two thousand mils of hot water. Again decant, transfer the precipitate
42 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to a strainer, and wash it with hot water, until the washings produce
not more than a faint cloudiness with barium chloride T.S. Allow
the precipitate to drain, dry it at a temperature not exceeding 40° C,
and reduce it to a uniformly fine powder.
Aluminum Hydroxide is a white, bulky, amorphous powder, odorless and taste-
less; permanent in dry air.
It is insoluble in water and alcohol ; it is dissolved by hydrochloric or sulphuric
acid and by the fixed alkali hj'droxides.
Solutions of Aluminum Hydroxide in hydrochloric or sulphuric acid yield
with potassium hydroxide T.S. a white gelatinous precipitate, dissolved by an
excess of the reagent but again precipitated by the addition of an excess of
ammonium chloride.
When heated to redne.ss it loses about 34 per cent, of its weight.
Boil 1 Gm. of Aluminum Hydroxide with 20 mils of distilled water, and filter
the liquid; the filtrate does not show an alkaline reaction, and, on evaporation,
does not leave a residue weighing more than 0.005 Gm. {alkali salts).
Heat 1 Gm. of Aluminum Hydroxide with 10 mils of hydrochloric acid,
evaporate the solution to dryness, and dissolve the residue in 50 mils of distilled
water. Ten mils of this solution does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Heat 1 Gm. of Aluminum Hydroxide with 5 mils of sulphuric acid and 5 mils
of distilled water, on a water bath, for fifteen minutes. Then dilute it to 25 mils
with distilled water and filter. Five mils of this filtrate meets the requirements
of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
AMMONII BENZOAS
Ammonium Benzoate
Ammon. Benz.
It contains, when dried for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over
sulphuric acid, not less than 98 per cent, of NH4C7H5O2 or CeHs.
COONH4 (139.08). Preserve it in well-closed containers in a cool place.
Ammonium Benzoate occurs in thin, white, laminar crystals or as a crystalline
powder; gradually losing ammonia on exposure to air; odorless, or having a
slight odor of benzoic acid, a saline, bitter, afterwards slightly acrid taste.
One Gm. of Ammonium Benzoate dissolves in about 10 mils of water, 35.5
mils of alcohol, and about 8 mils of glycerin at 25° C.
When strongly heated it evolves ammonia and benzoic acid, and is finally
volatilized leaving not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or not more than shghtly
acid to litmus.
An acjueous solution of Ammonium Benzoate (1 in 10) yields with ferric
chloride T.S. a pink precipitate, and when such a solution is gently heated with
potassium hydroxide T.S., ammonia is evolved.
Acidulate 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) with hydrochloric
acid and filter it; the filtrate does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Di.ssolve about 0.5 Gm. of Ammonium Benzoate, previously dried
for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed,
in 10 mils of distilled water in a separator. Add to the solution 5 mils of diluted
eulphuric acid, and extract the liberated benzoic acid by shaking out with 3
successive portions of 25, 15 and 10 mils respectively of chloroform, passing
the chloroform solution through a filter previously moistened with chloroform
and removing any benzoic acid adhering to the stem of the funnel with a few
mils of chloroform. Evaporate the chloroform solution at a low temperature,
trtJiTEli STA-TES OF AMERICA 43
preferably spontaneously, to about 5 mils, add 25 mils of diluted alcohol which
has been previously neutrahzed with tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator, and titrate this solution with
tenth-norrnal barium hydroxide V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator.
It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 98 per cent, of NII4C7II5O2.
Each mil of tenth-normal barium hydroxide \'.S. corresponds to 0.013908
Gm. of NH4C7H5O2. Each gramme of Ammonium l^enzoate, previously dried,
corresponds to not less than 70.5 mils of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
AMMONII BROMIDUM
Ammonium Bromide
Ammon. Brom.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
98.5 per cent, of NH4Br (97.96). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Ammonium Bromide occurs in colorless, transparent, prismatic cr3-stals, or as
a white, crj-stalline or granular powder; odorless, of a pimgent, sahne taste;
somewhat hygroscopic.
One Gm. of Ammoniimi Bromide dissolves in 1.3 mils of water and in 12 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.9 mil of boiling water and 1.2 mils of boiling
alcohol.
When heated, Ammonium Bromide volatilizes without fusing.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or not more than slightly
acid to litmus.
An aqueous solution of Ammonium Bromide when gently heated with potas-
sium hydroxide T.S. evolves ammonia.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) produces
a yellowish-white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid or in a moderate excess of
ammonia water.
Add 2 mils of nitric acid to about 2 Gm. of the salt and evaporate the mixture
to drjTiess in a porcelain dish on a water bath and ignite the residue; it yields
not more than 0.05 p)er cent, of non-volatile matter.
Add 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in
20) and cautiously introduce chlorine water, which has been diluted with an equal
volume of distilled water, drop by drop and with constant agitation. The
liberated bromine dissolves in the chlorofonn and imparts to it a yellow or orange
color, which is free from any violet tint (iodide).
Drop 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid upon about 1 Gm. of the powdered salt;
no yellow color appears at once ihromate).
A- blue color is not produced at once on adding potassium ferrocyanide T.S.
to 20 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 250) {iron).
Add 1 mil of potassium sulphate T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
Anmaonium Bromide (1 in 20), acidulated with acetic acid; no turbidity is pro-
duced immediately (harium); under similar conditions the addition of barium
chloride T.S. produces no turbidity (sulphate).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part 11, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for bromides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.4 Gm. of Ammonium Bromide, previously dried to con-
stant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed. It shows, in the dried salt,
not less than 98.5 per cent, of NH4Br.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.009796 Gm.
of NH4Br. Each gramme of .\mmonium Bromide, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 100.5 mils nor more than 103.4 mils of tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
44 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
a:mmoxii carbonas
Ammonium Carbonate
Ammon. Carb.
It consists of varying proportions of a mixture of acid ammonium
carbonate [NH4HC03 = 79.05] and ammonium carbamate [XH4XH2CO2
= 78.07], and yields not less than 30 per cent, nor more than 32 per
cent, of XH3. Preserve it in well-closed containers in a cool place.
For medicinal purposes, use only the translucent portions.
Ammonium Carbonate occurs in white, hard, translucent, striated masses,
having a strong odor of ammonia, without empjTeuma, and a sharp, ammoniacal
taste. On exposure to the air, the salt loses both ammonia and carbon dioxide,
becoming opaque, and is finally converted into friable, porous lumps, or a white
powder. .
When heated, Ammonium Carbonate is volatilized, without charring, the
vapor showing a strongly alkaline reaction with litmus; not more than 0.05
per cent, of residue remains.
One Gm. of Ammonium Carbonate dissolves very slowly in 4 mils of water
at 25° C. ; it is decomposed by hot water, with the elimination of carbon dioxide
and ammonia. By prolonged boiling with water the salt is completely volatil-
ized. Alcohol dissolves the carbamate leaving the acid carbonate.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20j effervesces with acids, and is alkaUne
to htmus.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), when slightly supersaturated with
hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. .3). Five mils of a similar solution is not immediately affected by
barium chloride T.S. (sulphate).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), on the addition of a
slight excess of silver nitrate T.S., and subsequent supersaturation with nitric
acid, neither assumes a brown color (ihiosulphate) , nor becomes more than slightly
opalescent within two minutes (chloride).
On slightly supersaturating an aqueous solution, containing 1 Gm. of the
salt, with nitric acid, and then evaporating it to dryness on a water bath, a
colorless and odorless residue is obtained (empyreumatic mailer).
Assay — Introduce about 2 Gm. of unaltered, translucent Ammonium Carbon-
ate into a tared weighing-bottle containing 10 mils of distilled water, stopper,
weigh accurately and add 40 mils of distilled water and 50 mils of normal sul-
phuric acid V.S. and when solution is effected titrate the excess of acid with
normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It
shows not less than .30 per cent, nor more than 32 per cent, of XH3.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.01703 Gm.
of NH3. Each gramme of Ammonium Carbonate corresponds to not less than
17.6 mils nor more than 18.8 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Preparation — Spiritus Ammonii Aromaticus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
AMMONII CHLORIDUM
Ammonium Chloride
Ammon. Chlor.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
90.5 per cent, of NH4CI (53.50).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 45
Ammonium Chloride is a white, crystalHne or granular powder, without odor,
having a cooling; and saline taste; somewhat hygroscopic.
One Gm. of Ammonium Chloride dissolves in 2.6 mils of water, 100 mils of
alcohol and in 8 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 1.4 mils of boiling water.
Ammonium Chloride, on ignition, is volatilized without fu.sing.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) in ice-cold water does not show an
immediate acid reaction with litmus.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) produces
a white, curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid but readily soluble in ammonia
water.
An aqueous solution of the salt, when heated with potassium hydroxide T.S.,
evolves ammonia.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
When acidulated with hydrochloric acid, 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 10) does not assume a red color on the addition of a few drops of
ferric chloride T.S. (sulphocyanate) .
Add 2 mils of nitric acid to 2 Gm. of the salt and evaporate the mixture to dry-
ness in a porcelain dish on a water bath; a white residue is obtained, which,
when ignited, yields not more than 0.05 per cent, of non-volatile substances.
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for chlorides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.2 Gm. of Ammonium Chloride, previously dried to constant
weight at 100° C. and accuratelv weighed. It shows, in the dried salt, not less
than 99.5 per cent, of NH4CI.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.005350 Gm. of
NH4CI. Each gramme of Ammonium Chloride, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 186.0 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi.
Average dose — JMetric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
AMMONII lODIDUM
Ammonium Iodide
Ammon. lod.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
99 per cent, of NH4I (144.96). Preserve it in small, well-closed con-
tainers, protected from light.
Ammonium Iodide occurs in minute, colorless, cubical crystals, or as a white,
granular powder, odorless and having a sharp, saline taste. The salt is very
hj'groscopic, and soon becomes yellow or yellowish-bro^Mi on exposure to air
and hght, owing to the loss of ammonia and the liberation of iodine.
One Gm. of Ammonium Iodide dissolves in 0.6 mil of water, 3.7 mils of
alcohol and in 1.5 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water.
When strongly heated, Ammonium Iodide evolves vapor of iodine, and vola-
tihzes without fusing, leaving not more than 0.1 per cent, of residue.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or not more than slightly
acid to litmus. When heated with potassium hydroxide T.S., ammonia is
liberated.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 20); iodine is liberated which imparts a violet color to chloroform
when shaken with the solution.
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of Ammonium Iodide (1 in 20), when acidu-
lated with hydrochloric acid, is not rendered turbid by the addition of 1 mil of
potassium sulphate TtS. {barium).
46 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 150) does not at once assume
a blue color upon the addition of 3 drops of potassium ferrocyanide T.S. (iron).
Shake 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 150) with 1 mil of chloro-
form; no violet color is imparted to the latter (free iodine).
An aqueous solution of Ammonium Iodide does not respond to the Test for
heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for iodides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.5 Gm. of Ammonium Iodide, previously dried to constant
weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed in a stoppered weighing-bottle. It
shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of NH4I.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.014496 Gm. of
NH4I. Each gramme of Ammonium Iodide, previously dried, corresponds to
not less than G8.3 mils nor more than 70.1 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate
V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
AMMONII SALICYLAS
Ammonium Salicylate
Ammon. Salicyl.
It contains, when dried for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over
-sulphuric acid, not less than 98 per cent, of NH4C7H5O3 or C6H4(0H)
COONH4 (155.08). Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from
heat and light.
Ammonium Salicylate occurs in colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms, or
plates, or as a white, crystalline powder; odorless, and having at first a slightly
saline, bitter taste, with a sweetish after-taste. Permanent in dry air.
One Gm. of Ammonium Salicylate dissolves in 1 mil of water and in 3 mils
of alcohol at 25° C.
When heated, the salt fuses with decomposition, giving off inflammable vapors
and an odor of phenol, and is finally volatilized, leaving not more than 0.1 per
cent, of ash.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is colorless and neutral or slightly
acid to litmus. When heated with potassium hydroxide T.S. ammonia is evolved.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to an excess of a concentrated aqueous
solution of Ammonium Salicylate (1 in 4); a dark red color and a precipitate
are produced. In dilute solution (1 in 100) a deep violet-blue color appears.
Diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid produces, in a concentrated aqueous
solution of the salt, a voluminous, white precipitate.
Acidulate 10 mils of an aqueous solution of Ammonium Salicylate (1 in 50)
with hydrochloric acid and filter; the filtrate does not respond to the Test for
heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Ammonium Salicylate, previously dried
for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed,
in 10 mils of distilled water in a separator. Add to the solution 5 mils of diluted
sulphuric acid, and extract the liberated .salicylic acid by shaking out with three
successive portions of 25, 15 and 10 mils respectively of chloroform, passing
the chloroform solution through a filter previously moistened with chloroform
and removing any salicylic acid adhering to the stem of the funnel with a few
mils of chloroform. Evaporate the chloroform to about 5 mils, add 25 mils
of diluted alcohol which has been previously neutralized with tenth-normal
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 47
potassium hydroxide V.S., phenolplithalein T.S. being \ised as indicator, and
titrate this solution with tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 9S per cent.
of NH4C7H5O3.
Each mil of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.015508
Gm. of XH4C7H5O3. Each gramme of Ammonium Salicylate, previously dried,
corresponds to not less than 63.2 mils of tenth-normal barium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
AMMONII VALERAS
Ammonium Valerate
Ammon. Valer. — Ammonium Valerianate
A compound of ammonia and valeric acid having a somewhat varying
composition. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Ammonium Valerate occurs in colorless, or white, quadrangular plates, emit-
ting the odor of valeric acid; it is deUquescent in moist air, and has a sharp and
sweetish taste.
One Gm. of Ammonium Valerate dissolves in 0.3 mil of water and in 0.6
mil of alcohol at 25° C; soluble in ether.
When heated, the salt fuses, gives off vapors of ammonia and valeric acid,
and is finally volatilized, leaving not more than 0.05 per cent, of residue.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is acid to litmus, and when heated
with potassium hydroxide T.S. evolves ammonia.
Supersaturate slightly a concentrated aqueous solution of Ammonium Valer-
ate with sulphuric acid; an oily layer of valeric acid rises to the surface.
Precipitate completely 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20)
with ferric chloride T.S.; the filtrate does not possess a deep red color (acetate).
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), when slightly acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid and filtered through a small, wetted filter, does not respond to the
Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
AMYGDALA DULCIS
Sweet Almond
Amygd. Dulc.
The ripe seeds of Prunus Aniygdalus dulcis De Candolle (Fam.
Rosacea). Preserve Sweet Almond in tightly-closed containers, adding
a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride from time to time to
prevent attack by insects.
Ovate or oblong lanceolate, 17 to 25 mm. in length, 10 to 13 mm. in breadth
and 4 to 7 mm. in thickness; seed-coat light brown with numerous parallel veins,
thin and easily removed on soaking the seed in water; embryo straight, white,
and with two plano-convex cotyledons; taste bland, sweet.
48 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Triturate Sweet Almond with water; a milk-white emulsion is produced
which is not acid to Utmus, and has no odor of benzaldehyde or hydrocyanic
acid {bitter almond).
The powder is creamy-white, exhibiting numerous very small oil globules,
0.001 mm. or less in diameter, and larger oil globules and crystalloids, the latter
sometimes with adhering globoids; fragments of parenchyma of endosperm,
containing oil globules and aleurone grains; also occasional fragments of seed-
coat with characteristic, more or less scattered, large, elliptical, thin-walled,
strongly lignified epidermal cells and narrow, closely spiral trachea;. Starch
grains are absent.
Sweet Almond yields not more than 4 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Emulsum Amygdalae.
AMYLIS NITRIS
Amyl Nitrite
Amyl. Nitris
A liquid containing not less than 80 per cent, of C5HUNO2 (117.10)
(chiefly iso-amyl nitrite). Preserve it in hermetically sealed glass bulbs,
or in glass-stoppered vials, in a cool place, protected from light.
Amyl Nitrite is a clear, yellowish liquid, of a pecuUar, ethereal, fruity odor
and a pungent, aromatic taste.
It is almost insoluble in water, miscible with alcohol or ether.
Specific gravity: 0.865 to 0.875 at 25° C.
Amyl Nitrite is very volatile, even at a low temperature, and is inflammable,
burning with a yellow, luminous and sooty flame.
Add 2 mils of sulphuric acid to a mixture of 2 drops of Amyl Nitrite and 2
drops of water; amyl valerate is produced, recognizable by its odor on dilution
with water.
Add a few drops of Amyl Nitrite to a mixture of 1 mil of ferrous sulphate T.S.
and 5 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid; a greenish-brown color is produced.
Mix 1 mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. and 10 mils of distilled water
in a test tube with a drop of phenolphthalein T.S. and add 5 mils of Amyl
Nitrite; after inverting the tube a few times, the red tint of the aqueous layer ia
still perceptible (free acid).
A mixture of 1.5 mils of silver nitrate T.S. and 1.5 mils of alcohol with a few
drops of ammonia water does not become brown or black on adding 1 mil of
Amyl Nitrite and gently heating the mixture (aldehyde).
Assay — -Transfer about 3 mils of Amyl Nitrite, which has been previously
shaken with 0.5 Gra. of potassium bicarbonate and carefully decanted, to a tared
100 mil measuring-flask, containing about 20 mils of alcohol, and weigh it
accurately. Add sufficient alcohol to bring the volume to exactly 100 mils and
mix thoroughly. Introduce into a nitrometer (see Part II, Test No. 19) ex-
actly 10 mils of the alcoholic solution, followed by 10 mils of potassium iodide
T.S., and afterwards by 5 mils of diluted sulphuric acid. When the volume
of gas has become constant (within thirty to sixty minutes), note Mie amount
collected, multiply this volume in mils by 4.8 and divide the product by the
original weight in grammes of the Amyl Nitrite. At standard temperature
and j)ressure, the quotient represents the percentage of Amyl Nitrite in the
liquid. The temperature correction is one-third of one per cent, of the total
percentage just found for each degree, — additive if the temperature is below
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 49
25° C., and subtract! ve if it is above 25° C. The barometric correction is four-
thirtieths of one per cent, of the total percentase just found for each milUmeter,
— additive if it is above 760 mm., and subtract! ve if it is below 760 mm.
Average dose — By inhalation, Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries,
3 minims.
AMYLUM
Starch
Amyl. — Corn Starch
The starch separated from the grain of Zea Mays Linn6 (Fam.
GraminecE.) .
In fine powder, or irregular, angular, white masses; consisting chiefly of
polygonal, rounded or spheroidal starch grains from 0.003 to 0.035 nun. in diam-
eter, usually with a lenticular or 3- to 4-rayed central cleft, or in the rounded
grains, with a circular marking; inodorous; taste slight, characteristic.
The indi\-idual starch grains are colored a deep blue by iodine T.S. Com
starch is insoluble in cold water and in alcohol; upon boiling 1 Gm. of Starch
with 15 mils of water and cooling, it yields a translucent, whitish jelly.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Starch; not more than 0.5 per cent, of ash remains.
Triturate about 0.5 Gm. of Starch with 5 mils of distilled water; the mixture
is neutral to litmus.
Preparation — Glyceritum Amyli.
ANISUM
Anise
Anis. — Aniseed
The dried ripe fruit of Pimpinella Anisum Linne (Fam. Umhelliferce)
without the presence or admixture of more than 3 per cent, of foreign
seeds or other vegetable matter.
Cremocarp broadly ovoid or pyriform, laterally compressed, from 3 to 6 mm. in
length and from 2 to 3 mm. in breadth; mericarps usually cohering and attached
to a slender pedicel from 2 to 12 mm. in length; summit with a ring-like disk and
2 projecting, diverging styles; externally grayish or greenish-gray, seldom grayish-
brown, slightly pubescent ; each with five light brown filiform ridges and in cross-
section with from 15 to 45 vittae. Odor and taste agreeable and aromatic.
Under the microscope transverse sections of Anise show an epidermal layer
with numerous papillae and short, one-celled, non-glandular hairs having very
thick papillose walls; primary ribs each with a small fibro-vascular bundle,
surroimded by a few sclerenchymatous fibers; vittae or oil-tubes from 15 to 45
in number, extending as a more or less interrupted circle in the tissues of the
mesocarp on the dorsal side of each mericarp; 2 large xiitad on the commissural
surface, each separated from the other tissues of the mericarp by a large cavity
due to shrinkage of the seed-coat; inner epidermis of pericarp consisting of a
layer of narrow, tangentially elongated cells closely united with the 1-layered
seed-coat, the inner walls of which are yellowish-brown and considerably thick-
ened; endosperm of polygonal, thick-walled cells filled with spherical or ellip-
soidal aleurone grains, each containing a small rosette aggregate of calcium
oxalate; the aleurone grains surroimded with an oily protoplasm, the oil of which
9
50 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
is liberated upon mounting sections in hydrated chloral T.S., in the form of small
globules; epidermal layer near the middle of the commissural surface composed
of 2 or 3 rows of cells with thick porous walls, and beneath which occur small
groups of thick-walled cells resembling stone cells.
The powder is yellowish-brown; consisting of nmnerous irregular fragments
of pericarp showing portions of the yellowish vitta?, fragments with tracheae and
sclerenchymatous fibers of carpophore; cells of endosperm filled with aleurone
grains about 0.006 mm. in diameter, each usually enclosing a rosette aggregate
crystal of calcium oxalate about 0.002 mm. in diameter; non-glandular hairs
1-celled, from 0.025 to 0.2 mm. in length, either straight or curved and with
numerous, slight, centrifugal projections on the outer surface.
Heat 1 Gm. of the whole drug or powdered drug with 10 mils of potassium
hj'drqxideT.S.; no mouse-like odor develops (fruits of Conium maculatum Linne).
Anise yields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
ANTIMONII ET POTASSII TARTRAS
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate
Antim. et Pot. Tart. — Antimonyl Potassium Tartrate Tartrated Antimony
Tartar Emetic
It contains not less than 98.5 per cent, of K(SbO)C4H406+3^H20
(332.34). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate occurs as colorless,'transparent crystals of
the rhombic system, or as a wlaite granular powder; without odor, and having
a sweet, afterwards disagreeable, metalUc taste. The crystals effioresce upon
exposure to the air.
One Gm. of Antimony and Potassium Tartrate dissolves in 12 mils of water
and in 15 mils of glycerm at 25° C; also in 3 mils of boiling water; insoluble
in alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is slightly acid to litmus.
When heated to redness it chars, emits an odor resembling that of burning
sugar, and leaves a blackened residue having an alkaline reaction and imparting
a violet color when a small fragment is held in a non-luminous flame.
In an aqueous solution of Antimony and Potassium Tartrate (1 in 20), acidu-
lated with hydrochloric acid, hydrogen sulphide T.S. produces an orange-
red precipitate, which is soluble in ammonium sulphide T.S. or potassium
hydroxide T.S.
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100), acidulated with acetic
acid, does not at once assume a blue color on the addition of 5 drops of potassium
ferrocyanide T.S. {iron).
Dissolve 0.2 Gm. of Antimony and Potassimn Tartrate in 5 mils of hydro-
chloric acid; the solution does not respond to Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see
Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Antimony and Potassium Tartrate,
accurately weighed, in 30 mils of distilled water, add 25 mils of a cold, saturated
solution of sodium bicarbonate and a few drops of starch T.S. and immediately
titrate this solution with tenth-normal iodine V.S., to the production of a perma-
nent blue color. It shows not less than 98.5 per cent, of K(SbO)C4H406+ 3^H20.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.016617 Gm.
of K(SbO)C4H406 + 3^H20. Each gramme of Antimony and Potassium Tar-
trate corresponds to not less than 59.3 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Preparations — Mistura Glycyrrhizse Composita Syrupus Scilla) Compositus.
Average dose — Expectorant, Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothe-
caries, K2 grain.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 51
ANTIPYRINA
Antipyrine
Antipyr. — Phenazone
Phenyldimethylpyrazolon [C11H12ON2 or C3H0N2(CH3)2.C6H6 =
188.12]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Antipyrine occurs as a white, almost odorless, crystalline powder or in tabular
crystals, with a slightly bitter taste.
One Gm. of Antipyrine dissolves in less than 1 mil of water, in 1.3 mils of
alcohol, 1 mil of chloroform, and in 43 mils of ether, at 25° C
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
It melts between 111° and 113° C.
The addition of tannic acid T.S. to an aqueous solution of Antipyrine produces
an abundant white precipitate.
Mix 0.1 Gm. of sodium nitrite and 12 mils of an aqueous solution of Anti-
pjoine (1 in 100); a nearly colorless liquid is obtained, which, upon the addition
of 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid, develops a deep green color due to the forma-
tion of isonitroso-antip>Tine.
One drop of ferric chloride T.S. added to 2 mils of a dilute aqueous solution
of Antipyrine (1 in 1000) produces a deep red color, which, upon the addition
of 10 drops of sulphuric acid, is changed to light yellow.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Antipj^rine; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
Antipyrine is completely soluble in 1 part of cold distilled water, the solution
being colorless or at most sUghtly yellow when viewed crosswise in a test tube
of about 20 mm. in diameter.
An aqueous solution of Antipyrine does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
APOMORPHIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Apomorphine Hydrochloride
Apomorph. Hydrochl. — Apomorphine Chloride
The hydrochloride [Ci7Hi702NHCl+>^H20 = 312.62] of an alkaloid
prepared from morphine by the abstraction of one molecule of water.
Preserve it, protected from light, in small, well-stoppered vials, which
have been previously rinsed with diluted hydrochloric acid and dried.
Apomorphine Hydrochloride must be rejected if it imparts at once
an emerald-green color to 100 parts of distilled water when shaken with
it in a test tube.
Apomorphine Hydrochloride occurs in minute, white or grayish-white, glisten-
ing, monocUnic prisms; odorless, and acquiring a greenish tint upon exposure
to light and air.
One Gm. of Apomorphine Hydrochloride dissolves in 50 mils of water and in
60 mils of alcohol at 25° C; also in 17 mils of water at 80° C; very sUghtly
soluble in chloroform or ether.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to litmus.
52 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE.
The salt loses its water of crystallization slowly over sulphuric acid and the
anhydrous salt regains the water lost when exposed to the air.
The addition of a solution of sodium bicarbonate to an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 100) produces a white or pale greenish-white precipitate, which
rapidly becomes green on exposure to air and then dissolves in ether with a
violet color and in chloroform with a violet-blue color. The salt dissolves in
nitric acid with a dark purple color.
Silver nitrate T.S., added to an aqueous solution of the salt, produces a white
precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid; the precipitate soon turns black by reduc-
tion to metalhc silver, and is instantly reduced by the addition of ammonia
water.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.2 Gm. of Apomorphine Hydro-
chloride.
Shake about 0.1 Gm. of the salt with 10 mils of ether; the latter acquires not
more than a pale reddish color {decomposition products).
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — Expectorant, 0.003 Gm. — ^^q grain.
Emetic, by mouth, 0.01 Gm. — y^ grain.
Emetic, hypodermic, 0.005 Gm. — 3^2 grain.
AQUA
Water
Water is a colorless, limpid liqmd, practically tasteless and odorless. When
heated nearly to the boiling point and agitated, no disagreeable odor is evolved.
Water is neutral to litmus.
Evaporate 100 mils of Water in a platinum dish; it leaves a residue weighing
not more than 0.03 Gm. {solids) and this residue, when carefully heated to
redness, evolves no visible fumes and shows no appreciable charring {organic
impurities).
Add 1 mil of hydrochloric acid to 100 mils of Water and then add 50 mils
of hydrogen sulphide T.S. ; it shows no darkening after standing fifteen minutes
{lead or copper).
Add 1 mil of hydrochloric acid to 100 mils of Water and then add 1 mil of
potassium ferrocyanide T.S.; no blue coloration is produced immediately {iron).
Add 0.5 mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. to 200 mils of Water, heat to
boiUng, filter and add to the filtrate 3 drops of potassium chromate T.S.; a
red precipitate is produced {chloride).
Add 1 drop of hydrochloric acid, 1 mil of sulphanilic acid T.S. and 1 mil of
naphthylamine hydrochloride T.S. to 100 mils of Water in a Nessler jar, stirring
with a gla.ss rod after each addition. Closely cover the jar with a glass plate,
place it upon a white surface and view it from above; no pink coloration appears
within five minutes {nitrite).
Add 1 mil of sodium carbonate T.S. to 100 mils of Water and evaporate the
liquid in a small porcelain dish just to dryness. Moisten the residue thoroughly
with 2 mils of phenolsulphonic acid T.S., gently warm the dish, add 20 mils of
ammonia water and sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils. Any yellow
color produced is not greater than that obtained by evaporating 0.0021 Gm. of
pota.ssiimi nitrate, dissolved in 3 mils of distilled water and 1 mil of sodium
carbonate T.S., to dryness and treating the residue in the same manner as the
residue from the Water. The comparison of colors must be made in Nessler
jars of the same diameter and size {nitrate).
Add 2 mils of alkaline mercuric potassium iodide T.S. to 100 mils of Water
in a Nes.sler jar and mix thoroughly. Place the jar on a white surface and view
the contents from above; the water does not at once assume a deep yellow or
orange color {ammonium compounds).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 63
Mix 100 mils of Water with 10 mils of diluted sulphuric acid in a clean porcelain
dish and heat it rapidly to boiling, then add 0.4 mil of tenth-normal potassium
permanganate V.S. and boil the hquid for ten minutes; the color of the liquid
is not completely destroyed (oxygen consuming capacity as a measure of organic
impurities).
AQUA AMMONITE
Ammonia Water
Aq. Ammon.
An aqueous solution of ammonia [NH3 = 17.03] containing not less
than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, by weight of NH3. This
solution deteriorates on keeping, and must be tested frequently. Pre-
serve it in a cool place in glass-stoppered bottles made of hard glass free
from lead.
Ammonia Water is a colorless, transparent liquid, having a very pungent
characteristic odor and a caustic, alkaline taste. Dense white fumes are produced
on bringing a glass rod, dipped into hydrochloric acid, near the surface of Am-
monia Water.
Ammonia Water is strongly alkaline to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 0.958 at 25° C.
Add 0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. to 10 mils of
Ammonia Water, which has been slightly supersaturated with diluted sulphuric
acid; the pink color is not completely destroyed within ten minutes {oxidizable
and empyreumatic substances).
When neutrahzed and made slightly acid with hydrochloric acid, 10 mils of
Ammonia Water does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. 3). _
Twenty-five mils of Ammonia Water, when evaporated to dryness in a plati-
num or porcelain dish and heated to constant weight at 120° C, leaves not more
than 0.005 Gm. of residue.
Assay — Pour about 5 mils of Ammonia Water into a tared, stoppered weighing-
bottle containing about 10 mils of distilled water and weigh accurately. Dilute
the liquid with 50 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal sulphuric
acid V.S., using litmus or methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less
than 9.5 per cent, nor more th^n 10.5 per cent., by weight, of NH3.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.01703 Gm.
of NH3. Each gramme of Ammonia Water corresponds to not less than 5.57
mils nor more than 6.16 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Preparations — Linimentum Ammonise Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
AQUA AMMONUE FORTIOR
Stronger Ammonia Water
Aq. Ammon. Fort.
An aqueous solution of ammonia [NH 3 = 17.03] containing not less
than 27 per cent, nor more than 29 per cent., by weight, of NH3. This
solution deteriorates on keeping, and must be tested frequently. Pre-
54 THE PHAIUIACOPCEIA OF THE
serve it in a cool place in partially filled, strong, glass-stoppered bottles
made of hard glass free from lead. Great caution should be used in hand-
ling this liquid.
Stronger Ammonia Water is a colorless, transparent liquid, having an exces-
sively pungent, characteristic odor and a very caustic and alkaline taste.
Wronger Ammonia Water tnust never be tasted unless greatly diluted.
Stronger Ammonia Water is strongly alkaline to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 0.897 at 25° C.
Stronger Ammonia Water, when diluted with twice its volume of distilled
water, responds to the tests for identity and purity under Aqua Ammonice.
Assay — Pour about 2 mils of Stronger Ammonia Water into a tared flask con-
taining about 50 mils of distilled water, weigh accurately, and titrate with normal
sulphuric acid V.S., using litmus or methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows
not less than 27 per cent, nor more than 29 per cent., by weight, of NH3.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.01703 Gm.
of XH3. Each gramme of Stronger .Ammonia Water corresponds to not less
than 15.8 mils nor more than 17 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
AQUA AMYGDAL.^ AMAR^
Bitter Almond Water
Aq. Amygd. Amar.
Oil of Bitter Almond, one milliliter 1 mil
Distilled Water, recently boiled, nine hundred and
ninety-nine milliliters 999 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the oil of bitter almond in the recently boiled distilled water
by agitation, and filter.
Note — Bitter Almond Water contains a mere trace of hydrocyanic
acid and differs from the preparation of the same name, recommended
by the International Protocol, 1906, which contains 0.1 per cent, of
hydrocyanic acid.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
AQUA ANISI
Anise Water
Aq. Anisi
Oil of Anise, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, Jifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 55
Prepare the Anise Water by the General Process described under
AgucB AromaticcB (page 60).
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachma
AQUA AURANTII FLORUM
Orange Flower Water
Aq. Aurant. Flor.
Stronger Orange Flower Water,
Distilled Water, recently boiled, each, one volume.
Mix them immediately before use.
Orange Flower Water complies with the testa for identity and purity given
under Aqua Aurantii Florum Forlior.
Preparation — Syrupus Aurantii Florum.
AQUA AURANTII FLORUM FORTIOR
Stronger Orange Flower Water
Aq. Aurant. Flor. Fort.
The saturated aqueous distillate prepared by distilling the fresh
flowers of Citrus Aurantium amara Linne (Fam. Rutacece) with water.
Preserve it in bottles stoppered with a pledget of purified cotton and in
a dark, cool place.
Stronger Orange Flower Water is colorless and clear or only faintly opalescent,
and possesses a strong and pleasant odor and taste of orange blossoms, and
must be free from empyreuma, mustiness, or mucoid growths.
It is neutral or only slightly acid to litmus, and 100 mils, when evaporated
to dryness on a water bath and the residue subsequently dried in an oven to
constant weight at 100° C, yields not more than 0.001 Gra. of residue. It
gives no reaction with hydrogen sulphide T.S. or with sodium sulphide T.S.
(metallic impurities) .
Preparation — Aqua Aurantii Florum.
AQUA CAMPHOR.E
Camphor Water
Aq. Camph.
Camphor, eight grammes 8 Gm,
Alcohol, eight inilliliters 8 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficien'. quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
56 THE PHARMACOPCEL^ OF THE
Triturate the camphor with the alcohol in a mortar, add the puri-
fied talc; continue the trituration until the alcohol has evaporated and
add the recently boiled distilled water. Filter the mixture, and pass
the filtrate repeatedly through the filter until the Camphor Water is
perfectly clear.
Average dose — ^Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^ fluidrachms.
AQUA CHLOROFORMI
Chloroform Water
Aq. Chlorof.
Chloroform,
Distilled Water, recently boiled, each, a sufficient quantity.
To a convenient quantity of recently boiled distilled water, contained
in a dark amber-colored bottle, add enough chloroform to maintain
a slight excess of the chloroform after the contents have been repeatedly
and thoroughly shaken. Preserve it in a cool, dark place.
When Chloroform Water is required for use, pour off the needed quan-
tity, refill the bottle with recently boiled distilled water and saturate it
by thorough agitation, taking care that there be always an excess of
chloroform present.
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
AQUA CINNAMOMI
Cinnamon Water
Aq. Cinnam.
Oil of Cinnamon, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare the Cinnamon Water by the General Process described under
Aqu/s AromaticoB (page 60).
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 57
AQUA CREOSOTI
Creosote Water
Aq. Creosot.
Creosote, ten milliliters 10 mils
Distilled Water, recently boiled, nine hundred and
ninety milliliters 990 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Agitate the creosote vigorously with the recently boiled distilled water
and filter, returning the filtrate to the filter until it is perfectly clear.
This preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^^ fluidrachms.
AQUA DESTILLATA
Distilled Water
Aq. Dest
Water [H20 = 18.016] purified by distillation.
Water, one thousand volumes 1000 vol.
To make seven hundred and fifty volumes 750 vol.
Distil the water from a suitable apparatus provided with a block-tin
or glass condenser. Collect the first one hundred volumes and reject this
portion. Then collect seven hundred and fifty volumes and keep the
Distilled Water in glass-stoppered bottles, which have been rmsed with
hot distilled water immediately before being filled.
Distilled Water is a colorless, limpid liquid, without odor or taste, and neutral
to the official indicators (see Part II).
Separate portions of 100 mils each of Distilled Water are not affected by
the addition of barium chloride T.S. (sulphale); silver nitrate T.S. (chloride);
ammonium oxalate T.S.{ calciurn); hydrogen sulphide T.S., or sodium sulphide
T.S. {ynetals).
Distilled Water shows no deep yellow, orange or brown coloration when 1 mil of
Nessler's reagent is added to 100 mils of the Water {ammonia).
Add 50 mils of calcium hydi-oxide T.S. to 25 mils of Distilled Water; the
mixture remains clear and transparent (carbon dioxide).
Evaporate 100 mils of Distilled Water to dryness on a water bath and sub-
sequently dry the residue in an oven to constant weight at 100° C; not more
than 0.001 Gm. of residue remains.
Heat 100 mils of Distilled Water to boiling, acidulate it with 10 mils of
diluted sulphuric acid, and subsequently add 0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium
permanganate V.S. The color of the Hquid is not completely destroyed by boil-
ing it for ten minutes (organic or other oxidizable substances).
58 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
AQUA DESTILLATA STERILISATA
Sterilized Distilled Water
Aq. Dest. Steril.
Water, freshly distilled, a sufficient quantity.
Transfer the necessary quantity of freshly distilled water to a flask
of hard glass of sufficient size which has previously been cleansed and
sterilized as described under Sterilization (see Part II). Close the mouth
of the flask with a pledget of sterilized purified cotton, boil the contents
for thirty minutes and allow the water to cool without removing the
cotton plug. Finally protect the mouth of the flask and the cotton
pledget from infection through dust by wrapping the top of the flask
tightly with paper.
Sterilized Distilled Water should be used within forty-eight hours
after its preparation.
AQUA FCENICULI
Fennel Water
Aq. Fcenic.
Oil of Fennel, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare the Fennel Water by the General Process described under
AquoB Aromaticce (page 60).
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
AQUA HAMAMELIDIS
Hamamelis Water
Aq. liamam. — Witch Hazel Water Distilled Extract of Witch Hazel
A saturated aqueous liquid obtained by distilling with steam or
water the bark, twigs, smaller stems or the entire shrub of Hamamelis
virginiana Linne (Fam. Hamamelidacece) collected in the autumn, and
adding one hundred and fifty mils of alcohol to each eight hundred and
fifty mils of distillate. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers in a
cool place.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 59
Hamamelis Water is a clear and colorless, or not more than faintly opalescent
or slightly yellowish liquid having a characteristic odor and taste. It is
neutral or only faintly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: 0.979 to 0.982 at 25° C.
It must be free from mucoid or fungous growths and must not have an
acetous odor. It gives no reaction with hydrogen sulphide T.S. or with sodium
sulphide T.S. (metallic impurities).
Evaporate 100 mils of Hamamelis Water to dryness on a water bath; not
more than 0.025 Gm. of residue remains {disaolved im-purities) .
It contains not less than 14 per cent, of absolute alcohol, by volume, when
estimated as directed under Determination of alcohol in official preparations
(see Part II, Test No. 14).
Add 8 drops of an aqueous solution of resorcinol (1 in 200) to 5 mils of Hama-
melis Water and then carefully pour this upon 5 mils of sulphuric acid, con-
tained in a test tube, in such a manner that the two liquids do not mix. After
standing for three minutes a rose-red ring does not appear at the line of con-
tact of the liquids nor does a distinct, white layer appear above this zone
{formaldehyde).
Ten mils of Hamamelis Water gives no reaction for methyl alcohol when
tested as directed under Alcohol for the detection of methyl alcohol.
AQUA MENTHA PIPERITA
Peppermint Water
Aq. Menth. Pip.
Oil of Peppermint, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen gramvies 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare the Peppermint M'ater by the General Process described under
Aqua Aromaticce (page 60).
Average dose— IMetric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
AQUA MENTHiE \ IRIDIS
Spearmint Water
Aq. Menth. Vir.
Oil of Spearmint, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes ' 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare the Spearmint Water by the General Process described under
Aquce Aromaticce (page 60).
Average dose — INIetric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
60 THE PHARMACOPCEIA Or THE
AQUA ROS.E
Rose Water
Aq. Ros.
Stronger Rose Water,
Distilled Water, recently boiled, each, one volume.
Mix them immediately before use.
Rose Water complies with the tests for identity and purity described under
Aqua Rosce Fortior.
AQUA ROS.E FORTIOR
Stronger Rose Water
Aq. Ros. Fort.
The saturated aqueous distillate prepared by distilling the fresh flowers
of Rosa centifolia Linne (Fam. Rosaceoe) with water. Preserve it in bot-
tles stoppered with a pledget of purified cotton, in a cool, dark place.
Stronger Rose Water is colorless and clear, and possesses a strong and pleasant
odor and a taste of fresh rose blossoms, and must be free from empyreuma,
mustiness, or mucoid growths.
It is neutral or only slightly acid to litmus and 100 mils, when evaporated to
dryness on a water bath and the residue subsequently dried in an oven to con-
stant weight at 100° C, yields not more than 0.001 Gm. of residue. It gives
no reaction with hydrogen sulphide T.S. or with sodium sulphide T.S. (metallic
impurities).
Preparations — Aqua Rosae Unguentum Aquae Rosse.
AQU^ AROMATIC.^
Aromatic Waters
Aromatic Waters, when prepared from volatile oils, are intended to be,
as nearly as practicable, saturated solutions, which must be clear and
free from solid impurities, and, unless otherwise directed, should be
made by the following general process:
General Process
Volatile Oil, two milliliters 2 mils
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Distilled Water, recently boiled, one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Triturate the volatile oil with the purified talc, add the recently
boiled distilled water gradually with continued trituration, filter, and
pass the filtrate through the filter repeatedly until the Aromatic Water
is perfectly clear.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 61
If preferred, the solution of the volatile oil may be made by replacing
the purified talc by purified siliceous earth, or by pulped filter paper;
or a solution of the volatile oil may be prepared with recently boiled
distilled water, by direct addition and filtration, after shaking. Aro-
matic Waters may also be made by the distillation of a mixture of the
drug or volatile oil with water. In each case the method used must
yield a finished product which meets the official requirements and cor-
responds with that obtained by the general process. Aromatic Waters
should not be permitted to freeze.
ARGENTI NITRAS
Silver Nitrate
Arg. Nit.
It contains, when finely powdered and dried to constant weight in a
desiccator over sulphuric acid, in the dark, not less than 99.8 per cent,
of AgNOa (169.89). Preserve it in dark amber-colored vials, protected
from light.
Silver Nitrate occurs as colorless, transparent, tabular, rhombic crj^stals,
becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure to light in the presence of organic
matter; without odor, but having a bitter, caustic and strongly metallic taste.
One Gm. of Silver Nitrate dissolves in 0.4 mil of water and in 30 mils of
alcohol at 25° C. ; also in slightly more than 0. 1 nul of boiling water and in 6.5
mils of boihng alcohol; slightly soluble in ether.
When heated in a porcelain crucible to about 200° C, the salt melts, forming
a faintly yellow liquid, which, on cooling, congeals to a pure white, crystalline
mass. At a higher temperature it is gradually decomposed with the evolution
of nitrogen oxides.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is clear and colorless and is neutral
to litmus.
Hydrochloric acid added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) produces
a white, curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, but readily soluble in ammonia
water.
Mix an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) in a test tube with a drop of
diphenylamine T.S. and then carefully pour on sulphuric acid so as to form a
separate layer; a deep blue color appears at the hne of contact.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is not colored even faintly blue by the
addition of an excess of ammonia water (copper).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.8 Gm. of finely powdered Silver Nitrate, previously
dried in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, in the dark, and accurately weighed, in
50 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of ferric ammonium
sulphate T.S. and titrate the mixture with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate
V.S. It shows, in the dried salt, not le.ss than 99.8 per cent, of AgNOa.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds to
0.016989 Gm. of AgNOs. Each gramme of Silver Nitrate, dried to constant
weight, corresponds to not less than 58.7 mils of tenth-normal potassium sul-
phocyanate V.S.
Preparation — Argenti Nitras Fusus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }4 grain.
62 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ARGENTI NITRAS FUSUS
Moulded Silver Nitrate
Arg. Nit. Fus. — Fused Silver Nitrate Lunar Caustic
It contains not less than 94.5 per cent, of AgNOa (169.89).
Silver Nitrate, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, jour grammes 4 Gm.
Add the hydrochloric acid to the silver nitrate, contained in a porce-
lain dish, and melt the mixture at as low a temperature as possible.
Stir it well, and pour the melted mass into suitable moulds. Preserve
it in dark amber-colored vials, protected from light.
Moulded Silver Nitrate is a white, hard solid, generally in the form of pencils
or cones, showing a fibrous fracture, becoming gray or grayish-black on exposure
to light; odorless, and having a bitter, caustic, and strongly metallic taste.
One Gm. of Moulded Silver Nitrate, \vith the exception of about 5 per cent,
which is silver chloride, dissolves in 0.4 mil of water and in 30 mils of alcohol
at 25° C; also in slightly more than 0.1 mU of boiling water and in 6.5 mils of
boiling alcohol; slightly soluble in ether.
A filtered, aqueous solution of Moulded Silver Nitrate (1 in 10) is neutral to
litmus, and responds to the tests for identity and purity under Argenti Nitras.
Assay — Add about 0.8 Gm. of Moulded Silver Nitrate, accurately weighed, to
50 mils of distilled water and, when the silver nitrate has dissolved, filter the
solution. Thoroughly wash the filter and sediment with distilled water, add
2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. to the mixed
filtrate and washings and titrate this liquid with tenth-normal potassium sulpho-
cyanate V.S. It shows not less than 94.5 per cent, of AgNOs.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds to
0.016989 Gm. of AgNOp. P^ach gramme of Moulded Silver Nitrate corresponds
to not less than 55.6 mils of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S.
ARGENTI OXIDUM
Silver Oxide
Arg. Oxid.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 120° C., not less than
99.6 per cent, of Ag20 (231.76). Preserve it in well-stoppered, dark am-
ber-colored vials. It must not be triturated with readily oxidizable or com-
bustible substances, and must not be brought in contact with ammonia.
Silver Oxide is a heavy, dark brownish-black powder, easily reduced by ex-
posure to light; odorle.ss, and having a metallic taste.
Silver Oxide is very slightly soluble in water, to which, however, it imparts an
alkaline reaction; insoluble in alcohol; it is dissolved by nitric acid.
When heated in a porcelain crucible to about 250° to 300° C, Silver Oxide is
rapidly decomposed, with the evolution of oxygen, leaving a residue of metallic
silver.
\
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 63
Dissolve about 0.2 Gm. of the Oxide in a mixture of 1 mil of nitric acid and
2 mils of distilled water, add 10 mils of ammonia water and dilute the liquid
to 60 mils; 10 mils of this solution does not immediately become cloudy upon
the addition of 1 mil of nitric acid {chloride).
A solution of the Oxide in nitric acid is colorless, and responds to the tests
for identity and purity under Argenti Nitras when the tests are appUed to a
solution of proportionate strength.
Assay— Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Silver Oxide, previously dried to constant
weight at 120° C. and accurately weighed, in 3 mils of nitric acid and 50 mils of
distilled water in a flask, add 2 mils of ferric ammonium suli)hate T.S. and titrate
the mixture with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. It shows, in the
dried Silver Oxide, not less than 99.6 per cent, of Ag20.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds to
0.011588 Gm. of AggO. Each gramme of Silver Oxide, dried to constant
weight, corresponds to not less than 86.0 mils of tenth-normal potassium
sulphocyanate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
ARNICA
Arnica
Arnic. — Arnica Flowers
The dried flower-heads of Arnica montana Liime (Fam. Composite).
Consisting chiefly of the tubular and ligulate flowers, occasionally with the
involucre and receptacle present; involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, about
1 cm. in length, dark gi-een and pubescent; receptacle slightly convex, deeply
pitted and densely short-hairy; ray flowers bright yellow, the ligulate portion
2 cm. in length, more or less folded lengthwise, 3-toothed, 7- to 12-veined,
pistillate; tubular flowers perfect, reddish-3^ellow, stamens without a tail-like
appendage (distinguished from anthers in flowers of Inula Hiienium Linne,
which have two bristles or long tails at the base); the achenes spindle-shaped,
from 5 to 7 mm. in length, dark brown, finely striate, glandular-pubescent and sur-
mounted by a pappus a little longer than the achene and composed of a single
circle of nearly white barbellate bristles; odor charactei'istic and* agreeable;
taste bitter and acrid.
The powder is yellowish-brown; pollen grains numerous, from 0.025 to 0.035
mm. in diameter, spherical, triangular in section and spinose; non-glandular
hairs of three kinds, either uniceflular, 4- to 6-celled, or consisting of a pair of
unicellular hairs with numerous pores on the dividing wall; glandular hairs of
three kinds, either with a large unicellular stalk and a unicellular, glandular
head, or with a 4-celled stalk and a unicellular, glandular head, or a stalk of a
double row of 5 cells and a 2-celled, glandular head; pappus consisting of a
multicellular axis with unicellular branches.
Arnica jnelds not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura ArnicaR.
ARSENI lODIDUM
Arsenous Iodide
Arsen. lod. — Arsenic Iodide
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of Asia (455.72). Preserve it in
amber-colored, glass-stoppered vials, in a cool place, protected from light.
64 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Arsenous Iodide is an orange-red, inodorous, crystalline powder, stable when
protected from direct sunlight and kept in a cool place.
One Gm. of Arsenous Iodide dissolves in about 12 mils of water at 25° C,
with partial decomposition; soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, or carbon
disulphide.
No loss of iodine occurs when dry Arsenous Iodide is heated on a water bath,
but at higher temperatures it volatilizes, leaving not more than 0.5 per cent,
of residue. \\Tien warmed wath a few drops of nitric acid, brown vapors of nitro-
gen oxides are evolved, followed by violet vapors of iodine.
A freshly prepared aqueous solution of the salt is colorless, but upon standing
it gradually decomposes with the formation of arsenous and hydriodic acids and
becomes yellow.
Add hydrogen sulphide T.S. to an aqueous solution of Arsenous Iodide, acidu-
lated with hydrochloric acid; a lemon-yellow precipitate of arsenous sulphide is
produced.
Add 1 mil of chlorine water to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1
in 20); iodine is liberated and imparts to the solution a light reddish-brown
color. Agitate this mixture with 1 mil of chloroform; the latter acquires a
violet color.
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for iodides (see Part II, T'"it
No. 5), using about 0.5 Gm. of Arsenous Iodide, previously dried to const it
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed. It shows, in
the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of Asia.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.015191 Gm. of
Asia. Each gramme of Ai'senous Iodide, dried to constant weight, correspoads
to not less than 65.2 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Arseni et Hydrarg3Ti lodidi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^12 grain.
ARSENI TRIOXIDUM
Arsenic Trioxide
Arsen. Triox. — Arsenous Acid Arsenous Oxide White Arsenic
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
99.8 per cent, of AS2O3 (197.92).
Arsenic Trioxide occurs either as an opaque, white powder, or in irregular
masses of two varieties: one, amorphous, transparent, and colorless, like glass;
the other, crystalline, opaque, and white, resembling porcelain. Frequently
the same piece has an opaque, white outer crust enclosing the glassy variety.
Contact with moist air gradually changes the glassy into the white, opaque
variety. Both are odorless.
Arsenic Trioxide is soluble in water, the amorphous or glassy variety being
somewhat more soluble than the crystalline variety; it is slightly soluble in
alcohol and in ether and freely soluble in glycerin and is dissolved by hydro-
chloric acid and alkaline solutions.
An aqueous solution of Arsenic Trioxide is faintly acid to litmus.
When slowly heated in a dry test tube of hard glass. Arsenic Trioxide yields
a sublimate of minute, brilliant, transparent, octahedral crystals and does not
show a yellow color (arsenous sulphide). When heated rapidly to about 200° C,
the amorphous variety fuses, then sublimes, while the crystalline variety sub-
limes without fusing. Not more than 0.1 per cent of residue remains after
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 65
sublimation. When covered with charcoal in an ignition tube, and strongly
heated, Arsenic Trioxide is reduced, and metallic arsenic is deposited on the
cooler portion of the tube as a mirror, having a metallic luster, and this mirror
is readily dissolved by solutions of sodium or calcium hypochlorite.
Hydrogen sulphide T.S. colors an aqueous solution of Arsenic Trioxide (1 in
100) yellow; on adding a few drops of hydrochloric acid to the colored solution,
a lemon-j-ellow precipitate of arsenic trisulphide is produced, w^hich is completely
soluble in ammonium carbonate T.S. {antimony, tin, and cadmium).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Arsenic Trioxide in 10 mils of ammonia water with the
aid of a gentle heat; a colorless solution is produced.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.2 Gm. of Arsenic Trioxide, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed, in 20 mils of boiling dis-
tilled water by the gradual addition of sodium hydroxide T.8. until complete
solution results. Neutralize this solution ■svith diluted sulphuric acid V.S.,
using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator, cool, dissolve in it 2 Gm. of sodium
bicarbonate and titrate the mixture with tenth-normal iodine V.S., using starch
T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried Arsenic Trioxide, not less than 99.8
per cent, of AS2O3.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.004948 Gm.
of AS2O3. Each gramme of Arsenic Trioxide, dried to constant W'eight, corre-
sponds to not less than 201.7 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Preparations — Liquor Acidi Arsenosi Liquor Potassii Arsenitis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.002 Gm. — Apothecaries, }io grain.
ASAFCETIDA
Asafetida
Asafoet. — Gum Asafetida
The gum-resin obtained by incising the rhizomes and roots of Ferula
Asafoetida Linne and Ferula foetida Regel and of some other species of
Ferula (Fam. Umhelliferce) , indigenous to Persia and adjacent countries,
and yielding not less than 60 per cent, (or if powdered 50 per cent.) of
alcohol-soluble constituents.
In a soft mass, sometimes almost semi-liquid, or in irregular, more or less
pliable masses composed of agglutinated tears of variable size imbedded in a
yellowish-brown or dark brown matrix, or in loose ovoid tears, from 1 to 4 cm.
in diameter, the surface sometimes containing streaks of violet, yellowish-red
or brownish-red and with a few vegetable fragments; when fresh the mass is
either soft or tough, becoming hard and occasionally even brittle on drying;
the surface of the freshly fractured tears is milky-white and opaque, changing
gradually on exposure to a pinkish or reddish-purple or even reddish-brown ; on
moistening with water, the tears become milky-white; odor persistent, aUia-
ceous; taste bitter, alliaceous and acrid.
Triturate one part of Asafetida with three parts of water; it forms a milk-
white emulsion which becomes yellowish on the addition of alkalies. Heat a
fragment of one of the tears of Asafetida with sulphuric acid; a reddish-brown
solution is formed; greatly dilute the latter with water, filter, and add an excess
of any of the alkalies; the solution acquires a blue fluorescence, which becomes
more pronoimced upon the addition of a slight excess of ammonia water. An
10
66 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
alcoholic solution of Asafetida, on the addition of a few drops of phloroglucinol
T.S. and a few drops of hydrochloric acid, acquires a cherrj'-red color.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to a portion of the alcohohc solution
of Asafetida, obtained in the assay process given below; an olive-green color is
produced {most foreign resins).
Add hydrochloric acid to another portion of the same alcohohc solution of
Asafetida until a faint turbidity results; a bluish-green color is developed, which
fades on standing (galbanum).
Evaporate a quantity of the same alcoholic solution, representing 5 Gm. of
Asafetida, to 25 mils, mix it with 25 mils of petroleum benzin, in a separatory
funnel, and afterwards add to it twice its volume of water and agitate. The
petroleum benzin layer, after washing with water and subsequent separation,
exhibits no green color when shaken with 30 mils of a freshly made aqueous
solution of copper acetate (1 in 20) {rosin).
Mix 2 mils of emulsion, prepared as directed under Emvlsum Asafoetidoe, with
5 mils of water and add 5 mils of sodium hypobromite T.S., so as to form a
separate layer; a red color is not produced {ammoniac).
The yield of ash of the gum-resin does not exceed 15 per cent.
The powder is prepared by dr\ing the gum-resin over freshly-burnt hme or
by exposure to currents of warm air until it ceases to lose weight and then reducing
it to a powder at a low temperature. Diluents of starch or magnesium carbonate
may be added in order to maintain the powdered form. The color of powdered
Asafetida is light brown.
The jield of ash of powdered Asafetida does not exceed 30 per cent.
Assay — Introduce about 10 Gm. of Asafetida into a tared, 250 mil Erlenmeyer
flask, determine the exact w^eight of the drug, add 100 mils of alcohol, and
having connected the flask with an upright condenser, boil the mixture in the
flask during one hour or until the di-ug is completely disintegrated. Then
transfer the contents of the flask to two counterpoised, plainly folded filters
one within the other, so that the triple fold of the inner filter is laid against the
single side of the outer, and wash the flask and filter with consecutive, small por-
tions of boiling alcohol until the wasliings no longer produce a cloudiness when
dropped into water. Collect and reserve the mixed alcoholic solutions, for the
qualitative tests given above. Dry the filters and flask to a constant weight
at a temperature of about 115" C. Now determine the weight of the residue
on the filter and in the flask and calculate its percentage from the amount of
Asafetida originally taken. This percentage of alcohol-insoluble material, when
subtracted from 100, gives the percentage of alcohol-soluble constituents con-
tained in the Asafetida.
Preparations — Emulsum Asafoetidae PiluljE AsafcEtidae Tinctura Asafoetidae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
ASPIDIUM
Aspidium
Male Fern
The rhizome and stipes of Dnjopteris Filix-mas (Linn6) Schott, or
of Dryopteris marginalis (Linne) Asa Gray (Fam. Polypodiaceoe), col-
lected in the autumn, freed from the roots and dead portions of rhizome
and stipes and dried at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. Preserve
Aspidium in tightly-closed containers and protect from light.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 67
Usually with the blackish-brown outer layers removed; rhizome 1 to 3 cm.
in thickness, cyhndraceous and nearly straight, or curved and tapering toward
one end, usually split longitudinally, roughly scarred with remains of the stipe-
bases, or bearing several coarse longitudinal ridges and grooves; stipes cylindri-
cal, 3 to 5 cm. in length, about 6 mm. in thickness, nearly straight or somewhat
curved, tapering toward one end, and with occasional elongated patches of the
etill-adhering, blackish-brown outer la3'ers; fracture short, pale green in the
inner half, the texture rather spongy, and exliibiting, in an interrupted circle,
from 6 to 12 vascular bundles, each surrounded with an endodermis; odor slight;
taste sweetish, astringent, bitter, acrid. Use only such portions as have retained
their green color.
Aspidium yields not more than 3 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Oleoresina Aspidii.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 60 grains.
ASPIDOSPERMA
Aspidosperma
Aspidosp. — Quebracho
The dried bark of Aspidosperma Quebracho bianco Schlechtendal (Fam.
Apocynacece) , without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per
cent, of wood or other foreign matter.
In irregular chips or in longitudinal pieces attaining a length of 14 cm. and
a tliickness of 35 mm. ; outer corky layer from 3 to 25 mm. in thickness, brownish-
gray or reddish-bro\\'n and deeply furrowed, frequently somewhat reticulate
with longitudinal and shallow transverse fissm-es, the crevices being occasionally
Uned with the mycelia of a grayish mould; outer surface of bark, from which
the cork has been separated, light brown or reddish-brown and usually more or
less roughened; inner surface occasionally with adhering wood, otherwise light
yellowish-brown to light reddish-brown, longitudinally finely striate and finely
porous; fracture short-fibrous with projecting bast-fibers; nearly inodorous,
taste bitter and slightly aromatic.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Aspidosperma show a number
of successive layers of cork separated by large groups of stone cells, isolated
bast-fibers and parenchyma; inner bark with starch-bearing medullary rays 1 to
5 cells in width, separating narrow wedges composed of large prominent groups
of stone cells in which are occasionally included one or more thick-walled bast-
fibers; bast-fibers usually single, very thick-walled, strongly lignified and sur-
rounded with crystal fibers and starch-bearing parenchyma.
The powder is reddish-brown; bast-fibers single, very long and surrounded by
crystal fibers, the crystals being in prisms frequently terminated by pyramids
and from 0.008 to 0.03 mm. in length; stone cells in large thick groups composed
of nimierous more or less tabular cells; cork cells more or less polygonal in out-
line with thick, slightly lignified walls; starch grains single or 2- to -i-compound,
the individual grains spherical, ovoid or more or less plano-convex, from 0.003
to 0.025 mm. in diameter.
Preparation — Fluidcxtractum Aspidospermatis.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 60 grains.
68 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ATROPINA
Atropine
Atrop.
An alkaloid [Ci7H2303N = 289.19] obtained from belladonna and
from some other plants of the Solanacece. Preserve it in well-closed
containers, protected from light.
Atropine occurs in white rhombic prisms; odorless. Great caution must he
used in tasting it and then only in very dilute solution.
One Gm. of Atropine dissolves in 455 mils of water, 2 mils of alcohol, about
27 mils of glycerin, 1 mil of chloroform, and in 25 mils of ether at 25° C. ; also
in 90 mils of water at 80° C. and in 1.2 mils of alcohol at 60° C.
Its saturated aqueous solutions are alkaline to litmus, and to phenol-
phthalein T.S.
It melts between 114° and 116° C.
Gold chloride T.S. yields in a solution of Atropine in dilute hydrochloric acid
(1 in 50) a lusterless precipitate (distinction from hyoscyamine, which yields a
lustrous precipitate).
Evaporate about 0.01 Gm. of Atropine to dryness in a porcelain dish on a
water bath with a few drops of nitric acid; a yellow colored residue is produced.
Cool this residue and add a few drops of alcohohc potassium hydroxide T.S.
and a fragment of pota.ssium hydroxide; an intensely violet color is produced
Hyoscyamine and hyoscine produce the same color, but the presence of strj'ch-
nine or other alkaloids masks the reaction.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0. 1 Gm. of Atropine.
About 0.1 Gm. of Atropine, dissolved in 2 mils of sulphuric acid, does not
produce more than a slightly yellow solution {readily carbonizable impurities)
and only a light yellow color is produced upon the further addition of 0.1 mi/
of nitric acid {foreign alkaloids).
In a solution of Atropine in dilute hydrochloric acid (1 in 50) platinic
chloride T.S. produces no precipitate {foreign alkaloids).
An aqueous solution of Atropine (1 in 60), made with the aid of a slight excess
of diluted sulphuric acid, is rendered turbid by the addition of a slight excess
of sodium hydroxide T.S., but no turbidity is produced immediately upon the
addition of 2 mils of ammonia water to 5 mils of the solution {apoatropine,
helladonnine).
Average DOSE — Metric, 0.0005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^120 grain.
ATROPINE SULPHAS
Atropine Sulphate
Atrop. Sulph.
The sulphate [(Ci7H2303N)2H2S04+H20 = 694.49] of the alkaloid
atropine.
Atropine Sulphate occurs as a white, crystalline powder or in microscopical
needles and prisms; efflorescent in dry air; odorless. Great caution must be u^ed
in tasting it and then only in very dilute solution.
One Gm. of Atropine Sulphate dissolves in 0.4 mil of water, 5 mils of alcohol,
2.5 mils of glycerin, 420 mils of chloroform and in 3000 mils of ether at 25° C;
also in 2.5 mils of boihng alcohol.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 69
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
It usually melts between 188° and 191° C, but when anhydrous and free
from hyoscyamine, it melts between 181° and 183° C.
It responds to the other tests of identity and purity under Atropina.
Average dose — Metric, 0.0005 Gm. — Apothecaries, K20 grain.
AURANTII AMARI CORTEX
Bitter Orange Peel
Aurant. Amar. Cort.
The dried rind of the fruit of Citrus Aurantium amara Linne (Fam.
Rutacece).
In narrow, thin bands (ribbons), or more often elliptical, flattened, more or
less curved, pieces (quarters), varying from 3 to 6 cm. in length; outer surface
convex, varying from reddish- or yellowish-brown (ribbons) to greenish-brown
(quarters), coarsely reticulate and with the edges recurved; inner surface con-
cave, wliitish, with numerous conical projections and yellowish-white, linear
more or less anastomosing fibro-vascular bundles; fracture hard; transverse
section light brown, somewhat spongj', outer layer with 1 or 2 rows of oil reser-
voirs; odor fragrant; taste aromatic and bitter.
The powder is yellowish-white or light brown; fragments of parenchyma cells
numerous, the walls from 0.004 to 0.012 mm. in thickness; few fragments of
trachea? with close spiral markings or simple pores; occasional membrane crystals
of calcium oxalate in monoclinic prisms, from 0.02 to 0.035 mm. in diameter.
Powdered Bitter Orange Peel is colored yellowish upon the addition of potassium
hydroxide T.S.
Bitter Orange Peel yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Aurantii Amari Tinctura Aurantii Amari
Tmctura Cinchonae Composita Tinctura Gentiana) Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
AURANTII DULCIS CORTEX
Sweet Orange Peel
Aurant. Dulc. Cort.
The outer rind of the fresh, ripe fruit of Citrus Aurantium sinensis
Gallesio (Fam. Rutaceoe).
The outer, orange-yellow layer recently separated by grating or paring and
consisting of epidermal cells, parenchyma cells of the sarcocarp with chromo-
plastids, oil reservoirs and globules of volatile oil; odor highly fragrant; taste
pungently aromatic.
Preparation — Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis.
AURI ET SODII CHLORIDUM
Gold and Sodium Chloride
Aur. et Sod. Chlor.
A mixture of equal parts of anhydrous gold chloride [AuCl3 = 303.58]
and anhydrous sodium chloride [NaCl = 58.46], representing, when dried
70 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, not less than
30 per cent, of metallic gold [Au]. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-
colored vials.
Gold and Sodium Chloride occurs as an orange-yellow powder, odorless,
having a saline and metalhc taste, and deliquescent when exposed to damp air.
Gold and Sodium Chloride is very soluble in water; alcohol or ether dissolves
the gold chloride lea\'ing the sodium chloride.
A fragment imparts a persistent, intensely yellow color to a non-luminous
flame.
An aqueous solution (1 in 100) shows a slightly acid reaction, and yields with
silver nitrate T.S. a wliite precipitate insoluble in nitric acid but readily soluble
in ammonia water.
Hold a glass rod, moistened with ammonia water, close to a portion of Gold
and Sodium Chloride; no white fumes appear {free hydrochloric add).
The filtrate from the precipitated gold in the following assay process, after
acidulation with hydrochloric acid, is not affected by hydrogen sulphide T.S.
{metallic impurities).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Gold and Sodium Chloride, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately
weighed in a stoppered flask, in 10 mils of distilled water in a porcelain dish.
Render the solution alkaline by the addition of 10 mils of potassium hydroxide
T.S., heat it for five minutes on a water bath, add 25 mils or an excess of solu-
tion of hydrogen dioxide and continue the heating for an hour on a water bath,
or until the addition of a few drops of solution of hydrogen dioxide produces no
further precipitation in the clear liquid. (During the heating on the water bath
occasionally replace the liquid lost by evaporation by the addition of hot dis-
tilled water.) Wash the precipitate of metallic gold with distilled water slightly
acidulated with h3'drochioric acid, dry and ignite it. Its weight corresponds
to not less than 30 per cent, of the weight of the dried Gold and Sodium
Chloride taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'{2 grain.
BALSAMUM PERUVIANUM
Balsam of Peru
Bals. Peruv.— Peru Balsam
A balsam obtained from Toluifera Pereiroe (Royle) Baillon (Fam.
Leguminosoe).
Balsam of Peru is a viscid liquid of a dark brown color; free from stringiness
or stickiness; transparent and reddish-brown in thin layers; of an agreeable,
vanilla-like odor and a bitter, acrid taste, with a persistent after-taste. When
swallowed it leaves a burning sensation in the throat. It does not harden on
exjiosure to the air.
It is soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and glacial acetic acid with not more than
a slight opalescence; only partly soluble in ether or i)etroleum benzin.
Water, when agitated with the Balsam, is acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: 1.1.30 to 1.160 at 25° C.
One Gm. of the Balsam forms a clear solution when shaken with a solution
of 3 Gm. of hydrated chloral in 2 mils of distilled water {fixed oils).
Shake about 1 Gm. of the Balsam with 5 mils of purified petroleum benzin, and
warm the mixture on a water bath for 10 minutes, adding a sufficient quantity
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 71
of the solvent to replace the loss by evaporation. On evaporating 2 mils of the
benzin solution, no odor of turpentine is noticeable, and when the residue is
treated with a few drops of nitric acid, no green or bluish color is produced
{turpentine or rosin).
Weigh accurately about 1 Gm. of the Balsam and dissolve it in 100 mils
of alcohol, add 1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S. and titrate the solution with half-
normal potassium hydroxide V.S. The acid number thus obtained is not less
than 56 nor more than 84.
Mix about 3 Gm. of the Balsam, accurately weighed, with 30 mils of sodium
hydroxide T.S. and shake the mixture for a few minutes with GO mils of ether.
Then add about 3 Gm. of powdered tragacanth, filter and transfer 50 mils of
the ethereal filtrate (representing five-sixths of the weight of the Balsam taken)
into a tared, conical flask. Evaporate the ether and dry the residue to con.stant
weight at 100° C. The weight of the residue.of cinnamein so obtained is not less
than 50 per cent, nor more than 56 per cent, of the weight of the Balsam repre-
sented by the 50 mils of ethereal .solution taken. Dissolve this residue in 25
mils of alcohol, add 25 mils of half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S.
and heat the mixture carefully in a flask provided with a reflux condenser,
during half an hour on a water bath. Then add 1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S. and
titrate the excess of alkali with half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. The amount
of half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed corresponds to
a saponification value for the cinnamein of from 235 to 238 (see Part II, Test
No. 10).
BALSAMUM TOLUTANUM
Balsam of Tolu
Bals. Tolu. — Tolu Balsam
A balsam obtained from Toluifera Balsamum Liime (Fam. Legu-
minosce).
Balsam of Tolu is a yellowish-brown, or brown, plastic solid, becoming
brittle when old, dried, or exposed to cold. It is transparent in thin layers,
has a pleasant, aromatic odor, resembling that of vanilla, and a mUd, aromatic
taste.
Balsam of Tolu is nearlj- insoluble in water and in petroleum benzin. It is
soluble in alcohol, chloroform, and ether. It is dissolved by solutions of the
fixed alkalies, usually leaving an insoluble residue.
An alcoholic solution of the Balsam (1 m 20) is acid to litmus.
Shake about 1 Gm. of the Balsam with 25 mils of carbon disulphide, allow it
to stand for thirty minutes, filter the liquid and evaporate 15 mils of the filtrate
to dryness. The residue thus obtained, when dissolved in glacial acetic acid,
does not show a green color on the addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid
(rosin). The remaining portion of the filtrate, when shaken with an equal
volume of an aqueous solution of copper acetate (1 in 1000), does not acquire
a green color [rosin or copaiba).
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of the Balsam, accurately weighed, in 50 mils of alcohol,
add 1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S. and titrate the solution with half-normal
alcoholic potassiimi hydroxide V.S. The acid number thus obtained is not
less than 112 nor more than 168. Now add sufficient half-normal alcoholic
potassium hydroxide V.S. to the neutralized liquid to make the total amount of
the volumetric alkali solution exactly 20 mils; heat the liquid on a water bath for
half an hour, under a reflux conden,ser, and allow it to cool. Mix this hquid with
200 mils of distilled water, or more if necessary', and titrate the excess of potas-
sium hydroxide with half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.; the total amount of half-
normal potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed corresponds to a saponification
value of not less than 151 nor more than 220 (see Part II, Test No. 10).
Preparations — Syrupus Tolutanus (from Tincture) Tinctura Benzoini
Composita Tinetura Tolutana.
72 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
BELLADONN.^ FOLIA
Belladonna Leaves
Bellad. Fol. — Deadly Nightshade Leaves Belladonnse foUum P. I.
The dried leaves'and tops of Atropa Belladonna Linne (Fam. Solana-
cece), without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent, of
its stems or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 0.3 per
cent, of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Leaves.
Usually much twisted and matted together; leaves much crumpled; when
Boaked in water and spread out, the entire leaves from 6 to 20 cm. in length, 4 to
12 cm. in breadth, broadly ovate, summits acute, margins entire, narrowed into
the long petioles; upper surfaces brownish-green, lower surfaces grayish-green,
epidermis more or less papillose and shghtly hairy; flowers with yellowish-
purple, campanulate corollas; fruits globular, subtended by the calyx, dark green
or greenish-brown, and with numerous small seeds; odor distinct, especially on
moistening; taste somewhat bitter and acrid.
Stems of variable length not exceeding 7 mm. in diameter, longitudinally
wrinkled, older parts smooth and usually hollow, younger parts flattened and
finely hairy.
The powder is dark green, consisting of irregular fragments of leaf tissues
and woody elements; calcium oxalate in sphenoidal micro-crystals; hairs few,
the non-glandular being simple, 2- to 5-celled, the glandular with stalks of 1 to
3 cells; trachege with annular, spiral, scalariform or reticulate thickenings and
with bordered pores; starch grains and pollen grains few; occasional fragments
of the stems of Belladonna with long, thin-walled and shghtly lignified bast-
fibers.
Raphides must not be present (leaves and stems of Phytolacca decandra Linn6).
Belladonna Leaves yield not more than 20 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Proceed as directed under BelladonncB Radix (page 73), using 15 Gm.
of Belladonna Leaves, in No. 60 powder, increasing the amount of water added
after maceration to 25 mils and, before titration, treating the final residue twice
with 5 mils of ether, evaporating to dryness each time.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Leaves.
Preparations — Extractum Belladonnse Fohorum Tinctura Belladonnas
Foliorum Unguentum Belladonna; (from Extract).
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
BELLADONNA RADIX
Belladonna Root
Bellad. Rad.— Deadly Nightshade Root
The dried root of Atroya Belladonna Linnd (Fam. Solanacece), without
the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent, of its stem-bases
or other foreign matter, and yielding not less than 0.45 per cent, of the
total alkaloids of Belladonna Root. Preserve Belladonna Root in
tightly-closed containers adding a few drops of chloroform or carbon
tetrachloride from time to time to prevent attack by insects.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 73
Cylindrical or somewhat tapering, usually split into longitudinal pieces,
from 0.5 to 2.5 cm. in thickness; externally pale brownish-gray, longitudinally
wrinkled, outer layers of the periderm rather\soft, frequently abraded, and thus
showing lighter patches; fracture nearly smooth, mealy, on breaking, emitting
a pulT of dust consisting chiefly of starch grains; internally whitish, with.a distinct
cambium zone and yellowish wood wedges; nearly inodorous; taste sweetish,
afterwards bitterish and strongly acrid.
Transverse sections of Belladonna Root when moistened with iodine T.S.
are colored bluish-black and by transmitted light show an imperfectly radiate
structure within and near a conspicuous cambium line. Under the microscope,
sections exhibit a bark and wood composed mainly of parenchyma, the cells
being filled with starch grains, single and 2- to 6- or more compound, the indi-
vidual grains being somewhat spherical and from 0.003 to 0.03 mm. in diameter.
A section cleared with hydrated chloral T.S. shows in both bark and wood
occasional cells of parenchyma filled with sphenoidal micro-crystals of calcium
oxalate; bark free from b:ist-fibers; wood containing scattered groups of large
trachea; with simple and bordered pores or reticulated tliickenings, and associated
in older roots with wood-fibers.
Stem fragments of Atropa Belladonna occur either separate or attached to
the roots; light brown or greenish-brown; finely, longitudinally wrinkled, with
transverse leaf-scars; pith frequently hollow.
Under the microscope, sections of Belladonna stem show beneath the endo-
dermis an interrupted circle of bast-fibers either singly or in small groups, the
walls of which are relatively thin and shghtly lignified. In the internal phloem
also occur isolated small groups of bast-fibers similar to those found in the inner
bark.
The powder is light brown; starch grains numerous, from 0.003 to 0.030 mm.
in diameter, spherical, plano-convex, polygonal, and 2- to 6- or more compound;
sphenoidal micro-crystals numerous, from 0.003 to 0.010 mm. in length;
fragments of cork cells and tracheae with wood-fibers few; occasional frag-
ments of stems of Belladonna showing long, thin-walled and shghtly Ugnified
bast-fibers.
Belladonna Root j-ields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Assa> — Introduce 15 Gm. of Belladonna Root, in No. 60 powder, into a 250 mil
flask and add 150 mils of a mixture of chloroform, 1 volume, and ether, 2 volumes.
Stopper the flask, shake it well and allow it to stand ten minutes, then add 5 mils of
ammonia water and shake the flask vigorously every ten minutes during two hours.
Now add 15 mils of distilled water, again shake the flask well, and, when the
drug has settled, decant 100 mils of the solution, representing 10 Gm. of Bella-
donna Root. Filter the solution through a pledget of purified cotton into a
separator, and rinse the graduate and cotton with a little ether. Completely
extract the alkaloids from the solution by shaking out repeatedly with weak
sulphuric acid. Collect the acid wasliings in a separator, add ammonia water
until the solution is decidedly alkaline to litmus, and completely extract the
alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with cliloroform. Evaporate the combined
chloroform washings to dryness, dissolve the alkaloids from the residue in
exactly 5 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S., and titrate the excess of
acid with fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using cochineal T.S. as
indicator.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the total alkaloids of Belladonna Root (see Proximate Assays,
Part II).
Preparations — Fluidextractum BeUadonnse Radicis Linimentum Belladonnae
(from Fluidextract).
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 0.045 Gm. — Apothecaries, % grain.
74 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
BENZALDEHYDUM
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyd.
An aldehyde produced synthetically or obtained from oil of bitter
almond and containing not less than 85 per cent, of CvHeO or
CeHs.CHO (106.05). Preserve it in small, well-stoppered bottles, pro-
tected from light.
Benzaldehyde is a colorless, or yellowish, strongly refractive liquid, having a
bitter-almond-like odor, and a burning, aromatic taste.
It is slightly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol, ether, or fixed or vola-
tile oils.
Specific gravity: about 1.045 at 25° C.
Shake 10 drops of Benzaldehyde with 5 mils of distilled water, add 0.5 mil
of potassium hydroxide T.S. and 0.1 mil of ferrous sulphate T.S., and warm the
mixture gently. Now add a slight excess of hydrochloric acid to the mixture;
no greenish-blue color nor blue precipitate is produced within fifteen minutes
{hydrocyanic acid).
Hold the looped end of a piece of clean copper wire in a non-luminous flame
until it glows, without coloring the flame green, cool the wire, dip the loop
into Benzaldehyde, ignite the latter and hold it so that the liquid bums out-
side of the non-luminous flame. On slowly bringing the flame from the burn-
ing Benzaldehyde on the loop in contact with the lower outer edge of the non-
luminous flame, no green tinge is discernible {chlorinated products).
Dissolve 1 mil of Benzaldehyde in 20 mils of alcohol, add distilled water
until a slight turbidity is produced, and maintain a brisk evolution of hydrogen
for one hour by the addition of zinc and diluted sulphuric acid. Filter and
evaporate the liquid to about 20 mils and boil 10 mils of the evaporated liquid
with 1 drop of potassivun dichromate T.S.; no violet color is produced {nitro-
benzene).
Assay — Dissolve about 3 mils of freshly redistilled phenylhydrazine in 60
mils of alcohol and titrate 25 mils of the solution, which must always be freshly
prepared, with half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S., using methyl orange T.S.
as indicator. To about 1 Gm. of the Benzaldehyde, accurately weighed, add 25
mils of the phenylhydrazine solution just prepared and allow it to stand for
thirty minutes. Add a drop of methyl orange T.S., and acidify the mixture
by adding a measured excess of half -normal hydrochloric acid V.S. Filter the
mixture and wash the precipitate with small portions of distilled water until the
washings cease to redden blue litmus paper. Then titrate the excess of hydro-
cliloric acid in the filtrate with half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. Subtract
the number of mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. consumed, from the
number of mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used in titrating the 25
mils of phenylhydrazine solution; the difference multiplied by 0.053, gives the
weight of the Benzaldehyde present.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 mil — Apothecaries, j^ minim.
BENZINUM PURIFICATUM
Purified Petroleum Benzin
Benzin. Purif.— Petroleum Ether
A purified distillate from American petroleum consisting of hydro-
carbons, ciiiefly of the marsh-gas series. Preserve it carefully in well-
closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 75
Purified Petroleum Benzin is a clear, colorless, non-fluorescent, volatile liquid,
of an ethereal or faint, petroleum-like odor, and having a neutral reacition. It is
highly inflammable and its vapor, when mixed with air and ignited, explodes
violently.
It is practically insoluble in water; freely soluble in alcohol, and miscible
with ether, chloroform, benzene, volatile oils, and fixed oils, with the exception
of castor oil.
Specific gravity: 0.638 to 0.660 at 25° C.
It distils completely between 40° and 80° C.
Evaporate 10 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin from a piece of clean filter
paper; no greasy stain remain.s, and the odor is not disagreeable nor notably
sulphuretted. Not more than 0.0015 Gm. of residue remains on evaporating
50 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin at a temperature not exceeding 40° C.
Boil 10 mils of Purified Petroleum Benzin for a few minutes with one-fourth
its volume of an alcoholic solution of ammonia (1 in 10) and a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S.; the liquid does not turn brown {pyrogenous -products and sulphur
compounds).
Add 5 drops of Purified Petroleum Benzin to a mixture of 40 drops of sul-
phuric acid and 10 drops of nitric acid in a test tube, warm the liquid for about
ten minutes, set it aside for half an hour, and chlute it in a shallow dish with
water; no odor of nitrobenzene is evolved {benzene).
BENZOINUM
Benzoin
Benzoin. — Gum Benjamin
A balsamic resin obtained from Styrax Benzoin Dryander and some
other species of Styrax (Fam. Styracacece) growing in the East Indies
and known in commerce as Sumatra Benzoin and Siam Benzoin.
Sumatra Benzoin — In blocks or lumps of var>-ing size, made up of tears,
compacted together with a reddish-brown, reddish-gray, or grayish-brown
resinous mass; tears externally yellowish or rusty-brown, milky-white on fresh
fracture; hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures, but softened by heat and
becoming gritty on chewnng; odor aromatic and upon digesting with boiUng
water suggesting the odor of cinnamic acid or storax; taste aromatic and slightly
acrid.
Heat a few fragments of Sumatra Benzoin in a test tube; a sublimate is formed
consisting of plates and small, rod-hke crystals that strongly polarize light.
Add carefully an ethereal solution of Sumatra Benzoin to a small quantity of
sulphuric acid contained in a porcelain di.sh; the solution is colored a brownish-
red. Not less than 75 per cent, of Sumatra Benzoin dissolves in alcohol; the
alcoholic solution, upon the addition of water, becomes milky and is acid to
litmus.
Sumatra Benzoin does not yield more than 2.5 per cent, of ash.
Siam Benzoin — In pebble-Uke tears of variable size, compressed, yellowish-
brown to rusty-brown externally, milkj'-white on fracture, separate or very
slightly agglutinated; hard and brittle at ordinary temperatures but softened
by heat and becoming plastic on chewing; odor agreeable, balsamic, vanilla-like;
taste slightly acrid.
Heat a few fragments of Siam Benzoin in a test tube; a sublimate is formed
directly above the melted mass consisting of numerous long, rod-shaped crystals,
which do not strongly polarize Ught.
76 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Add carefully an ethereal solution of Siam Benzoin to a small quantity of
sulphuric acid contained in a porcelain dish; the solution is colored purplish-red.
Not less than 90 per cent, of Siam Benzoin dissolves in alcohol; the alcoholic
solution upon the addition of water becomes milky and is acid to litmus.
Siam Benzoin does not yield more than 2 per cent, of ash.
The tests irhich follow apply to Sumatra and Siam Benzoin:
Heat gently 1 to 2 Gm. of Benzoin with 15 mils of purified petroleum benzin,
and, after cooling, transfer the supernatant liquid to a .separatory funnel, wash
once with 10 mils of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and then with water
until free from bicarbonate; on the addition of 20 mils of a copper acetate solu-
tion (1 in 200) and vigorously shaking the mixture no green color is noticeable
in the petroleum benzin laj^er {rosin and foreign resins).
Treat about 1 Gm. of powdered Benzoin with 15 mils of warm carbon di-
sulphide, filter the solution, wa.sh the filter uith an additional 5 mils of carbon
disulphide and allow the mixed liquids to evaporate spontaneously; not le.ss
than 12.5 per cent, of residue remains, which corresponds to the tests for identity
under Acidum Benzoicum.
Preparations — Adeps Benzoinatus Tinctura Benzoini Tinctura Benzoini
Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
BENZOSULPHINIDUM
Benzosulpliinide
Benzosulphinid.— Saccharin Glusidum
The anhydride [C7H5O3NS or C6H4S02.C0NH = 183.12] of ortho-
sulphamide-benzoic acid.
Benzosulphinide occurs as white crystals or as a white, crystalline powder;
odorless, or having a faint, aromatic odor; its solutions have an intensely
sweet taste.
One Gm. of Benzosulphinide dissolves in 290 mils of water and in 31 mils
of alcohol at 25° C.; also in about 25 mils of boiling water; slightly soluble in
chloroform or ether. It is easily dissolved by ammonia water, by alkali hydroxide
solutions, also by a solution of sodium bicarbonate, with the evolution of carbon
dioxide.
A saturated aqueous solution of Benzosulphinide is acid to litmus.
It melts between 219° and 222° C.
When Benzosulphinide is fused at a low temperatm-e with about 5 times its
weight of sodium hydroxide, ammonia vapors are evolved; continue the heating
until the evolution of ammonia has ceased, treat the residue with 10 mils of
distilled water, neutralize the solution with diluted hydrochloric acid, and filter;
the filtrate becomes violet on the addition of a dro]) of ferric chloride T.S.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Benzosulphinide; not more than 0.5 per cent, of
a.sh remains.
A solution of 0.2 Gm. of Benzosulphinide in 10 mils of sulphuric acid kept at
a temperature of from 48° to 50° C., on a water bath, develops not more than
a brown color within ten minutes {carbonizable impurities).
A solution of about 0.2 Gm. of Benzosulphinide in 5 mils of potassium hydrox-
ide T.S. remains clear, and, when mixed with 5 mils of alkaline cupric tartrate
\'.S., does not depo.sit cuprous oxide on heating (glucose, milk-sugar).
Add ferric chloride T.S., drop by drop, to 10 mils of a hot, saturated aqueous
solution of Benzosulphinide; no precipitate nor violet color appears {benzoic or
salicylic acid).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 77
An aqueous solution of Benzosulphinide (1 in 10,000) lias a distinctly sweet
taste, comiJarable with that of an aqueous solution of sugar (1 in 20).
No odor of ammonia is noticeable on warming about 0.5 Gm. of Benzosul-
phinide with about 1 Gm. of magnesia and 10 mils of distilled water {ammonium
compounds).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3 grains.
BETAEUCAIN.E HYDROCHLORIDUM
Betaeucaine Hydrochloride
Betaeucain. Hydrochl.— Eucaine Chloride Eucaine
A synthetic derivative of piperidine, containing, when dried to con-
stant weight at 100° C, not less than 99 per cent, of the hydrochloride
of 2, 6, 6-trimethyl-4 benzoyl-oxy-piperidine [C16H21O2NHCI or C5H7N
(CH3)30(C6H5CO)HCl = 283.65].
Betaeucaine Hydrochloride occurs as a white, crystalline powder; odorless.
It is permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydrochloride is soluble in 30 mils of water, 35 mils
of alcohol and 6 mils of chloroform at 25° C; it is more soluble in boiling water
and boiling alcohol.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to htmus.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) a
white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid.
About 0.1 Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydi-o chloride dissolved in 20 mils of distilled
water yields with one drop of ammonia water a white precipitate, which dissolves
on agitation. On now adding three more drops of ammonia water to this solu-
tion, a white precipitate is again produced, which is dissolved on the addi-
tion of an equal volume of distilled water. The further addition of ammonia
water again produces a precipitate, which dissolves on adding 10 mils of dis-
tilled water, but this solution is not affected by the further addition of am-
monia water.
Separate portions of 10 mils each of a saturated aqueous solution of the salt
yield a white, curdy precipitate on the addition of a few drops of mercuric
chloride T.S., and a yellow, curdy precipitate on the addition of a few drops of a
mixture of equal volumes of potassium chromate T.S. and diluted sulphuric
acid.
No color is produced when 0.1 Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydrochloride is dis-
solved in 1 mil of sulphuric acid {readily carbonizable impurities).
Five mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) gives no permanent
precipitate on the addition of 5 mils of mercuric chloride T.S. {cocaine and
alphaeucaine) .
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.5 Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydro-
cliloride.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Betaeucaine Hydrochloride, previously
dried to constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed, in 100 mils of
alcohol, winch must be previously neutraUzed with tenth-normal potassium
hydroxide \".S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator, and titrate this alco-
holic solution ^\-ith tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. until the pink
color is restored. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of C15H21
O2NHCI.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to
0.028365 Gm. of C15H21O2NHCI. Each gramme of Betaeucaine Hydrochloride,
previously dried, corresponds to not less than 34.9 mils of tenth-normal potassium
hydroxide V.S.
78 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
BETANAPHTHOL
Betanaphtliol
Betanaph.— Naphthol
A monohydroxyphenol [CioIl70H = 144.06] of the naphthalene series.
Preserve it in well-closed containers protected from light.
Betanaphthol occurs in colorless or pale buff-colored, shining crystalline
lamina;, or as a white or yellowish-white, crystalline powder, having a faint,
phenol-like odor and a pungent taste. Permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Betanaphthol dissolves in about 1000 mils of water, 0.8 mil of
alcohol, 17 mils of chloroform and in 1.3 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 80 mils
of boiling water; soluble in glycerin and olive oil and easily dissolved by alkali
hydroxide solutions.
A hot, saturated aqueous solution of Betanaphthol is neutral to litmus.
Betanaphthol melts between 120° and 122° C.
Betanaphthol subUmes readily when heated and volatilizes with the vapors
of alcohol or water.
A cold, saturated aqueous solution of Betanaphthol, when mixed with ammonia
water, exhibits a faint, bluish fluorescence.
Add about 0.1 Gm. of Betanaphthol to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of potas-
sium hydroxide (1 in 4), then add 1 mil of chloroform, and gently warm the
mixture; the aqueous layer acquires a blue color, changing afterwards to green
and brown.
Ferric chloride T.S. colors a cold, saturated aqueous solution of Betanaphthol
greenish, and after some time causes the separation of whitish flakes, which
turn brown upon the apphcation of heat.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Betanaphthol; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of Betanaphthol in 25 mils of ammonia water; no residue
remains (naphthalene), and the solution does not have a deeper color than pale
yellow (other organic impurities).
A cold, saturated aqueous solution of Betanaphthol, on the addition of a
few drops of iodine T.S., followed by sodium hydroxide T.S. in excess, shows
no violet color (alphanaphthol) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
BISMUTHI BETANAPHTHOLAS
Bismuth Betanaphtliol
Bism. Betanaph.
A compound of bismuth and betanaphthol of somewhat varying com-
position, yielding not less than 15 per cent, of betanaphthol [C10H7OH]
and, upon ignition, not less than 73 per cent, nor more than 78 per
cent, of bismuth oxide [Bi203].
Bismuth Betanaphthol is a buff-colored to grayish-brown, amorphous powder;
odorless or having a faint odor of betanaphthol; tasteless; permanent in the air.
Bismuth Betanaphtliol is nearly insoluble in water, alcohol, chloroform or
ether; partially dissolved by mineral acids with the formation of the corre-
sponding bismuth salts and the liberation of betanaphthol.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 79
When strongly heated Bismuth Betanaphthol chars and finally leaves a
grayish-yellow residue, which is blackened by hydrogen sulphide T.S.
Shake about 1 Gm. of Bismuth Betanai)hthol, accurately weighed, with
20 mils of chloroform, filter the mixture, allow the filtrate to evaporate spon-
taneously and dry the residue in a desiccator over sulphuric acid; the weight
of this residue does not exceed 1 i)er cent, {free helanaphthol) .
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of Bi.smuth Betanaphthol with 10 mils of distilled
water and filter; the filtrate is colorless and neutral to litmus.
Heat gently a mixture of about 0.2 Gm. of Bismuth Betanaphthol with 5 mils
of potassium hydroxide T.S. and about 0.2 Gm. of aluminum wire; the vapors
evolved do not turn red litmus blue (nitrates).
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Bismuth Betanaphthol in a porcelain crucible, cool
the residue and add just sufficient nitric acid to form a solution with the aid of
heat. This solution, when poured into 100 mils of distilled water, produces a
white, crystalline precipitate. Now filter the mixture, evaporate the filtrate to
30 mils and again filter if not clear; the clear filtrate does not respond to the
tests for lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismuthi Subcarbonas.
The bismuth oxide obtained in the following assay does not respond to Betten-
dorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay for Betanaphthol — Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Bismuth Betanaphthol,
accurately weighed, in 20 mils of hydrochloric acid with the aid of heat, cool
the liquid and then shake it in a separator ^ith successive portions of chloro-
form until the extraction of the betanaphthol is complete. Combine the chloro-
form solutions, allow the liquid to evaj^orate spontaneously and dry the residue
in a desiccator; the weight of the residue corresponds to not less than 15 per
cent, of the weight of Bismuth Betanaphthol taken. This residue, crystallized
from a solution in boiling distilled water, responds to the tests for identity
under Betanaphthol.
Assay for Bismuth Oxide — Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Bismuth Betanaphthol,
accurately weighed, in a porcelain crucible, cool the residue and di.s.solve it in
nitric acid. Evaporate the solution to dryness and carefully ignite the residue
until of constant weight; the bismuth oxide (Bi203) so obtained corresponds to
not less than 73 per cent, nor more than 78 per cent, of the original weight
of the Bismuth Betanaphthol taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BISMUTHI ET AMMONII CITRAS
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate
Bism. et Ammon. Cit. — Bismuth Ammonio-Citrate
Bismuth citrate rendered soluble by the presence of ammonium
citrate; when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric
acid, it yields, upon ignition, not less than 46 per cent, nor more
than 52 per cent, of bismuth oxide [BiaOa]. Preserve it in well-closed
containers protected from light.
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate occurs in shining, pearly or translucent
scales, or white powder, becoming opaque with loss of ammonia on exposure
to the air; it is odorless and has a metallic taste.
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate is very soluble in water and sparingly
soluble in alcohol.
When strongly heated, the Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate fuses and
finally leaves a blackened residue, having a yellow surface. A solution of this
80 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
residue in a slight excess of nitric or hydrochloric acid produces a white
turbiditj- when added to 25 volumes of distilled water.
An aqueous solution of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate (1 in 20) is neutral
or faintly acid to litmus.
Ammonia is evolved when Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate is boiled with a
slight excess of sodium hydroxide T.8.
An aqueous solution of the Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, when treated
with an excess of hydrogen sulphide, yields a black precipitate. The filtrate
from the latter, when deprived by heat of the excess of hydrogen sulphide and
boiled with an excess of lime water, yields a white precipitate.
Dissolve about 0.05 Gm. of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate in 1 mil of dis-
tilled water, in a test tube, add 5 mils of sulphuric acid (free from nitrous com-
pounds), cool the mixture and carefully pour over it 5 mils of ferrous sulphate
T.S. without mixing; no red or brown zone appears immediately {nitrate).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate in 50 mils of distilled water,
precipitate the bismuth completely with hydrogen sulphide, filter, evaporate
the filtrate to dryness and ignite. The weight of the residue does not exceed
0.005 Gm. (alkalies or alkali earths).
Ignite 3 Gm. of the Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, dissolve the residue in
just a sufficient quantity of warm nitric acid, and pour the solution into 100 mils
of distilled water; a wliite precipitate is produced. Filter this mixture,
evaporate the filtrate on a water bath to 30 mils, again filter the liquid and
divide the new filtrate into portions of 5 mils each. These portions do not respond
to the tests for lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismulhi Subcarbonas.
The residue resulting from the ignition and subsequent treatment of 2 Gm.
of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, as described in the following test, does
not respond to Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay — Take about 1 Gm. of Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, and weigh accurately.
Ignite it in a porcelain crucible and, after cooling, add 5 mils of nitric
acid to the residue, drop by drop, warming until solution is effected.
Evaporate this solution to dryness, and carefully ignite it at red heat. It leaves
a residue of bismuth oxide (Bi203) corresponding to not less than 46 per cent,
nor more than 52 per cent, of the original weight of Bismuth and Ammonium
Citrate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
BISMUTHI SUBCARBONAS
Bismuth Subcarbonate
Bism. Subcarb.
A basic bismuth carbonate of varying chemical composition, which,
when dried to constant weight at 100° C, yields, upon ignition, not
less than 90 per cent, of bismuth oxide [Bi203]-
Bismuth Subcarbonate is a white or pale yellowish- white powder; odorless
and tastele.sK, and permanent in the air.
Bismuth Subcarbonate is insoluble in water or alcohol; completely dissolved
by nitric or hydrochloric acid with cojiious effervescence.
Its solution in a .slight excess of nitric acid, when added to 25 volumes of
distilled water, produces a white turbiditj'.
When heated to redness, the salt loses water and carbon dioxide, and leaves
a yellowish residue, which is soluble in nitric or hydrochloric acid and blackened
by hydrogen sulphide T.S.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 81
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of nitric acid, add distilled water to make
the solution measure 25 mils, then add 0.35 mil of tenth-normal silver nitrato
V.S. and remove the i)recipitate, if any, by filtration; the clear filtrate remains
unaffected by tlie further addition of a few droi)s of silver nitrate T.S. {chloride).
Dissolve 3 Gm. of the salt in just a sufhcicnt quantity (about 4 mils) of warm
nitric acid, and pour the solution into 100 mils of distilled water; a white pre-
cipitate is produced. Filter, and evaporate the filtrate on a water bath to 30
mils, again filter the liquid, divide the latter filtrate into portions of 5 mils eact
and subject these several portions to the following tests:
Mix one portion with an equal volume of diluted sulphuric acid; it does
not become cloudy (lead).
Precipitate another portion with a slight excess of ammonia water; the
supernatant liquid does not exhibit a bluish tint (copper).
Another portion is not immediately affecled by bariiun nitrate T.S. (sulphate).
In another jxjrtion hydrochloric acid does not produce a precipitate which is
insoluble in a sHght excess of hj-drochloric acid, but soluble in ammonia water
(silver) .
Boil 1 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of a mixture of equal parts of acetic acid
and distilled water, cool the solution and filter. Free the filtrate from bismuth
by the addition of hydrogen sulphide, boil the mixture and again filter. The
latter filtrate leaves not more than 0.003 Gm. of residue on evaporation and gentle
ignition (alkalies or alkali earths).
Agitate about 0.05 Gm. of Bismuth Subcarbonate with 5 mils of a solution
of equal parts of distilled water and ferrous sulphate T.S., and cautiously pour
the mixture over 5 mils of sulphuric acid (free from nitrous compounds), so
as to form a layer above; no brownish-red zone forms at the line of contact
of the two liquids (nitrate).
The residue resulting from the ignition of 2 Gm. of Bismuth Subcarbonate
does not respond to Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay — Ignite thoroughly at red heat in a porcelain crucible about 1 Gm. of
Bismuth Subcarbonate, previously dried to constant weight at 100° C. and
accuratel}^ weighed. The residue of bismuth oxide (Bi203) corresponds to not
less than 90 per cent, of the original weight of Bismuth Subcarbonate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BISMUTHI SUBGALLAS
Bismuth Subgallate
Bism. Subgal. — Dermatol
A basic bismuth gallate of varying chemical composition which, when
dried to constant weight at 100° C, yields, upon ignition, not less than
52 per cent, nor more than 57 per cent, of bismuth oxide [Bi203].
Bismuth Subgallate is an amorphous, bright yellow powder, odorless; tasteless,
and permanent in the air.
Bismuth Subgallate is insoluble in water, alcohol, or ether; readily soluble,
with decomposition, in warm hydrochloric, nitric or sulphvu-ic acid; insoluble in
very dilute mineral acids ; readih' soluble in alkali hj'droxide solutions, forming
a clear, yellow solution which rapidly changes to a deep red.
When heated to redness it at first chars, leaving finally a yellow residue,
which is blackened by hydrogen sulphide T.S. A solution of this residue in
a shght excess of warm nitric or hj-drochloric.acjd produces a white turbidity
when added to 25 volumes of distilled water.
Agitate thoroughly about 0. 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate with an excess of
hydrogen sulphide T.S.; a brownish-black precipitate results. Filter this
n
82 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
mfocture, boil the filtrate to remove the dissolved gas, and then cool; the addi-
tion of 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S. produces a blue-black coloration in the
liquid.
Shake 1 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of alcohol for one minute, filter and
evaporate the filtrate to dryness on a water bath; not more than 0.005 Gm.
of residue remains {free gallic acid).
Boil 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate with 20 mils of a mixtiu-e of equal parts
of acetic acid and distilled water, cool the solution and filter. Free the filtrate
from bismuth by the addition of hydrogen sulphide, boil the mixture and
again filter. The latter filtrate leaves not more than 0.005 Gm. of residue
on evaporation and gentle ignition (alkalies or alkali earths).
Mix thoroughly about 0.05 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate with 5 mils of diluted
sulphuric acid and 5 mils of ferrous sulphate T.S., filter the mixture and then
cautiously pour the filtrate, wdthout mixing, over 5 mile of sulphiu-ic acid (free
from nitrous compounds), contained in a test tube; no brownish-red zone
forms immediately (nitrate).
Ignite 3 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate in a porcelain crucible, cool and cautiously
add just sufficient nitric acid, drop by drop, warming until the residue is dissolved.
Evaporate the solution to dryness, again ignite and cool. Cautiously dissolve
this residue in just sufficient nitric acid by the aid of gentle heat, concentrate
the solution to about 4 mils, pom- it into 100 mils of distilled water, filter, evap-
orate the filtrate on a water bath to 30 mils, again filter and divide this filtrate
into portions of 5 mils each. These portions do not respond to the tests for
lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismuthi Subcarbonas.
The residue resulting from the ignition and subsequent treatment of 2 Gm.
of Bismuth Subgallate as described in the following test does not respond to
Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Assay — Take about 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subgallate, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C, and weigh accurately. Ignite in a porcelain
crucible and, after cooling, add 5 mils of nitric acid to the residue, drop by
drop, warming until complete solution has been effected. Evaporate this solu-
tion to drjTiess and carefully ignite at red heat; it leaves a residue of bismuth
oxide (BiaOs) corresponding to not less than 52 per cent, nor more than 57
per cent, of the original weight of Bismuth Subgallate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BISMUTHI SUBNITRAS
Bismuth Subnitrate
Bism. Subnit.
A basic bismuth nitrate of varying chemical composition, which,
when dried for twenty-four hours in a desiccator over sulphuric acid,
yields, upon ignition, not less than 79 per cent, of bismuth oxide [Bi203].
Bismuth Subnitrate is a white powder; odorless, almost tasteless, and slightly
hygroscopic.
Bismuth Subnitrate is almost insoluble in water, insoluble in alcohol, and
readily dissolved by hydrochloric or nitric acid.
Its solution in a slight excess of warm nitric or hydrochloric acid produces a
white turbidity when added to 25 volumes of distilled water.
When heated to redness it evolves nitrous vapors, leaving a yellow residue,
which is blackened by hydrogen sulphide T.S.
When brought in contact with moistened blue litmus paper, the salt shows
a slightly acid reaction.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 83
Boil 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subnitrate with 20 mils of a mixture of equal parts of
acetic acid and distilled water, cool the solution and filter. Free the filtrate from
bismuth by the addition of hydrogen sulphide, boil the mixture and again filter.
The latter filtrate leaves not more than 0.003 Gm. of residue on evaporation
and gentle ignition {alkalies or alkali earths).
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of the salt with 5 mils of potas.sium hydroxide T.S.; no
odor of ammonia is perceptible nor does the vapor turn moistened red litmus
paper blue.
The residue resulting from the ignition of 2 Gm. of the salt does not respond
to Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 2).
Add 3 Gm. of the salt to 3 mils of warm nitric acid; no effervescence occurs
(carbonate), and no residue remains {insoluble foreign salts). Pour this solution
into 100 mils of distilled water, a white precipitate is produced. Filter, evapo-
rate the filtrate on a water bath to 30 mils, again filter the liquid and divide the
new filtrate into portions of 5 mils each. These portions do not respond to the
tests for lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismuthi Subcarbonas.
Assay — Ignite thoroughly at red heat in a porcelain crucible about 1 Gm.
of Bismuth Subnitrate, previously dried for twenty-four hours in a desiccator
over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed. The residue of bismuth oxide
(Bi203) corresponds to not less than 79 per cent, of the original weight of Bis-
muth Subnitrate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BISMUTHI SUBSALICYLAS
Bismuth Subsalicylate
Bism. Subsalicyl.
A basic bismuth salicylate of varying chemical composition, which,
when dried to constant weight at 100° C, yields, upon ignition, not
less than 62 per cent, nor more than 66 per cent, of bismuth oxide
[BiaOa]. Protect it from light.
Bismuth Subsalicj^late is a white, or nearly white, amorphous or crystalline
powder; odorless, tasteless, and permanent in the air.
Bismuth Subsahcylate is almost insoluble in cold water; upon prolonged
boiling with water a portion of the salicylic acid passes into solution with the
formation of a more basic bismuth subsahcylate. It is partly soluble, with
decomposition, in hydrochloric or nitric acid, a white, flocculent precipitate of
salicylic acid separating.
When heated to redness it at first chars, finally leaving a yellow residue,
which is blackened by hydrogen sulphide. A solution of this residue in a slight
excess of warm nitric or hydrochloric acid produces a white, turbidity when
added to 25 volumes of distilled water.
Agitate about 0.1 Gm. of Bismuth Subsalicylate with a solution of 5 drops
of ferric chloride T.S. in 10 mils of distilled water; a deep violet-blue coloration
is produced.
Agitate 1 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of ctiioroform, filter the liquid and
evaporate the filtrate to dryness; not more than 0.00^^ Gm. of residue remains
{free salicylic acid).
Ignite 3 Gm. of Bismuth Subsalicylate in a porcelain crucible, cool and cau-
tiously add just sufficient nitric acid to the residue, drop by drop, warming
until it is dissolved. Pour this solution into 100 mils of distilled water,
84 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
filter, evaporate the filtrate on a water bath to 30 mils, again filter and divide
the filtrate into portions of 5 mils each. These portions do not respond to the
tests for lead, copper, sulphate, or silver given under Bismuthi Subcarbonas.
Boil 1 Gm. of Bismuth SubsaHcylate with 20 mils of a mixture of equal parts
of acetic acid and distilled water, cool the solution and filter. Free the filtrate
from bismuth by the addition of hydrogen sulphide, boil the mixture and again
filter. The latter filtrate, on evaporation and ignition, leaves not more than
0.005 Gm. of residue (alkalies or alkali earths).
Triturate about 0.05 Gm. of Bismuth Subsalicylate with 0.1 Gm. of sodium
Balicylate and 5 mils of distilled water, and carefully pour it without mixing
over 5 mils of sulphuric acid (free from nitrous compounds) contained in a
test tube; no pink to brownish-red zone forms immediately {nitrate).
The residue resulting from the ignition and subsequent treatment of 2 Gm.
of Bismuth Subsalicylate, as described in the test below, does not respond to
Bettendorf's Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test Xo. 2).
Assa> Take about 1 Gm. of Bismuth Subsalicylate, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C, and weigh accurately. Ignite in a porcelain crucible,
and, after cooling, add 5 mils of nitric acid to the residue, drop by drop, warm-
ing until solution has been effected. Evaporate this solution to dryness and
carefully ignite it at red heat. It leaves a residue of bismuth oxide (Bi203)
corresponding to not less than 62 per cent, nor more than 66 per cent, of the
original weight of Bismuth SubsaUcylate taken.
Average dose — IVIetric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
BPiO:MOFORMUM
Bromoform
Bromof.
A liquid consisting of about 96 per cent., by weight, of CHBrs
(252.77) and about 4 per cent, of dehydrated alcohol. Preserve it in
glass-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Bromoform is a heavy, transparent, colorless, mobile liquid, with an ethereal
odor, and a penetrating, sweet taste, resembling that of chloroform.
Bromoform is slightly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol, chloroform,
ether, benzene, petroleum benzin or fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: 2.595 to 2.620 at 25° C.
Bromoform is slightly volatile at ordinary temperatures.
Bromoform is not inflammable, but when vaporized by the application of
heat, its vapors may be ignited.
Evaporate 10 mils of Bromoform from a porcelain dish on a water bath; not
more than 0.006 Gm. of residue remains after drying it at 100° C.
Shake 10 mils of Bromoform with 10 mils of distilled water, and allow the
liquids to separate completely. The water removed from the layer of Bromoform
is neutral to litmus (free acid); 5 mil portions, tested separately, show not more
than a slight opalescence on the addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.
(bromides or brominated compounds), and no blue color on the addition of a
few drops each of potassium iodide T.S. and of starch T.S. (free bromine).
Agitate 10 mils of Bromoform with 10 mils of distilled water, and allow the
liquids to separate completely. Remove the aqueous layer from the Bromoform,
treat it with an excess of ammonia water, and then with a solution of iodine and
ammonium iodide, until the black precii^itate of nitrogen iodide, which some-
times forms, slowly disappears; it does not bec^ome milky in appearance, due
to the separation of iodoform, recognizable by its odor (acetone).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERxCA
BUCHU
Buchu
The dried leaves of Barosma betulina (Thunberg) Bartling and Wend-
land, kno\\Tn in commerce as Short Buchu; or of Barosma serratifulia
(Curtis) Willdenow, known in commerce as Long Buchu (Fam. Rutaceoe),
without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent, of stems
or other foreign matter.
Short Buchu — Rhomboidally oval or obovate; from 0 to 25 mm. in length
and from 4 to 13 mm. in breadth; summit obtuse, and recurved; margin .some-
what serrate or finely dentate with an oil gland at the base of each tooth; the
base more or less wedge-shaped; color varj'ing from vivid green to yellowish-
green, occasionally a few olive-gray leaves; glandular-punctate; both surfaces
papillose; under surface longitudinally striate; texture coriaceous; petiole 1 mm.
in length; odor and taste characteristic, aromatic and mint-like.
Long Buchu — Linear-lanceolate, from 2.5 to -1 cm. in length and from 4 to 6
mm. in breadth; summit somewhat rounded or truncate with an oil gland at
the apex; margin sharply serrate and glandular; otherwise resembling Short
Buchu.
Stems in both Short and Long Buchu about 1 mm. in diameter, yellowish-
green or brownish-red, cylindrical, ■ longitudinally furrowed, with prominent
leaf-scars nearly opposite to each other giving the stems a jointed character.
The yield of ash does not exceed 4 per cent.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Buchu.
Average dose — INIetric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
CAFFEINA
Caffeine
Caffein.— Theine
A feebly basic substance [C8H10O2X4+H2O or C5H(CH3)302N4+H20
= 212.14] obtained from the leaves of Thea sinensis Liime (Fam. Tern-
stroemiacece) , or from the seeds of Coffea arabica Linne (Fam. Ruhiacece);
also occurring in some other plants; or prepared synthetically.
Caffeine occurs in white, flexible, silky, glistening needles, usually matted
together in fleecy masses; odorless, and having a bitter taste; efflorescent in
dry air.
One Gm. of CafTeine dissolves in 46 mils of water, 66 mils of alcohol, 5.5 mils
of chloroform and in 530 mils of ether at 25° C; also in o.b mils of water at 80° C.
and in 22 mils of alcohol at 60° C.
A saturated aqueous solution of CafTeine is neutral to Htmus.
Caffeine, rendered anhydrous, melts between 235° and 237° C.
Dissolve about 0.01 Gm. of Caffeine in 1 mil of hydrochloric acid in a porcelain
dish, add 0.1 Gm. of potassium chlorate and evaporate the solution to dryness
on a water bath. Invert the dish over a vessel containing a few drops of ammonia
water; the residue acquires a purple color, which is destroyed by fixed alkalies.
An aqueous solution of Caffeine yields a precipitate with tannic acid T.S.,
soluble in an excess of the reagent.
86 THE PHARMACOPOELA. OF THE
Caffeine loses not more tban 9 per cent, of its weight when dried to constant
weight at 80° C.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Caffeine; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
About 0.5 Gm. of Caffeine dissolves in 5 mils of sulphuric or nitric acid without
producing more than a faint, yellowish color {organic impurities).
Its aqueous solution is not precipitated by mercuric potassiima iodide T.S.
(alkaloids).
Preparations — Caffeina Citrata Caffeina Citrata Effervescens (from Citrated
Caffeine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 23^^ grains.
CAFFEINA CITRATA
Citrated Caffeine
Caffein. Cit.
Citrated Caffeine contains, when dried to constant weight at 80° C,
not less than 48 per cent, of anhydrous caffeine [C8Hio02N4= 194.12].
Caffeine, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Citric Acid, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Distilled Water, hot, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Dissolve the citric acid in the hot distilled water, add the caffeine,
and evaporate the resulting solution to dryness on a water bath, con-
stantly stirring toward the end of the operation. Reduce the product
to a fine powder and transfer it to well-closed containers.
Citrated Caffeine occurs as a white powder, odorless and having a slightly
bitter, acid taste.
Citrated Cat! erne gives a clear, syrupy solution with a small quantity of water,
but caffeine precipitates on dilution. This precipitate redissolves on the further
addition of water.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 30) is acid to litmus.
Dissolve about 0.02 Gm. of Citrated Caffeine in 1 mil of hydrochloric acid in
a porcelain dish, add 0.1 Gm. of potassium chlorate, evaporate the mixture od
a water bath and invert the dish over a vessel containing a few drops of ammonia
water; the residue acquires a purple color, which is destroyed by alkalies.
About 2 mils of a filtered aqueous solution of Citrated Caffeine (1 in 10) mixed
with 50 mils of lime water remains clear in the cold, but becomes turbid when
heated to boiling.
When dried to constant weight at 80° C. it loses not more than 5 per cent,
of its weight.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Citrated Caffeine; not more than 0.1 per cent, of
ash remains.
Heat a mixture of 0.25 Gm. of Citrated Caffeine and 5 mils of sulphuric acid
in a porcelain dish on a water bath for fifteen minutes, protecting it from dust;
it may become yellow in color but not brown or black (tartaric acid).
An aqueous solution of Citrated Caffeine does not respond to the Test for
heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 87
The addition of a few drops of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of Citrated Caffeine (1 in 100), previously treated with a few drops of
hydrochloric acid, produces no turbidity {sulphuric acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Citrated Caffeine, previously dried to con-
stant weight at 80° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of hot distilled water,
add an excess of sodium hydroxide T.S., cool the solution, and shake it in a sepa-
rator with three successive portions of 20 mils, 10 mils, and 5 mils, respectively,
of chloroform, or more if necessary to complete the extraction. Evaporate the
combined chloroform solutions on a water bath and dry the residue to constant
weight at 80° C. The weight of anhydrous caffeine (C8H10O2N4) so obtained
corresponds to not less than 48 per cent, of the weight of Citrated Caffeine
taken. This residue, when recrystallized from hot water, and dried to constant
weight at 80° C, has the melting point given under Caffeina.
Preparation — Caffeina Citrata Effervescens.
Average dose — IMetric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
CAFFEINA CITRATA EFFERVESCENS
Effervescent Citrated Caffeine
Caff. Cit. Eff.
It contains not less than 1.9 per cent, of anhydrous caffeine [CsHio
02N4= 194.12].
Citrated Caffeine, forty grammes 40 Gm.
Sodium Bicarbonate, dried and powdered, ^ve hundred and
seventy grammes 570 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, dried and powdered, three hundred grammes 300 Gm.
Citric Acid, uneffloresced crystals, one hundred and ninety-
five grammes 195 Gm.
To make about one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Powder the citric acid and mix it intimately with the citrated caffeine
and tartaric acid, then thoroughly incorporate the sodium bicarbonate.
Place the mixed powders on a plate of glass or in a suitable dish, in an
oven heated to between 93° and 104° C. Manipulate the mixture
carefully with a wooden spatula, and, when it has become moist, rub it
through a No. 6 tinned-iron sieve, and dry the granules at a temperature
not exceeding 54° C. Immediately transfer the product to suitable
containers, and seal them tightly. Care must be used to prevent the
preparation from coming in contact with air containing moisture.
Assay — Dissolve about 5 Gm. of Effervescent Citrated Caffeine, accurately
weighed, in 10 mils of hot distilled water. When effervescence has ceased, add
an excess of sodium hydroxide T.S., cool the mixture and shake it in a separator
with three successive portions of 20 mils, 10 mils, and 5 mils, respectively, of
chloroform, or more if necessary to complete the extraction. Evaporate the
combined chloroform solutions on a water bath and dry the residue to constant
weight at 80° C. The weight of anhydrous caffeine (CsHioOaNi) so obtained
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
corresponds to not less than 1.9 per cent, of the weight of Effervescent Citrated
Caffeine taken. This residue, when recrystalUzed from hot water, responds to
the tests for identity and, when dried to constant weight at 80° C, has the melting
point given under Caffeina.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachm.
CAFFEINiE SODIO-BENZOAS
Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate
Caff. Sod. Benz.
• A mixture of caffeine and sodium benzoate. It contains, when dried
to constant weight at 80° C, not less than 46 per cent, nor more than
50 per cent, of anhj^drous caffeine [C8Hio02N4 = 194.12], the remainder
being sodium benzoate [NaC?!! 502 = 144.04]. Preserve it in well-closed
containers.
Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate occurs as a white powder; it is odorless and has a
slightly bitter taste.
One Gm. of Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate dissolves in 1.1 mils of water, some
caffeine separating on standing, and in 30 mils of alcohol, at 25° C; partly
soluble in chloroform.
An aqueous solution (1 in 20) may be neutral, slightly acid, or slightly alkaline
to litmus, but is not reddened by phenolphthalein T.S.
On heating the compound, it is decomposed with the evolution of white
vapors, leaving a carbonaceous residue wliich effervesces with acids and colors
a non-luminous flame intensely yellow.
Ferric chloride T.S. produces a salmon-colored precipitate in an aqueous
solution of the compound. The addition of diluted hydrochloric acid produces
a white precipitate of benzoic acid.
About 0.1 Gm. of Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate dissolves in 2 mils of sulphuric
acid without producing more than a slight, yellow color {readily carhonizahle
organic matter).
An aqueous solution (1 in 50), acidulated with hydrochloric acid and filtered,
does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
When dried to constant weight at 80° C, it loses not more than 5 per cent,
of its weight.
Assay for Caffeine — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate, pre-
viously dried to constant weight at 80° C. and accurately weighed, in 5 mils of
distilled water in a .separator, add 5 mils of so(hum hydroxide T.S. and .shake the
mixture with four successive portions of 20 mils, 10 mils, 10 mils, and 5 mils,
respectively, of rhloroform. Evaporate the combined chloroform solutions on
a water bath and dry the residue to constant weight at 80° C. The weight of
anhydrous caffeine (C8H10O2N4) so obtained corresponds to not less than 46 per
cent, nor more than 50 per cent, of the weight of dried Caffeine Sodio-Benzoate
taken.
This residue, when recrystallized from hot water, responds to the tests of
identity and, when dried to constant weight at 80° C, has the melting point
given under CajJeirM.
Assay for Sodium Benzoate — When dried to constant weight at 80° C. and
estimated as directed under the A.ssay for alkali salts of organic acids (see
Part II, Test No. 6) it shows, in the dried mixture, not less than 50 per cent,
nor more than 54 per cent, of sodium benzoate (NaC7il502).
Metric ApothccarifiB
Average dose — By mouth, 0.3 Gm. — 5 grains.
Hypodermic, 0.2 Gm. — 3 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 89
CALcii bromidu:m
Calcium Bromide
Calc. Brom.
A hydrated form of Calcium Bromide containing not less than 84
per cent, of CaBr2 (199.91). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Calcium Bromide is a white, granular salt; odorless, of a sharp, saline taste,
and very deliquescent.
One Gm. of Calcium Bromide dissolves in 0.7 mil of water and in 1.3 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.4 mil of boiling water; insoluble in chloroform
or ether.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly alkaline to
litmus.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields with ammonium oxalate
T.S. a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric
acid.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) produces
a yellowish-white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid or in a moderate excess
of ammonia water.
Add 1 mil of cUoroform to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20)
and cautiously introduce chlorine water, which has been diluted with an equal
volume of distilled water, drop by drop, with constant agitation. The liberated
bromine dissolves in the cliloroform and imparts to it a yellow to orange color,
which is free from any violet tint (iodide).
Drop 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid upon about 1 Gm. of the powdered salt;
no yellow color appears at once (bromate).
Dissolve about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 5 mils of distilled water, add an excess
of silver nitrate T.S. and a few drops of nitric acid, filter, wash the precipitate
with distilled water, digest it for ten minutes with 5 mils of ammonium carbonate
T.S. and filter. On supersaturating the filtrate with nitric acid not more than
a slight turbidity is produced at once (chlorides).
Twenty mils of an aqueous solution (1 in 250) does not at once assume a blue
color with potassium ferrocj^anide T.S. (iron).
Five mils of an aqueous solution (1 in 20), when acidulated with 1 drop of
hydrochloric acid, shows no immediate turbidity with 1 mil of barium chloride
T.S. (sulphate).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Calcium Bromide and 1 Gm. of sodium acetate in 5 mils
of distilled water and render the solution slightly acid by the addition of a suffi-
cient quantity (from 3 to 5 drops) of diluted acetic acid. After boihng and
thoroughly cooling the solution, it does not become cloudy within five minutes
after the addition, with agitation, of 5 drops of potassium dichromate T.S.
(barium).
Precipitate the calcium completely from 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 20) by adding ammonium oxalate T.S. and filtering. The filtrate
on evaporation and ignition leaves not more than 0.004 Gm. of fixed residue
(magnesium and alkalies).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for bromides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.4 Gm. of Calcium Bromide, accurately weighed in a stop-
pered weigliing-bottle. It shows not less than 84 per cent, of CaBr2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.0099955
Gm. of CaBr2. Each gramme of Calcium Bromide corresponds to not less than
84.0 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
90 THE PHARIVLA.COPCEIA OF THE
CALCII CARBONAS PR.ECIPITATUS
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate
Calc. Carb. Praec— Precipitated Chalk
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 200*^ C, not less than
98 per cent, of CaCOg (100.07).
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate is a fine, white, micro-crystalline powder,
without odor or taste, and permanent in the air.
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate is nearly insoluble in water; the solubility
is increased by the presence of ammonium salts and especially by carbon dioxide;
alkali hj'droxides diminish its solubility; insoluble in alcohol; dissolved with
effervescence by diluted acetic, hydrochloric, or nitric acid.
When heated to full redness, the salt gradually loses carbon dioxide, and a
residue of calcium oxide remains.
For applying tests of identity and purity, mix 1 Gm. of Calcium Carbonate
with 50 mils of distilled water, and add hydrochloric acid, drop by drop, with
agitation, until solution takes place. The resulting solution, after boihng and
coohng, should be acid, and should not impart a green or crimson color to a non-
luminous flame, nor leave more than 0.002 Gm. of insoluble matter.
Neutralize a portion of this acid solution with ammonia water, and add
ammonium oxalate T.S. ; a white precipitate is produced which is insoluble in
acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Another portion of the solution, as prepared above, does not respond to the
Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Agitate 1 Gm. of the salt with 50 mils of distilled water, which has previously
been boiled and cooled, and then filter; the filtrate is not alkaline to htmus, and,
on evaporation, leaves not more than 0.005 Gm. of residue (soluble ijnpurities).
Assa) — Dissolve about 0.3 to 0.4 Gm. of Calcium Carbonate, previously
dried to constant weight at 200° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of
distilled water and 10 mils of diluted hj-drocliloric acid and boil the solution to
expel all carbon dioxide. Transfer this solution to a 200 mil graduated flask,
add 100 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S., render it alkaline with ammonia
water, shake the mixture well and allow to stand for three hours at from 60° to
70° C. or over night at room temperature. Cool the liquid if necessary, fill the
flask with distilled water to the mark, mix it well, filter through a dry filter into
a dry flask, reject the first 20 mils of the filtrate, and proceed as follows: Add
diluted .sulphuric acid to 100 mils of the filtrate (representing one-half of the
Calcium Carbonate taken) until of acid reaction, then add 25 mils more of the
diluted sulphuric acid, warm the solution to from 60° to 70° C, and titrate wnth
tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. It shows, in the dried salt, not less
than 98 per cent, of CaCOa.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.0050035 Gm.
of CaCOa. Each gramme of dried Calcium Carbonate corresponds to not less
than 195.9 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CALCII CHLORIDUM
Calcium Chloride
Calc. Chlor.
A hydrated form of Calcium Chloride containing not less than 75 per
cent, of CaCla (110.99). Preserve it in well-stoppered bottles.
Calcium Chloride occurs in white, slightly translucent, hard fragmen'.,s, granules,
or sticks; odorless, having a sharp, saline taste. It is very deliquectcent.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 91
One Gm. of Calcium Chloride dissolves in 1.2 mils of water and in about
10 mils of alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.7 mil of boiling water and about 2 mils
of boiling alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly alkaline to litmus.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields, with ammonium oxalate
T.S., a white precipitate insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric
acid.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) pro-
duces a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid but readily soluble in ammonia
water.
Add ammonia water to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) until of
alkaline reaction; no turbidity or precipitation occurs either before or after
boiling (iron, aluminum, phosphates, etc.).
Precipitate the calcium completely from 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 20) by adding ammonium oxalate T.S. and filtering. The filtrate
on evaporation and ignition leaves not more than 0.004 Gm. of fixed residue
{magnesium and alkalies).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for chlorides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.3 Gm. of Calcium Chloride, accurately weighed in a stop-
pered weighing-bottle. It shows not less than 75 per cent, of CaCl2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.00555 Gm.
of CaCl2. Each gramme of Calcium Chloride corresponds to not less than
135.1 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
CALCII GLYCEROPHOSPHAS
Calcium Glycerophosphate
Calc. Glycerophos. — Calcium Glycerinophosphate
The normal calcium salt of glycerophosphoric acid [C3H5(0H)2P04H2
= 172.11], containing, when dried to constant weight at 130° C, not less
than 98 per cent, of CaCgH^POe or C3H5(0H)2P04Ca (210.17). Pre-
serve it in well-closed containers.
Calcium Glycerophosphate occurs as a fine white powder; odorless and almost
tasteless, somewhat hygroscopic.
One Gm. of Calcium Glycerophosphate dissolves in about 50 mils of water
at 25° C; soluble in less water at a lower temperature; citric acid increases its
solubility; insoluble in alcohol.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is alkaline to litmus and to phenol-
phthalein. •
A cold, saturated aqueous solution of the salt yields white, iridescent scales
of anhydrous calcium glycerophosphate when heated to boiling.
When heated above 170° C. the salt is decomposed, evolving inflammable
vapors, and at a red heat it is converted into calcium pyrophosphate.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt yields with ammonium oxalate T.S.
a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
With lead acetate T.S. the saturated solution yields a white curdy precipitate
which is soluble in nitric acid.
92 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Calcium Glycerophosphate in 10 mils of diluted nitric acid
and add an equal volume of cold ammonium molybdate T.S.; no precipitate
is formed within one hour (phosphates) but on heating the mixture a yellow
precipitate is formed.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for hea-vy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 10 mils of diluted nitric acid and add 1 mil of
silver nitrate T.S.; an opalescence but no precipitate may appear within one
minute (chloride).
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 10 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid and add
1 mil of barium chloride T.S.; no distinct turbidity appears within one minute
(sulphate).
shake 1 Gm. of finely powdered Calcium Glycerophosphate with 25 mils of
dehydrated alcohol, filter the mixture, evaporate the filtrate on a water bath
and dry the residue for an hour at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. The
resulting residue weighs not more than 0.01 Gm. (alcohol-soluble impurities, etc.).
Dry a portion of the finely powdered salt to constant weight at 130° C; the
loss does not exceed 10 per cent, (water).
Assay — Di.ssolve about 0.4 Gm. of the salt, pre\aously dried to constant
weight at 130° C. and accurately weighed, in 20 mils of a 5 per cent, solution of
acetic acid and add 30 mils of distilled water. Heat the mixture to boiling and
add an excess of ammonium oxalate T.S. Collect the resulting precipitate, wash,
dry, and then ignite it until of constant weight. This residue of calcium oxide
corresponds to not less than 26.1 per cent, of the weight of Calcium Glycerophos-
phate taken.
Dry a portion of Calcium Glycerophosphate to constant weight at 130° C,
and ignite it to constant weight; the weight of calcium pyrophosphate corre-
sponds to not less than 59.2 per cent, of the weight of Calcium Glycerophos-
phate taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
CALCII HYPOPHOSPHIS
Calcium Hypophospliite
Calc. Hypophos.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 98 per cent, of Ca(PH202)2 (170.18). Pre-
serve it in well-closed containers. Caution should be observed in
dispensing Calcium Hypophosphite as an explosion is liable to occur
when it is triturated or heated with nitrates, chlorates, or other oxi-
dizing agents.
Calcium Hypophosphite occurs as colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms,
as small lustrous scales, or as a white, crystallinei powder; odorless, having a
nauseous and bitter taste, permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Calcium Hypophosphite is slowly soluble in 6.5 mils of water at
25° C; insoluble in alcohol.
When heated the salt decrepitates and begins to decompose, giving off water
and evolving spontaneously inflammable hydrogen phosphide, and on complete
ignition leaving a residue of calcium pyrophosphate.
When an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), acidulated with hydrochloric
acid, is added, drop by drop with agitation, to an excess of mercuric chloride T.S.,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 93
a white precipitate of mercurous chloride is formed. Upon the further addition
of the solution of Calcium Hypophosphite the precipitate becomes gray from
reduction to metallic mercury.
An aqueous solution of Calciimi Ilypophospliite (1 in 20) yields with ammo-
nium oxalate T.S. a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in
hydrochloric acid.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 20 mils of distilled water; it requires not more
than 1 mil of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. to produce a pink color,
phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator.
When 1 Gm of the salt is dissolved in 20 mils of distilled water, not more than
0.005 Gm. of residue remains (phosphate).
Mix 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) in a test tube with 0.5
mil of diluted hydrochloric acid and heat on a water bath; no offensive odor
develops within thirty minutes.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Pour 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 25) into a beaker containing
3 mils of nitric acid, diluted with about 10 mils of distilled water, and evaporate
it to dryness on a water bath. The residue meets the requirements of the Test
for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.75 Gm. of Calcium Hypophosphite, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately
weighed, in 10 mils of distilled water, add 10 mils of nitric acid and evaporate to
dryne.ss on a water bath. .\dd 5 mils of nitric acid to the residue, again evaporate
to dryness on a water bath and dissolve the residue in sufficient distilled water
to measure 100 mils. Transfer 10 mils of this solution to a 100 mil graduated
flask, add sodium hydroxide T.S. (free from chloride) until a slight, perma-
nent precipitate is produced; then add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
and proceed as directed in the assay under Sodii Phosphas. Wlien calculated
to the amount originally taken it shows not less than 98 per cent, of Ca(PHo02)2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.002836
Gm. of Ca(PH202)2. Each gramme of Calcium Hypophosphite, dried to
constant weight, corresponds to not less than 345.5 mils of tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Syrupus Hypophosphitum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
CALCII LACTAS
Calcium Lactate
Calc. Lact.
The hydrated form of Calcium Lactate [Ca(C3H503)2+5H20 =
308.23]. It contains, when dried to constant weight at 120° C, not
less than 98 per cent, of Ca(C3H 503)2 (218.15). Preserve it in well-
closed containers.
Calcium Lactate occurs in white, granular masses or powder; odorless and
nearly tasteless.
It is somewhat efflorescent; at 120° C. it becomes anhydrous. When dried
to a constant weight at that temperature the loss is not more than 29.2 per cent,
(corresponding to 5 molecules of water of crystallization) nor less than 25 per
cent.
94 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
One Gm. of Calcium Lactate dissolves in 20 mils of water at 25° C; almost
insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Calcium Lactate (1 in 20) is neutral, slightly acid, or
slightly alkaline to litmus, but is not reddened by phenolphthalein T.S.
Acidulate an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with sulphuric acid, add
potassium permanganate and heat the mixture; the odor of acetaldehyde is
developed. With ammonium oxalate T.S. an aqueous solution (1 in 20) yields
a wliite precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Add ammonium oxalate T.S. to 20 mils of a hot aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 20) until no further precipitate is produced, filter the mixtiu-e after three
hours, and wash the precipitate with 50 mils of distilled water. The combined
filtrate and washings leave not more than 0.01 Gm. of residue on evaporation
and subsequent ignition {magnesium and alkalies).
Stir about 0.5 Gm. of the salt with 1 mil of sulphuric acid; the mixture does
not emit an odor of volatile fat-acids, even on warming.
Assay — Incinerate in a crucible about 2 Gm. of the salt, pre\'iously dried to
constant weight at 120° C. and accurately weighed, dissolve the residue in 50
mils of half-normal hj'drochloric acid V'.S. and titrate the excess of acid with
half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator.
It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 98 per cent, of Ca(C3H503)2.
Each mil of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.05454
Gm. of Ca(C3H503)2. Each gramme of dried Calcium Lactate corresponds to
not less than 17.97 mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
CALCII SULPHIDUM CRUDUM
Crude Calcium Sulphide
Calc. Sulphid. Crud.— Cak Sulphurata, U.S.P. VIII Sulphurated Lime
It contains not less than 55 per cent, of CaS (72.14). Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
Crude Calcium Sulphide is a pale gray or yellowish powder, having a faint
odor of hydrogen sulphide and a nauseous and alkaline taste. It gradually
decomposes on exposiu-e to moist air.
Crude Calcium Sulphide is very sUghtly soluble in cold water; more readily
soluble in boiling water with partial decomposition; readily dissolved by solutions
of ammonium salts; insoluble in alcohol.
When Crude Calcium Sulphide is decomposed by diluted acetic acid, hydrogen
sulphide is evolved and a residue of calcium sulphate and carbon frequently
remains. The filtered solution j-ields with ammonium oxalate T.S. a white
precipitate insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Assay — Introduce about 0.2 Gm of Crude Calcium Sulphide, accurately
weighed, into a gla.ss-stoppered bottle ov flask; add 50 mils of distilled water, mix.
and quickly introduce 30 mils of a 10 per cent, ammonium chloride solution ana
immediately stopper the flask. Agitate the contents for a few minutes, add
quickly 20 mils of a 10 per cent, cadmium chloride solution, immediately insert
the stopper and again agitate well for a few minutes. Then add 5 mils of acetic
acid, heat the mixture on a water bath for fifteen minutes, decant the superna-
tant liquid through a filter, agitate the remaining precipitate with 10 mils of di-
luted acetic acid, transfer the precipitate to the filter and wash with 10 mils of
diluted acetic acid. Return the filter and precipitate to the original flask, add
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 95
50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 20 mils of a mixture of equal
volumes of hydrochloric acid and water. Stopper the flask and agitate it
vigorously for a few minutes, and then titrate the excess of iodine with tenth-
normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. It shows not less than 55 per cent, of CaS.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresi)ond.s to 0.003607 Gm. of
CaS. Each gramme of Crude Calcium Sulphide corresjjonds to not less than
152.5 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
CALUMBA
Calumba
Caiumb. — Columba Columbo Colombo
The dried root of Jateorhiza palmata (Lamarck) Miers (Fam. Meni-
spermacece).
In circular or oval disks attaining a diameter of 9 cm. and seldom exceeding
2 mm. in thickness, or in longitudinal or in oblique slices attaining a length of 30
cm., a breadth of 35 mm. and a thickness of 16 mm.; externally brown and
roughly wrinkled; cut surface varying from yellowish-brown to grayish-yellow,
the transverse slices distinctly radiate in the outer portion and with a dark cam-
bium; central portion often depressed; fracture short, mealy; odor shght;
taste shghtly aromatic, very bitter.
The powder is greenish-brown to grayish-yellow; starch grains numerous,
mostly single, occasionally 2- to 3-compound, the individual grains from 0.003
to 0.085 mm. in the long diameter, ovoid, ellipsoidal, frequently very irregular,
slightly lamellated, with an excentral hnear x-shaped or brandling cleft; stone
cells few with irregularly thickened, strongly hgnified, coarsely porous walls
and containing one or more prisms of calcium oxalate from 0.01 to 0.03 mm.
in length, or numerous sphenoidal micro-crystals; fragments with trachea; few.
the latter with reticulate thickenings or bordered pores, and associated with
wood-fibers having long, obUque, slit-like pores.
Calumba yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Calumbse.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
CALX
Calcium Oxide
Lime Quicklime
It contains, when freshly ignited to constant weight with a blast
lamp, not less than 95 per cent, of CaO (56.07). It loses not more than
10 per cent, of its weight on ignition. Preserve it in air-tight containers
in a dry place.
Calcium Oxide occurs in hard, wliite or grayish-white masses or granules, or
as a white powder; odorless and having a caustic taste.
One Gm. of Calcium Oxide dissolves in 840 mils of water at 25° C. ; also in 1740
mils of boiling water; soluble in glycerin and syrup; insoluble in alcohol.
When moistened with water, Calcium Oxide becomes heated, and is gradually
converted into a white powder (calcium hydroxide or slaked lime). When this
96 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
is mixed with about 3 or 4 times its weight of water, it forms a smooth magma
(milk of lime).
Water, when agitated with Calcium Oxide, becomes alkaline to litmus.
Slake 1 Gm. of Calcium Oxide, thoroughly mix it with 50 mils of water, and
decant the greater portion of the milky liquid; the addition of an excess of
diluted hydrochloric acid to the re.sidue does not cause more than a slight effer-
vescence (carbonate).
Mix 5 Gm. of Calcium Oxide, after slaking, with 100 mils of distilled water,
followed by hydrochloric acid, drop by drop, with agitation imtil solution takes
place. The resulting solution, after boiling and cooling, should be acid and
should not deposit more than 0.05 Gm. of insoluble matter.
Ammonium oxalate T.S. added to a portion of this solution, after neutralizing
it with ammonia water, yields a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid, but
soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Ignite to constant weight with a blast lamp in a tared platinum crucible a
portion of Calcium Oxide; it loses not more than 10 per cent, in weight of the
Calcium Oxide taken (volatile substances).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Calcium Oxide, previously ignited to con-
stant weight over a blast lamp and accurately weighed, in 20 mils of diluted
hj^drochloric acid, cool the solution, dilute with distilled water to 100 mils and
mix well. Transfer 20 mils of this solution to a 200 mil graduated flask and
proceed with the assay as directed under Calcii Carbonas Prcecipitatus.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. corresponds to 0.0028035 Gm. of
CaO. Each gramme of freshly ignited Calcium Oxide corresponds to not less
than 338.9 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Calcis.
CALX CHLORINATA
Chlorinated Lime
Calx Chlorin.— "Chloride of Lime"
A product resulting from the action of chlorine upon calcium hydrox-
ide, and containing not less than 30 per cent, of available chlorine
[CI = 35.46]. Preserve it in air-tight containers, in a cool and dry place.
Chlorinated Lime occurs as a white, or grayi.sh-white, granular powder, having
the odor of chlorine. It becomes moist and gradually decomposes on exposure
to the air and when in such condition must not be used or dispensed.
It is partially soluble in water or alcohol. The insoluble portion settles
readily when it is mixed with water. If lumps are present they readily break
down and leave no core.
Shake 1 Gm. of Chlorinated Lime with 50 mils of distilled water and filter;
the filtrate at first colors red litmus blue, and then bleaches it.
Dissolve Chlorinated Lime in diluted acetic acid; an abundance of chlorine
gas is evolved, and only a trifling residue remains undissolved.
Ammonium oxalate T.S. added to this solution yields a white precipitate,
insoluble in acetic acid, but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
Assay — Introduce into a tared, stoppered weighing-bottle, containing 10 mils
of distilled water, between 3 and 4 Gm. of Chlorinated Lime and weigh accu-
rately. Triturate this thoroughly with 50 mils of distilled water, transfer the mix-
ture to a graduated liter flask, rin.se the mortar with di.stilled water, add the
rinsings to the mixture and then sufficient distilled water to make 1000 mils,
etopper the flask and allow it to stand for ten minutes. Shake it thoroughly,
add to 100 mils of the mixture 1 Gin. of potassium iodide and 5 mils of acetic
acid, and titrate with tenth-normal sodium thiosuljjhate V.S., starch T.S. being
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 97
used as indicator. When calculated to the weight of Chlorinated Lime taken,
it shows not less than 30 per cent, of available chlorine.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.003546 Gm. of available chlorine (CI). Each gramme of Chlorinated Lime
corresponds to not less than 84.6 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
CAMBOGIA
Gamboge
Cam bog. — Pipe Gamboge
A gum-resin obtained from Garcinia Hanhurii Hooker filius (Fam.
Guttiferce).
In hard, brittle, cylindrical pieces, usually hollow in the center, from 2 to 5 cm.
in diameter, from 10 to 20 cm. in length, externally grayish-orange-brown,
longitudinally striate; fracture conchoidal, smooth, orange-red; odorless; taste
very acrid.
When rubbed with water it yields a yellow emulsion which becomes darker
and almost transparent upon the addition of ammonia water. The emulsion
turns green upon the addition of iodine T.S. (starch).
The powder is bright yellow, containing few or no starch grains. \Mien
mounted in hydrated chloral T.S. and examined under the microscope the
particles, for the most part, slowly dissolve, leaving scattered fragments of
vegetable tissues.
Not less than 65 per cent, of Gamboge is soluble in alcohol.
Gamboge yields not more than 2 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Pilulae Catharticae Compositae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
CAMPHORA
Camphor
Camph.
A ketone [CioHieO or C9Hi6C0 = 152.13] obtained from Cinnamomum
C amphora (Linne) Nees et Ebermaier (Fam. Lauracece); it is dextro-
rotatory. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place.
Camphor occurs in white, translucent masses or granules of a tough con-
sistence and having a penetrating, characteristic odor, and a pungent, aromatic
taste. It is readily pulverizable in the presence of a Uttle alcohol, ether or
chloroform .
Camphor is slightly soluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol, chloroform,
ether, carbon disulphide, petroleum benzin, or in fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: about 0.990 at 25° C.
Camphor melts between 174° and 177° C.
The specific rotation [«]d of Camphor in a solution in alcoiiol at 25° C. is
between +41° and +42° in a 200 mm. tube, containing 10 Gm. of Camphor in
each 100 mils of solution. The alcohol must be of the strength of about 95 per
cent, by volume.
It volatilizes at ordinary temperatures. On gradually heating about 2 Gm. of
Camphor, it sublimes without carbonization and without leaving more than
0.05 per cent, of ash.
12
98 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
A solution of Camphor in petroleum benzin (1 in 10) is clear {moisture).
Hold the looped end of a piece of clean copper wire in a non-luminous flame
until it glows, without coloring the flame green, then dip the loop into Camphor,
ignite the adhering Camphor, and hold it so that the liquid burns outside of
a non-luminous flame. On slowly bringing the flame from the burning Camphor
on the loop in contact with the lower outer edge of the non-luminous flame, no
green tinge is discernible {chlorinated products).
Preparations — Aqua Camphorae Linimentum Belladonnse Linimentum
Camphorte Linimentum Chloroformi Linimentum Saponis Spiritus
Camphorae Tinctura Opii Camphorata.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — By mouth, 0.2 Gm. — 3 grains.
Hypodermic, 0.1 Gm. — 1^ grains.
CAMPHORA MONOBROMATA
Monobromated Camphor
Camph. Monobrom.
Ortho-monobromcamphor [doHisOBr or C9Hi5Br.C0 = 231.04]. Pre-
serve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Monobromated Camphor occurs in colorless, prismatic needles or scales, or
as a powder having a mild but characteristic, camphoraceous odor and taste;
permanent in the air. It is decomposed by prolonged exposure to sun-light.
One Gm. of Monobromated Camphor dissolves in 6.5 mils of alcohol, 0.5
mil of chloroform, and in 1.6 mils of ether at 25° C; almost insoluble in water.
It melts between 74° and 76° C.
Heat a mixture of about 0.1 Gm. each of Monobromated Camphor and silver
nitrate and 2 mils each of nitric acid and sulphuric acid until nitrous vapors
are no longer evolved; a yellowish precipitate of silver bromide is obtained.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Monobromated Camphor ; not more than 0.05 per
cent, of ash remains.
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of powdered Monobromated Camphor with 10 mils of
distilled water and filter. The filtrate is neutral to litmus and is not rendered
more than slightly opalescent by the addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.
(soluble bromide).
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
CANNABIS
Cannabis
Cannab. — Cannabis Indica, U.S.P. VIII Guaza Ganjah
The dried flowering tops of the pistillate plants of Cannabis saliva
Linn6, or of the variety indica Lamarck (Fam. Moraceoe), freed from
the thicker stems and large foliage leaves and without the presence or
admixture of more than 10 per cent, of fruits or other foreign matter.
Carmabis, made into a fluidextract in which one hundred mils represent
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 99
one hundred grammes of the drug, when assayed biologically, produces
incoordination when administered to dogs in a doso of not more than
0.03 mil of fluidextract per kilogramme of body weight.
In dark green or grcenish-brovm and more or less agglutinated fragments,
consisting of the short stems with their leaf-like bracts and pistillate flowers,
some of the latter being replaced with more or less developed fruits; stems
cylindrical, of varying length, not more than 3 mm. in diameter, longitudinally
furrowed, light green to light brown, strigose- pubescent; leaves digitately com-
pound; leaflets, when soaked in water and s])read out, linear-lanceolate, nearly-
sessile, margin deeply serrate; bracts ovate, pubescent, each enclosing one or
two pistillate fiowers, or more or less develojied fruits; calyx dark green, pubes-
cent and somewhat folded around the ovary or fruit; st3-les two, fihform and
pubescent; ovarj' with a single campylotropous ovule; fruit light green to light
brown, broadly ellipsoidal, about 3.5 mm. in length, finely wrinkled and slightly
reticulated; odor agreeabh' aromatic; taste characteristic.
The powder is dark green, giving a strong effervescence on the addition of
dilute hydrochloric acid; numerous sharp pointed fragments of upper portion
of non-glandular hairs and fragments of bracts and leaves showing yellowish-
brown laticiferous vessels, rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate from 0.005 to
0.025 mm. in diameter; non-glandular hairs unicellular, with a very slender
pointed apex and a considerably enlarged base containing, usually in the lumen,
some calcium carbonate; glandular hairs of two kinds, one with a short, one-
celled stalk and the other with a multicellular, long, tongue^shaped stalk, the
glandular portion being globular and consisting of from 8 to 16 cells, fragments
of fruits with palisade-like, non-lignified sclerenchymatous cells, walls yellowish-
brown, finely porous, the lumina usually containing air; tissues of embryo and
endosperm with numerous oil globules and aleurone grains, the latter from
0.005 to 0.01 mm. in diameter and consisting of large crystalloids and globoids.
The yield of alcohol extractive is not less than 8 per cent, and the alcoholic
solution is of a bright green color.
Cannabis yields not more than 15 per cent, of ash.
Assa> — Prepare a fluidextract and proceed as directed under Biological
Assays (Part II).
Preparations — Extractum Cannabis Fluidextractum Cannabis Tinctura
Cannabis.
CANTHARIS
Cantharides
Canthar.— Spanish Flies Russian Flies
The dried beetles, Cantharis vesicatoria (Linn6) De Geer (Fam.
Meloidece, Order Coleopiera), yielding not less than 0.6 per cent, of
cantharidin. Preserve Cantharides in tightly-closed containers, adding
a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from time to time,
to prevent attack by insects.
From 15 to 25 mm. in length, 5 to 8 mm. in breadth, oblong, somewhat com-
pressed above; of a brilliant green or bluish-green, metaUic luster, changing in
different parts, especially beneath, to a golden-green; head triangular, separated
into two lateral lobes by a faint median Une; mandibles stout and partly con-
cealed; antennae filiform, of 11 conical joints, the upper ones being black; eyes
comparatively small; prothorax angulate; legs with five tarsal joints; wings
membranous and brownish; elytra or wing sheaths each with two parallel hnea
and finely wrinkled; odor strong, disagreeable; taste shght, afterwards acrid.
Cantharides with an ammoniacal odor must not be used.
100 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
The powder is gra3dsh-brown, with shining green particles and a number of
long, pointed, 1-celled hairs 0.5 mm. in length and 0.02 mm. in width.
Cantharides does not contain more than 10 per cent, of moisture.
Cantharides yields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 15 Gm. of Cantharides, in No. 40 powder, into a stout
bottle of not less than 250 mils capacity, add 150 mils of a mixture of benzene,
two volumes, and purified petroleum benzin, one volume, and then add 2 mils
of hydrochloric acid. Stopper the bottle tightly, shake it well, and allow it to
stand about ten hours. Now gradually warm the bottle and its contents to about
40° C. and maintain it at that temperature with frequent shaking during three
hours. Cool the mixture, decant or filter off 100 mils of the clear solution and
evaporate this rapidly in a tared beaker or wide-necked flask to a volume of
about 5 mils. Now add 5 mils of chloroform to the residue and set it aside in a
moderately warm place. When the solvent has all evaporated, add to the crystals
10 mils of a mixture of equal volumes of dehydrated alcohol and purified petro-
leum benzin, which has previously been saturated with pure cantharidin, allow
the mixture to stand during fifteen minutes and then decant the liquid through
a pellet of purified cotton. Wash the crystals with successive portions of a
saturated solution of cantharidin, similar to that directed above, until it is free
from fat and coloring matter, and pass the washings through the same pellet of
purified cotton. Then wash the cotton with a very small quantity of warm
chloroform to dissolve any adhering crystals, collect the chloroform in the
tared flask or beaker containing the washed crystals, evaporate the solvent with
the aid of a blast of air, dry the crystals at 60° C. for one-half hour and weigh.
The resulting weight will be the amount of cantharidin obtained from ten
grammes of Cantharides.
Preparations — Ceratum Cantharidis Collodium Cantharidatum Tinctura
Cantharidis.
CAPSICUM
Capsicum
Capsic. — Cayenne Pepper African Chillies
The dried ripe fruits of Capsicum frutescens Linne (Fam. Solanacece),
without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of stems,
calyxes or other foreign matter.
Oblong-conical, from 8 to 20 mm. in length and from 2 to 15 mm. in diameter;
pericarp brownish-red or orange, shining, membranous and translucent; 2- or
3-locular, united below, and containing 6 to 17 flat, reniform, yellowish seeds
attached to the placenta or frequently separated from it; odor characteristic,
sternutatory; taste intensely pungent.
The calyx, when present, light greenish-brown, inferior, inconspicuous,
5-toothed, usually attached to a long straight peduncle.
The powder is yellowish-brown; mounts made with hydrated chloral T.S.
and examined under the microscope show yellowish-red oil globules; stone cells
of two kinds, those of the endocarp being more or less elongated, walls yellowish,
uniformly and moderately thickened, wavy in outline, porous and slightly
lignified, those of the seed-coat being yellowish, irregular and strongly thickened,
wavy in outline and strongly lignified.
Capsicum yields not less than 15 per cent, of non-volatile extractive, soluble
in ether (see Part II, Test No. 13).
Capsicum yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash. The amount of ash, insoluble
in hydrochloric acid, does not exceed 1 per cent, of the weight of Capsicum taken.
Preparations — Oleoresina Capsici Tinctura Capsici.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 101
CARBO LIGNI
Wood Charcoal
Car bo Lig.— Charcoal
Charcoal prepared from soft wood, and very finely powdered. Pre-
serve it in well-closed vessels.
Wood charcoal is a black, odorless, and tasteless powder, free from gritty
matter.
It burns without a luminous flame. Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Charcoal; not
more than 7.5 per cent, of ash remains.
Boil about 1 Gm. of Charcoal with a mixture of 3 mils of potassium hydroxide
T.S. and 10 mils of distilled water for one-half minute; the filtrate shows only
a slight brown color.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CARDAMOMI SEMEN
Cardamom Seed
Cardam. Sem.— Cardamomum, U.S.P. VIII Cardamon
The dried seeds of Elettaria Cardamomum White et Maton (Fam.
Zingiheracem), recently removed from the capsules.
Mostly agglutinated in groups of from 2 to 7, the individual seeds, oblong-
ovoid in outline, 3- or irregularly 4-sided, convex on the dorsal surface, strongly
longitudinally grooved on one side, from 3 to 4 mm. in length; externally red-
dish-gray-browTi, coarsely tuberculated, and with more or less adhering por-
tions of the membranous aril; in section showing a thin reddish-brown seed-
coat, a large white perisperm and a central, greenish endosperm enclosing
a small straight embryo; odor aromatic; taste aromatic, pungent.
The powder is greenish-brown ; consisting chiefly of coarse angular fragments
of cells of the reserve layers and seed-coat ; cells of endosperm and perisperm
filled with compound starch grains, the individual grains from 0.001 to 0.004 mm.
in diameter; fragments of seed with dark brown stone cells, which are polygonal
in surface view and about 0.02 mm. in diameter; in mounts made with hydrated
chloral T.S. single prisms or crystals in rosette aggregates may separate in the
cells of the endosperm and perisperm; fragments of spiral tracheae with accom-
panying slightly lignified bast-fibers relatively few.
Cardamom Seed yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Tinctura Cardamomi Tinctura Cardamomi Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CARUM
Caraway
Carawayseed Caraway Seed
The dried fruit of Varum Carvi Linne (Fam. Umbelliferce) . Without
the presence or admixture of more than 3 per cent, of other fruits,
seeds or foreign matter. Preserve Caraway in tightly-closed containers,
adding a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from time to
time, to prevent attack by insects.
102 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Mericarps usually separated, crescent-shaped, 3 to 7 mm. in length, 1.5 mm,
in diameter; externally dark brown with 5 yellowish filiform ribs; in transverse
section nearly equilateraliy pentagonal, the commissural surface with two vittae,
the dorsal surface with a vitta between each of the primary ribs; oily endosperm
large, enclosing a small embryo; odor and taste agreeably aromatic.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Caraway show an epidermal layer
of slightly tangentially elongated cells with thick outer walls; a layer of several
rows of tangentially elongated parenchyma cells, frequently more or less col-
lapsed; a single, large, elliptical, brown vitta or oil-tube between each of the
ribs and surrounded by small epithelial or secretion cells; in each of the ribs a
single fibro-vascular bundle surrounded by a layer of thick-walled sclerenchy-
matous fibers; inner epidermis of broadly elongated cells with very thin side
walls, being very frequently broken and closely coherent with the more or less
brownish collapsed cells of the seed-coat; commissural surface with 2 large
vittae and at the middle portion 2 large transverse hollow spaces formed by the
separation of the tissues of the seed-coat on one side and the pericarp on the
other, otherwise the cells resemble those on the dorsal surface; endosperm
large, cells polygonal with thick walls and containing a fixed oil and aleurone
grains, the latter not infrequently containing a small rosette aggregate or prism
of calcium oxalate.
The powder is yellowish-brown, mostly of irregular, angular fragments; cells
of endosperm with aleurone grains each usually containing a rosette aggregate
of calcium oxalate about 0.001 mm. in diameter; fragments with light-yellow
vittae, together with nearly isodiametric or polygonal, yellowish-brown, inner
epidermal cells of pericarp; fragments with tracheae and sclerenchymatous
fibers, the latter 0.01 mm. in width, slightly lignified and with numerous
oblique pores.
Caraway yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
AvERA-GE DOSE — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CARYOPHYLLUS
Clove
Caryoph.— Cloves
The dried flower-buds of Eugenia aromatica (Linn^) O. Kuntze, Jam-
bosa Caryophyllus (Sprengel) Niedenzu (Fam. Myrtacece), without the
presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of the peduncles, stems
or other foreign matter.
From 10 to 17.5 mm. in length, of a dark brown or brownish-black color,
consisting of a stem-like, solid, inferior ovary, obscurely four-angled or somewhat
compressed, terminated by four calyx teeth, and surmounted by a nearly globu-
lar head, consisting of four petals, which enclose numerous curved stamens and
one style; odor strongly aromatic; taste pungent and aromatic, followed by
slight numbness.
When Clove is pressed strongly between the thumbnail and finger the volatile
oil becomes visible.
Stems either separate or attached to the flower-buds; sub-eylindrical or four-
angled, attaining a length of 25 mm. and a diameter of 4 mm., either simple,
branching or distinctly jointed, and less aromatic than the flower-buds.
The powder varies from dark brown to reddish-brown and consists chiefly
of cellular fragments showing the large oil reservoirs, spiral tracheae and a few
eomewhat thick-walled, slightly-lignified, spindle-shaped bast-fibers; calcium
oxalate in rosette aggregates, from 0.01 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; pollen grains
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA " 103
numerous, tetrahedral, somewhat ellipsoidal, from 0.015 to 0.02 mm. in diameter.
The presence of stems in the powder is shown by stone cells of irregular, polygonal
shape, 0.07 mm. in diameter, with thick porous walls and largo lumina, the
latter frequently filled with a yellowish-brown amorphous sub.stance.
Clove yields not less than 10 per cent, of volatile extractive soluble in ether
(see Part II, Test No. 12).
Clove yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash. The amount of ash, insoluble
in hydrochloric acid, does not exceed 0.5 per cent, of the weight of Clove taken.
Average dose — MetriC; 0.25-Gm, — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
CASCARA SAGRADA
Cascara Sagrada
Case. Sagr.— Rhamnus Purshiana, U.S.P. VIII
The dried bark of the trunk and branches of Rhamnus Purshiana De
Candolle (Fam. Rhamnacece).
Usually in flattened or transversely curved pieces, occasionally in quills;
bark from 1 to 5 mm. in thickness; outer surface dark brown or brownish-red,
longitudinally ridged, often nearly covered with grayish or whitish lichens,
bearing small blackish apothecia, sometimes with numerous lenticels, and
occasionally with mosses; inner surface light yellow, light brown, or reddish-
brown, longitudinally striate, turning red when moistened with solutions of
the alkalies; fracture short, with projections of bast-fibers in the inner bark;
in cross section inner bark shows diagonal or curved medullary rays, forming
converging groups, the outer bark showing 3'ellowish groups of stone cells which
are especially apparent on moistening the freshly cut surface with phloroglucinol
T.S. and hydrochloric acid; odor distinct; taste disagreeable, bitter, and sUghtly
acrid.
Under the microscope, a transverse section of Cascara Sagrada shows an outer
yellowish-brown or reddish-brown corky layer consisting of 10 to lo or more
rows of cells; stone cells in outer bark in tangentially elongated groups of 20
to 50 cells, the walls being veiy thick and finely lamellated; medullary rays 1
to 4 cells wide, 15 to 25 cells deep, the contents being colored red upon the addi-
tion of solutions of the alkaUes to the sections; bast-fibers in tangentially elon-
gated groups in the inner bark, the walls being thick and strongly lignified;
crystal fibers around the bast-fibers with individual crystals from 0.008 to 0.015
mm. in length; parenchyma with spheroidal starch grains about 0.003 to 0.008
mm. in diameter, or with calcium oxalate either in rosette aggregates or prisms
from 0.01 to 0.02 mm. in diameter.
Add 0.1 Gm. of powdered Cascara Sagrada to 10 mils of hot water, shake
the mixture occasionally until cold, filter it and add sufficient water to make
10 mils; on the addition of 10 mils of ammonia water to this Uquid, it is colored
an orange yellow.
Macerate 0.1 Gm. of powdered Cascara Sagrada with 10 drops of alcohol,
boil the mixture ^ath 10 mils of water, when cold filter it and shake the filtrate
with 10 mils of ether; a yellow ethereal .solution separates. Shake 3 mils of this
ethereal solution with 3 mils of ammonia water; the separated ammoniacal
solution still possesses, on diluting with 20 mils of water, a distinct, yellowish-red
color.
The powder is light brown to olive brown, showing characteristic elongated
groups of bast-fibers associated with crystal fibers, the crystals in the latter
being in the form of monochnic prisms from 0.008 to 0.015 mm. in length; stone
cells in large groups, the cells having tliick and finely porous walls; fragments
of parenchyma and medullary ray cells colored red upon the addition of solu-
tions of the alkalies; starch grains either free or in parenchyma cells, the indi-
104 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
vidual grains being somewhat spheroidal, from 0.003 to 0.008 mm. in diameter;
calcium oxalate in monoclinic prisms or rosette aggregates from 0.01 to 0.02
mm. in diameter; occasional fragments of reddish-brown cork.
Preparations — Extractum Cascarae Sagradae Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae
Fluidextractum Cascarae Sagradae Aromaticum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CERA ALBA
White Wax
Cer. Alb.
Yellow Wax, bleached.
White Wax is a yellowish-white solid, somewhat translucent in thin layers,
Laving a faint, characteristic odor; it is free from rancidity, and nearly tasteless.
Specific gravity: 0.950 to 0.960 at 25° C, as determined by the method given
imder Cera Flava.
It melts between 62° and 65° C.
The acid value is not less than 17 nor more than 23, and the ester value not
less than 72 nor more than 79, as determined by the methods given under Cera
Flava.
In other respects White Wax has the characteristics of Yellow Wax and
responds to the tests for identity and purity under Cera Flava.
CERA FLAVA
Yellow Wax
Cer. Flav. — Beeswax
A product obtained by melting and purifjdng the honey-comb of
the bee, A-pis mellifera, Linne (Fam. Apidce).
Yellow Wax is a yellow to gray-brown solid, having an agreeable, honey-like
odor, and a faint characteristic taste.
It is somewhat brittle when cold, and when broken presents a dull, granular,
not crystalline fracture. By the heat of the hand, it becomes plastic.
Yellow wax is insoluble in water, sparingly soluble in cold alcohol; boiling
alcohol dissolves the cerotic acid and a portion of the myrocin. It is completely
soluble in chloroform, ether, or in fixed or volatile oils; partly soluble in cold
benzene or carbon disulphide, and completely soluble in these liquids at a tem-
perature of from 25° to 30° C.
Specific gravity: 0.950 to 0.960 at 25° C, determined as follows.
Melt the Wax at a low temperature and allow it to fall in separated drops
from just above the surface into alcohol that has been warmed to from 45° to
50° C. Allow the globules to remain in the alcohol until it has cooled spontane-
ously to room temi)erature (20° to 25° C), then remove the Wax and keep it
at room temperature for 24 hours. Prepare a mixture of 4 volumes of alcohol and
enough distilled water to make 10 volumes and allow it to stand until free from
air bubbles. Moisten the globules of Wax with distilled water, by means of a
brush, and place them by means of forceps in the alcohol solution just prepared
contained in a beaker. Then add alcohol or air-free distilled water as required
to the mixture, kept at 25° C, until the globules of Wax float or rest indiffer-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 105
ently in the liquid, and finally determine the specific gravity of the alcoholic
liquid. The figure thus obtained is the specific gravity of the Wax examined.
It melts between 62° and 65° C.
Boil 1 Gm. of Yellow Wax for half an hour with 35 mils of an aqueous solu-
tion of sodium hydroxide (1 in 7), the volume being preserved by the occasional
addition of distilled water; the Wax separates on cooling without rendering the
liquid opaque, and no precipitate is produced in the liquid after filtration through
glass wool or asbestos, on the addition of hydrochloric acid in excess (Jats or
fatly acids, Japan icax, or rosin). Hydrochloric acid produces no precipitate
in water which has been boiled with a portion of the Wax (soap).
Warm about 3 Gm. of Yellow Wax. accurately weighed, in a 200 mil flask with
25 mils of neutral dehydrated alcohol until melted, then add 1 mil of phenol-
phthalein T.S. and titrate the mixture while warm with half-normal alcoholic
potassium hydroxide V.S. to a faint pink color. The acid value so obtained is not
less than 18 nor more than 24. Now add 25 mils of half-normal alcoholic potas-
sium hydroxide V.S. and 50 mils of alcohol, boil the mixture for two hours
under a reflux condenser and titrate the excess of the alkali with half-normal
hydrochloric acid V.S. The ester value so obtained is not less than 72 nor
more than 77.
CERATUM
Cerate
Cerat. — Simple Cerate
White Wax, three hundred grammes 300 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, seven hundred grammes 700 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the white wax by the heat of a water bath, add the benzoinated
lard, continue the heat until the mixture is liquefied, strain if necessary
and stir constantly until it congeals.
For use in southern latitudes and during the heated season in other
localities, 50 Gm. of the benzoinated lard (or more, if necessary) may be
replaced by an equal quantity of white wax.
CERATUM CANTHARIDIS
Cantharides Cerate
Cerat. Canthar. — BUstering Cerate
Cantharides, in No. 60 powder, three hundred and fifty
grammes 350 Gm.
Glacial Acetic Acid, twenty-five milliliters 25 mils
Oil of Turpentine, one hundred and fifty milliliters 150 mils
Yellow Wax, one hundred and seventy-five grammes 175 Gm.
Rosin, one hundred and seventy-five grammes 175 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
106 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Moisten the cantharides with the oil of turpentine and the glacial
acetic acid, previously mixed, and set the mixture aside in a well-cov-
ered container, in a warm place, for forty-eight hours. Melt together
the rosin, yellow wax, and benzoinated lard ; strain the mixture through
muslin, add the macerated cantharides and keep the mixture in a liquid
condition by heating it on a water bath with occasional stirring, until it
is reduced in weight to one thousand grammes. Then withdraw the
heat and stir the Cerate until it becomes firm.
Preparation — Emplastrum Cantharidis.
CERATUM RESINiE
Rosin Cerate
Cerat. Res. — Basilicon Ointment
Rosin, three hundred and fifty grammes 350 Om.
Yellow Wax, one hundred and fifty grammes 150 Gm.
Lard, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the rosin, add the yellow wax and the lard, and continue the
heat until liquefied, then strain the liquid through muslin, and allow it
to congeal with occasional stirring.
In cold weather five hundred and thirty grammes of lard and one hun-
dred and twenty grammes of yellow wax may be used.
Preparation — Linimentum Terebinthinae.
CERII OXALAS
Cerium Oxalate
Cerii Oxal.
A mixture of the oxalates of cerium, didymium, lanthanum, and other
associated elements.
Cerium Oxalate is a fine white or slightly pink powder, without odor or taste;
permanent in the air.
It is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether, and in solutions of potassium or sodivim
hydroxide; insoluble in cold, diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acid, but dissolved
by these acids when heated.
\\'hen heated to redness it is decomposed, leaving not less than 47 per cent, of
a reddish-brown resitiue.
Boil Cerium Oxalate with jiotassium hydroxide T.S.; an insoluble precipitate
of wliite hydroxides is produced. Filter and supersaturate the filtrate with
acetic acid; the addition of calcium chloride T.S. produces a white precipitate,
ini^oluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
From a solution of Cerium Oxalate in diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid,
potassium hydroxide T.S., added in slight excess, precipitates white hydroxides,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 107
which do not redissolve in a larger excess of the reagent, but gradually turn
yellow in contact with air. Ammonium carbonate T.S. added \n slight excess
to a similar acid solution produces a white precipitate of the mixed carbonates
of cerium and associated elements, which is somewhat soluble in a larger excesa
of the reagent.
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of Cerium Oxalate in 1 mil of sulphuric acid and add 2 mils
of potassium sulphate T.S.; small, colorless crystals of double sulj^hates of
potassium and the rare-earth elements in the mixture are deposited after some
time.
No effervescence occurs when Cerium Oxalate is dissolved in diluted hydro-
chloric acid (carbonates).
A solution of Cerium Oxalate (1 in 50) in diluted hydrochloric acid does not
respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
A solution of Cerium Oxalate (1 in 25) in hot dikite sulphuric acid (1 in 3)
meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Tost No. 1).
Boil 0.3 Gm. of Cerium Oxalate with 15 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S.
and filter. No precipitate is produced in 5 mils of the filtrate by boiling with an
excess of ammonium chloride T.S. {aluminum) or in another 5 mil portion of the
filtrate by the addition of sodium sulphide T.S. (zinc).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3 grains.
CETACEUM
Spermaceti
Cetac.
A concrete, fattj'- substance, obtained from the head of the sperm
whale, Physeter macrocephalus Linne (Fam. Physeteridce).
Spermaceti occurs in white, somewhat translucent, slightly unctuous masses,
with a scaly, crystalline fracture, a pearly luster, a very faint odor and a bland,
mild taste. It becomes yellowish in color and rancid on prolonged exposure to air.
It is insoluble in water and nearly so in cold alcohol; soluble in boiling alcohol,
in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, or fixed or volatile oils; only slightly
soluble in cold petroleum benzin.
Specific gravity: 0.938 to 0.944 at 25° C. as determined by the method given
xinder Cera Flava.
It melts between 42° and 50° C.
It dissolves completely in 50 parts of boiling alcohol (paraffin), and the solution
is neutral or not more than slightly acid to moistened litmus paper.
Warm a mixture of about 1 Gm. of Spermaceti and 10 mils of ammonia water
until the Spermaceti is melted, then shake it thoroughly in a stoppered vessel for
a few minutes, cool and filter.* The filtrate, upon supersaturation with hydro-
chloric acid, may become turbid, but yields no precipitate (stearic acid).
CHLORALUM HYDEATUM
Hydrated Chloral
Chloral. Hydrat.— "Chloral" Chloral Hydrate
A compound of trichloraldehyde or chloral, with the elements of one
molecule of water. It contains not less than 99,5 per cent, of C2HCI3O
108 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
+H2O or CCI3.COH+H2O (165.4). Preserve it in tightly-stoppered
bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Hydrated Chloral occurs in rhomboidal, colorless, transparent crystals which
do not readily attract moisture. It has an aromatic, penetrating, and slightly
acrid odor, and a bitterish, caustic taste. It is slowly volatihzed when exposed
to the air.
One Gm. of Hydrated Chloral dissolves in 0.25 mil of water, ] .3 mils of alcohol,
2 mils of chloroform, and in 1.5 mils of ether at 25° C; very soluble in ohve oil,
freely soluble in oil of turpentine.
Hydrated Chloral is decomposed by caustic alkalies, alkaline earths, and
ammonia, chloroform and a formate of the base being produced. When warmed
with a few drops of aniline and sodium hydroxide T.S., the intensely disagreeable
odor of phenylisocyauide is produced.
Gently ignite 2 Gm. of Hydrated Chloral ; no inflammable vapors are evolved
(distinction from chloral alcoholate and ethyl carbamate). On complete incinera-
tion not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash remains.
Ten mils of an alcoholic solution of Hydrated Chloral (1 in 20) does not at
once redden moistened blue litmus paper, nor at once become opalescent on the
addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. {hydrochloric acid and chlorides).
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of Hydrated Chloral, at intervals of five minutes during
one hour, with 5 mils of sulphuric acid in a glass-stoppered tube, which has
previously been rinsed with sulphuric acid. The acid remains colorless, or very
nearly so when viewed transversely in a tube of about 20 mm. diameter {organic
impurities) .
Assay — Dissolve about 4 Gm. of Hydrated Chloral, accuratelj' weighed, in
10 mils of distilled water, add 30 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
and allow the mixture to stand two minutes; then add phcnolphthalein T.S.,
and determine the residual alkali at once by titration with normal sulphuric acid
V.S. It shows not less than 99.5 per cent, of C2HCI3O+H2O.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed corresponds to
0.1654 Gm. of C2HCI3O+H2O. Each gramme of Hydrated Chloral corresponds
to not less than 6.02 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
CHLOROFORMUM
Chloroform
Chlorof.
A liquid consisting of not less than 99 per cent, nor more than 99.4
per cent., by weight, of CHCI3 (119.39), and not less than 0.6 per cent,
nor more than 1 per cent, of alcohol. Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles, in a cool place, protected from light. Caution: Care should be
used in vaporizing Chloroform in the presence of a naked flame, as
noxious gases are produced.
Chloroform is a clear, colorless, mobile liquid, of a characteristic, ethereal
odor, and a burning, sweet taste.
Chloroform dissolves in 210 times its volume of water; miscible with alcohol,
ether, benzene, petroleum benzin, or with fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: 1.474 to 1.478 at 25° C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 109
Chloroform is volatile at a low temporaturc and boils at about 61° C. It
is not inflammable, but its heated vapor burns with a green flame.
Pour 20 mils of Chloroform upon a piece of clean, odorless filter paper laid
flat upon a warmed glass plate, and rock the plate from side to side until the
liquid is all evaporated. No foreign odor becomes perceptible as the last por-
tions disappear from the paper, and the paper remains odorless.
Agitate 10 mils of Chloroform with 25 mils of distilled water, and allow the
liquids to separate completely; the aqueous layer is neutral to litmus and sepa-
rate portions of 10 mils each are not affected by a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.
(chlorides) nor colored blue by the addition of a few drops each of potassium
iodide T.S. and starch T.S. (free chlorine).
Transfer 40 mils of Chloroform from the container, by means of a clean pipette,
to a 50 mil glass-stoppered cylinder of colorless glass having an internal diameter
of about 20 mm. and previously rinsed with sulphuric acid, add 4 mils of color-
less sulphuric acid and shake the mixture vigorously during five minutes.
Then allow the liquids to separate completely, so that both are transparent.
The Chloroform remains colorless, and the acid is colorless or very nearly so
when viewed horizontally in the cylinder held in a vertical position (impurities
decomposable by sulphuric acid).
Dilute 2 mils of the sulphuric acid, separated from the Chloroform in the
preceding test, with 5 mils of distilled water; the liquid is colorless and clear,
and, while hot from the mixing, emits but a faint, vinous or ethereal odor (odorous
decomposition products). When further diluted with 10 mils of distilled water,
it remains clear and is not affected within one minute by the addition of 3 drops
of silver nitrate T.S. (chlorinated decomposition compounds).
Preparations — Aqua Chloroformi Linimentum Chloroform! Spiritus
Chloroform!.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 mil — Apothecaries, 5 minims.
CHONDRUS
Chondrus
Irish Moss Carrageen
The dried plant of Chondrus crispus (Linne) Stackhouse or of Gigartina
mamillosa (Goodenough et Woodward) J. Agardh (Fam. Gigartinaceoi).
Entire plants more or less matted together, consisting of a slender stalk from
which arises a series of dichotomously branching, more or less flattened segments,
emarginate or deeply cleft at the tips; from 5 to 15 cm. in length, and 1 to 10
mm. in width; yellowish-white, translucent, frequently coated with a cal-
careous deposit which effervesces with hydrochloric acid; sonaetimes with
fruit bodies or sporangia embedded near the apex of the segments (in C. crispus)
or with sporangia borne on short tuberculated projections or stalks, more or less
scattered over the upper portion of the segments (in G. mamillosa); somewhat
cartilaginous; odor slight, seaweed like; taste mucilaginous, saUne.
Boil one part of Chondrus for about ten minutes with 30 parts of water,
replacing the water lost by evaporation; the strained Uquid forms a thick jelly
upon cooling. When softened in cold water Chondrus becomes gelatinous and
transparent, the thallus remaining nearly smooth and uniform and not swollen
except slightly at the tips; a solution made by boiling 0.3 Gm. of the drug in
100 mils of water and filtering gives no precipitate on the addition of tannic
acid T.S. (gelatin), and when cold does not give a blue color on the addition of
iodine T.S. (staXQh)-
110 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
CHROMII TRIOXIDUM
Chromium Trioxide
Chrom. Triox. — "Chromic Acid" Chromic Anhydride
It contains not less than 95 per cent, of CrOs (100.00). Preserve it
in glass-stoppered bottles. Caution: Chromium Trioxide should not
be brought into contact with organic substances, as serious accidents
are liable to result.
Chromium Trioxide occurs as small, needle-shaped crystals or rhombic prisms,
of a dark purplish-red color and metallic luster; odorless; destructive to animal
and vegetable tissues; deliquescent in moist air.
One Gm. of Chromium Trioxide dissolves in 0.6 mil of water at 25° C; also
in 0.5 mil of boiling water; when brought into contact with organic solvents
(c.(/., alcohol), decomposition takes place, sometimes with dangerous violence.
When Chromium Trioxide is heated, it darkens, and finally becomes black, but
the color is restored on cooling. At about 193° C. it fuses to a reddish-brown
liquid, which, on cooling, forms a dark red, brittle mass (often enclosing cavities
filled with crystals), furnishing a scarlet powder. Above 250° C. it begins to
decompose into green chromic oxide and free oxygen, and, after protracted
heating, leaves a residue of chromic oxide.
When warmed with hydrochloric acid, chlorine is evolved.
A solution of 1 Gm. of Chromium Trioxide in 100 mils of distilled water,
previously acidulated with 3 mils of hydrochloric acid, is not rendered turbid
within one minute on the addition of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. (sulphuric
acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Chromium Trioxide, accurately weighed in a
stoppered weighing-bottle, in sufficient distilled water to make a volume of 100
mils. Mix 15 mils of this solution with 3 mils of hydrochloric acid and 2
Gm. of potassium iodide in a glass-stoppered container, agitate the mixture,
allow it to stand for five minutes, then dilute it with 100 mils of distilled water and
titrate with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as
indicator. It shows not less than 95 per cent, of CrOs.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.003333 Gm. of CrOs. Each gramme of Chromium Trioxide corresponds to not
less than 285.0 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
CHRYSAROBINUM
Chrysarobin
Chrysarob.
A mixture of neutral principles extracted from Goa powder, a sub-
stance found deposited in the wood of Vouacapoua Araroba (Aguiar)
Druce (Fam. LeguminosoB). Preserve it in well-closed containers, pro-
tected from light.
Chrysarobin is a brownish to orange-yellow, micro-crystalline powder, taste-
less, odorless, and irritating to the mucous membrane.
One Gm. of Chrysarobin dissolves in 385 mils of alcohol, 12.5 mils of chloroform;
16 mils of ether, 30 mils of benzene and in 180 mils of carbon disulphide at 25° C,
very slightly soluble in water, and in boiling water; it dissolves in solutions of
the fixed alkah hydroxides, producing a red liquid.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 111
It dissolves in sulphuric acid, producins a deep red solution. On pouring this
liquid into water, Chrysarobin is deposited unclianged.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Chrysarobin; not more than 0.25 per cent, of ash
remains.
Mix about 0.001 Gm. of Chrysarobin with 2 drops of fuming nitric acid; a
red mixture is produced, which turns violet-red on the addition of a few drops of
ammonia water (distinction from chrysophanic acid, which produces a yellow
liquid).
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of Chrysarobin with 20 mils of distilled water and filter;
the filtrate is neutral to litmus and is not changed in color by a few drops of ferric
chloride T.S. (chrysophanic acid).
Preparation — Unguentum Chrysarobini,
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, }i grain.
CIMICIFUGA
Cimicifuga
Cimicif. — Black Cohosh Black Snakeroot Macrotys
The dried rhizome and roots of Cimicifuga racemosa (Linn6) Nuttall
(Fam. Ranunculacece) , without the presence or admixture of more than
2 per cent, of stems or foreign matter.
Rhizome horizontal, more or less branching, from 2 to 12 cm. in length, and
from 1 to 2.5 cm. in thickness; externally dark brown, slightly annulate from
circular scars of bud scale-leaves, the upper surface with numerous stout, erect
or somewhat curved branches terminated by deep, cup-shaped scars, each of
which usually shows a distinct radiate structure; inferior and lateral portions
with numerous root-scars and a few short roots; fracture horny; internally
whitish and mealy or dark brown and waxy, bark thin, wood distinctly radiate
and of about the same thickness as the pith; odor slight; taste bitter and acrid.
Roots somewhat cylindrical or obtusely quadrangular, from 1 to 3 mm. in
thickness, externally dark brown, longitudinally wrinkled; fracture short;
internally bark dark brown, wood yellowish, 4- to 6-rayed.
Under the microscope, sections of the rhizome of Cimicifuga show a j^ellowish-
brown suberized epidermis, a cortex made up of about 30 layers of starch-bearing
parenchyma cells; the fibro-vascular bundles collateral, the xylem consisting
of tracheaj with bordered pores, and resembling tracheids in that the ends are
rather acute; wood-fibers numerous, thin-walled, strongly lignified and with
simple, oblique pores, the bundles separated by starch-bearing parenchyma
strands from 5 to 30 cells wide; pith cells numerous, resembling those of the
cortex.
Under the microscope, sections of the root of Cimicifuga show a hairy epidermis,
which becomes suberized in older roots; the cortex shows about 12 rows of
starch-bearing parenchyma cells; endodermis distinct; fibro-vascular bundles
4 to 6, showing in older roots as separate collateral bundles.
The powder is light to dark brown; starch grains numerous, single or compound,
the individual grains spherical or more or less polygonal, each with a somewhat
central cleft, from 0.003 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; fragments showing tracheae
with bordered pores and lignified wood-fibers; irregular, yellowish-brown
fragments of suberized epidermis made up of more or less tabular cells, some-
times elongated and considerably thickened.
Cimicifuga yields not more than 10 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Cimicifugae Fluidextractum Cimicifugae.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
112 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
CINCHONA
Cinchona
Cinch. — Yellow Cinchona Calisaya Bark Yellow Peruvian Bark
The dried bark of Cinchona Ledgeriana jMoens, Cinchona Calisaya
Weddell, and of hybrids of these with other species of Cinchona (Fam.
Ruhiacece), yielding not less than 5 per cent, of the alkaloids of Cinchona.
In quills or curved pieces of variable length, bark from 3 to 5 mm. in thickness,
or in small broken fragments or in transversely curved pieces from 3 to 7 mm.
in thickness; externally gray, rarely brownish-gray, with numerous intersecting
transverse and longitudinal fissures having nearly vertical sides, and usually
with patches of foliaceous lichens with their small, brownish-black apothecia;
when the outer bark is absent, the color externally is cinnamon-brown; inner
surface light cinnamon-brown, finely striate; fracture of the outer bark short
and granular, of the inner bark finely splintery; odor faintly aromatic; taste
very bitter and somewhat astringent.
The powder is reddish-brown; bast-fibers spindle-shaped, yellowish, from
0.3 to 1.35 mm. in length, with thick, strongly ligTiified, lamellated walls
having slit-like, oblique pores; starch grains single or 2- to 5-compound, the
individual grains spherical or plano-convex and from 0.003 to 0.015 mm. in
diameter; sphenoidal micro-crystals of calcium oxalate numerous.
Heat 1 Gm. of powdered Cinchona in a dry test tube; a tarry distillate forms,
having a purplish color and a somewhat granular appearance.
Assay — Introduce 5 Gm. of Cinchona, in No. 40 powder, into a 500 mil flask
and add 200 mils of a mixture of chloroform, 1 volume, and ether, 2 volumes.
Stopper the flask, shake it well, and let it stand ten minutes. Then add 5 mils
of ammonia water, shake the flask frequently for one hour, and let it stand from
eight to ten hours. Now add 10 mils of distilled water, shake the mixture
vigorously and when the drug has settled, decant 160 mils of the solution,
representing 4 Gm. of Cinchona. Filter it through a pledget of purified cotton
into a separator, and rinse both cylinder and cotton with ether. Completely
extract the alkaloids from the chloroform-ether solution by shaking out repeat-
edly with weak sulphuric acid. Collect the acid solutions in a separator, add
ammonia water until the solution is distinctly alkaline to litmus, and completely
extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with chloroform. Filter each
portion of chloroform as it comes from the separator through a pledget of purified
cotton into a tared flask, and wash the funnel and cotton with chloroform.
Evaporate the chloroform on a water bath, add 5 mils of alcohol to the residue,
and again evaporate. Repeat the evaporation with alcohol and dry the residue
at 100° C. to constant weight. The weight will be the amount of total alkaloids
from 4 Gm. of Cinchona (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Preparations — Fluidextractum Cinchonae Tinctura Cinchonas.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CINCHONA RUBRA
Red Cinchona
Cinch. Rub. — Red Peruvian Bark
The dried bark of Cinchona succiruhra Pavon (Fam. Ruhiacea;), or of
its hybrids, yielding not less than 5 per cent, of the alkaloids of Red
Cinchona.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 113
In quills or curved pieces of variable length, bark from 2 to 4 mm. in thickness,
or in small broken fragments or in transversely curved pieces from 3 to 7 mm.
in thickness; externally gray, grayish-brown, or reddish-brown, more or less
rough from corky protuberances, occasionally with transverse fissures which are
rarely numerous or much intersected, and having their sides Bloi)ing, and with
occasional patches of foliaceous lichens; inner surface reddish or orange-brown,
distinctly striate; fracture short and granular in the outer bark, shortly and
rather coarsely splintery in the inner bark; odor slight; taste very bitter and
astringent.
The powder is light brown; bast-fibers and sphenoidal micro-crystals of
calcium oxalate, resembling those in cinchona; starch grains resembling those
of cinchona relatively few, from 0.003 to 0.01 mm. in diameter.
Heat 1 Gm. of powdered Red Cinchona in a dry test tube; a tarry distillate
forms having a bright red color.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Cinchona, using 5 Gm. of Red Cinchona.
Preparation — Tinctura Cinchonae Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecarie.'s, 15 grains.
CINCHONIDIN^ SULPHAS
Cinchonidine Sulphate
Cinchonid. Sulph.
The sulphate [(Ci9H220N2)2.H2S04+3n20 = 740.53] of an alkaloid
obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona. Preserve it in
well-closed containers protected from light.
Cinchonidine Sulphate occurs in white, glistening, silky needles or prisms;
odorless and having a very bitter taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Cinchonidine Sulphate di.ssolves in 65 mils of water, 90 mils of
alcohol, and in 620 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 22 mils of water at 80° C,
and in 41 mils of alcohol at 60° C; nearly insoluble in ether.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is neutral or faintly alkaline to htmus
and is Isevorotatorj'.
When anhj'drous it melts at about 200° C. with partial decomposition.
An aqueous solution of Cinchonidine Sulphate yields with barium chloride T.S.,
a white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
Add ammonia water to 25 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt, 1 in 80; a
white precipitate (cinchonidine) is produced, which is but shghtly soluble in
ammonia water, but w'hich, when freshly precipitated, dissolves in 5 mils of
ether, the greater part afterwards separating in crystals.
When dried to constant weight at 100° C., Cinchonidine Sulphate loses not
more than 12 per cent, of its weight.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Cinchonidine Sulphate; not more than 0.1 per cent,
of ash remains.
Add 2 mils of sulphuric acid to about 0.1 Gm. of the salt; not more than a
faint, yellow color is developed (readily carho7iizable impurities).
Ten mils of a solution of the salt (1 in 1000) in diluted sulphuric acid exhibits
only a faint, blue fluorescence.
Macerate 0.5 Gm. of Cinchonidine Sulphate, with frequent agitation, at the
ordinary temperature, with 20 mils of distilled water, then add 0.5 Gm. of
potassium and sodium tartrate and continue the maceration with repeated
agitation for one hour at 15° C, and filter the mixture. The addition of 1 drop
of ammonia water to the filtrate produces not more than a slight turbidity
(fiinchonine or quinidine sulphate).
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 23^ grains.
114 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
CINCHONIN^ SULPHAS
Cinchonine Sulphate
Cinchonin. Sulph.
The sulphate [(Ci9H220N2)2.H2S04 + 2H20 = 722.51] of an alkaloid
obtained from the bark of several species of cinchona. Preserve it in
well-closed containers protected from light.
Cinchonine Sulphate occurs in white, lustrous prismatic crystals; odorless,
and having a very bitter taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Cinchonine Sulphate dissolves in 60 mils of water, 12.5 mils of
alcohol, 47 mils of chloroform, and in 3230 mils of ether at 25° C.; also in 33
mils of water at 80° C. and in 7 mils of alcohol at 60° C.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is neutral or slightly alkaline to
litmus and is dextrorotatory.
An aqueous solution of Cinchonine Sulphate (1 in 100) yields with bariima
chloride T.S. a white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
Dried to constant weight at 100° C. Cinchonine Sulphate loses not more than
5 per cent, of its weight.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Cinchonine Sulphate; not more than 0.1 per cent, of
ash remains.
Ten mils of a solution of the salt (1 in 1000) in diluted sulphuric acid exhibits
only a slight, blue fluorescence.
One-tenth Gm. of the powdered salt dissolves completely or nearly so when
shaken with 10 mils of chloroform at ordinary temperatures (quinine or cinchoni-
dine sulphate).
Add 0.1 Gm. of the salt to 2 mils of sulphuric acid; it imparts not more than
a faint, yellow tinge to the acid {readily carhonizable, organic impurities).
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2i^' grains.
CINNAMOMUM SAIGONICUM
Saigon Cinnamon
Cinnam. Saigon.
The dried bark of an undetermined species of Cinnamomum (Fam.
Lauracece).
In quills attaining a length of 30 cm., and from 3 to 30 mm. in diameter; the
bark from 0.5 to 3 mm. in thickness; outer surface light brown to dark purplish-
brown with grayish patches of foliaceous lichens and numerous bud-scars; finely
wrinkled, especially the bark of younger twigs, otherwise more or less rough from
corky patches surrounding the lenticels; inner surface reddish-brown to dark
brown, granular, and slightly striate; fracture short; inner bark porous, owing
to the presence of large oil cells and mucilage cells, and separated by a con-
tinuous layer of stone cells from the outer bark; odor aromatic; taste sweetish,
aromatic and pungent.
Under the microscope, sections of the older bark of Saigon Cinnamon show a
thin layer of more or less lignified cork cells; a narrow layer of starch-bearing
parenchyma with scattered stone cells; a nearly continuous zone, several layers
wide, of stone cells, among which are small groups of bast-fibers with thickened
and slightly lignified walls; a wide inner bark with medullary rays 1 to 3 cells
in width, isolated bast-fibers, mucilage cells, oil cells njid parenchyma, the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 115
cells of the latter either filled with staxch grains or containing very small raphides
of calcium oxalate; the liimina of parenchyma cells, stone cells and bast-fibers
frequently filled with an amorphous roddish-brown substance, which is for the
most part insoluble in the ordinary reagents. In the bark of young twigs there
is an epidermal layer with a thick yellowish cuticle, fewer stone cells in the zone
associated with bast-fibers, and the inner bark is narrower and with fewer
secretion cells than in the older bark.
The powder is j^ellowish- or reddish-brown; starch grains numerous, single
or compound, the individual grains being somewhat ellipsoidal or polygonal
and from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter; fragments, with colorless stone cells,
rather prominent, the cells being very irregular in shajie and the lumina contain-
ing either air or a reddish-brown amorphous substance; bast-fibers from 0.3
to 1.5 mm. in length and usually in groups of from 2 to 20 with very thick
and scarcely lignificd walls; numerous cellular, reddish-brown fragments in
which the oil cells are not readilj-^ distinguishable.
Saigon Cinnamon yields not less than 2 per cent, of volatile extractive,
soluble in ether (see Part II, Test No. 12).
Saigon Cinnamon yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash. The amount of
ash insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not exceed 2 per cent, of the
weight of Saigon Cinnamon taken.
Preparation — Tinctura Cinnamomi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm, — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
CINNAMOMUM ZEYLAXICUM
Ceylon Cinnamon
Cinnam. Zeylan.
The dried bark of cultivated trees of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Breyne
(Fam. LauracecB), without the presence or admixture of more than
3 per cent, of the outer bark or other foreign matter.
In closely rolled double quills, composed of from 7 to 12 thin layers of separ-
ate pieces of bark, from 30 to 50 cm. in length and from 8 to 13 mm. in diameter;
the bark attaining a thickness of 1 mm.; outer surface pale j'ellowish-brown,
smooth, longitudinally striate with narrow yellowish groups of bast-fibers, and
showing circular or irregular brownish patches, occasionally with perforations
marking the nodes; inner surface light brown, with faint, longitudinal striations;
fracture short with projecting bast-fibers; odor agreeably aromatic; taste sweet-
ish and warmly aromatic.
Under the microscope, sections of Ceylon Cinnamon usually show no cork
but an almost continuous outer layer of stone cells, among which are small
groups of bast-fibers resembling those found in Saigon Cinnamon; in the inner
bark occur numerous bast-fibers singly or in small groups, medullary rays 1 to
2 cells in width, usually with raphides of calcium oxalate; parenchyma with
either reddish-brown contents or more or less filled with starch grains; scattered
throughout the parenchyma occur oil secretion cells and mucilage cells.
The powder is light brown or yellowish-brown; starch grains numerous,
varying from spherical to polygonal, from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter,
frequently in small aggregates; bast-fibers from 0.3 to 0.8 mm. in length,
usually single, spindle-shaped, with attenuated ends, the walls being very thick
and but slightly hgnified; colorless stone cells resembling those of Saigon Cinna-
mon; numerous cellular fragments with yellowish-brown walls or contents; cork
cellafewornone; calcium oxalate in raphides, frc«n 0.005 to 0.008 mm. in length.
116 THE PHAR^LA.COPCEIA OF THE
Ceylon Cinnaraon yields not less than 0.5 per cent, of volatile extractive,
soluble in ether (see Part II, Test No. 12).
Ceylon Cinnamon yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash. The amount of
ash insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid does not exceed 2 per cent, of the
weight of Ceylon Cinnamon taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.250 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
COCAINA
Cocaine
Cocain.
An alkaloid [C17H21O4N or C8Hi3(C6H5C0)0N.C00CH3 = 303.18]
obtained from Erythroxylon Coca Lamarck and its varieties (Fam.
Erythroxylacece) . Preserve it in well-closed containers protected from
light.
Cocaine occurs in large, colorless, four-sided, or six-sided monoclinic prisms,
or as a white crystalline powder; odorless.
One Gm. of Cocaine di.ssolves in about 600 mils of water, 6.5 mils of alcohol,
0.7 mil of chloroform, 3.5 mils of ether and in 12 mils of olive oil at 25° C; also
in 270 mils of water at 80° C; very soluble in warm alcohol; slightly soluble
in liquid petrolatum.
It melts between 96° and 98° C.
On neutralizing carefully an alcoholic solution of Cocaine with diluted hydro-
chloric acid and evaporating the solution to dryness, the residue responds to the
tests for identity and purity under CocaincB Hydrochloridum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^:4 grain.
COCAINE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Cocaine Hydrochloride
Cocain. liydrochl. — Cocaine Chloride Cocalnum hydrochloricum P. I.
The hydrochloride [Ci7H2iQ4N.HCl = 339.65] of the alkaloid cocaine.
Cocaine Hydrochloride occurs in colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms; in
flaky, lustrous leaflets or as a white, crystalline powder; odorless; permanent
in the air.
One Gm. of Cocaine Hydrochloride dissolves in 0.4 mil of water, 3.2 mils of
alcohol, and in 12.5 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 2 mils of alcohol at
60° C; soluble in glycerin, insoluble in ether.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus and is Isevorotatory.
It melts between 183° and 191° C, the higher melting point indicating greater
purity.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100), a
white precipitate in.soluble in nitric acid.
Add 5 drops of a solution of chromium trioxide (1 in 20) to 5 mils of a solution
of Cocaine Hydrochloride (1 in 50); a yellow precipitate is produced which
redi.ssolves on shaking the mixture; on now adding 1 mil of hydrochloric acid,
a permanent, orange-colored, crystalline precipitate is formed.
Dissolve about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 1 mil of sulphuric acid; not more than
a slight yellow tint is produced {readily carbonizahle impurilies). Keep this
solution at a temperature of 100° C for five minutes, then cautiously mix it with
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 117
2 mils of distilled water; the aromatic odor of methyl benzoate is noticeable
and, on cooling, crystals of benzoic acid form, which dissolve on the careful
addition of alcohol.
A solution of about 0.01 Gm. of Cocaine Hydrochloride in 1 mil of distilled
water yields, on the addition of 2 mils of tenth-normal potassium permanjiariate
V.S., a violet, crystalline precipitate which appears brownish-violet when collected
on a filter, and shows characteristic, crystalline aggregates under a low power
microscope.
incinerate 0.5 Gm. of Cocaine Hydrochloride; no weighable ash remains.
Mi.x 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) with 0.3 mil of normal
sulphuric acid V.S. and 0.1 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.;
a violet tint is produced which does not disappear entirely within half an hour
{cinnnmyl-cocaine) .
Dilute 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), in a beaker, witl
distilled water to make So mils, add 0.2 mil of ammonia water and stir the
solution vigorously during five minutes, with occasional rubbing of the sides of
the beaker with a stirring rod. A crystalline precipitate of cocaine is formed
and the supernatant liquid is clear (isatropyl-cocaine). The presence of
0.5 per cent, of isatropyl-cocaine will prevent the formation of nearly all of the
precipitate, and will cause the supernatant liquid to be milky.
Average pose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, }i grain.
COCCUS
Cocliineal
The dried female of the insect Coccus cacti Linne (Fam. Cocddce),
enclosing the young larvae.
Somewhat ovate in outline, convex above, concave beneath, from 3.5 to 5 mm.
in length, consisting of from 9 to 12 segments; externally grayish-purple or grayish;
in the shell-like, somewhat horny abdomen lie numerous larvae less than 1 mm. in
diameter; the mature larvae with antennae consisting of eight joints, 3 pairs of
legs, the lower having from 6 to 8 segments, and a characteristic beak or rostrum
composed of 4 thread-like parts which pair off into two coils.
Cochineal is easily pulverizable and jdelds a dark red powder, with a charac-
teristic odor and slightly bitter taste. When masticated it colors the saliva red,
due to the Tioloring principle, carminic acid, which is soluble in water, alcohol,
or alkahes and slightly soluble m ether, but insoluble in fixed or volatile oils.
Alkalies change the color of solutions of Cochmeal to purple, while acids change
it to reddish-yellow. When Cochineal is macerated in water no insoluble
powder separates.
Cochineal yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
CODEINA
Codeine
Codein. — Methylmorphine
An alkaloid [CxsHaiOgN+HaO or Ci7Hi8(CH3)03N-fH20 = 317.19]
obtained from opium, or prepared from morphine by methylation.
Preserve it in well-closed containers protected from light.
Codeine occurs in colorless, translucent, rhombic prisms, or as a crystalline
powder; odorless and sUghtly efflorescent in warm air.
118 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
One Gm. of Codeine dissolves in 120 mils of water, 2 mils of alcohol, 0.5 mil
of chloroform, and in 18 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 1.2 mils of alcohol at
60° C.
A saturated aqueous solution of Codeine is alkaline to litmus and is laevorota-
tory.
Codeine, rendered anhydrous, melts between 154° and 156° C.
When heated in an insufficient amount of water for complete solution, it
melts to oily drops, which crystallize on cooling.
Sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of selenous acid in each mil produces
with Codeine a green color, changing rapidly to blue, then slowly back to grass-
green.
About 0.01 Gm. of Codeine dissolves in 5 mils of sulphuric acid (free from
nitrous compounds) without showing other than a transient, pinkish tint; on
the addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S., the solution becomes blue when
warmed and changes to red on the further addition of a drop of nitric acid.
When dried to constant weight at 80° C, Codeine loses not more than 6 per
cent, of its weight. No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.5 Gm. of Codeine.
Dissolve about 0.05 Gm. of potassium ferricyanide in 10 mils of distilled
water, add 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S., and then 1 mil of a neutral or slightly
acid aqueous solution of Codeine (1 in 100), made with the aid of sulphuric
acid; no blue color is produced at once {morphine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^ grain.
CODEINiE PHOSPHAS
Codeine Phosphate
Codein. Phos.
The phosphate [C18H21O3N.H3PO4+2H2O or Ci,Hi8(CH3)03N.H3
PO4+2H2O = 433.27] of the alkaloid codeine. It yields not less than 67
per cent, of anhydrous codeine (CisHaiOsN). Preserve it in well-closed
containers, protected from light.
Codeine Phosphate occurs in fine, white, needle-shaped crystals, or as a crystal-
line powder; odorless and very efflorescent.
One Gm. of Codeine Phosphate dissolves in 2.3 mils of water, 325 mils of
alcohol, 4500 mils of chloroform, and in 1875 mils of ether at 25° C; also in
0.5 mil of water at 80° C. and in 125 mils of boiling alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is acid to litmus.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt, previously
neutralized with ammonia water, a yellow precipitate which is soluble in diluted
nitric acid and in ammonia water.
Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of Codeine Phosphate
(1 in 100), acidulated with nitric acid, are not rendered turbid at once on the
addition of a few drops of barium chloride T.S. (sulphates), or opalescent by a
few drops of silver nitrate T.S. (chlorides).
Assay — Di.s.solve about 0.5 Gm. of Codeine Phosphate, accurately weighed, in
10 mils of distilled water, add 10 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S. and shake
the mixture with three successive portions of 15 mils each of chloroform, or a
sufficient quantity to complete the extraction. The combined chloroform
solutions, carefully evaporated to dryness on a water bath, yield, after drying
to a constant weight at 110° C, not less than 67 per cent, of anhydrous codeine.
In other respects Codeine Phosphate responds to the tests of identity and
purity under Codeina, omitting the melting point and ash test.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^ grain.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 119
CODEINE SULPHAS
Codeine Sulphate
Codein. Sulpb.
The sulphate [(Ci8H2i03N)2.H2S04+5H20 or (Ci7Hx8(CH3)03N)2.
HaS04+5H20 = 786.52] of the alkaloid codeine. Preserve it in well-
closed containers, protected from light.
Codeine Sulphate occurs in long, glistening, white, needle-shaped crystals or
rhombic prisms, or as a crystalline powder; odorless and efflorescent in the air.
One Gm. of Codeine Sulphate dissolves in 30 mils of water and in 1280 mila
of alcohol at 25° C. ; also in 6.5 mils of water at 80° C. and in 440 mila of alcohol
at 60° C; insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 40) is neutral or not more than faintly acid to litmus.
Barium chloride T.S. produces, in an aqueous solution of the salt, a white
precipitate which is insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
When dried to constant weight at 100° C, Codeine Sulphate loses not more
than 12 per cent, of its weight.
In other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Codeina, omitting the melting point.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, }'2 grain.
COLCHICI CORINIUS
Colchicum Corm
Colch. Corm.— Colchicum Root
The dried corm of Colchicum autumnale Linne (Fam.LiZiacecB), yielding
not less than 0.35 per cent, of colchicine.
Usually in reniform, transverse or in ovate, longitudinal slices; from 2 to 5 mm.
in thickness; flat surfaces whitish, slightly roughened, and of a crystalline appear-
ance under a hand lens; epidermis thin, light brown and finely wrinkled; fracture
short and mealy, odor slight; taste bitter and somewhat acrid.
The powder is light brown or grayish-brown; starch grains numerous, single
or 2- to 6-compound, the individual grains varying from spherical or ovoid to
polygonal, and marked with a triangular or star-shaped, central cleft from 0.003
to 0.03 mm. in diameter; trachea^ few and with spiral or scalariform thickenings;
occasional fragments of epidermal cells with thin, reddish-brown walls.
Colchicum Corm yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Colchici Semen, using 15 Gm. of Colchicum
Corm.
Preparation — ^Extractum Colchici Cormi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
COLCHICI SEMEN
Colchicum Seed
Colch. Sem. — Colchici semen P. I.
The dried seeds of Colchicum autumnale Linne (Fam. Liliacece), yield-
ing not less than 0.45 per cent, of colchicine.
Ovoid or irregularly globular, more or less pointed at the hilum; from 2 to 3
mm. in diameter; when fresh, several seeds cohering; externally dark brown,
120 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
finely pitted; tough and of almost bony hardness; internally whitish or light
brown; nearly inodorous; taste bitter and somewhat acrid.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Colchicum Seed show a seed-coat
of a few more or less collapsed cells with thin reddish-brown walls; an endosperm,
making up most of the seed, consisting of cells with rather thick, porous walls,
the lumina containing oil globules and aleurone grains, the latter being from
0.003 to 0.015 nun. in diameter; a small embryo, the beaked portion, or caruncle,
containing numerous, somewhat ovoid, eUipsoidal or polygonal starch grains,
from 0.005 to 0.016 mm. in diameter.
Colchicum Seed yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 15 Gm. of Colchicum Seed, in No. 60 powder, into a 500 mil
flask, and add 10 mils of solution of lead subacetate and 290 mils of distilled
water. Weigh the flask and contents, and digest the mixture at from 60° to
70° C. for three hours, with occasional agitation. Cool, add distilled water to
restore the original weight and hlter off 200 mils. Add 0.75 Gm. of sodium
phosphate to the clear filtrate, shake the mixture frequently during half an hour,
and filter off 100 mils representing 5 Gm. of Colchicum Seed. Shake out the
alkaloid from the filtrate with chloroform until completely extracted, as shown
by testing with iodine T.S. (in place of the usual mercuric potassium iodide T.S.),
and evaporate the chloroform solution; add about 1 mil of alcohol and again
evaporate. Repeat this operation once more and dry the residue to constant
weight at 100° C. To this weighed residue contained in a flask add 5 mils of
tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. and 5 mils of distilled water and heat the
mixture for ten minutes at 70° C. Now filter the liquid through a pledget of
purified cotton, wash the flask and cotton with distilled water, reject the filtrate
and washings and remove as much of the water from the cotton as possible.
Dissolve any insoluble residue that may remain on the cotton by washing it
first with a little alcohol and then with ether; collect the alcohol-ether washings
in the flask, evaporate, and dry the residue to constant weight at 100° C. Deduct
this weight from the weight of residue previously obtained. The difference will
be the weight of colchicine obtained from 5 Gm. of Colchicum Seed (see Pro.xi-
mate Assays, Part II).
Preparations — Fluidextractum Colchici Seminis Tinctura Colchici Seminia.
Average dose — Metric, 0,2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 3 grains.
COLCHICINA
Colchicine
An alkaloid [C22H2506N = 399.21] obtained from colchicum. Preserve
it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Colchicine occurs in pale yellow, amorphous scales, or as a pale yellow, amor-
phous powder, turning darker on exposure to light; odorless or nearly so. Great
caution must he used in tasting it and then only in very dilute, solutions.
One Gm. of Colchicine dissolves in 22 mils of water, 220 mils of ether, and
in 100 mils of benzene at 25° C; also in 21 mils of water at 80° C; freely soluble
in alcohol or chloroform; insoluble in petroleum benzin.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 30) is neutral to litmus, laevorotatory, and of a
yellow color, which is intensified by the addition of mineral acids.
It melts between 142° and 146° C.
Stir about 0.001 Gm. of Colchicine with a few drops of sulphuric acid; a
lemon-yellow color is produced, which, on the addition of a drop of nitric acid,
changes to greenish-blue, then to red and finally to yellow. On adding an excess
of potassium hydroxide T.S., the color is changed to red.
The addition of 2 (Iroi)s of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution
of Colchicine (1 in 100) produces no color (colchiceine) , but, on heating, a brown-
ish-red color is developed, which changes to brownish-black; 1 drop of ferric
"UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 121
chloride T.S. added to 1 mil of an alcoholic solution of Colchicine (1 in 20)
produces a garnet-red color at once.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Colchicine.
Heat a mixture of about 0.01 Gm. of Colchicine, 2 mils of potas.sium hydroxide
T.S., and 1 drop of aniline; no odor of phenylisocyanide develops (chloroform).
Average dose — Metric, OjOOOS Gm. — Apothecaries, ^20 grain.
COLLODIUM
Collodion
Collod.
Pyroxylin, forty grammes 40 Gm.
Ether, seven hundred and fifty milliliters 750 mils
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Add the alcohol to the pyroxylin contained in a suitable bottle, shake
the mixture thoroughly, then introduce the ether, and again shake the
mixture until the pyroxylin is dissolved. Cork the bottle well and set it
aside until the liquid becomes clear. Finally decant the clear portion
from any sediment which may have deposited, and transfer it to con-
tainers which must be well closed.
Keep the Collodion in a cool place remote from fire.
Collodion is a clear, or slightly opalescent, syrupy liquid; colorless, or slightly
yellowish and having the odor of ether. It is higlily inflammable. When ex-
posed to the air in a thin layer it leaves a transparent, tenacious film.
Specific gravity: 0.765 to 0.775 at 25° C.
When mixed with an equal volume of distilled water, a viscid, stringy mass
separates; the aqueous liquid is not acid to litmus.
Assay — Introduce about 10 mils of Collodion into a flask; stopper and
weigh accurately, then warm it on a water bath and add 10 mils of distilled
water, drop by drop, with constant stirring. Evaporate the mixture on a water
bath and dry the residue to constant weight at 110" C. The pyroxylin so
obtained corresponds to not less than 5.1 per cent, of the Collodion taken, equal
to about 4 Gm. of pyroxylin in 100 mils of Collodion at 25° C. The pyroxyhn
obtained burns rapidly, with a yellow flame.
Preparation — Collodium Flexile.
COLLODIUM CANTHARIDATUIM
Cantharldal Collodion
Collod. Canth. — Blistering Collodion Vesicating Collodion
Cantharides, in fine powder, sixty grammes . . 60 Gm.
Glacial Acetic Acid, five milliliters 5 mils
Flexible Collodion, eighty-five grammes 85 Gm.
Acetone, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
122 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
Mix the cantharides with fifty-five mils of acetone, to which the glacial
acetic acid has been added, and set the mixture aside in a closely-covered
container for twenty-four hours. Then transfer it to a percolator and
continue the percolation with acetone until the drug is practically ex-
hausted. Reduce the percolate by distillation on a water bath, in a
tared flask, to fifteen grammes and, when cold, dissolve this concentrated
extract in eighty-five grammes of flexible collodion. Finally allow the
solution to stand for several hours, and decant the clear liquid from
any sediment which may have deposited, and transfer the product to
containers, which must be well-closed.
Keep Cantharidal Collodion in a cool place, remote from fire.
COLLODIUM FLEXILE
Flexible Collodion
Collod. Flex.
Collodion, nine hundred and fifty grammes 950 Gm.
Camphor, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Castor Oil, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Weigh the ingredients, successively, into a tared bottle and shake the
mixture until the camphor is dissolved. Keep the product in well-
closed containers, in a cool place, remote from fire.
Preparation — Collodium Cantharidatum.
COLOCYNTHIS
Colocynth
Colocyn. — Colocynth Pulp Bitter Apple Colocynth Apple
The dried pulp of the fruit of Citrullus Colocynthis (Linne) Schrader
(Fam. Cucurbitacece) , without the presence or admixture of more than
5 per cent, of seeds or more than 2 per cent, of epicarp.
Fruits, before the removal of the seeds, nearly globular, from 4 to 7 cm. in
diameter, usually more or less crushed and in broken pieces, with occasional
patches of the nearly smooth epicarp; yellowish-white or brownish ; light, spongy;
separable longitudinally when entire into three carpels, each containing, near
the outer surface, the ovoid, compressed, yellowish seeds; odor shght; taste
intensely bitter.
The powder is yellowish-white or buff, consisting chiefly of fragments of
parenchyma cells and an occasional fragment with tracheic; very few lignified
tissues of the seed-coat, showing the characteristic stone cells which are nearly
isodiametric. irregular, with either straight or undulate walls that are strongly
lignified and possess simple pores; globules of fixed oil and alcurone grains
very few.
tJNITED STATES OP AMERICA 128
Powdered Colocynth must be made from colocynth pulp containing not more
than 5 per cent, of seeds and, upon extraction with purified petroleum beuzin,
yields not more than 2 per cent, of fixed oil.
Colocynth yields not more than 15 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Colocynthidis Extractum ColocyTithidis Com-
positum (from Extract) Pilula; Cathartica? Coraposita? (from Compound
Extract).
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
COPAIBA
Copaiba
Copaib. — Balsam of Copaiba Copaiva
An oleoresin derived from South American species of Copaiba (Fam.
Leguminosce) .
Copaiba is a pale yellow to brownish-yellow, more or less viscid liquid, either
without fluorescence or with only a shghtly greenish fluorescence; ha\'ing a
peculiar, aromatic odor, and a persistent, bitter, and acrid taste.
It is insoluble in water and partly soluble in alcohol. Soluble, showing not
more than a slight opalescence, in dehydrated alcohol, carbon disulphide, or
in fixed or volatile oils; completely soluble in chloroform or ether and also
soluble in an equal volume of petroleum benzin, a further addition of the solvent
producing a flocculent precipitate.
Specific gravity: 0.940 to 0.995 at 25° C. _
When heated on a water bath, no odor of oil of turpentine is evolved; and
when all of the volatile oil has been driven off, a hard and brittle resin remains,
weighing not less than 36 per cent, of the original weight of the Copaiba taken
{paraffin or fatty oils).
To about 1 Gm. of Copaiba, accurately weighed, add 50 mils of alcohol,
and 1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S., then titrate the solution with half-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. It shows an acid value of not less than 28 nor more
than 95.
Dissolve 3 or 4 drops of the volatile oil separated from Copaiba by distilla-
tion with steam, in 3 mils of glacial acetic acid, mix the solution with 1 drop of
a freshly prepared aqueous solution of sodium nitrite (1 in 10), and carefully
underlay this with 2 mils of sulphuric acid. The acetic layer is not colored pink
{gurjun balsam).
Shake 5 mils of Copaiba with 15 mils of alcohol and then heat the mixture to
boiling for one minute; no oil separates after cooUng and allowing it to stand for
one hour {paraffin oils).
The volatile oil separated from Copaiba by distillation with steam does not
boil below 250° C. and shows an angle of rotation in a 100 mm. tube of not less
than —7° at 25° C. {African Copaiba).
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
CORIANDRUM
Coriander
Coriand. — Coriander Seed
The dried ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum Linnd (Fam. Umbelli-
ferce), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of
other fruits, seeds, or foreign matter.
124 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Mericarps usually coherent; cremocarp nearly globular, from 3 to 5 mm. in
diameter; externally light brown or rose colored; summit with 5 calyx teeth and
a short stylopodium, each mericarp with 5 prominent, straight, longitudinal,
primary ribs and 4 indistinct, undulate secondary ribs; mericarps easily separ-
ated, deeply concave on the inner or commissural surface and showing in trans-
verse section 2 viitai (oil tubes) on the inner surface of each.
Under the microscope, sections of Coriander show an epidermis of small cells
with thick walls; a layer of several rows of thin-walled more or less collapsed
parenclnTiia separated from a broad zone of strongly hgnified, sclerenchyraatous
fibers wliich extend as a continuous ring in the mesocarp of each of the mericarps;
2 or 3 layers of large, tangentially elongated, thin-walled parenchyma cells,
frequently -with numerous large lysigenous intercellular spaces; inner epidermis
of large tabular cells, the inner yellowish walls being considerably thickened
and closely coherent to the brownish cells of the seed-coat; commissural surface
with 2 large, elliptical vittge; the cells of the pericarp separated from the seed-
coat and forming a large elliptical cavity; endosperm distinctly reniform in
outline and consisting of tabular or polygonal thick-walled cells containing
numerous large aleurone grains each with a rosette aggregate or prism of calcium
oxalate.
The powder is light brown, consisting chiefly of fragments of endosperm and
Hgnified tissues of the pericarp; calcium oxalate crystals numerous, from 0.003
to 0.01 mm. in diameter, mostly in rosette aggregates, either isolated or in
aleurone grains; sclerenchymatous fibers irregularly curved, having thick,
yellowish, lignified walls and numerous simple pores; numerous globules of fixed
oil; fragments of light yellow vittaj few, associated with elongated polygonal
epidermal cells.
Coriander yields not less than 0.5 per cent, of volatile extractive, soluble in
ether (see Part II, Test No. 12),
Coriander yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
COTARNIN^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Cotamine Hydrochloride
Cotarn. Hydrochl.— Cotamine Chloride
Quartemary oxymethyl-oxymethylene-dihydro-isoquinoUne chloride
[C12H14O3NCI or (CH3O) (CH202).C9H6N (CH3)C1 = 255.58] obtamed
by hydrolyzing narcotine, and treating the resulting cotamine [(CH3O)
(CH202)C8H5(CH0).NH(CH3)] with hydrochloric acid.
Cotamine Hydrochloride occurs as a yellow, crj'stalline powder; odorless and
deliquescent in moist air.
It is very soluble in water and alcohol, yielding yellow solutions.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to htmus.
•Silver nitrate T.S. when added to an aqueous solution of Cotarninc Hydro-
chloride produces a white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid. About 0.2 Gm.
of Cotamine Hydrochloride, dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water, yields a
brown precipitate of cotamine periodide on the addition of 10 mils of tenth-
normal iodine V.S. When this precipitate is collected on a filter and dried to
constant weight over sulphuric acid, it melts between 142° C. and 144° C.
Heat gradually 0.1 Gm. of Cotarnine Hydrochloride over a Bunsen burner;
it is decomposed, evolving characteristic, disagreeable vapors and yielding a
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 125
reddish-lirown liquid, which gradually changes to a hard charred mass. No
weighable ash remains on the incineration of this mass.
Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Cotarnine Hydroclilorido in 10 mils of distilled
water and add 2 mils of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide (15 per cent.).
A milk-white precipitate is produced which dissolves on agitation, hut is ropre-
cipitated from the .solution after standing for some time, leaving the supernatant
Liquid clear and but faintly yellow.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
CREOSOTI CARBONAS
Creosote Carbonate
Creosot. Carb.
A mixture of the carbonates of various constituents of creosote, chiefly
guaiacol and creosol.
Creosote Carbonate is a clear, colorless or yellowish, viscid liquid, odorless,
and tasteless, or having a slight odor and taste of creosote. On prolonged ex-
posure to a low temperature, crystals of guaiacol carbonate separate, which
redissolve on warming.
Creosote Carbonate is insoluble in water and freely soluble in alcohol, soluble
in petroleum benzin or fixed oils; it is miscible with chloroform or benzene.
Specific gravity: 1.145 to 1.170 at 25° C.
Heat about 0.5 mil of Creosote Carbonate for a few minutes with 10 mils of
alcoholic potassium hydroxide T.S., and cool the mixture; a crystalline precipi-
tate forms, which effervesces with acids.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Creosote Carbonate; not more than 0.1 per cent,
of ash remains.
A saturated alcoholic solution of Creosote Carbonate is neutral to moistened
litmus paper, and acquires only a yellow color on the addition of ferric chloride
T.S. {creosote).
Heat 25 mils of Creosote Carbonate on a water bath for half an hour with
a solution of 15 Gm. of potassium hydroxide in 100 mils of alcohol, then evapo-
rate the alcohol and mix the residue with an exce.ssof hydrochloric acid; a liquid
composed of two layers is obtained. On now separating the dark layer of creo-
sote and shaking it with successive portions of 10 mils each of distilled water
until the washings are only slightly acid to litmus, it has the boiling point given
under Creosotum; the distillate, after separation of adhering water, responds to
the remaining tests of identity and purity under Creosolum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CREOSOTUM
Creosote
Creosot.— Creasote
A mixture of phenols and phenol derivatives, chiefly guaiacol and
creosol, obtained during the distillation of wood-tar. Preserve it in
tightly-stoppered, dark amber-colored bottles.
126 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Creosote is an almost colorless or yellowish, highly refractive, oily liquid,
having a penetrating, smoky odor, and a burning, caustic taste; it does not
readily become brown on exposure to light.
Creosote is slightly soluble in water; it is miscible with alcohol, ether, or
fixed or volatile oils.
It is neutral or faintly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: not below 1.073 at 25° C.
It begins to distil between 195° and 200° C. and not less than 80 per cent, by
volume distils between 200° and 220° C.
Creosote is inflammable, burning with a luminous, smoky flame.
Add 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of a saturated aqueous solution
of Creosote; the liquid develops a violet-blue color, which is very transient;
it then clouds almost instantly, the color passing rapidly from a grayish-green
to a muddy brown, with finally the formation of a brown precipitate.
Mix equal volumes of Creosote and collodion in a dry test tube; no permanent
coagulum is produced {-phenol and so-called "coal-tar creosote").
Mix 4 mils of Creosote and 4 mils of glycerin, then add 1 mil of water, shake
the mixture gently, and allow it to stand. A creosotic layer separates equal to
or greater in volume than the Creosote taken {coal-tar creosote) .
Two mils of Creosote requires not less than 10 mils nor more than 18 mils
of normal sodium hydroxide V.S. to produce a clear liquid. This liquid remains
unclouded on diluting with 50 mils of distilled water {hydrocarbons and bases).
Shake gently 1 mil of Creosote with 2 mils of petroleum benzin and 2 mils
of freshly prepared barium hydroxide T.S., until a uniform mixture is produced.
Upon complete separation three distinct layers are visible; a middle layer con-
taining the Creosote, a benzin laj'er which is neither blue nor muddy, and an
aqueous layer which does not acquire a red tint {ccerulignol and some other high-
boiling constituents of wood-tar) .
Preparation — Aqua Creosoti.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 mil — Apothecaries, A minims.
CRESOL
Cresol
A mixture of isomeric cresols [CtHsO or C6H4.CH3.OH = 108.06]
obtained from coal tar. Preserve it in well-closed containers protected
from light.
Cresol occurs as a colorless or yellowish to brown-yellow, highly refractive
liquid, becoming darker or assuming a reddish tint viith age and on exposure to
light, and having a phenol-like, sometimes empyreumatic odor.
One mil of Cresol dissolves in about 50 mils of water, usually forming a cloudy
solution; it is miscible with alcohol, ether, benzene, petroleum benzin, or
glycerin; it is dissolved by solutions of the fixed alkali hydroxides.
Specific gravity: 1.030 to 1.038 at 25° C.
Not less than 90 per cent, by volume of Cresol distils between 195° and 205° C.
A saturated aqueous solution of Cresol is neutral or slightly acid to litmus,
and becomes blue-violet on the addition of ferric chloride T.S.
A solution of 1 mil of Cresol in 60 mils of water is not more than slightly
turbid {hydrocarbons).
Preparation — Liquor Cresolis Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 127
CRETA PR/EPARATA
Prepared Chalk
Cret. Prsep.— Drop Chalk
A native form of calcium carbonate freed from most of its impurities by
elutriation and containing, when dried to constant weight at 200° C, not
less than 97 per cent, of CaCOg (100.07).
Prepared Chalk occurs as a white to grayish-white, very fine, amorphous
powder, often formed into "conical drops"; odorless and tasteless; permanent in
the air.
Prepared Chalk is almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol; decomposed
and dissolved by diluted acetic, hydrochloric, or nitric acid, with copious effer-
vescence. When a weighed amount of Prepared Chalk is dissolved in diluted
hydrochloric acid not more than 2 per cent, of residue remains.
Dissolve about 0.1 Gm. of Prepared Chalk in 5 mils of diluted acetic acid and
filter the solution; the addition of ammonium oxalate T.S. to the filtrate yields
a white precipitate, insoluble in acetic acid but soluble in hydrochloric acid.
When heated to full redness. Prepared Chalk gradually loses carbon dioxide
and is converted into calcium oxide.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Calcii Carbonas Proecipiiatus. It shows,
in the dried salt, not less than 97 per cent, of CaCOs.
Each gramme of dried Prepared Chalk corresponds to not less than 193.9
mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S.
Preparations — Mistura Cretae (from Compound Powder) Pulvis Cretae
Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CUBEBA
Cubeb
Cubeb.— Cubebs
The dried, full-growm, unripe fruits of Piper Cubeha Linne filius (Fam.
Piperacece), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent,
of stems or other foreign matter.
Upper portion globular, from 3 to 6 mm. in diameter, with a straight, slender
stem-like portion, from 5 to 7 mm. in length; pericarp externally grayish, brownish,
or bluish-black; coarsely reticulate; about 0.3 mm. in thickness, easily cut,
1-locular, 1-seeded; the immature seed attached at the base of the pericarp;
odor aromatic, characteristic; taste strongly aromatic and pungent.
Under the microscope, sections of Cubeb show an epidermal layer of tabular
cells with thickened, undulate outer walls, the contents being olive-green; 1 or 2
rows of parenchyma cells, the contents resem.bling those of the epidermal cells;
a continuous layer of radiately elongated, thick-walled stone cells having numer-
ous pores; a few layers of collapsed cells n^ar which may occur an occasional
small group of bast-fibers; a middle layer of 10 rows of cells composed chiefly
of parenchyma, scattered among which are numerous secretion cells containing
a volatile oil and occasionally crystals in the form of short rods, the contents of
the secretion cells being colored a deep crimson upon the addition of sulphuric
acid; an endocaxp of small, somewhat isodiametric or polygonal stone cells with
128 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
very thick porous walls; seed-coat of several rows of reddish-brown, tangentially
elongated, more or less collapsed cells; perisperm of numerous thin-walled paren-
chyma, the cells being'more or less polygonal in shape and containing either small
compound starch grains, or globules of a fixed oil or occasionally a crystal of
calcium oxalate.
The powder is light brown to blackish-browTi, consisting of a more or less even
distribution of starch-bearing cells of the perisperm and fragments of the peri-
carp with stone cells; starch grains numerous, single or compound, from 0.002
to 0.012 mm. in diameter; stone cells numerous in palisade-like groups, in surface
view rounded or polygonal with rather prominent dark lumina and yellowish
porous walls; secretion cells with a yellowish, oily content, becoming reddish
on the addition of sulphuric acid; fragments of stalk few, with spiral tracheae
and groups of sclerenchymatous fibers from 0.05 to 1 mm. in length with blunt,
rounded, or very much attenuated ends, the walls strongly lignified and with
numerous oblique pores.
Cubeb yields not less than 10 per cent, of volatile extractive, soluble in ether
(see Part II, Test No. 12).
Cubeb yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Oleoresina Cubebse Trochisci Cubebae (from Oleoresin).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
CUPRI SULPHAS
Copper Sulphate
Cupr. Sulph. — Cupric Sulphate
It contains not less than 62.97 per cent, nor more than 66.79 per cent.
of anhydrous copper sulphate, corresponding to not less than 98.5 per
cent, of the crystaUized salt [CuS044-5H20 = 249.72]. Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
Copper Sulphate occurs as deep blue, triclinic crystals or as a blue, granular
powder; odorless, of a nauseous, metallic taste; slowly efflorescent in dry air.
One Gm. of Copper Sulphate dissolves in 2.5 mils of water, 500 mils of alcohol,
and in 2.8 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) has a blue color, and is acid to litmus.
When heated to 30° C. the salt loses part of its water of crystallization and is
converted into a pale blue, amorphous powder. More water is lost at 100° C.
and finally at 200° C. a white, anhydrous powder remains. At a still higher
temperature, sulphur dioxide and oxygen are given off, and a residue of black
cupric oxide remains.
Place a drop of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) on a bright piece of
iron; a red film of metallic copper is deposited.
Barium chloride T.S. produces a white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric
acid, in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10).
Add ammonia water to an aqueous solution of Copper Sulphate (1 in 10),
drop by drop; a pale blue precipitate of cupric hydroxide forms, which redis-
solves in an excess of ammonia water, producing a deep azure-blue solution.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 50 mils of distilled water, add 1 mil of diluted
hydrochloric acid and pass hydrogen sulphide gas through the solution until
all of the copper is precipitated. Upon evaporating the filtrate and igniting,
the weight of the residue does not exceed 0.003 Gm. {other metals).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Copper Sulphate, accurately weighed, in
50 mils of distilled water and add 4 mils of acetic acid and 3 Gm. of potas-
sium iodide and titrate the liberated iodine with tenth-normal sodium thio-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 129
sulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicalor. .It shows not less than 62.97
per cent, nor more than 66.79 per cent, of CUSO4.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.015964 Gm. of CUSO4. Each gramme of Copper Suljjhate corresponds to
not less than 39.44 mils nor more than 41.83 mils of tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains,
as an emetic.
DECOCTA
Decoctions
Decoctions must he freshly made from the drugs, and, when the strength
of decoctions is not otherwise directed, they are to be prepared by the
following general formula:
The Drug, coarsely comminuted, ffty grammes 50 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Introduce the drug into a suitable vessel provided with a cover,
pour upon it one thousand mils of cold water, cover it well, and boil
for fifteen minutes. Then allow it to cool to about 40° C, express,
strain the expressed liquid, and pass enough cold water through the
strainer to make the product measure one thousand mils.
Caution — The strength of decoctions of energetic or powerful sub-
stances should be specially directed by the physician.
DIACETYLMORPHINA
Diacetylmorpliine
Diacetylmorph.
An alkaloid [C21H23O5N or Ci7Hi7(0.C2H30)20N = 369.19] prepared
from morphine by acetylization. Preserve it in well-closed containers,
protected from light.
Diacetylmorphine occurs as a white, crystalline powder without odor.
One Gm. of Diacetylmorphine dissolves in about 1700 mils of water, 31 mils
of alcohol, 1.4 mils of chloroform, and in 100 mils of ether at 25° C.
Its saturated alcoholic solution is alkaline to moistened litmus paper.
It melts between 171.5° and 173.5° C.
Dissolve about 0.01 Gm. of Diacetj-lmorphine in a few drops of nitric acid;
a yellow color is produced, which gradually changes to greenish-blue. Heat
about 0.1 Gm. of Diacetylmorphine with 1 mil of alcohol and 1 mil of sulphuric
acid; ethyl acetate is produced, recognizable by its odor.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.5 Gm. of Diacetj'lmorphine.
Dissolve 0.2 Gm. of Diacetylmorphine in 5 mils of distilleci water with
the aid of a few drops of hydrochloric acid, and pour this solution slowly
into 5 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S., shaking the test tube occasionally;
14
130 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
a white precipitate forms, which quickly redissolves, yielding a clear solution
(other alkaloids). On heating this solution no odor of ammonia is noticeable
(flmmonium salts).
A solution of about 0.02 Gm. of Diacetylmorphine in 2 mils of sulphuric acid
is colorless {readily carbonizable organic impurities).
Dissolve about 0.05 Gm. of potassium ferricyanide in 10 mils of distilled water,
add one drop of ferric chloride T.S. and then 1 mil of an alcoholic solution of
Diacetylmorphine (1 in 100); no greenish or blue color is produced at once
(morphine).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Diacetylmorphine in 10 mils of distilled water and 5 mils
of diluted hydrochloric acid in a porcelain dish and evaporate the solution on a
water bath to a syrupy consistence (about 2 mils). Transfer this residue to a
eeparatory funnel with the aid of 25 mils of distilled water, render it alkaline
with sodium hydroxide solution (10 per cent.) and then shake it out with 3 suc-
cessive portions of 15, 10 and 5 mils of chloroform, passing the chloroform solu-
tions through a small filter previously moistened with chloroform. Carefully
evaporate the combined chloroform solutions to dryness on a water bath, dis-
solve the residue in 10 mils of fiftieth-normal sulphuric acid V.S., add a few
drops of methyl red T.S. and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. Not less than 7.5 mils of the latter is required (Joreign
alkaloids).
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'^o grain.
DIACETYLMORPHINvE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride
Diacetylmorph. Hydrochl. — Diacetylmorphine Chloride
The hydrochloride [C21H23O5N.HCI+H2O or Ci7Hi7(0.C2H30)20N.
HCl-f-H20 = 423.68] of the alkaloid diacetylmorphine. Preserve it in
well-closed containers, protected from light.
Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride is a white, crystalline powder without odor.
One Gm. of Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride dissolves in 2 mils of water at
25° C; soluble in alcohol; insoluble in chloroform or ether at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of Diacetylmorphine Hydrochloride (1 in 20) is neutral
or only faintly acid to litmus.
It melts at about 230° C. with decomposition.
An aqueous solution of the salt with silver nitrate T.S. yields a white precipi-
tate insoluble in nitric acid.
In other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Diacetylmorphina, omitting the melting point.
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^'^o grain.
DIASTASUM
Diastase
A mixture containing amylolytic enzymes obtained from an infusion
of malt. It converts not less than 50 times its weight of potato starch
into sugars^ Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light,
heat and moisture.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 131
Diastase occurs as a yellowish-white, amorphous powder or in translucent
scales; odorless and tasteless. It converts starch into dextrin and maltose.
Diastase gradually loses its amylolytic power on keeping; this power is de-
stroyed by heating its solutions above 85° C. or by the addition of much acid
and is diminished by the presence of acids or alkalies.
Diastase is soluble in water, the solutions being more or less turbid; almost
insoluble in alcohol.
Assay — Mix a quantity of potato starch, purified as directed under Pan-
creatinuni, equivalent to 5 Gm. of dry starch, in a beaker with 10 mils of cold
distilled water. Add 140 mils of boiling distilled water, and heat the mixture
on a water bath with constant stirring for two minutes, or until a translucent,
uniform paste is obtained. Cool the paste to 40° C in a water bath previously
adjusted to this temperature. Prepare a fresh solution of 0.1 Gm. of Diastase in
10 mils of distilled water at 40° C. and add it to the pa.ste. Mix them well and
maintain the same temperature for exactly thirty minutes, stirring frequently;
a thin, nearly clear liquid is produced. Add at once 0.1 mil of this liquid toa
previously made mixture of 0.2 mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 60 mils
of distilled water; no blue or reddish color is produced.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
DIGITALIS
Digitalis
Digit. — ^Foxglove Digitalis folium P. I.
The carefully dried leaves of Digitalis purpurea Lirm^ (Fam. Scrophu-
lariacece), without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of
stems, flowers or other foreign matter. If made into the official tincture
and assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.006 mil of tincture, or the equivalent in tincture of 0.0000005
Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight of frog. Digitalis
should be preserved in tightly-closed containers protected from light.
Leaves, when entire, attaining a length of 30 cm. and a breadth of 15 cm.,
ovate to oval, abruptly contracted into winged petioles, the latter from 5 to
10 cm. in length or, in the smaller leaves, nearly absent; margin crenate, irreg-
ular (the commercial article usually more or less crumpled and broken), thin,
dull, pale green or gray and densely pubescent on the lower surfaces; upper
surfaces wrinkled, sparsely hairy; the venation conspicuously reticulated; the
midribs and principal veins broad and flat, often purplish, the lower veins
continued into the wings of the petioles; odor slight, characteristic; taste strongly
bitter.
The powder is dark green; with numerous fragments of non-glandular hairs
consisting of from 2- to 8-cells (usually 2- to 5-celIs), varying in length from
0.145 to 0.435 mm., some of the cells being frequently collapsed; glandular
hairs few, small, with a 1- or 2-celled stalk and a 1- or 2-celled glandular head;
numerous irregular fragments of lamina showing stomata and occasional water-
pores and elongated fragments of veins and petioles showing fibro-vascular
tissues.
DigitaUs yields not more than 15 per cent, of ash.
Assay — For a method of assaying Digitalis see Biological Assays (Part II).
Preparations — Fluidextractum Digitalis Infusum Digitalis Tinctura Digitalis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
132 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ELATERINUM
Elaterin
Elaterin. .
A principle obtained from elaterium, a substance deposited by the
juice of the fruit of Ecballium Elaterium (Linne) A. Richard (Fam.
Cucurbitacece) .
Elaterin occurs in minute, white, hexagonal scales or prismatic crystals; odor-
less, and having a slightly acrid, bitter taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Elaterin dissolves in 325 mils of alcohol, 15.5 mils of chloroform,
450 mils of ether, and in 310 mils of benzene at 25° C; also in 100 mils of boiling
alcohol ; it is insoluble in either cold or hot water.
Its alcoholic solution is neutral to moistened litmus paper.
Mix about 0.01 Gm. of Elaterin with 1 mil of sulphuric acid; only a yellow
color is produced {readily carbonizahle impurities). On the addition of a drop of
solution of formaldehyde the mixture becomes brown.
A solution of about 0.01 Gm. of Elaterin in 5 mils of melted phenol becomes
crimson on the addition of a few drops of sulphuric acid and rapidlj- changes to
scarlet.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Elaterin.
Shake about 0.1 Gm. of Elaterin with a mixture of 9 mils of distilled water and
1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid and filter; separate portions of the filtrate
yield no turbidity with 0.5 mil of mercuric potassium iodide T.S. or with iodine
T.S. (alkalouh).
Preparation — Trituratio Elaterini,
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'^o grain.
ELIXIR AROMATICUM
Aromatic Elixir
Elix. Arom. — Simple Elixir
Compound Spirit of Orange, twelve milliliters 12 mils
Syrup, three hundred and seventy-five milliliters 375 mils
Purified Talc, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Alcohol,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
To the compound spirit of orange, add enough alcohol to make two
hundred and fifty mils. To this solution, add the syrup in several por-
tions, agitating after each addition, and afterwards add, in the same
manner, three hundred and seventy-five mils of distilled water. Mix
the purified talc intimately with the liquid, and then filter through a
wetted filter, returning the first portions of the filtrate until a trans-
parent liquid is obtained. Lastly, wash the filter with a mixture of
one volume of alcohol and three volumes of distilled water, until the prod-
uct measures one thousand mils.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 133
ELIXIR GLYCYRRIIIZ^
Elixir of Glycyrrhiza
Elix. Glycyrrh.— Elixir Adjuvans, U.S.P. VIII Elixir of Licorice
Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza, one hundred and twenty-
five milliliters 125 mils
Aromatic Elixir, eight hundred and seventy-five milliliters. 875 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix and filter.
EMETINE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Emetine Hydrochloride
Emet. Hydrochl.
The hydrochloride [C3oH4404N2.2HCl = 569.31] of the alkaloid eme-
tine, obtained from ipecac. It contains variable amounts of water of
crystallization. Preserve it in dark amber-colored vials protected from
light.
Emetine Hydrochloride occurs as a white or very slightly yellowish crj'stal-
line powder, without odor. On exposure to light it gradually darkens.
Emetine Hydrochloride is freely soluble in water or alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is slightly acid to litmus.
Separate portions of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) yield pre-
cipitates with iodine T.S., mercuric potassium iodide T.S., and with platinic
chloride T.S.
Sulphuric acid, containing in each mil about 0.005 Gm. of molybdic acid,
when added to Emetine Hydrochloride produces a bright green color.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) a
white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid.
Dried to constant weight at 100° C, it loses not more than 19 per cent, of
its weight.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.2 Gm. of Emetine Hydrochloride.
One-tenth of 1 Gm. of the salt dissolves in 2 mils of sulphuric acid without
producing more than a faintly yellow color {readily carbonizable impurities).
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of Emetine Hydrochloride in 5 mils of distilled water in a
separatory funnel, add to the solution 3 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. and shake
it out with 10 mil portions of ether until the residue obtained by evaporating
1 mil of the ethereal liquid, when dissolved in 1 drop of diluted hydrochloric
acid and 1 mil of distilled water, no longer j-ields a turbidity with iodine T.S.
Now acidulate the aqueous liquid with diluted sulphm-ic acid, then add
ammonia water until alkaline and shake it with 10 mils of ether. Evaporate
this ethereal liquid and add to the residue 1 mil of sulphuric acid containing
about 0.005 Gm. of molybdic acid; no purple color is produced (cephaeline).
Average dose — Hypodermic, ]\Ietric, 0.02 Gm. — Apothecaries,
M grain.
134 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
EMPLASTRUM BELLADONNvE
Belladonna Plaster
Emp. Bellad.
An adhesive plaster containing 30 per cent, of extract of belladonna
leaves and j-ielding not less than 0.25 per cent, nor more than 0.30 per
cent, of the alkaloids from belladonna leaves.
Assay — Introduce 10 Gm. of Belladonna Plaster into a 100 mil flask. (If the
plaster is spread on fabric, cut the portion to be assayed into strips, weigh it accu-
rately, and introduce it into the flask.) Now add 50 mils of chloroform, and shake
the mixture until the plaster is dissolved. Pour the chloroform solution into a
250 mil beaker and wash the cloth upon wliich the plaster was spread with two
portions of 25 mils each of chloroform, adding the washings to the chloroform
solution in the beaker. Then wash this cloth vath 80 mils of alcohol containing
1 mil of ammonia water and pour the washings into the chloroform solution in the
beaker. Stir the mixture gently and allow it to stand until the rubber has sepa-
rated into a compact mass. Dn^ the cloth upon which the plaster was spread,
weigh it and subtract its weight from the original weight of the plaster. Pour the
chloroform-alcohol solution into a 250 mil separator, rinse the beaker and rubber
with 10 mds of alcohol and add the rinsing to the separator. Completely extract
the alkaloids from the chloroform-alcohol solution by shaking it out repeatedly
with weak sulphuric acid. Collect the acid washings in a separator and add
ammonia water until the solution is decidedly alkahne to Utmus, and completely
extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with chloroform. rUter the
chloroform solution through a pledget of cotton, evaporate it to dryness and dis-
solve the alkaloids from the residue in exactly 5 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric
acid V.S., and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide
V.S., using cochineal T.S. as indicator (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids from belladonna leaves.
EMPLASTRUM CANTHARIDIS
Cantharides Plaster
Emp. Can than
Cantharides Cerate,
Rosin Plaster, spread on fabric, each, a sufficient quantity.
Spread cantharides cerate upon rosin plaster, leaving a margin around
the edges. It may also be spread on muslin, paper, or other suitable
material. This Plaster should not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Each square centimeter of spread plaster contains 0.1 Gm. of cantharides
cerate.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA llio
EMPLASTRUM CAPSICI
Capsicum Plaster
Emp. Capsic.
Oleoresin of Capsicum,
Rubber Plaster,' spread on fabric, each, a sufficient quantity.
Apply oleoresin of capsicum to the surface of rul)ber plaster so as to
form a thin, even coating, leaving a margin around the edges.
Each fifteen square centimeters of spread plaster contains 0.25 Gm. of oleoresin
of capsicum.
EMPLASTRUM ELASTICUiAI
Rubber Plaster
Emp. Elast. — Rubber Adhesive Plaster
A mixture of rubber, resins and waxes, with a filler of an absorbent
powder, such as orris root Or starch, mechanically mixed and spread
upon cotton cloth or other fabric.
EMPLASTRUM PLUMBI
Lead Plaster
Emp. Plumb.— Diachylon Plaster
Lead Oxide, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Olive Oil, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Lard, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Boiling Water, a suficient quantity.
Heat the olive oil and lard by a gentle heat until liquefied in a bright
copper or other suitable vessel of a capacity of not less than four times
the bulk of the ingredients, sift the lead oxide, through a No. 80 sieve,
upon the surface of the hot liquid and mix thoroughly. Then gradually
add three hundred and fifty mils of boiling water, and boil the mixture,
constantly stirring, with a wooden spatula, and adding sufficient boiling
water, from time to time, to replace that lost by evaporation, until the
mass is homogeneous and a small portion removed and dipped into cold
water is found to be pliable and tenacious. Then remove it from the
fire and wash several times ^vith warm water to remove the glycerin.
Finally knead the mass until it is free from water, roll it into cylinders
of suitable size, and vrrap them in paper.
Preparations — Emplastrum Resinae Unguentum Diachylon.
136 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
EMPLASTRUM RESINiE
Rosin Plaster
Emp. Res. — Rosin Adhesive Plaster Adhesive Plaster
Rosin, in fine powder, one hundred and forty grammes .... 140 Gm.
Lead Plaster, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
Yellow Wax, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the lead plaster and yellow wax together with a gentle heat,
then add the rosin and, when melted, mix thoroughly, strain, and allow
the product to cool, stirring until it stiffens.
EMPLASTRUM SINAPIS
Mustard Plaster
Emp. Sinap.— Charta Sinapis, U.S.P. VIII Mustard Paper
A uniform mixture of powdered black mustard (deprived of its fixed oil)
and a solution of rubber, spread on paper, cotton cloth or other fabric.
Preserve it in tightly-closed containers.
A square of 100 square centimeters contains not less than 2.5 Gm. of black
mustard deprived of its fixed oil.
When moistened thoroughly with tepid water and applied to the skin, the
Plaster produces a decided warmth and reddening of the skin within five minutes.
Before Mustard Plaster is applied, moisten it thoroughly with tepid water.
EMULSUM AMYGDALA
Emulsion of Almond
Emuls. Amygd. — Milk of Almond
Sweet Almond, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
Acacia, in fine powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Having blanched the almonds, add the acacia and sugar, and beat
them in a mortar, until they are thoroughly mixed. Then rub the
mass with nine hundred mils of water, at first very gradually added,
until a uniform mixture results. Strain this into a graduated vessel,
and wash the mortar and strainer with enough water to make the
product measure one thousand mils. Mix the whole thoroughly. This
preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently prepared.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 137
EMULSUM ASAFCETIDiE
Emulsion of Asafetida
Emuls. Asafoet.— Milk of Asafetida
Asafetida, in tears or selected masses, forty grammes. ... 40 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Rub the asafetida in a mortar, with nine hundred mils of water,
at first very gradually added, until a uniform emulsion results. Then
strain the mixture into a graduated vessel, and rinse the mortar and
strainer with enough water to make the product measure one thousand
mils. Mix the whole thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
EMULSUM OLEI MORRHU.E
Emulsion of Cod Liver Oil
Emuls. 01. Morrh.
Cod Liver Oil, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
Acacia, in fine powder, one hundred and twenty-five grammes 125 Gm.
Syrup, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Methyl Salicylate, four milliliters 4 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Thoroughly mix the acacia with the cod liver oil in a dry mortar or
other suitable vessel, then add at once two hundred and fifty mils of
water, and complete the emulsification by trituration or by the aid of
a suitable mechanical device. When a thick, white, homogeneous mixture
is obtained, add the methyl salicylate and the syrup with sufficient
water to make the product measure one thousand mils and mix
thoroughly.
Note — The methyl salicylate may be replaced by a suitable quantity
of any other flavoring.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
138 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
EMULSUM OLEI TEREBINTHIN^
Emulsion of Oil of Turpentine
Emuls. 01. Tereb.
Rectified Oil of Turpentine, fifteen milliliters 15 mils
Expressed Oil of Almond, five milliliters 5 mils
Syrup, twenty-five milliliters 25 mils
Acacia, in fine powder, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Introduce the acacia into a perfectly dry bottle of suflBcient capacity,
add the rectified oil of turpentine and the expressed oil of almond and
shake the bottle thoroughly. Then add thirty mils of water and
incorporate it by vigorous shaking. When the oil has been com-
pletely emulsified, add first the syrup, in several portions, shaking after
each addition, and then enough water, in divided portions, shaking
after each addition, to make the product measure one hundred mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, ^ fluidrachm.
ERGOTA
Ergot
Ergot. — Secale Cornutum, P. I. Ergot of Rye Spurred Rye
The carefully dried sclerotium of Claviceps purpurea (Fries) Tulasne
(Fam. Hypocreaceoe) , replacing the grain of rye, Secale cereale Linn^
(Fam. Graminece) , without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per
cent, of seeds, fruits or other foreign matter. Before storing, dry Ergot
at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, and preserve it, protected from
light, in tightly-closed containers to which a few drops of chloroform or
carbon tetrachloride are added from time to time to prevent attacks
by insects.
Cylindraceous, obscurely three-angled, taperina; towards both ends, obtuse,
somewhat curved, from 1 to 4.5 cm. in length and from 3 to 5 mm. in thickness;
externally purplish-black, or brownish-black, longitudinally furrowed; fracture
short, pinkish or reddish-wliite, sometimes grayish-white; odor peculiar, dis-
agreeable, free from mustiness; taste oily and disagreeable.
Pour hot water on bruised Ergot; no ammoniacal or rancid odor develops.
The powder is grayish-brown, consisting chiefly of whiti.sh fragments composed
of false pi.rcnchyma of compacted hyphaj and a few puri)lish colored fragments
of the outer layer of the sclerotium; mounts made in hydrated chloral T.S. or
in sulphuric acid show the separation of numerous globules of a fixed oil, and
many of the fragments are colored yellowish, reddish or rose-purple.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 13d
Shake 1 Gm. of the powdered drug with a mixture of 20 mils of water and one
drop of hydrochloric acid, filter the mixture, make 4 mils of the filtrate alkaline
with ammonia water and shake out with 10 mils of ether. ITnderlay 5 rails of
this ethereal solution with 2 mils of sulphuric acid; a blue ring is formed at the
zone of contact of the two liquids.
Ergot yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Ergotae Fluidextractum Ergotae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
ERIODICTYON
Eriodictyon
Eriodict.— Yerba Santa
The dried leaves of Enodictyon californicum (Hooker and Arnott)
Greene (Fam. Hydrophyllacece), without the presence or admixture of
more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter.
Usually in fragments; when entire, laminae lanceolate, from 5 to 15 cm. in
length, and from 1 to 3 cm. in breadth; simimits acute; bases slightly tapering
into short petioles; margins irregularly serrate or crenate-dentate ; upper sur-
faces yellowish-brown, covered with a more or less glistening resin; under sur-
faces grayish or yellowish-white, conspicuously reticulate with greenish-yellow
veins; minutely tomentose between the reticulations; thick, brittle; odor aro-
matic; taste balsamic, bitter, becoming sweetish.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the laminae of Eriodictyon show
upon the upper surface large epidermal cells, the outer walls being very uneven,
owing to indentations which appear as striations in surface view; glandular
hairs numerous, with short 1-celled stalks and 6- to 8-celled glandular heads;
palisade cells very narrow, from 2 to 6 rows deep, containing numerous chloro-
plastids; cells of dorsal-pneumatic tissue (loose mesophyll) very few; fibro-
vascular tissues not strongly developed except in the midrib and more prominent
veins; numerous 1-celled, much twisted, thick-walled, non-glandular hairs
occurring on the lower surface between the veins.
Under the microscope, sections of the stems of Eriodictyon show the epidermis
usually replaced by strongly lignified cork; cortex of from 10 to 20 rows of more
or less rounded cells; bast-fibers deep-seated with thick, more or less strongly
lignified walls and occurring in small groups forming a more or less interrupted
circle; sieve tissues in a narrow zone; wood-wedges consisting of tracheae with
spiral thickenings, simple or bordered pores and numerous strongly lignified
wood-fibers, separated by medullary rays 1-cell in width; pith very large, the
walls of the cells being strongly lignified and with numerous simple pores.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Eriodictyi.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
EUCALYPTOL
Eucal}T)tol
Cineol
An organic compoimd [CioHi80= 154.14] obtained from the volatile
oil of Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardiere (Fam. Myrtacea) and from
140 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
other sources. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place,
protected from light.
Eucalyptol is a colorless liquid, having a characteristic, aromatic and dis-
tinctly camphoraceous odor, and a pungent, spicy taste; it produces a cooling
sensation in the mouth.
Eucalyptol is very slightly soluble in water, miscible with alcohol, chloroform,
ether, glacial acetic acid, or fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity: 0.921 to 0.923 at 25° C.
It boils between 174° and 177° C.
Congealing point: not below 0° C.
Eucalyptol is optically inactive (distinction from oil of eucalyptus and many
other volatile oils).
Place 1 mil of Eucalyptol in a freezing mixture and gradually add to it an
equal volume of phosphoric acid; a solid, white, crystalline mass of cineol-
phosphoric acid results, and if warm water is then added the Eucalyptol separates.
Shake 5 mils of EucaljTDtol with 5 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S.; the volume
of the Eucalyptol is not diminished {saponifiable oils).
Its alcoholic solution (1 in 10) is neutral to moistened litmus paper, and, on
adding a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of this solution, no brown or violet
color is produced (phenols) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 mil — Apothecaries, 5 minims.
EUCALYPTUS
Eucalyptus
Eucalypt. — Blue Gum Leaves
The dried leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus Labillardidre (Fam. Myrta-
cece), collected from the older parts of the tree, without the presence
or admixture of more than 3 per cent, of the stems, fruits or other
foreign matter.
Laminae lanceolately scythe-shaped, from 8 to 30 cm. in length and from
2 to 7.5 cm. in breadth; summits when present acute or acuminate; bases unequal,
obtuse or more or less rounded and connected with a twisted petiole from 5 to
35 mm. in length; margins slightly uneven, revolute; coriaceous; both surfaces
varying from pale yellowish-green to grayish-green and more or less glaucous,
glabrous, glandular-punctate and with numerous small, circular, brown dots of
cork; veins of the first order anastomosing with each other and forming a line
nearly parallel with the margin; odor slightly aromatic; taste aromatic, bitter,
and cooling.
Under the microscope, sections of Eucalyptus show the upper and lower
surfaces with nearly similar cells, the outer walls being strongly cuticularized;
stomata occur on both surfaces, a region of palisade cells made up of from 3 to
4 rows of cells occurring beneath each surface; among the pali.sade cells occur
large oil-secretion reservoirs, with a yellowish or orange colored oily content;
calcium oxalate crystals in cells of the loose mesophyll in the form of rosette
aggregates or monoclinic prisms varying from 0.015 to 0.025 mm. in diameter.
At the periphery of the fibro-vascular bundles of the midrib and petiole occurs
a more or less interrupted circle of small groups of slightly lignified bast-fibers.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Eucalypti.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 141
EUGENOL
Eugenol
An unsaturated, aromatic phenol [CioHiaOa or C8H3.C3H5.OCH3.OH
1 :3 : 4= 164.10] obtained from oil of clove and from other sources.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, protected from light.
Eugenol is a colorless or pale yellow, thin liquid, having a Ftronglj- aromatic
odor of clove, and a pungent and spicy taste. Exposure to air causes it to be-
come darker and thicker.
Eugenol is miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether or fixed oils; it is soluble
in twice its volume of 70 per cent, alcohol.
A mixture of 1 part of Eugenol and 20 parts of hot distilled water is only
very slightly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: 1.0G4 to 1.070 at 25° C.
It boils between 250° and 255° C.
It is optically inactive and strongly refractive.
Dissolve 1 mil of Eugenol in 12 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. and add 18 mils
of distilled water; a clear solution results, which becomes turbid when exposed
to air. Shake I mil of Eugenol with 20 mils of distilled water and filter; 5 mils
of the clear filtrate, upon the addition of 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S., shows
a transient, grayish-green color, but not a blue or violet color {phenol).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
EXTRACTA
Extracts
Pilular Extracts are solid or semi-solid products prepared by exhaust-
ing drugs with appropriate solvents and carefully evaporating the
solutions to the proper consistence. These extracts preserve the useful
constituents of the drug in a concentrated, relatively uniform and
permanent condition, and in a form suitable for medication.
The solvents or menstrua employed in the preparation of pilular
extracts are w^ater, alcohol, or mixtures of these in the proportions stated
in the formulas. A few drugs require for their extraction the addition
of an acid or an alkali to the solvent. Where alcohol is used in the ex-
traction it may be recovered by distillation.
In the preparation of pilular extracts the concentration of' the solu-
tions should be completed without delay, and undue exposure to heat
must be avoided. The limit of temperature for the evaporation, as
stated in the formulas, should not be exceeded. In the manufacture
of these extracts on a large scale an apparatus for distilling and evapor-
ating under reduced pressure should be used. It is also important
that the residue be frequently stirred so as to hasten the evaporation
and to obtain a uniform product.
142 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Pilular extracts are extensively used in pill masses and in ointments
and, to facilitate their use in these preparations, the degree of concentra-
tion is commonly directed to be that of a " pilular consistence."
Pilular extracts should be protected from exposure to sunlight and
air by being kept in tightly-covered glass or earthen-ware containers.
Powdered Extracts differ from pilular extracts in that they are dry,
fine powders. Powdered extracts are often preferred to pilular extracts
for general use, because they can be more accurately weighed, more
easily dispensed, and more conveniently preserved in tightly-stoppered
bottles.
In the preparation of powdered extracts, it is necessary to use solvents
that will extract the active principles of the drugs, and only a minimum
amount of the inert substances. Where the drug contains an oily con-
stituent that would be extracted by the menstruum directed, it becomes
necessary to adopt in the process of manufacture a method for the
separation of this oil so that the product will retain a satisfactory,
pulverulent form.
The concentration of the liquids containing the extractive should
be completed without delay and undue exposure to heat must be avoided.
The limit of temperature as stated in the formulas should not be ex-
ceeded, and the use of apparatus for concentrating under reduced pres-
sure is recommended. The final drying of the soft extract can be greatly
facilitated by spreading it upon plates of glass or tinned metal and
exposing it to currents of warm, dry air. Powdered extracts must be
thoroughly dried, powdered and mixed with the diluent and preserved
in tightly-stoppered, small, wide-mouthed, amber-colored bottles, and
stored in a cool and dry place.
Alkaloidal standards have been adopted for Extracts that can be re-
liably assayed. Assay methods are directed for the determination of
their strength, and to provide for standardization. When necessary, an
inert diluent is directed to reduce the product to the standard. In the
official formulas glucose is directed for the diluent in pilular extracts
and dried starch and magnesium oxide are directed for powdered extracts,
but it is permissible for the manufacturer to use as inert diluents for
the latter, sugar, sugar of milk, powdered glycyrrhiza, magnesium car-
bonate or the finely powdered drug or marc from which the respective
extract was made. For the convenience of the prescriber, the standards
of strength for the Extracts have been adjusted, wherever possible, so
that each bears a definite relation to that of the respective drug of
average strength, and a statement of the standard precedes the formula.
IJlflTED STATES OF AMERICA 143
EXTRACTUM ACONITI
Extract of Aconite
Cxt. Aconit. — Powdered Extract of Aconite
Extract of Aconite yields not less than 1.8 per cent, nor more than
2.2 per cent, of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite and, if assayed
biologically, the minuniim lethal dose should not be greater than 0.00001
Gm. for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig. One gramme of
the Extract represents about four grammes of aconite.
Aconite, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, five grammes 5 Gm.
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the tartaric acid in five hundred mils of alcohol, moisten
the drug with this solution and pack it in a cylindrical glass percolator;
then add sufficient alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close
the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate
for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed very
slowly, adding alcohol as required. Reserve the first one thousand mils
of percolate and continue the percolation, until the second percolate
measures one thousand mils or until the drug is exhausted. Transfer this
second percolate to a suitable apparatus and distil off the alcohol at as
low a temperature as practicable, until a residue measuring about one
hundred mils remains, then add the reserved percolate and continue
distillation until the residue in the still is of syrupy consistence.
Transfer this syrupy residue to a flask, using a httle warm alcohol
to rinse the still, and adding the rinsing to the flask. When it has
cooled, add two hundred and fifty mils of purified petroleum benzin and
shake the mixture thoroughly for several minutes. Allow the liquids
to separate and decant the benzin layer as closely as possible; add
again to the residue two hundred and fifty mils of purified petroleum
benzin, agitate and decant the benzin layer as before.
Transfer the syrupy residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the
flask with twenty mils of warm alcohol, adding the rinsings to the residue
in the dish, and then incorporate fifty grammes of the thoroughly dried
starch. Evaporate the mixture by a very gentle heat on a water bath,
frequently stirring, and, when the mass has become thick, spread it
144 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
on glass plates and continue the drying in an air bath at a temperature
not exceeding 70° C. until thoroughly dry. Reduce the product to a
fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of
the dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 2 per cent, of the
ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite. Mix the powders thoroughly, pass
the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Introduce 3 Gm. of Extract of Aconite into a 250 mil flask, add 10
Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150 mils of ether and 2
mils of ammonia water, shake the mixture vigorously every few minutes during
a half hour, and when the dregs have settled decant 100 mils of the clear liquid,
representing i^ro qrammes of the Extract. Proceed as directed under Belladonna
iiadix, page 73, beginning with the word "Filter" in the seventh line of the
Assay, modifying the process there given by using ether instead of chloroform
for the final shaking out of the alkaloids.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 64.539
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
For an alternative method of assaying Extract of Aconite see Biological
Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }/q grain.
EXTRACTUM BELLADONN.E FOLIORUM
Extract of Belladonna Leaves
Ext. Bellad. Fol.
Extract of Belladonna Leavesyields not less than 1.18 per cent, nor more
than 1.32 per cent, of the alkaloids of belladonna leaves. One gramme
of the Extract represents about Jour grammes of belladonna leaves.
Pilular Extract of Belladonna Leaves
Belladonna Leaves, in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Glucose,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with sufficient of a mixture of three volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water and pack it firmly in a cylindrical perco-
lator, then add enough menstruum, using the same proportion of alcohol
and water as before, to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above
it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 145
orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-
eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed, gradually adding
menstruum of the same strength, until the percolate measures three
thousand mils, or until the belladonna leaves are exliausted. Recover
the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evaporate the residue
with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, to a pilular
consistence. Mix the mass thoroughly and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this extract, as directed below, and, from the alka-
loidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the mass, and to this add enough glucose
to make the finished Extract contain 1.25 per cent, of the alkaloids
of belladonna leaves. Mix thoroughly.
Assay — Dissolve 2 Gm. of Pilular Extract of Belladonna Leaves in 10 mils
of diluted alcohol, transfer the solution to a separator and wash the vessel in
which the extract was dissolved with 2 mils of ammonia water previously diluted
with 10 mils of distilled water, in divided portions, adding the rinsings to the
separator, then proceed as directed under Fluidexiractum Bclladnnnoe Radicis,
page 178, second line of the Assa}-, beginning with the word " Completely,"
modifying the process there given by treating the residue twice with 5 mils
of ether and evaporating to dryness each time before titration.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consimaed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of belladonna leaves.
Powdered Extract of Belladonna Leaves
Belladonna Leaves in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
IMagnesium Oxide, ivcenty grammes 20 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C,
Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity.
IMoisten the drug with sufficient alcohol and pack it in a cylindrical
percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
very slowly, adding alcohol as required. Reserve the first one thousand
mils of percolate and contuiue the percolation until the second percolate
measures one thousand mils or until the drug is exliausted. Transfer
the second percolate to a suitable apparatus and distil off the alcohol
at as low a temperature as practicable, until a residue measurmg about
one hundred 7nils remains, then add the reserved percolate and continue
distillation until the residue m the still is of syrupy consistence.
Transfer this syrupy residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the
flask or still with a small quantity of warm alcohol, adding the rmsmg
15
146 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to the residue in the dish. Evaporate this extract to a pilular consist-
ence, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, then add fifty grammes
of the dried starch and continue the heating, with frequent stirring,
until the mass is nearly dry. Now add the magnesium oxide, thoroughly
incorporate it and set the product aside in a current of warm air, until
thoroughl}^ dry. Reduce the product to a fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the alka-
loidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount of
alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of the
dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 1.25 per cent, of
the alkaloids of belladonna leaves. INIix the powders thoroughly, pass
the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Introduce 3 Gm. of Powdered Extract of Belladonna Leaves into a
250 mil flask, add 10 Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150
mils of a mixture of chloroform. 1 volume, and ether, 2 volumes, followed by
5 mils of ammonia water. Shake the mixture vigorously every ten minutes
during a half hour and when the dregs have settled decant 100 mils of the clear
liquid, representing iu-o grammes of the Extract ; now proceed as directed under
BelladonnoE Radix, page 73, seventh line of the Assay, modifying the process
there given by treating the residue twice with ether, and evaporating to
drj'ness each time before titration.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of belladonna leaves.
Preparation — Unguentum Belladonnae (from Pilular Extract).
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^^ grain.
EXTRACTUM CANNABIS
Extract of Cannabis
Ext. Cannab.— Estractum Cannabis Indicae, U.S.?. Mil
Extract of Cannabis, when assayed biologically, produces incoordina-
tion when administered to dogs in a dose of not more than 0.004 Gm.
of Extract per kilogramme of body weight.
Cannabis, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with sufficient alcohol, pack it firmly in a cylin-
drical percolator and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and
leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the
percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the
percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percola-
tion to proceed, gradually adding alcohol, until the drug is exhausted.
Rpcover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evaporate the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 147
residue with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, to
a pilular consistence. Mix the mass thoroughly and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this extract, and from the result thus obtained
adjust the weight of the finished Extract, by the addition of glucose, to
conform to the required biological standard.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Biological Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3-^ grain.
EXTRACTUM CASCAR.E SAGRAD.E
Extract of Cascara Sagrada
Ext. Case. Sagr.— Extractum Rhamni Purshianae, U.S.P. VIII
Powdered Extract of Cascara Sagrada
One gramme of the Extract represents three grammes of cascara sagrada.
Cascara Sagrada, in No. 20 powder, nine hundred grammes 900 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, twenty-five grammes 25 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Boiling Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make three hundred grammes 300 Gm.
Mix the cascara sagrada with jour thousand mils of boiling water
and macerate the mixture during three hours. Then transfer it to a
metallic percolator, allow it to drain and pour on boiling water until
the percolate measures five thousand mils or the drug is exhausted.
Evaporate the percolate to drjTiess on a water bath or steam bath, reduce
the extract to a fine powder, weigh it, add the magnesium oxide and enough
of the dried starch to make the product weigh three hundred grammes.
Mix the powders thoroughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve, trans-
fer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
A\'ERAGE dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM CIMICIFUG.E
Extract of Cimicifuga
Ext. Cimicif. — Powdered Extract of Cimicifuga
One gramme of the Extract represents four grammes of cimicifuga.
Cimicifuga, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Starch, dried at 100° C, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred and fifty grammes 250 Gm.
148 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Moisten the drug with sufficient alcohol, pack it in a cylindrical
percolator, and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a
stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, adding alcohol as required until the drug is exhausted. Recover
the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evaporate the
residue to dr^Tiess, with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceed-
ing 70° C. Weigh the residue and add sufficient of the dried starch to
make the product weigh two hundred and fifty grammes. Reduce the
mixture to a fine powder, mix thoroughly, pass the Extract through a
fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them
tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM COLCHICI CORMI
Extract of Colchicum Corm
Ext. Colch. Corm. — Powdered Extract of Colchicum Corm
Extract of Colchicum Corm yields not less than 1.25 per cent, nor
more than 1.55 per cent, of colchicine. One gramme of the Extract
represents about four grammes of colchicum corm.
Colchicum Corm, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Starch, dried at 100° C, each, a sufficient quaniily.
Moisten the drug with sufficient alcohol, pack it in a cylindrical
percolator and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a
stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and,' having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, adding alcohol as required, until the percolate measures two
thousand mils or until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol
from the percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as prac-
ticable until a residue measuring about one hundred and fifty mils
remains in the still. Transfer this residue to a flask, using a little
warm alcohol to rinse the still, and add the rinsings to the flask. WTien
it hag cooled, add two hundred and fi,fty mils of purified petroleum
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 149
benzin and shake the mixture thoroughly for several minutes. Allow
the liquids to separate and decant the benzin layer as closely as possi-
ble; again add to the residue one hundred and fifty mils of purified
petroleum benzin, agitate and decant the bonzin layer as before, repeat
the washing with one hundred mils of purified petroleum benzin and
reject the benzin washings.
Transfer the residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the flask
with a little warm alcohol, adding the rinsings to the residue in the
dish, and evaporate it on a water bath to a thick extract. To this
add fifty grammes of the dried starch, mix well, spread the mixture on
glass plates and continue the drying in an air bath at a temperature not
exceeding 70° C. until thoroughly dry. Reduce the product to a fine
powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloid in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of
the dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 1.4 per cent, of
colchicine. Mix the powders thoroughly, pass the Extract through a
fine sieve, transfer it to small wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them
tightly.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Colchici Semen, page 120, modifying
the process there given b}^ using 6 Gm. of the Extract of Colchicum Corm
instead of 15 Gm. of colchicum seed. The final weight will be the amount of
colchicine from two grammes of Extract of Colchicum Corm.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS
Extract of Colocyntli
Ext. Colocynth. — Powdered Extract of Colocynth
One gramme of the Extract represents four grammes of colocynth.
Colocynth, in No. 20 powder, one thousand gramines 1000 Gm.
Diluted Alcohol,
Starch, dried at 100° C., each, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred and fifty grainmes 250 Gm.
Moisten the drug with two thousand mils of diluted alcohol and
macerate it in a closed vessel for twenty-four hours, then transfer the
150 THE PHARMACOPGEIA OF THE
moist drug to a cylindrical percolator, shake it down evenly withiout
packing, and gradually pour diluted alcohol upon it, allowing the per-
colation to proceed slowly, until the percolate measures five thousand
mils. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evapo-
rate the residue to dryness on a water bath or steam bath. Reduce
the extract to a fine powder, weigh it, and add sufficient of the dried
starch to make the product weigh two hundred and fifty grammes. Mix
the powders thoroughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer
it to small, wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Preparation — Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, }/2 grain.
EXTRACTUM COLOCYNTHIDIS COMPOSITUM
Compound Extract of Colocynth
Ext. Colocynth. Co. — Powdered Compound Extract of Colocynth
Extract of Colocynth, 07ie hundred and sixty grammes . 160 Gm.
Aloes, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Cardamom Seed, in No. 60 powder, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Resin of Scammony, in No. 60 powder, one hundred ar.d
forty grammes 140 Gm.
Soap, dried and in powder, one hundred and fifty grammes. . 150 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Triturate the ingredients until the product is reduced to a No. 60
powder. Pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small,
wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Preparation — Pilulae Catharticae Compositae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM ERGOTS
Extract of Ergot
Ext. Ergot.
Ergot, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, ten milliliters 10 mils
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
■UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 151
Pack the ergot in a percolator and slowly percolate it with purified
petroleum benzin until a few drops of the percolate, evaporated on
filter paper, leave no greasy staui. Reject the benzin percolate, remove
the ergot from the percolator and dry it by exposure to the air. Mix
eight hundred and fifty mils of alcohol with one hundred and fifty mils
of water, add the hydrochloric acid to four hundred mils of this mixture,
and moisten the ergot with the acid mixture. Pack it in a cylindrical
percolator and macerate for six hours, then add enough of the men-
struum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When
the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice,
and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight
hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed, gradually adding men-
struum, using the same proportion of alcohol and water as before, until
the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distil-
lation and evaporate the residue with frequent stirring, at a temperature
not exceeding 70° C, to a pilular consistence.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 4 grauis.
EXTRACTUM FELLIS BOVIS
Extract of Oxgall
Ext. Fel. Bov.— Powdered Extract of Oxgall
One gramm,e of the Extract represents eight grammes of oxgall.
Oxgall, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
Alcohol, fifteen hundred milliliters 1500 mils
Starch, dried at 100° C., a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Add one thousand mils of alcohol slowly and with agitation to the
oxgall contained in a bottle of sufficient size. Allow the mixture to
stand for two days and then decant the liquid portion. Wash the
residue in the bottle with an additional five hundred mils of alcohol,
decant the liquid portion, mix it with the liquid first separated and filter
the mixture. Recover the alcohol from the filtrate by distillation,
transfer the residue to a shallow dish and evaporate it to a thick extract
at a temperature between 75° and 80° C. Spread this extract on glass
plates and continue the drying by exposure to warm air, at a tempera-
ture not exceeding 70° C, until thoroughly dry. Reduce the extract
152 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to a fine powder, weigh it and add sufficient of the dried starch to make
the product weigh one hundred grammes. Mix the powders thoroughly,
pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 Gm. — Apothecaries 1)^ grains.
EXTRACTUM GELSEMII
Extract of Gelsemium
Ext. Gelsem. — Powdei'ed Extract of Gelsemium
One gramme of the Extract represents four grammes of gelsemium.
Gelsemium, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes .... 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Magnesium Oxide,
Starch, dried at 100° C., each, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred and fifty grammes 250 Gm.
Moisten the drug with sufficient alcohol, pack it in a cylindrical
percolator and add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave a
stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, adding alcohol as required, until the drug is exhausted.
Recover the alcohol from the percolate, by distillation at as low a
temperature as practicable, until a residue measuring about Jive
hundred mils remains in the still. Transfer this residue to a shallow
dish, and evaporate it to a soft extract with frequent stirring, at a
temperature not exceeding 70° C. Then add fifty grammes of a mix-
ture of one part of magnesium oxide and three parts of the dried starch,
mix well, spread the mass in a thin layer on glass or tinned-metal
plates or in a porcelain dish and continue the drying in an air bath, at
a temperature not exceeding 70° C., until thoroughly dry. Reduce the
extract to a fine powder, weigh it, and add sufficient of the mixture of
magnesium oxide and dried starch, made in the same proportion as
before, to make the finished product weigh two hundred and fifty grammes.
Mix the powders thoroughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve,
transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }4 grain.
i
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 153
EXTRACTUM GENTIAN^E
Extract of Gentian
Ext Qentlan.
Gentian, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Water, o sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with sufficient water, and allow it to macerate
for twenty-four hours ; then pack it in a conical percolator, and gradually
pour water upon it until the drug is exhausted. Reduce the liquid
to two thousand mils by boiling, strain it, and then evaporate it to a
pilular consistence on a water bath.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZiE
Extract of Glycyrrhiza
Ext. Glycyrrh. — Extract of Licorice
The commercial Extract of Glycyrrhiza.
In flattened, cylindrical rolls or in masses, of a glossy black color externally;
fracture brittle, sharp, smooth, conchoidal; taste characteristic and sweet.
When pulverized it yields a brown powder. Not less than 60 per cent, of
Extract of GlycjTrhiza is soluble in cold water. The yield of ash does not
exceed 6 per cent.
Preparations — Trochisci Ammonii Chloridi Trochisci Cubebae.
EXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZA PURUM
Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza
Ext. Glycyrrh. Pur.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Ammonia Water, one hundred and fifty milliliters 150 mils
Water,
Chloroform Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
IVIix the ammonia water with three thousand mils of water, and,
having moistened the powder with one thousand mils of the mixture,
allow it to macerate in a closed vessel for twenty-four hours. Then
pack it lightly in a cylindrical percolator, and gradually pour upon it,
first the remainder of the menstruum, and then chloroform water,
until the glycyrrhiza is exhausted. Evaporate the liquid in a porcelain
dish on a water bath, to a pilular consistence.
Preparation — Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita.
154 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
EXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS
Extract of Hydrastis
Ext. Hydrast. — Extract of Golden Seal Powdered Extract of Hydrastis
Extract of Hydrastis yields not less than 9 per cent, nor more than
11 per cent, of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis. One gramme
of the Extract represents about four grammes of hydrastis.
Hydrastis, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, five grammes 5 Gm.
Alcohol,
Magnesium Oxide,
Starch, dried at 100° C., each, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the tartaric acid in one thousand mils of alcohol, moisten
the drug with sufficient of this solution and pack in a cylindrical perco-
lator; then add enough of the acidified alcohol, followed by alcohol
if necessary, to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When
the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and,
having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours.
Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, adding alcohol as required,
until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate
by distillation, and evaporate the residue to a soft extract, with frequent
stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. Add fifty grammes of a
mixture of one part of magnesium oxide and three parts of the dried
starch, mix thoroughly and spread the mass in a thin layer on glass or
tinned-metal plates or in a porcelain dish and continue the drying in
an air bath at a temperature not exceeding 70° C., until thoroughly
dry. Then reduce the extract to a fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of
the mixture of magnesium oxide and dried starch, made in the same
proportion as before, to make the finished Extract contain 10 per cent,
of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis. Mix the powders thoroughly,
pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Introduce 3 Gm. of Extract of Hydrastis into a 250 mil flask, add 10
Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150 mils of ether and 5 mils
of ammonia water. Shake the mixture vigorously every ten minutes during a
half hour, and when the dregs have settled decant 100 mils of the clear liquid,
representing two grammes of the Extract. Proceed as directed under Bellndoiinw
RnrttT, page 73, seventh line of the Assay, modifying the process there given
• UNITED STATES OF AMERICA l56
by using ether instead of chloroform for the final shaking out of the alkaloids,
and drying the residue to constant weight at 100° C, instead of titrating it.
The weight will be the amount of ether-soluble alkaloids from two grammes of
Extract of Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Cm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
EXTRACTUM HYOSCYA^II
Extract of Hyoscyamus
Ext. Hyosc.
Extract of Hyoscyamus yields not less than 0.22 per cent, nor more
than 0.28 per cent, of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus. One gramme of
the Extract represents about four grammes of hyoscyamus.
Hyoscyamus, in No. 40 powder, one tJwusand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Glucose,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
^loisten the powder with sufficient of a mixture of three volumes
of alcohol and one volume of water, pack it firmly in a cylindrical
percolator and add enough menstruum, using the same proportion of
alcohol and water as before, to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the
lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for
forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly,
gradually adding menstruum of the same strength until the drug is
exhausted. Recover the alcohol by distillation and evaporate the
residue, with frequent stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C.,
until it is reduced to a pilular consistence. Mix the mass thoroughly
and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this extract as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the mass and to this add enough glucose
to make the finished Extract contain 0.25 per cent, of the alkaloids of
hyoscyamus. Mix thoroughly.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Extractum Belladonnas Foliorum (Pilular),
page 145, modifying the process there given by using 5 Gm. of Extract of
Hyoscyamus instead of 2 Gm. of extract of belladonna leaves.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
I Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
156 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE!
EXTRACTUM MALTI
Extract of Malt
Ext. Malt.
Malt, in coarse powder (not finer than No. 12), one thou-
sand grammes 1000 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Pour one thousand mils of water upon the powder contained in a
suitable vessel and macerate for six hours, then add four thousand
mils of water, heated to 60° C, and digest the mixture for one hour
on a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. Strain the
mixture, express, filter the strained liquid, and, by means of a water bath
or vacuum apparatus, evaporate the liquid, at a temperature not
exceeding 60° C, until it has a specific gravity of not less than 1.350
nor more than 1.400 at 25° C.
Average dose — Metric, 15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 drachms.
EXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICAE
Extract of Nux Vomica
Ext. Nuc. Vom. — Powdered Extract of Nux Vomica NucIs vomicae extractum P. I.
Extract of Nux Vomica yields not less than 15.2 per cent, nor more
than 16.8 per cent, of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Nux Vomica, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water,
Purified Petroleum Benzin;
Diluted Sulphuric Acid,
Ammonia Water,
Chloroform,
Magnesium Oxide,
Starch, dried at 100° C., each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the drug with sufficient of a mixture of three volumes of alcohol
and one volume of water, pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, and
add enough of the menstruum, using the same proportion of alcohol
and water as before, to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above
it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower
orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for fort;^'-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 157
eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually
adding the menstruum as required, until the percolate passes but
faintly imbued with bitterness, and the drug is exhausted. Recover
the alcohol from the percolate by distillation at as low a tempera-
ture as practicable and concentrate the liquid until the residue
measures about two hundred mils. Transfer this residue to a flask or
separator, using a little warm menstruum made of the same proportion
of alcohol and water originally used, to rinse the still, and add the rinsing
to the separator. Then add one hundred and fifty mils of water and two
hundred mils of purified petroleum benzin and shake the mixture thor-
oughly for several minutes. Allow the liquids to separate and decant
the benzin layer as closely as possible; again add to the residue one
hundred mils of purified petroleum benzin, agitate, and decant the
benzin as before.
Wash the mixed benzin solutions, in a separator, with a mixture of
one hundred mils of water and ten mils of diluted sulphuric acid, separate
the aqueous layer and repeat the washing twice with fresh portions,
one hundred mils each, of water and acid made in the same proportion
as before. Collect the aqueous solutions in a separator, render the
liquid alkaline by the addition of ammonia water and shake it out
with three portions of chloroform, twenty mils, ten mils, and ten mils,
respectively. Add the combined chloroform solutions to the extract
and evaporate the mixture to dr^Tiess on a water bath with frequent
stirring.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the product and add to this enough
of a mixture of magnesium oxide, one part, and of the dried starch, three
parts, to make the finished Extract contain 16 per cent, of the alka-
loids of nux vomica. Reduce the mixture to a fine powder, mix
thoroughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small,
wide-mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Introduce 3 Gm. of Extract of Nux Vomica into a 250 mil flask, add
10 Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150 mils of a mixture
of ether, 2 volumes, and chloroform, 1 rohime, followed by 5 mils of ammonia
■water. Shake the mixture vigorously every ten minutes during half an hour,
and when the dregs have settled decant 100 mils of the clear liquid, repre-
senting two grammes of the Extract. Proceed as directed under BelladonncB
Radix, page 73, seventh Hue of the Assay, modifying the process there given by
dissolving the alkaloidal residue in 10 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
instead of 5 mils.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 36.4
milligranunes of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Average dose — Metric, 0.015 Gm. — Apothecaries, }i gram»
158 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
EXTRACTUM OPII
Extract of Opium
Ext, Opii- -Powdered Extract of Opium Opii extractum P. I.
Extract of Opium yields not less than 19.5 per cent, nor more than
20.5 per cent, of anhydrous morphine. One gramme of the Extract
represents about two grammes of opium.
Opium, cut in small pieces, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Macerate the opium with three hundred mils of hot water until softened,
then rub to a smooth paste. Add to this one hundred grammes of clean,
white sand and mix thoroughly. Transfer the mixture to a percolator
and allow the percolation to proceed, gradually adding water until the
opium is exhausted. Evaporate the percolate to dryness in a shallow
evaporating dish, on a water bath, reduce the product to a fine powder
and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of ajihydrous morphine in the remainder of the powder and add to
this enough of the dried starch to make the finished Extract contain
20 per cent, of anhydrous morphine. Mix the powders thoroughly, pass
the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Dissolve 4 Gm. of Extract of Opium in 5 mils of distilled water, add
gradually, with constant stirring, 25 mils of distilled water, filter, and wash
the filter and residue with sufficient distilled water to make the solution measure
exactly 50 mils. Then proceed as directed under Opium, page 30G, sixteenth
line of the Assay.
The morphine obtained represents two grammes of Extract of Opium.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
EXTRACTUM PHYSOSTIGMATIS
Extract of Physostigma
Ext. Physostig. — Powdered Extract of Physostigma
Extract of Physostigma yields not less than 1.7 per cent, nor more
than 2.3 per cent, of the alkaloids of physostigma. One gramme of the
Extract represents about thirteen grammes of physostigma.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 159
Physostigma, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes. . 1000 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, five grammes 5 Gm.
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the tartaric acid in one thousand mils of a mixture of three
volumes of alcohol and one volume of water, moisten the drug with
sufficient of this solution, and pack it in a cylindrical percolator; then
add enough of the acidified alcohol to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, gradually adding the remainder of the prepared menstruum
and then a mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of
water until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the
percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as practicable and
concentrate the remaining liquid at a temperature not exceeding 70° C.
until the residue measures about two hundred mils. Transfer the residue
to a flask, using a little warm menstruum, made of the same propor-
tion of alcohol and water as before, to rinse the still, and add the
rinsing to the residue in the flask. Then add one hundred mils of water
and two hundred and fifty mils of purified petroleum benzin and shake
the mixture thoroughly for several minutes. Allow the liquids to sepa-
rate and decant the benzin layer as closely as possible; again add to
the residue two hundred mils of purified petroleum benzin, agitate, and,
after allowing the liquids to separate, decant the benzin layer as before
and reject the benzin solutions.
Transfer the residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the separator
with a little of the warm menstruum, add the rinsings to the residue in
the dish and evaporate it to pilular consistence at a temperature not
exceeding 70° C. Now add twenty grammes of the dried starch, thoroughly
incorporate it, set the extract aside in a current of warm air until dry,
then reduce the product to a fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough of
the dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 2 per cent,
of the alkaloids of physostigma. Mix the powders thoroughly, pass the
160 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE ■
Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles
and stopper them tightly.
Assny — Introduce 3 Grn. of Extract of Physostigma into a 250 mil flask, add
10 Gm. of washed sand and mix thoroughly. Then add 150 mils of ether and
proceed aa directed under Physostigma, page 320, second line of the Assay.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 27.52
milligrammes of the alkaloids of physostigma.
Average dose — Metric, 0.008 Gm. — Apothecaries, % grain.
EXTRACTUM RHEI
Extract of Rhubarb
Ext. Rhel— Powdered Extract of Rhubarb
One gramme of the Extract represents two grammes of rhubarb.
Rhubarb, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
To make, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Moisten the drug with sufficient of a mixture oifour volumes of alcohol
and one volume of water, pack it in a cylindrical percolator and add
enough of this menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator close
the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate
for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly,
gradually adding menstruum of the same proportion of alcohol and
water as before until the drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from
the percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as practicable,
and continue distillation until a residue of syrupy consistence remains
in the still. Transfer this to a shallow dish, rinse the still with a little
warm menstruum, add the rinsings to the residue in the dish, and evap-
orate the mixture to dryness, with frequent stirring, at a temperature
not exceeding 70° C. Weigh the dry extract and add the magnesium
oxide and sufficient of the dried starch to make the product weigh five
hundred grammes. Reduce the mixture to a fine powder, mix thoroughly,
pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed
bottles and stopper them tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 161
EXTRACTUM STRAMONII
Extract of Stramonium
Ext. Stramon.
Extract of Stramonium yields not less than 0.9 per cent, nor more
than 1.1 per cent, of the alkaloids of stramonium. One gramme of
the Extract represents about Jour grammes of stramonium.
Pilular Extract of Stramonium
Stramonium, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Glucose,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with sufficient of a mixture of three volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water and pack it in a cylindrical percolator;
then add enough of this menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
gradually adding menstruum of the same strength, until the drug is
exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation,
and evaporate the residue with frequent stirring, at a temperature
not exceeding 70° C, to a pilular consistence. Mix the mass thoroughly
and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this extract as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the mass and to this add enough glucose
to make the finished Extract contain 1 per cent, of the alkaloids of
stramonium. Mix thoroughly.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Extractum Belladonnoe Foliorum (Pilular),
page 145, using 2 Gm. of Pilular Extract of Stramonium.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of stramonium.
Powdered Extract of Stramonium
Stramonium, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes . . . 1000 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C,
Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the drug with sufficient alcohol and pack it in a cylindrical
percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and leave
16
162 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macer-
ate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed very
slowly, adding alcohol as required. Reserve the first one thousand
mils of percolate and continue the percolation until the second per-
colate measures one thousand mils or until the drug is exhausted.
Transfer the second percolate to a suitable apparatus and distil off
the alcohol, at as low a temperature as practicable, until a residue
measuring about one hundred mils remains, then add the reserved
percolate and continue distillation until the residue in the still is of
syrupy consistence.
Transfer this residue to a shallow evaporating dish, rinse the flask
or still with a small quantity of warm alcohol, and add the rinsing to
the contents of the dish. Evaporate this to a soft extract, with frequent
stirring, at a temperature not exceeding 70° C. Then add fifty grammes
of the dried starch and continue the heating at the same temperature,
with frequent stirring, until the mass is nearly dry. Now add the mag-
nesium oxide, thoroughly incorporate it, and set the product aside in a
current of warm air, until thoroughly dry. Reduce the product to a
fine powder and weigh it.
Assay a portion of this product as directed below, and, from the
alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of alkaloids in the remainder of the powder and add to this enough
dried starch to make the finished Extract contain 1 per cent, of the
alkaloids of stramonium. IVIix the powders thoroughly, pass the
Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-mouthed bottles
and stopper them tightly.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Extractum Bdladonnce Foliorum (Powdered),
page 146, using 3 Gm. of Powdered Extract of Stramonium.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of stramonium.
Preparation — Unguentum Stramonii (from Pilular Extract).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, % grain.
EXTRACTUM SUMBUL
Extract of Sumbul
Ext. Sumbul
Sumbul, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
XmiTED STATES OF AiMEIilCA 163
Moisten the powder with sufficient of a mixture of four volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water and pack it in a cylindrical percolator;
then add enough of this menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, gradually adding menstruum of the same strength until the
drug is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation
and evaporate the residue with frequent stirring, at a temperature not
exceeding 70° C, to a pilular consistence.
AVERA.GB DOSE — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
EXTRACTUM TARAXACI
Extract of Taraxacum
Ext. Tarax.
Taraxacum, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water, each, a su^cient quantity.
Mix one hundred and twenty-five mils of alcohol with eight hundred
and seventy-five mils of water, and, having moistened the powder
with a portion of the mixture, pack it in a cylindrical percolator, then
add enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the
lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for
twenty-four hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed, gradually
adding menstruum of the same strength until the drug is exhausted.
Recover the alcohol from the percolate by distillation and evaporate the
residue with frequent stirring, on a water bath, to a pilular consistence.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
EXTRACTUM VIBURNI PRUNIFOLII
Extract of Viburnum Prunifolium
Ext. Viburn. Prun. — Powdered Extract of Viburnum Prunifolium
One gramme of the Extract represents^ye grammes of viburnum pruni-
folium.
164 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Viburnum Prunifolium, in No. 30 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, Hve grammes 5 Gm.
Starch, dried at 100° C.,
Diluted Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Moisten the powder with sufficient diluted alcohol and pack it in a
cylindrical percolator; then add enough diluted alcohol to saturate the
powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop
from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered
the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percola-
tion to proceed slowly, adding diluted alcohol as required until the
viburnum prunifolium is exhausted. Recover the alcohol from the
percolate by distillation at as low a temperature as practicable and
evaporate the residue to a soft extract in a shallow dish on a water
bath, at a temperature not 'exceeding 70° C. Add the magnesium
oxide, incorporate it thoroughly, spread the extract on glass plates and
dry it by exposure to currents of warm air. Reduce the extract to a
fine powder, weigh it, and add sufficient of the dried starch to make the
finished product weigh two hundred grammes. Mix the powder thor-
oughly, pass the Extract through a fine sieve, transfer it to small, wide-
mouthed bottles and stopper them tightly.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
PEL BOVIS
Oxgall
The fresh bile of the ox, Bos taurus Linn^ (Fam. Bovidoe).
A brownish-green or dark green, somewhat viscid liquid, having a character-
istic odor, and a disagreeable, bitter taste.
When Oxgall is shaken with water a frothy mixture is produced.
Specific gravity: 1.015 to 1.025 at 25° C.
It is neutral or faintly alkaline to litmus.
A mixture of 2 drops of Oxgall and 10 mils of water, when treated, first with
a drop of a freshly prepared solution of 1 part of sugar in 4 parts of water, and
afterwards with sulphuric acid, cautiously added, until the precipitate first
formed is redissolved, gradually acquires a brownish-red color, changing suc-
cessively to carmine, purple, and violet.
Preparation — Extractum Fellis Bovis.
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 165
FERRI CARBONAS SACCIIARATUS
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate
Ferr. Carb. Sacch.
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate contains not less than 15 per cent, of
FeCOa (115,84). Preserve it in small, well-stoppered bottles, exposed
to light.
Ferrous Sulphate, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Sodium Bicarbonate, thirty-five grammes 35 Gm.
Sugar of Milk, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder,
Diluted Sulphuric Acid,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Dissolve the ferrous sulphate in two hundred mils of hot distilled
water, add a few drops of diluted sulphuric acid and filter. Dissolve
the sodium bicarbonate in five hundred mils of distilled water at a
temperature not exceeding 50° C, and filter. To the solution of sodium
bicarbonate, contained in a flask having a capacity of about one thousand
mils, gradually add the solution of ferrous sulphate, and mix thoroughly
by rotating the flask. Fill the flask with boiling distilled water, cork
it loosely, and set the mixture aside. When the precipitate has sub-
sided, draw off the clear supernatant hquid by means of a siphon; fill
the flask again with hot distilled water and shake it. Again draw off
the clear liquid, and repeat the washing with hot distilled water, in the
same manner, until the decanted liquid gives merely a slight cloudiness
with barium chloride T.S. Drain the precipitate, and transfer it to
a porcelain dish containing seventy grammes of sugar and ten grammes
of sugar of milk and mix intimately. Evaporate the mixture to dryness
on a water bath, reduce it to powder, weigh, and mix intimately with
it, if necessary, enough well-dried sugar to make the product weigh
one hundred grammes. To minimize oxidation make this preparation in
the shortest possible time.
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate is a greenish-brown powder, gradually be-
coming oxidized by contact with air; odorless, and having at first a sweetish,
afterwards slightly ferruginous, taste.
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate is only partially soluble in water, but is
completely dissolved on the addition of hydrochloric acid, with copious evolu-
tion of carbon dioxide, forming a clear, greenish-yellow liquid.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate in 5 mils of hydrochloric
acid, and dilute the solution with distilled water until it measures 100 mils.
166 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Portions of this solution yield a blue precipitate with either potassium ferro-
cyanide T.S. or potassium ferricyanide T.S.; another 10 mil portion of the
solution shows not more than a shght turbidity with barium chloride T.S.
{sulphate).
Assay — Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate, accurately
weighed, in 15 mils of diluted sulphuric acid, and dilute the solution with distilled
water to about 100 mils. Titrate immediately with tenth-normal potassium
dichromate V.S., potassium feiTicyanide T.S. being used as indicator. It shows
not less than 15 per cent, of FeCOa.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S. used corresponds to
0.011584 Gm. of FeCOa. Each gramme of Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate
corresponds to not less than 13 mils of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
FERRI CHLORIDUM
Ferric Chloride
Ferr. Chlor. — Iron Perchloride Sesquichloride of Iron
It contains FeCla (162.22) in a hydrated form corresponding to not
less than 20 per cent, of Fe. Preserve it in well-closed glass containers.
Ferric Chloride occurs in orange-yellow, crystalline pieces, odorless, or with
a faint odor of hydrochloric acid, and having a strongly styptic taste. It is
very deliquescent in air.
One Gm. of FeiTic Chloride dissolves in 0.2 mil of water at 25° C; freely
soluble in alcohol and soluble in glycerin or ether.
At about 35.5° C. the salt fuses to a reddish-brown liquid. When strongly
heated, it decomposes, losing some ferric chloride, water and hydrochloric acid
and leaving a residue of ferric oxide.
An aqueous solution of Ferric Chloride, made by dissolving 10 Gm. of the salt
in 15 mils of distilled water, responds to the tests for identity and purity imder
Liquor Ferri Chloridi, omitting the test for hydrochloric acid.
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Ferric Chloride, accurately weighed in a
stoppered weighing-bottle, in 25 mils of distilled water, add 3 mils of hydro-
chloric acid and 4 Gm. of potassium iodide, and allow the mixture to stand
in a glass-stoppered flask or bottle for thirty minutes at a temperature of 40° C.
Cool this solution, then dilute it with lOO mils of distilled water and titrate
with tenth-normal sodium tliiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator.
It shows not less than 20 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodiuip thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Ferric Chloride corresponds to not less
than 35.8 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
FERRI ET AMMONII CITRAS
Iron and Ammonium Citrate
Ferr. et Ammon, Cit. — Soluble Ferric Citrate Ammonio-ferric Citrate
Ferric citrate rendered more readily soluble by the presence of ammo-
nium citrate and containing not less than 16 per cent, nor more than
UNITED STATES OF AMEUICA 167
18 per cent, of Fe. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected
from light.
Iron and Ammonium Citrate occurs as thin, transparent, garnet-red scales,
odorless and having a saUne, mildly ferruginous taste. It is deliquescent in
moist air.
Iron and Ammonium Citrate is readily and completely soluble in water;
insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or but slightly acid or alkaUne to
litmus.
When strongly heated, it chars, and finally leaves a residue of ferric oxide.
Heat Iron and Ammonium Citrate with jiotassium hydroxide T.S.; it yields
a brownish-red precipitate, and ammonia is evolved.
Ammonia water, added to an aqueous solution, produces no precipitate, but
darkens the solution.
Remove the iron from 10 mils of an aqueous solution of Iron and Ammonium
Citrate (1 in 10) bj' boihng it with an excess of potas.sium hydroxide T.S., filter,
and then slightly acidulate the filtrate with acetic acid. A portion of the cooled
filtrate, when mixed with 2 mils of calcium chloride T.S., and again heated to
boiling, gradually deposits a white crystalline precipitate. Another portion of
the filtrate, when acidulated more strongly with acetic acid and allowed to stand
for twenty-four hours, does not j-ield a white crystalhne precipitate {tartrate).
An aqueous solution of Iron and Ammonium Citrate (1 in 100) does not jield
a blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide T.S. unless it is acidulated with
hydrochloric acid (difference from ferric citrate).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Iron and Ammoniimi Citrate, accurately
weighed, in 25 mils of distilled water and 7 mils of hydrochloric acid, in a glass-
stoppered flask or bottle, add 4 Gm. of pota.ssium iodide, stopper the bottle
securely and keep it at a temperature of 40° C. for thii-ty minutes. Then cool,
and titrate with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphato V.S., using starch T.S. as
indicator. It shows not less than 16 per cent, nor more than IS per cent of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Iron and Ammonium Citrate corre-
sponds to not less than 28.6 mils nor more than 32.2 mils of tenth-normal
sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
FERRI ET QUININiE CITRAS
Iron and Quinine Citrate
Ferr. et Quin. Cit. — Ferri ct Quininse Citras Solubilis, U.S.P. VIII
Soluble Iron and Quinine Citrate
Iron citrate and quinine citrate rendered more soluble by the pres-
ence of ammonium citrate and containing not less than 11.5 per cent,
of anhydrous quinine (C20H24O2X2) and not less than 13 per cent, of
Fe. Preserve it in amber-colored, well-stoppered bottles, protected from
light.
Iron and Quinine Citrate occurs as thin, transparent scales, of a greenish or
golden-yellow color, odorless, and having a bitter, mildly ferruginous taste.
It is deliquescent.
168 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Iron and Quinine Citrate is rapidly and completely soluble in cold water,
partly soluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution (1 in 10) is acid to litmus.
When strongly heated, Iron and Quinine Citrate chars, and finally leaves a
residue of ferric oxide.
When heated with potassium hydroxide T.S., a brown precipitate is produced
and ammonia is evolved.
On the addition of a slight excess of ammonia water to an aqueous solution
of Iron and QuLaine Citrate (1 in 10), the color of the Mquid is deepened, and
a white, curdy precipitate is produced.
A portion of the filtrate from this precipitate does not yield a blue color or
precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide T.S. unless it is acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid.
Boil an aqueous solution of Iron and Quinine Citrate (1 in 10) with an excess
of potassium hydroxide T.S. until completely precipitated, and slightly acidulate
the filtrate with acetic acid. A portion of the cooled filtrate, mixed with 2 mils
of calcium chloride T.S. and again heated to boihng, gradually deposits a white,
crystalline precipitate. Another portion of the filtrate, more strongly acidulated
with acetic acid and allowed to stand for twenty-four hours, does not yield a
white, crystalline precipitate {tartrate).
Assay for Quinine — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Iron and Quinine Citrate, accu-
rately weighed, in 20 mils of distilled water in a separator, add 5 mils of am-
monia water and 10 mils of chloroform, and shake the separator for one minute.
Allow the hquids to separate, draw off the chloroform layer through a small
filter moistened with chloroform, into a tared dish, and shake the residuary
hquid a second and a third time with portions of 10 mils each of chloroform,
passing the chloroform through the filter each time and finally washing the filter
with 5 mils of chloroform. Evaporate the combined chloroform solutions,
redissolve the residue in 3 mils of alcohol, again evaporate and then dry the
residue to constant weight at 100° C. This residue corresponds to not less
than 11.5 per cent, of the amount of Iron and Quinine Citrate taken for the
assay and conforms to the identity tests under Quinina.
Assay for Iron — Heat the aqueous hquid, from which the quinine has been
removed in the manner just described, on a water bath, until the odors of chloro-
form and of ammonia have disappeared, allow to cool and dilute with distilled
water to a volume of 25 mils. Transfer the hquid to a glass- stoppered bottle,
add 15 mils of hydrochloric acid and 3 Gm. of potassium iodide, and, after se-
curely closing the bottle, allow the mixture to stand for thirty minutes at
40° C. Then cool and titrate with sodium thiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S.
as indicator. It shows not less than 13 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Iron and Quinine Citrate corresponds
to not less than 23.3 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
FERRI IIYDROXIDUM CUM MAGNESII OXIDO
Ferric Hydroxide with Magnesium Oxide
Ferr. Hydrox. cum Mag. Oxid. — Arsenic Antidote Ferric Hydrate with Magnesia
Solution of Ferric Sulphate, forty milliliters 40 mils
Magnesium Oxide, ten grammes 10 Gm,
Water, a sufficient quantity.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 169
Mix the solution of ferric sulphate with one hundred and twenly-five
mils of water, and keep the hquid in a large, well-stoppered bottle. Rub
the magnesium oxide with cold water to a smooth and thin mixture,
transfer this to a bottle capable of holding about one thousand mils,
fill it with water to about three-fourths of its capacity, and keep it
tightly stoppered. When the preparation is wanted for use, shake the
magnesium oxide mixture until of a thin, creamy consistence, slowly
add to it the diluted solution of ferric sulphate, and shake them together
until a uniformly smooth mixture results.
Note — In this process the 10 Gm. of magnesium oxide may be
replaced by 300 mils of magnesia magma, diluting it with sufficient
water to make the required volume.
Always keep the diluted solution of ferric sulphate and the magnesia
mixture on hand in separate bottles, ready for immediate use, so that
the antidote may be quickly prepared.
Average dose — Metric, 120 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidounces.
FERRI PHOSPHAS
Ferric Phosphate
Ferr. Phos.— Ferri Phosphas Solubllis, U.S.P. VIII
Soluble Ferric Phosphate
Ferric Phosphate rendered soluble by the presence of sodium citrate.
It contains not less than 12 per cent, of Fe. Preserve it in amber-
colored, well-stoppered bottles, protected from light.
Ferric Phosphate occurs as thin, bright green, transparent scales, without
odor, and having an acidulous, slightly saline taste. The salt is permanent in
dry air when excluded from light, but when unprotected, soon becomes discolored.
Ferric Phosphate is freely and completely soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Ferric Phosphate (1 in 10) is sUghtly acid to htmus.
The addition of ammonia water to an aqueous solution of Ferric Phosphate
gives a reddish-brown color, but does not produce a precipitate.
Ferric Phosphate, when boiled with potassium hydroxide T.S., produces a
brownish-red precipitate without evolving ammonia.
Boil an aqueous solution of Ferric Phosphate (1 in 10) with an excess of
potassium hydroxide T.S. until deprived of its iron, strongly acidulate the
filtrate v.'ith hydrochloric acid and cool a portion of the hquid. When mixed
with an equal volume of magnesia mixture T.S., followed by a slight excess
of ammonia water, this liquid affords an abundant, white, crystaUine precipi-
tate. This precipitate turns yellow when washed and treated with a few drops
of silver nitrate T.S. (distinction from pyrophosphate).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Ferric Phosphate, accurately weighed, in
25 mils of distilled water and 15 mils of hydrochloric acid in a glass-stoppered
bottle, then add 3 Gm. of potassium iodide, securely stopper the bottle, keep
170 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
it at a temperature of 40° C. for thirty minutes, then cool and titrate with
tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator. It
shows not less than 12 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Ferric Phosphate corresponds to not less
than 21.5 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
A\t:rage dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
FERRI SULPHAS
Ferrous Sulphate
Ferr. Sulph. — Iron Protosulphate
It contains not less than 54.36 nor more than 57.07 per cent, of
anhydrous ferrous sulphate, corresponding to about 99.5 per cent, of the
crystallized salt [FeS04+7H20 = 278.02]. Preserve it m well-closed
containers.
Ferrous Sulphate occurs as pale bluish-green, monoclinic prisms, without
odor, and having a saline, styptic taste; efflorescent in dry air. On exposure
to moist air, the crystals rapidly oxidize, and become coated with browTiish-
yellow, basic ferric sulphate. When it has thus deteriorated the salt must not
be used for any official purpose.
One Gm. of Ferrous Sulphate dissolves in 1.4 mils of water at 25° C; in 0.4
mil of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is acid to Utmus.
When slowly heated to 115° C, the crystals disintegrate, and the salt loses
the greater part of its water of crystalhzation.
An aqueous solution of the salt, even when higlily diluted, gives with potassium
ferricyanide T.S. a blue color or precipitate, and with baaium chloride T.S. a
white precipitate insoluble in hydrocliloric acid.
Di-ssolve 1 Gm. of the salt in about 50 mils of distilled water containing 1 mil
of diluted sulphuric acid, heat the solution to boiling, o.xidize it with nitric acid
and then mix it with a slight excess of ammonia water and filter. The filtrate
is colorless, and, after acidulating with hydrochloric acid, it does not respond
to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Agitate 1 Gm. of Ferrous Sulphate in small fragments during four or five
minutes, with 10 mils of alcohol, and filter the mixture; the filtrate does not
immediately redden moistened blue litmus paper {free acid).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Ferrous Sulphate, accurately weighed,
in about 25 mils of diluted sulphuric acid and titrate with tenth-normal potas-
sium permanganate V.S. until a permanent pink color is produced. It shows
not less than 54.3G per cent, nor more than 57.07 per cent, of FeS04.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds to
0.015191 Gm. of FeS04. Each gramme of Ferrous Sulphate corresponds to not
less than 35.78 mils nor more than 37.57 mils of tenth-normal potassium perman-
ganate V.S.
Preparations — Ferri Sulphas Exsiccatus Ferri Sulphas Granulatus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1)4. grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 171
FERRI SULPHAS EXSICCATUS
Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate
Ferr. Sulph. Exsic— Dried Ferrous Sulphate
Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate contains the equivalent of not less than
80 per cent, of the anhydrous salt [FeS04 = 151.91].
Ferrous Sulphate, in coarse powder, one hundred
grammes 100 Gm.
Allow the salt to effloresce at a temperature of about 40° C. in dry
air, and then heat it in a porcelain dish on a water bath, constantly
stirring, until the product weighs from sixty-four to sixty-five grammes.
Lastly, reduce the residue to a fine powder, and transfer it at once to
dry, well-stoppered bottles.
Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate is a grayish-white powder, slowly soluble in
water. A solution of the salt (1 in 20) in distilled water which has been recently
boiled and cooled is not more than slightly tm-bid, and conforms to the reactions
and tests under Ferri Sulphas, except the test for free acid, when taken in
proportionate amount.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.8 Gm. of Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate, accurately
weighed in a stoppered weighing-bottle, in about 25 mils of diluted sulphuric
acid and titrate with tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. until a per-
manent pink color is produced. It shows not less than 80 per cent, of FeS04.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds to
0.015191 Gm. of FeS04. Each gi-amme of Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate corre-
sponds to not less than 52.7 mils of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
FERRI SULPHAS GRANULATLS
Granulated Ferrous Sulphate
Ferr. Sulph. Gran. — ^Precipitated Ferrous Sulphate
Ferrous Sulphate, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Distilled Water, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Diluted Sulphuric Acid, five milliliters 5 mils
Alcohol, twenty-five milliliters 25 mils
Dissolve the ferrous sulphate in the distilled water previously heated
to boiling, add the diluted sulphuric acid, and filter the solution while
hot. Evaporate the solution immediately in a tared porcelain dish on a
sand bath until it weighs one hundred and fifty grammes, and then cool
it quickly with constant stirring. Transfer the product to a glass funnel
stopped vnih. a plug of purified cotton, and, when it has thoroughly
drained, pour the alcohol upon it. When this has also drained spread
172 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF TH:fi
the crystalline powder on bibulous paper, dry it quickly at room tem-
perature, and transfer it at once to dry, well-stoppered bottles.
Granulated Ferrous Sulphate is a very pale bluish-green, crystalline powder,
which conforms in every respect to the reactions and tests for purity under
Ferri Sulphas.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 13^2 grains.
FERRUM
Iron
Ferr.
Metallic iron [Fe = 55.84] in the form of fine, bright wire.
FERRUM REDUCTUM
Reduced Iron
Ferr. Reduct. — Ferrum Redactum Iron by Hydrogen Quevenne's Iron
Iron reduced to the metallic state by the action of hydrogen upon
ferric oxide. It contains not less than 90 per cent, of metallic iron
[Fe = 55.84]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Reduced Iron occiu's as a very fine, grayish-black, lusterless powder, without
odor or taste; permanent in dry air.
Reduced Iron is insoluble in water or alcohol.
When ignited in contact with air, it glows and is converted into black ferroso-
ferric oxide.
Shake 1 Gm. of Reduced Iron with 5 mils of distilled water and filter; the
hquid does not change the color of litmus. •
One Gm. of Reduced Iron, when treated with 20 mils of diluted sulphuric
acid in a flask, causes the evolution of nearly odorless hydrogen gas, which
does not affect paper moistened with lead acetate T.S. within two minutes
(sulphide), and, on applying a gentle heat, the Iron dissolves in the acid without
leaving more than 1 per cent, of residue.
Add 20 mils of diluted sulphuric acid to 0.5 Gm. of Reduced Iron contained
in a small, covered beaker, and, after the reaction has somewhat subsided, warm
the liquid on a water bath until the reaction ceases. Collect any minute, un-
dissolved residue upon a very small filter, rinse the beaker with distilled water,
add the rinsings to the filter, and then wash the residue with distilled water
until free from acid reaction. Transfer the residue to the beaker by rinsing it
back, and, after adding about 0.25 Gm. of potassium chlorate and 5 mils of
hydrochloric acid, slowly evaporate the solution to dryness on a water bath.
Dis.solve the residue in sufficient distilled water to measure 50 mils, and add
5 mils of this solution to 5 mils of a saturated solution of sulphurous acid and
heat the liquid on a water bath for fifteen minutes, or until all traces of sulphur-
ous acid have been removed. The resulting solution meets the requirements
of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Introduce into a 100 mil fla.sk about 1 Gm. of Reduced Iron, pre-
viously well triturated and accurately weighed, and add 10 Gm. of finely powd-
ered mercuric chloride and 50 mils of boiling distilled water. Boil the mixture
for five minutes, shying it frequently, then fill the flask to the 100 mil mark
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 173
with distilled water, recently boiled and cooled, and cool it to room temperature.
Again fill the flask to the mark with distilled water, stopper, agitate the con-
tents well, and allow it to stand for a few minutes. Now filter the contents of
the flask and immediately titrate 20 mils of the filtrate to which has been added
20 mils of diluted sulphuric acid, with tenth-normal potassium permanganate
V.S. until a permanent pink color is produced. It shows not less than 90 per
oent. of Fe when calculated from the original weight of Reduced Iron taken.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gi-amme of Reduced Iron corresponds to not
less than 161.2 mils of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
FLUIDEXTRACTA
Fluidextracts
Fluidextracts are concentrated liquid preparations of vegetable drugs,
containing alcohol either as a solvent or as a preservative, and bearing
a uniform relation to the drug used so that one mil of the fiuidextract
closely represents the activity of one gramme of the air-dried and
powdered drug of standard quality.
The fluidextracts of this Pharmacopoeia, with few exceptions, may be
classified according to the menstrua used in the extraction of the drugs
and the processes of manufacture employed. Several drugs require
special manipulation to obtain satisfactory fluidextracts, and for these
appropriate formulas have been devised and are printed in full in the
text. The following type processes are described, and in each formula
the process to be used is designated by reference to the type process:
Type Process A — In this class are included those fluidextracts that
are made with a menstruum of alcohol or a mixture of alcohol and water
by the usual process of percolation.
Type Process B — In this class are included those fluidextracts in which
glycerin or an acid is used in the extraction and two menstrua are suc-
cessively employed. Menstruum I contains the glycerin or acid in
definite proportion to the amount of the drug, and INIenstruum II, a
mixture of alcohol and water intended for completing the exhaustion
of the drug.
Type Process C — The process oi fractional or divided percolation. This
is especially recommended for drugs containing volatile ingredients
or constituents injured by exposure to heat. This process may like-
wise be used as an alternative process in the formulas in which Type
Process A is directed.
Type Process D — In this class are included those fluidextracts in
which extraction is effected by infusion and percolation with boiling
174 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
water, alcohol being added to the concentrated liquid as a preservative.
In the preparation of fluidextracts by either Process A, B, or C, the
rate of percolation must be carefully controlled and, for the quantities
directed in the formulas of the Pharmacopoeia, the flow should not
exceed ten drops per minute until the reserved percolate is collected,
and twenty drops per minute thereafter. As a rule one thousand grammes
of powdered drug may be exhausted by percolation with sufficient men-
struum to yield three thousand mils of percolate.
Fluidextracts should be kept in tightly-stoppered containers for one
month and then, if perfectly clear, they should be stored in amber-
colored bottles protected from sunlight and extremes of temperature.
If sedimentation has occurred the clear portion should be decanted,
the remainder filtered and the liquids thoroughly mixed before storing.
The percentage of alcohol in fluidextracts made by type processes
A, B, or C is variable and always less than that in the menstruum
employed, due, among other causes, to loss of alcohol by evaporation
during manufacture, to the presence of a variable proportion of water
in the air-dried drug, and to the extraction from the drug of its soluble
constituents, which also often vary greatly in different lots of the same
drug. The percentage of alcohol in the finished product can therefore
only be ascertained by an actual determination (see Determination of
Alcohol in Official Preparations, Part II, No. 14).
Type Processes
Type Pi'ocess A — Moisten one thousand grammes of the powdered
drug directed with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed menstruum
to render it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so, after
macerating for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it
in a cylindrical percolator and add enough of the menstruum to saturate
the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to
drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely
covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the
percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding more menstruum until
the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first eight hundred and fifty mils of
the percolate (unless otherwise specified in the formula); recover the
alcohol from the remainder and concentrate the residue to a soft extract
at a temperature not exceeding 60° C; dissolve this in the reserved
portion, mix thoroughly, and finally add a sufficient quantity of the
menstruum to obtain one thousand mils or the volume determined by
calculation from the assay.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 175
Type Process B — Moisten one thousand grammes of the powdered
drug directed with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed Menstruum I,
to render it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintain it so after
macerating for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it
in a cylindrical percolator, add the remainder of Menstruum I, and,
when this has just disappeared from the surface, gradually add Men-
struum II, constantly maintaining a stratum of liquid above the drug.
When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower
orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-
eight hours, and then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually
adding Menstruum II until the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first
eight hundred and fifty mils of the percolate (unless otherwise specified
in the formula) ; recover the alcohol from the remainder and concentrate
the residue to a soft extract at a temperature not exceeding 60° C. ;
dissolve this in the reserved portion, mix thoroughly, and finally add a
sufficient quantity of Menstruum II to obtain one thousand mils, or the
volume determined by calculation from the assay.
Type Process C — Divide one thousand grammes of the powdered drug
directed into three portions of five hundred grammes, three hundred
grammes, and two hundred grammes, respectively. Moisten the first por-
tion of the drug (500 Gm.) with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed men-
struum to render it evenly and distinctly damp and to maintam it so after
macerating for six hours in a tightly-covered container. Then pack it in
a cylindrical percolator and add enough of the menstruum to saturate the
powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop
from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered
the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours and then allow the perco-
lation to proceed slowly, gradually adding more of the menstruum.
Reserve the first two hundred mils of percolate and continue the process
until the additional percolate measures fifteen hundred mils, the latter
being collected in successive portions of three hundred mils each.
Moisten the second portion of the powdered drug (300 Gm.) with a
sufficient quantity of the percolate collected in the preceding operation
immediately after the reserved portion, to render it evenly and distinctly
damp and to maintain it so after macerating for six hours in a tightly-
covered container. Then pack it in a cylindrical percolator and macerate
and percolate as directed for the first part of the drug, using as menstruum
the several portions of percolate from the preceding operation in the
order in which they have been collected, and, if this be insufficient,
follow with some of the original menstruum. Reserve the first three
176 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
hundred mils of percolate and continue the process until the additional
percolate measures eight hundred mils, collecting the weaker percolate
in successive portions of two hundred mils each.
Moisten the third portion of the powdered drug (200 Gm.) with a
sufficient quantity of the percolate collected in the preceding opera-
tion immediately after the reserved portion, to render it evenly and
distinctly damp and to maintain it so after macerating for six hours in
a tightly-covered container. Then pack it in a cylindrical percolator
and macerate and percolate as before, using as menstruum the several
portions of percolate from the preceding operation in the order in which
they have been collected, and, if this be insufficient, follow with more
of the original menstruum. Collect five hundred mils of percolate and
mix this with the two portions previously reserved so as to make one
thousand mils of finished fluidextract.
When Type Process C is directed for fluidextracts which are adjusted
by assay to a definite alkaloidal standard, collect only Jour hundred and
twenty mils of percolate from the third portion of drug instead of the
five hundred mils directed above. Mix this percolate with the tAvo
portions previously reserved, assay a portion of the mixture and then
adjust its volmne, by the addition of the menstruum directed, so that
each one hundred mils of finished fluidextract will contain the prescribed
amount of alkaloid.
Type Process D — To one thousand grammes of the ground drug add
five thousand mils of boiling water, mix thoroughly and allow it to
macerate in a covered container for two hours in a warm place. Then
transfer the moist drug to a tinned or enameled metallic percolator
and allow percolation to proceed, gradually adding boiling water until
the drug is exhausted. Evaporate the percolate on a water bath or steam
bath to the volume specified and when cold add the alcohol directed and
mix thoroughly.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ACONITI
Fluidextract of Aconite
FIdext. Aeon it.— Fluid Extract of Aconite
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Aconite yields not less than 0.45
Gm. nor more than 0.55 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.00004 mil for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig.
Aconite, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 177
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process C, as modified for alkaloidal
drugs (see page 175), using a mixture of three volumes of alcohol and
one volume of water as the menstruum and adjusting the volume of
the finished Fluidextract so that each one hundred mils contains 0.5 Gm.
of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
Assay — From a pipette drop 15 mils of Fluidextract of Aconite evenly over
the surface of 15 Gm. of purified sawdust (see page 546) and evaporate to dryness
at a temperature not exceeding 75° C. Transfer the mixture to a 250 mil flask,
add 150 mils of ether, and proceed as directed under BcUadonnce Radix, page 73,
third line of the Assay, modifying the process there given by using the ammonia
water with a small quantity of distilled water to rinse the dish in which the
mixture was evaporated, and ether only in the final shaking out of the alkaloids.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 64.539
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
For an alternative method of assaying Fluidextract of Aconite see Biological
Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 mil — Apothecaries, Y2 minim.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM AROMATICUM
Aromatic Fluidextract
FIdext. Aromat. — Aromatic Fluid Extract
Aromatic Powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process C (see page 175), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
A"\'ERAge dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ASPIDOSPER^LATIS
Fluidextract of Aspidosperma
FIdext. Aspidosp. — Fluid Extract of Aspidosperma Fluidextract of Quebracho
Aspidosperma, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Tj'pe Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred and ten mils of gh'cerin, six hundred and seventy
mils of alcohol and two hundred and twenty mils of water as ]\Ienstruum I,
and a mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as
Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fiuidrachm,
17
178 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
FLUIDEXTRACTUM AURANTII AMARI
Fluidextract of Bitter Orange Peel
FIdext. Aurant. Amar.— Fluid Extract of Bitter Orange Peel
Bitter Orange Peel, in No. 20 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process C (see page 175), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM BELLADONNyE RADICIS
Fluidextract of Belladonna Root
FIdext. Bellad. Rad.— Fluid Extract of Belladonna Root
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Belladonna Root yields not less
than 0.405 Gm. nor more than 0.495 Gm. of the alkaloids of belladonna
root.
Belladonna Root, in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of five volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of the percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of
the finished Fluidextract contain 0.45 Gm. of the alkaloids of bella-
donna root.
Assay — Introduce 10 mils of Fluidextract of Belladonna Root into a separator
and add 10 mils of distilled water and 2 mils of ammonia water. Completely
extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly witli chloroform and then extract
the alkaloids from the cliloroform solution by shaking out repeatedly with weak
sulphuric acid until the alkaloids are completely removed. Collect the acid
washings in a separator, add ammonia water until the solution is decidedly
alkaline to litmus, and completely extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly
with chloroform. Evaporate the combined chloroform washings to dryness,
dissolve the alkaloids from the residue in exactly 5 mils of tenth-normal sul-
phuric acid V.S. and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal potassium
hydroxide V.S., using cochineal T.S. as indicator.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
milligrammes of the alkaloids of belladonna root (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Preparation — Linimentum Belladonna'.
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 179
FLUIDEXTRACTUM BUCHU
Fluidextract of Bucliu
FIdext. Buchu— Fluid Extract of Buchu
BucHU, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose— Metric, 2 mils— Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CANNABIS
Fluidextract of Cannabis
Fldext. Cannab.— Fluidextractum Cannabis Indict. U.S.P. VIII
Fluid Extract of Cannabis
When assayed biologically Fluidextract of Cannabis produces inco-
ordination when administered to dogs in a dose of not more than 0.03
mil per kilogramme of body weight.
Cannabis, hi No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below and from the result thus obtained adjust the volume
of the finished Fluidextract to conform to the above biological standard.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Biological Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, \]/2 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CASCAR.^ SAGRAD.E
Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada
Fldext. Case. Sagr. — Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshianae, U.S.P. VIII
Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada
Cascara Sagrada, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
Prepare a Fluidextract by Tj'pe Process D (see page 176). Evaporate
the aqueous percolate to seven hundred and fifty mils and when cold
gradually add the alcohol and, if necessary, sufficient water to make
the product measure one thousand mils. -^
Average dose — ^Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims. Jlf
180 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CASCAR^ SAGRAD.E
AROMATICUM
Aromatic Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada
FIdext. Case. Sagr. Arom. — Fluidextractum Rhamni Purshianse Aromaticum,
U.S.P. VIII Aromatic Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada
Cascara Sagrada, in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000.0 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, one hundred and twenty-five grammes 125.0 Gm.
Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza, forty grammes 40.0 Gm.
Glycerin, two hundred milliliters 200.0 mils
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250.0 mils
Benzosulphinide, one gramme 1.0 Gm.
Oil of Anise, two and five-tenths milliliters 2.5 mils
Oil of Cinnamon, two-tenths of a milliliter 0.2 mil
Oil of Coriander, one-tenth of a milliliter 0.1 mil
Methyl Salicylate, two-tenths of a milliliter 0.2 mil
Boiling Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Thoroughly mix the cascara sagrada with the magnesium oxide,
moisten the mixture with two thousand mils of boiling water, set it
aside for two hours, stirring occasionally, and then pack it in a per-
colator. Now pour on boiling water and allow the percolation to pro-
ceed until the drug is exhausted. Evaporate the percolate to five hundred
mils and while yet warm dissolve in it the extract of glycyrrhiza. When
cold, add the glycerin, then the alcohol in which the benzosulphinide
and the oils have been dissolved, and finally sufficient water to make
the Fluidextract measure one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CIMICIFUG^
Fluidextract of Cimicifuga
Fldext. Citnicif. — Fluid Extract of Cimicifuga Fluidextract of Black Cohosh
Fluidextract of Black Snakeroot
Cimicifuga, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 181
FLUIDEXTRACTUM CINCHONyE
Fliiidextract of Cinchona
FIdext. Cinchon. — Fluid Extract of Cinchona Fluidextract of Calisaya Bark
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Cinchona yields not less than
4 Gm. nor more than 5 Gm. of the alkaloids of cinchona.
Cinchona, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
■ Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, one hundred mils of diluted
hydrochloric acid and eight hundred mils of alcohol as Menstruum I
and a mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as
Menstruum II.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid, and
dilute this with enough of Menstruum II to make each one hundred
mils of the finished Fluidextract contain 4.5 Gm. of the total alkaloids of
cinchona.
Assay — From a pipette drop 5 mils of Fluidextract of Cinchona evenly over
the surface of 10 Gm. of purified sawdust (see page 546) and evaporate it to
dryness at a temperature not exceeding 80° C. Transfer the mixture to a
500 mil flask, and proceed as directed under Cinchona, page 112, second line
of the Assay, modifying the process there given by increasing the amount
of ammonia water to 10 mils, using this in divided portions to rinse the dish in
which the mixture was evaporated, and adding the rinsings to the flask.
The weight of the residue is the amount of total alkaloids from 4 mils of
Fluidextract of Cinchona.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM COLCHICI SEMINIS
Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed
FIdext. Colch. Sem.— Fluid Extract of Colchicum Seed
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed yields not less
than 0.36 Gm. nor more than 0.44 Gm. of colchicine.
Colchicum Seed, in No, 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Purified Petroleum Benzin, a sufficient quantity.
Pack the colchicum seed in a cylindrical percolator and slowly per-
colate with purified petroleum benzin until a few drops of the percolate
182 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
leave no greasy stain when evaporated on a piece of filter paper.
Reject the benzin solution, remove the powder from the percolator
and dry it by exposure to the air. Then proceed to make the Fluid-
extract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a mixture of two volumes
of alcohol and one volume of water as the menstruum.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid, and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of
the finished Fluidextract contain 0.4 Gm. of colchicine.
Assay — Introduce 15 mils of Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed into a 500 mil
flask, add 10 mils of solution of lead subacetate, previously diluted with 35 mils
of distilled water, shake the mixture thoroughly, then add 240 mils of distilled
water, again agitate the mixture and proceed as directed under Colchici Semen,
page 120, fifth line of the Assay.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM DIGITALIS
Fluidextract of Digitalis
Fldext. Digital.— Fluid Extract of Digitalis
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be
greater than 0.0006 mil of the Fluidextract, or the equivalent in
Fluidextract of 0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body
weight of frog.
Digitalis, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
a mixture of five volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the
menstruum.
Assay — For a method of assaying Fluidextract of Digitalis see Biological
Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
• FLUIDEXTRACTUM ERGOT.E
Fluidextract of Ergot
Fldext. Ergot. — Fluid Extract of Ergot Secalis cornuti extractum fluidum P.I.
Ergot, recently ground and in No. 40 powder, one thou-
sand grammes 1000 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 183
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of twenty mils of hydrochloric acid and nine hundred and eighty
mils of diluted alcohol as MeD«t,ruum I, and diluted alcohol as Men-
struum II.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ERIODICTYI
Fluidextract of Eriodictyon
FIdext. Eriodlct. — Fluid Extract of Eriodictyon Fluidextract of Yerba Santa
Eriodictyon, in No. 30 powder, ojic thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM EUCALYPTI
Fluidextract of Eucalyptus
FIdext. Eucalypt. — Fluid Extract of Eucalj-ptus
Eucalyptus, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes .... 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM FRANGUL^
Fluidextract of Frangula
FIdext. Frangul. — Fluid Extract of Frangula Fluidextract of Buckthorn Bark
Frangula, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process D (see page 176). Evaporate
the aqueous percolate to seven hundred and fifty 77iils and, when cold,
add the alcohol and, if necessary, sufficient water to make the product
measure one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
184 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GELSEMII
riuidextract of Gelsemium
FIdext. Qelsem. — Fluid Extract of Gelsemium
Gelsemium, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 mil — Apothecaries, ^ minim.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GENTIANiE
Fluidextract of Gentian
Fldext. Gentian. — Fluid Extract of Gentian
Gentian, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
diluted alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GLYCYRRHIZ^
Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza
Fldext. Qlycyrrh. — Fluid Extract of Glycyrrhiza Fluidextract of Licorice
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes . . . 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, two hundred and fifty 7nilliliters 250 mils
Ammonia Water,
Chloroform Water,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix three hundred mils of ammonia water with twenty-seven hundred
mils of chloroform water and moisten the glycyrrhiza with a sufficient
quantity of the mixture; pack it in a cylindrical percolator and add
enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close
the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate
for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly,
gradually adding more of the same menstruum until the glycyrrhiza is
exhausted. Reserve the first five hundred mils of the percolate and
evaporate the remainder on a water bath to a soft extract; dissolve
this in the reserve portion and add enough water to make the product
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 185
measure seven hundred and fifty mils. A few drops of ammonia water
may be added if necessary to facilitate solution. Now gradually add the
alcohol, allow the product to stand for seven days in a stoppered con-
tainer, then decant the clear liquid, filter the remainder and wash the
residue on the filter with enough of a mixture of one volume of alcohol and
three volumes of water to make the Fluidextract measure one thousand mils.
Preparation — Elixir GlycjTrhizae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GRANATI
Fluidextract of Pomegranate
FIdext. Qranat.— Fluid Extract of Pomegranate
Pomegranate, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, five hundred mils of alcohol
and four hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as
Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GRINDELI^
Fluidextract of Grindelia
FIdext. Qrindel.— Fluid Extract of Grindelia
Grindelia, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Lletric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM GUARANyE
Fluidextract of Guarana
FIdext. Quaran. — Fluid Extract of Guarana
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Guarana yields not less than 3.6
Gm. nor more than 4.4 Gm. of caffeine.
Guarana, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
186 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloid in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of
thg finished Fluidextract contain 4 Gm. of caffeine.
Assay — Introduce 5 mils of Fluidextract of Guarana into a separator, add
1 mil of ammonia water, and shake out the alkaloid with chloroform until com-
pletely extracted, as shown by testing with iodine T.S. Evaporate the com-
bined chloroform solutions to drj^ness and dissolve the residue in 20 mils of
distilled water with the aid of heat. Allow this to cool, filter it into a separator
and wash the container and filter with several small portions of distilled water,
adding the rinsings to the liquid in the separator. Then shake out the alkaloid
with chloroform until completely extracted, as shown by testing with iodine
T.S., evaporate the combined chloroform solutions and dry the residue to con-
stant weight at 80° C. The weight represents the alkaloid in 5 mils of Fluid-
extract of Guarana (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM HYDRASTIS
Fluidextract of Hydrastis
Fldext. Hydrast. — Fluid Extract of Hydrastis Fluidextract of Golden Seal
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Hydrastis yields not less than
1.8 Gm. nor more than 2.2 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis.
Hydrastis, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, six hundred mils of alcohol
and two hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and a mixture of two
volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as Menstruum II. Reserve
the first seven hundred and fifty mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough of Menstruum II to make each one hundred
mils of the finished Fluidextract contain 2 Gm. of the ether-soluble
alkaloids of hydrastis.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Fluidextradum BelladonruB Radicis, page 178,
modifying the process there given by using .5 mils of Fluidextract of Hydrastis
instead of 10 mils of the fluidextract of lielladonna root and using only ether
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 187
as the immiscible solvent throughout the assay. Dry the residue to constant
weight at 100° C, instead of titrating it. The weiglit represents the amount of
ether-soluble alkaloids in 5 mils of the Fluidextract of Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM HYOSCYA]VII
Fluidextract of Hyoscyamus
FIdext. Hyosc. — Fluid Extract of Hyoscyamus Fluidextract of Henbane
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Hyoscyamus yields not less than
0.055 Gm. nor more than 0.075 Gm. of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
Hyoscyamus, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the
menstruum.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils
of the finished Fluidextract contain 0.065 Gm. of the alkaloids of
hyoscyamus.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Fluidextractiim Belladonnte Radicis, page
178, modifying the process there given by using 25 mils of the Fluidextract
of Hyoscyamus in place of 10 mils of fluidextract of belladonna root, and before
titrating treating the residue twice with 5 mils of ether and evaporating to
dryness each time.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
miUigrammes of the total alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM IPECACUANHA
Fluidextract of Ipecac
Fldext. Ipecac. — Fluid Extract of Ipecac
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Ipecac yields not less than 1.8
Gm. nor more than 2.2 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of ipecac.
Ipecac, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
188 THE PHABMACOPCEIA OF THE
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of diluted hydrochloric acid, two hundred
mils of alcohol and two hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and a
mixture of two volumes of alcohol and three volumes of water as Men-
struum II. Reserve the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids m the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough of Menstruum II to make each one hundred
mils of the finished Fluidextract contain 2 Gm. of the ether-soluble
alkaloids of ipecac.
Assay — From a pipette drop 10 mils of Fluidextract of Ipecac evenly over
the smiace of 10 Gm. of purified sawdust (see page 546), and evaporate it to
dryness at a temperature not exceeding 80° C. Transfer the impregnated
sawdust to a 250 mil flask and add 100 mils of ether. Rinse the dish in which
the mixture was evaporated with 6 mils of ammonia water, previously diluted
with an equal volume of water, used in several portions, and add the rinsings
to the flask. Stopper the flask and shake it vigorously every few minutes,
during two hours. Now add 15 mils of distilled water, again shake the flask
well, and when the sawdust has subsided decant 50 mils of the ether solution,
representing 5 mils of the Fluidextract. Completely extract the alkaloids from
this solution by shaking out with weak sulphuric acid. Collect the acid washings
in a separator; add ammonia water until the solution is decidedly alkahne to
litmus, and completely extract the alkaloids by shaking out repeatedly with
ether. Evaporate the combined ether washings to dryness, dissolve the alka-
loid from the residue in exactly 10 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
cochineal T.S. being used as indicator (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 24
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of ipecac.
Preparation — Syrupus Ipecacuanhae.
Average dose — Expectorant, Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries,
1 minim.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM LOBELIiE
Fluidextract of Lobelia
FIdext. Lobel.— Fluid Extract of Lobelia
Lobelia, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of fifty mils of acetic acid, five hundred mils of alcohol and four
hundred and fifty mils of water as Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as
Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 mil — Apothecaries, 23^ minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 189
FLUIDEXTRACTUM NUCIS VOMICA
Fluidextract of Nux Vomica
FIdext. Nuc. Vom.— Fluid Extract of Nux Vomica
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Nux Vomica yields not less than
2.37 Gm. nor more than 2.63 Gm. of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Nux Vomica, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes . . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and, from the result thus obtained, ascertain by
calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and
dilute this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of
the finished Fluidextract contain 2.5 Gm. of the alkaloids of nux
vomica.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Fluidexlraclum BelladonncB Radicis, page
178, using 10 mils of Fluidextract of Nux Vomica, modifying the process there
given by dissolving the alkaloidal residue in 10 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric
acid V.S. instead of 5 mils.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 36.42
milligrammes of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM PILOCARPI
Fluidextract of Pilocarpus
FIdext. Pilocarp.— Fluid Extract of Pilocarpus Fluidextract of Jaborandi
One hundred mils of Fluidextract of Pilocarpus yields not less than
0.55 Gm. nor more than 0.65 Gm. of the alkaloids of pilocarpus.
Pilocarpus, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
After dissolving the soft extract in the reserve liquid, assay a portion
as directed below, and from the result thus obtained, ascertain by calcu-
lation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid and dilute
this with enough menstruum to make each one hundred mils of the
finished Fluidextract contain 0.6 Gm. of the alkaloids of pilocarpus.
190 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay — From a pipette drop 15 mils of Fluidextract of Pilocarpus evenly
over the surface of 15 Gm. of purified sawdust (see page 546), and evaporate
it to dryness on a water bath. Transfer the mixture to a 250 mil flask, add 150
mils of chloroform, and proceed as directed under Belladonnce Radix, page 73,
third line of the Assay, beginning with the word " Stopper, " modifying the
process there given by increasing the amoimt of ammonia water to 6 mils,
mixed with 5 mils of distilled water, which is to be used, in divided portions,
to rinse the dish in which the mixture was evaporated, the rinsings being added
to the mixture in the flask; the 100 mils of chloroform solution must be drawn
off' from the bottom of the flask.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. corresponds to 20.815 milli-
grammes of the alkaloids of pilocarpus.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM PODOPHYLLI
Fluidextract of Podophyllum
Fldext. Podophyll.— Fluid Extract of Podophyllum
Podophyllum, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes.. . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM RHEI
Fluidextract of Rhubarb
Fldext. Rhei— Fluid Extract of Rhubarb
Rhubarb, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Preparation — Syrupus Rhei.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM ROS.E
Fluidextract of Rose
Fldext. Rosae— Fluid Extract of Rose
Red Rose, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a mix-
ture of one hundxed mils of glycerin, five hundred mils of alcohol and
four hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as
Menstruum II.
Preparation — Mel Rosae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 191
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SABAL
Fluidextract of Sabal
Fldext. Sabal— Fluid Extract of Sabal Fluidextract of Saw Palmetto
Sabal, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SARSAPARILL.E
Fluidextract of Sarsaparilla
Fldext. Sarsap. — Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla
Sarsaparilla, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
diluted alcohol as the menstruum.
Preparation — Syrupus SarsaparillfiB Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SARSAPARILLA
COMPOSITUM
Compound Fluidextract of Sarsaparilla
Fldext. Sarsap. Co. — Compound Fluid Extract of Sarsaparilla
Sarsaparilla, in No. 20 powder, seven hundred and fifty
grammes 750 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 20 powder, one hundred and twenty
grammes 120 Gm.
Sassafras, in No. 30 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Mezereum, in No. 30 powder, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Mix the powders and prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see
page 175), using a mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, five hundred
m,ils of alcohol and four hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and
diluted alcohol as Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
192 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SCILL.E
Fluidextract of Squill
FIdext. Sclll.— Fluid Extract of Squill
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.0006 mil of Fluidextract, or the equivalent in Fluidextract of
0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight of frog.
Squill, in No. 20 powder, 07ie thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Diluted Alcohol,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix two thousand mils of alcohol with one thousand mils of water,
moisten the squill thoroughly with sufficient of the mixture and allow
it to macerate for two hours in a tightly-covered container. Then
transfer it to a percolator, shake it do^vn evenly without packing, and
pour on enough of the menstruum to saturate the powder and leave
a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the percolator,
close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed
slowly, gradually adding more menstruum composed of two volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water. When the percolate measures one
thousand mils, close the lower orifice and macerate the drug twelve
hours before continuing the percolation. Then collect a second one
thousand mils of percolate, again interrupt the percolation, macerate
for twelve hours and then continue the percolation until the total per-
colate measures five thousand mils. Recover the alcohol from the
percolate at as low a temperature as possible and then concentrate the
residue to a volume measuring eight hundred mils. When the residue
is cold, add slowly, with continuous agitation, two thousand mils of
alcohol and set the mixture aside in a tightly-stoppered container for
twelve hours. Decant the supernatant liquid from the syrupy layer,
filter the decanted liquid and wash the syrupy residue with two por-
tions of three hundred mils each of a mixture of four volumes of alcohol
and one volume of water, passing the washings through the filter into
the previously collected alcoholic liquid. Reduce the combined alcoholic
liquids to eight hundred mils by distillation and .finally add enough
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 193
diluted alcohol to make the finished Fluidextract measure one thousand
mils.
Assay — For a method of assaying Fluidextract of Squill see Biological Assays
(Part II).
Preparation — SyTupus Scillae Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, 1^ minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SENEGA
Fluidextract of Senega
Fldext. Seneg.— Fluid Extract of Senega
Senega, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Ammonia Water,
Alcohol,
Water, each, o sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix two thousand mils of alcohol with one thousand mils of water,
and, having moistened the powder with sufficient of this mixture, pack
it in a cylindrical percolator and add enough menstruum to saturate
the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins
to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely
covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow
the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding menstruum, com-
posed of a mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volwne of water,
until the drug is exhausted. Reserve the first eight hundred mils of
the percolate and evaporate the remainder to a soft extract; dissolve
this in the reserved liquid and then gradually add ammonia water until
the product is faintly alkaline and possesses a slight odor of ammonia.
Finally add enough of the menstruum to make the Fluidextract
measure one thousand mils.
Preparations — SyTupus Scillae Compositus Syrupus Senegae.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SENN^E
Fluidextract of Senna
Fldext. Senn.— Fluid Extract of Senna
Alexandria Senna, in No. 40 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
18
194 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of one volume of alcohol and two volumes of water as the men-
struum, and reserving the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
Preparations — SjTupus Sarsaparillse Compositus SjTupus Sennae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SPIGELLE
Fluidextract of Spigelia
FIdext. Spigel.— Fluid Extract of Spigelia Fluidextract of Pink Root
Spigelia, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
diluted alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 5 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM STAPHISAGRI^
Fluidextract of Staphisagria
Fldext. Staphisag. — Fluid Extract of Staphisagria Fluidextract of Stavesacre
Staphisagria, in No. 20 powder, one thousand grammes. . . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
The oil which separates in the freshly prepared Fluidextract may be
removed by chilling and filtering the cold Fluidextract through a filter
moistened with alcohol.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM STILLINGI.E
Fluidextract of Stillingia
FIdext. Stilling.— Fluid Extract of Stillingia
Stillingia, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
diluted alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 195
FLUIDEXTRACTUM SUMBUL
Fluidextract of Sumbul
Fldext. Sumbul — Fluid Extract of Sumbul Fluidextract of Musk Root
Sumbul, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of four volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM TARAXACI
Fluidextract of Taraxacum
Fldext. Tarax. — Fluid Extract of Taraxacum Fluidextract of Dandelion
Taraxacum, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes .... 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, five hundred mils of alcohol
and four hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and diluted alcohol as
Menstruum II.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23/2 fluidrachms.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM TRITICI
Fluidextract of Triticum
Fldext. Trltic. — Fluid Extract of Triticum Fluidextract of Couch Grass
Triticum, finely cut, one thousand graynmes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol, two hundred milliliters 200 mils
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process D (see page 176), evaporate
the aqueous percolate to eight hundred mils and when cold add the
alcohol and, if necessary, sufficient water to make the product measure
one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^2 fluidrachms.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM UV^E URSI
Fluidextract of Uva Ursi
Fldext. Uvse Ursi — Fluid Extract of Uva Ursi
TJvA Ursi, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process B (see page 175), using a
mixture of one hundred mils of glycerin, three hundred miU of alcohol
196 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
and five hundred mils of water as Menstruum I, and a mixture of one
volume of alcohol and two volumes of water as Menstruum 11. Reserve
the first eight hundred mils of percolate.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM VERATRI MRIDIS
Fluidextract of Veratruin Virlde
FIdext. Verat. Vir. — Fluid Extract of Veratrum Viride Fluidextract of Green Hellebore
Veratrum Viride, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, 13^ minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM VIBURNI PRUNIFOLII
Fluidextract of Viburnum Prunifolium
FIdext. Viburn. Prun. — Fluid Extract of Viburnum Prunifolium Fluidextract of
Black Haw
Viburnum Prunifolium, in No. 30 powder, one thousand
grammes 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the
menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
FLUIDEXTRACTUM XANTHOXYLI
Fluidextract of Xanthoxylum
FIdext. Xanthox. — Fluid Extract of Xanthoxylum Fluidextract of Prickly Ash
Xanthoxylum, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes. . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using a
mixture of three volumes of alcohol and 07ie volume of water as the men-
struum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minima.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 197
FLUIDEXTRACTUIVI ZIXGIBERIS
Fluidextract of Ginger
Fldext. Zingib.— Fluid Extract of Gmger
Jamaica Ginger, in No. 40 powder, one thousand grammes . 1000 Gm.
Prepare a Fluidextract by Type Process A (see page 174), using
alcohol as the menstruum.
Preparation — Syrupus Zingiberis.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
FCENICULUM
Fennel
Foenic— Fennel Seed
The dried, ripe fruit of cultivated varieties of Foeniculum vulgare
Miller (Fam. Umhelliferm), without the presence or admixture of more
than 4 per cent, of foreign matter.
Mericarps usually separate, each being broadly elliptical, more or less curved,
from 4 to 10 mm. in length and from 1 to 3.5 mm. in breadth, some having a
slender stalk from 2 to 10 mm. in length; dorsal surface convex, yellowish-green to
grayish-brown, with tliree prominent, longitudinal primary ribs and at the
summit a short, conical stylopodium; commissural surface with three narrow,
light brown, longitudinal areas separated by two dark brown or brownish-
black areas containing the vittse or oil-tubes; odor and taste aromatic and
characteristic.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Fennel show a pentagonal meri-
carp, four of the edges being nearly equal and slightly concave, the other or com-
missural surface being much longer and more or less undulate ; cells of the seed-
coat closel}' united with those of the pericarp, giving the section two very distinct
areas, the inner and larger portion (endosperm) more or less rounded-pentagonal
and somewhat reniform, composed of polygonal cells, filled with aleurone grains
containing rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate and a thin protoplasmic layer
enclosing a fixed oil; the outer or pericarp laj-er distinguished by large elliptical
vittae with thick, brown walls, occurring singly and alternating with the primary
ribs, and two vittae on the dorsal surface, making usually six vitta; in all, there
sometimes being, however, one or two vittse additional; in the central portion of
each of the ribs occurs a nearly circular, fibro-vascular bundle with a few traches
and numerous thin-walled, strongly lignified sclerenchymatous fibers.
The powder is yellowish-brown consisting of irregular angular fragments;
tissues of endosperm, colorless, the cells filled with aleurone grains, each containing
a rosette aggregate of calcium oxalate, about 0.002 mm. in diameter; fragments
containing yellowish-browTi vittse, from 0.1 to 0.2 mm. in width; sclerenchy-
matous fibers few, strongly hgnified and with numerous, obhque, simple pores;
parenchjTna cells with more or less thick walls and simple pores and occasionally
reticulately thickened; tracheae few and either spiral or annular; in mounts made
with hydrated chloral T.S., numerous globules of a fixed oil separate.
Fennel jields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Infusum Sennae Compositum,
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
198 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THii
FRANGULA
Frangula
Frang.— Buckthorn Bark
The dried bark of Rhamnus Frangula Linne (Fam. RhamnacecB).
In quills varying in length, frequently flattened or crushed; from 0.5 to 1 mm.
in thickness; outer surface grayish-brown or purplish-black, with numerous, promi-
nent, lighter-colored, transverse lenticels and occasional patches of foliaceous
lichens bearing small, blackish apothecia; inner surface smooth, dark brown with
occasional purplish blotches, longitudinally striate, becoming red when moistened
with solutions of the alkahes; fracture short, slightly fibrous in the irmer layer;
odor distinctive; taste slightly bitter.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Frangula show a distinctly undu-
late corky layer, composed of about 12 rows of reddish-brown cells; parenchyma
cells of the primary cortex with numerous rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate,
from 0.01 to 0.025 mm. in diameter; inner bark with bast-fibers in narrow,
interrupted rows, the groups of fibers being separated radially by the medullary
rays; bast-fibers with thick, strongly lignified, yellowish walls and narrow lumina
and each group surrounded by a layer of crystal fibers, the prismatic crystals
of calcium oxalate varying from 0.007 to 0.015 mm. in diameter, medullary
rays one to two cells in width, occasionally three; cells of the parenchyma and
medullary rays with numerous starch grains, 0.003 mm. in diameter.
The powder is yellowish-brown; stone cells absent (distinguishing it from the
powder of Cascara Sagrada).
Add 0.1 Gm. of powdered Frangula to 10 mils of hot distilled water, shake
the mixture occasionally until cold and filter; on the addition of a few drops of
ammonia water, the filtrate is colored a deep red.
Macerate 0.1 Gm. of powdered Frangula with 10 drops of alcohol, boil
with 10 mils of distilled water and filter when cold. Shake this filtrate with
10 mils of ether; a yellow, ethereal solution separates, and 3 mils of this ethereal
solution, when shaken with 3 mils of ammonia water, yields an alkaline solu-
tion, which, on being diluted with 20 mils of distilled water, still possesses a
distinct cherry-red color.
Frangula yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Franguls.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GALLA
Nutgall
Qall. — Aleppo Galls Smyrna Galls
Excrescences on the young twigs of Quercus infedoria Olivier and
other alUed species of Quercus (Fam. Fagaceoe), induced by the punctures
on the leaf-buds and by the deposited ova of Cynips tinctoria Hartig
(Order HymenopteroB). Not more than 5 per cent, of Galls float in water.
Nearly globular, from 0.8 to 2.2 cm. in diameter; externally blackish-olive-
green or blackish-gray, more or less tuberculated on the upper portion, the basal
portion being nearly smooth and contracted into a short stalk; heavy, sinking
in water, excepting the smaller galls; fracture short-horny; internally grayish
or dark brown, consisting of a central portion sUghtly radiating and resinous,
occasionally hollow and traversed by a narrow radial canal extending to
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 199
the exterior as shown by the perforation in the whole gall; odor slight; taste
strongly astringent.
The powder consists of numerous fragments of thick-walled starch-bearing
parenchyma; starch grains numerous; more or less free in the powder and vary-
ing in 8ha,pe from spherical or ellipsoidal to polygonal, and from 0.005 to 0.03
mm. in diameter; stone-cells few, resembling those found in fruits and seeds,
varying considerably in shape and size, and from 0.025 to 0.3 mm. in length;
occasional fragments with spiral or reticulate trachea^; fragments mounted in
dilute ferric chloride T.S. assume a deep blue or greeni.sh-blue color.
Macerate 0.5 Gm. of the powdered Nutgall with 2 mils of alcohol for a few
minutes, add 500 mils of water, stir the mixture well for five minutes and filter.
Take 1 mil of the light yellowish-brown solution, and dilute it with 10 mils of
water; it shows a distinct blue or violet-blue color upon the addition of a drop
of ferric chloride T.S.
Preparation — Unguentum Gallse.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
GAMBIR
Gambir
Pale Catechu
A dried extract prepared from decoctions of the leaves and twigs of
Ouroupana Gambir (Hunter) Baillon (Fam. Ruhiacece).
Usually in cubical or rectangular pieces from 20 to 30 mm. in diameter;
externally pale grayish-brown to reddish-brown, more or less dull and porous;
friable; internally of a light brown or dull earthy color; inodorous; taste bitterish
and very astringent.
Upon scraping a piece of Gambir and mounting the separated fragments in
hydrated chloral T.S. and examining them under the microscope, numerous
acicular crystals, from 0.01 to 0.03 mm. in length, seixirate at the edges of the
fragments and gradually dissolve, lea\ang a few, thick-wallcd, non-glandular hairs
which, when entire, may be 0.35 mm. in length; a few fragments of leaves may
also be present showing either epidermal cells or small narrow tracheae with
spiral or annular markings; a few starch grains either single or compound, of
variable shapes and from 0.005 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; a number of bacteria
may also be present.
Macerate 1 Gm. of Gambir with 50 mils of water, and filter; the pale yellowish-
brown solution obtained gives an intense, green color with dilute ferric chloride
T.S. ; but yields no precipitate with copper sulphate T.S.
Not less than 65 per cent, of Gambir is soluble in water and not less than 60
per cent, is soluble in alcohol.
Gambir j'ields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Gambir Composita.
Average dose — IMetric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GELATINUM
Gelatin
Gelat.
The purified product obtained from animal tissues, as skin, ligaments,
and bones, by treatment with boiling water.
200 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
An amorphous solid, in sheets or flakes or in ground, powdered or shredded form,
colorless or slightly yellowish, and having a very slight, characteristic odor and
taste; unalterable in the air when dry, but decomposing when moist or in solution.
Gelatin is insoluble in cold water but swells and softens when immersed in it,
gradually absorbing from 5 to 10 times its own weight of water; soluble in hot
water, acetic acid or glycerin; insoluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, benzene,
carbon disulphide or fixed or volatile oils.
An aqueous solution of Gelatin (1 in 5000) is at once rendered turbid by the
addition of tannic acid T.S.
A hot solution of Gelatin in distilled water (1 in 40) is free from putrid odor,
and is not more than slightly acid to litmus; it appears not more than slightly
opalescent in a stratum 2 cm. in thickness, and, on cooling to 6° C. and standing
for several hours, it forms a firm, transparent or translucent jelly.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Gelatin; not more than 2 per cent, of ash remains.
A solution of the ash in 25 nails of distilled water, made with the aid of heat
and a few drops of hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Heat 1.5 Gm. of Gelatin with 30 mils of hydrochloric acid (1 in 4) in a 150 mil
Erlenmeyer flask on a water bath, and, when the Gelatin has dissolved, add 3
mils of saturated bromine water and heat it on a water bath for fifteen minutes,
shaking the flask occasionally. Then add 0.5 Gm. of potassium iodide and follow
it immediately with 0.5 mil of a 25 per cent, solution of stannous chloride. Heat
the solution for five minutes on a water bath, cool and subject it to the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1). The .stain produced, if any, is not greater than
that produced in a test made with the same quantities of the reagents to which
2 mils of the standard arsenic test solution (see Part II, Test No. 1) has been
added.
Dissolve 20 Gm. of Gelatin in 150 mils of hot distilled water in a flask having
a round bottom and a long neck, add 5 mils of phosphoric acid and 1 Gm. of
sodium bicarbonate, and at once connect the flask with a condenser. Distil
50 mils, receiving the distillate under the surface of 50 mils of tenth-normal
iodine V.S. Acidulate the distillate with a few drops of hydrochloric acid, add
2 mils of barium chloride T.S., and heat on a water bath until the hquid is nearly
colorless. The precipitate of barium sulphate, if any, when filtered, washed
and ignited, weighs not more than 0.0015 Gm., corresponding to not more than
0.002 per cent, of sulphur dioxide in the Gelatin, correction being made for any
sulphate which may be present in 50 mils of the tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Note — Gelatin used for making capsules for medicines contains not more
than 0.15 per cent, of sulphur dioxide.
Preparation — Gelatinum Glycerinatum.
GELATINUM GLYCERINATUM
Glycerinated Gelatin
Qelat. Glycerin.
Gelatin", one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Glycerin, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Pour upon the gelatin sufficient water, which has been previously
boiled and cooled, to cover it; allow it to stand one hour; pour off the
water and allow the gelatin to drain for a few minutes; then transfer
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 201
it to a dish, add the glycerin, and heat it on a water bath until the
gelatin is dissolved. Strain the solution while hot, transfer to a tared
dish and continue the heat on the water bath until the product weighs
two hundred grammes. When cold, cut the mass into pieces, and preserve
them in well-closed containers.
GELSElSnUM
Gelsemium
Qelsem. — Yellow Jasmine Root Yellow Jessamine
The dried rhizome and roots of Gelsemium sempervirens (Linne) Alton
filius (Fam. Loganiacece).
Rhizome cylindrical, usually in pieces from 3 to 20 cm. in length and from 3
to 30 mm. in diameter; externally light yellowish-brown, longitudinally wrinkled,
with purplish-brown longitudinal lines and transverse fissures ; the upper surface
with a few stem-scars, the under and side portions with numerous roots and root-
scars; fracture tough, splintery; internally light brown or pale yellow, bark thin,
wood distinctly radiate, excentral, pith disintegrated; odor slight; taste bitter.
Roots light brown; fracture one-half transverse, the other oblique or splintery.
Under the microscope, sections of the rhizome of Gelsemium show a strong
development of cork, the walls being grayish or yellowish-brown and more or
less lignified; a cortex made up chiefly of parenchyma containing starch and
having in the outer portion small scattered groups of stone cells or sclerenchy-
matous fibers, and in the inner portion in the region of the medullary ray prisms
of calcium oxalate; woody portion made up of broad wedges consisting of large
tracheae and fiber-tracheids separated by starch-bearing medullary rays, the
innermost cells, or those nearer the pith, being strongly lignified, while the outer-
most layers, or those nearer the cortex, are non-lignified and may contain prisms
of calcium oxalate ; an internal phloem or sieve, the cells forming distinct, more
or less rounded groups, the latter being partly surrounded by a thin-walled starch-
bearing pith.
The powder is dark yellow, tracheae with bordered pores numerous and con-
spicuous- spiral tracheae few; bast-fibers and fiber-tracheids long and narrow,
strongly lignified; starch grains spherical, from 0.004 to 0.008 mm. in diameter-
calcium oxalate in monochnic prisms from 0.015 to 0.03 mm. in length; occasional
groups of stone cells or sclerenchymatous fibers, the walls being very thick,
porous, and strongly lignified.
Preparations — Extractum Gelsemii Fluidextractum Gelsemii Tinctura
Gelsemii.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
GENTIANA
Gentian
Gentian. — Yellow Gentian Root
The dried rhizome and roots of Gentiana lutea Linn^ (Fam. Genti
anacece).
202 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
In nearly cylindrical, sometimes branching pieces, of variable length, from 5
to 35 mm. in thickness; externally yellowish-brown, the rhizome portion annulate,
the roots longitudinally wrinkled; fracture short and uneven when dry, but
tough and flexible when damp; internally yellowish-brown, the bark from 0.5
to 2 mm. in thickness, separated from the somewhat spongy woody portion by
a dark brown cambium zone; odor strong, characteristic; taste slightly sweetish,
then strongly and persistently bitter.
The powder is light brown or yellowish-brown, consisting chiefly of paren-
ch>Tnatous cells with fragments of scalariform or reticulate tracheae; starch
grains few or none. Stone cells and sclerenchymatous fibers are absent.
Gentian yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Gentianae Fluidextractum Gentianae TincturaGen-
tianae Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GLUCOSUM
Glucose
QIucos. — Syrupy Glucose Liquid Glucose
A syrupy product obtained by the incomplete hydrolysis of starch,
consisting chiefly of dextrose (d-glucose)[C6Hi206 = 180.10] and dextrins.
Glucose occurs as a colorless or slightly colored, thick, syrupy liquid. It is
odorless or nearly so and has a sweet taste.
It is very soluble in water, sparingly soluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Glucose is neutral or slightly acid to litmus.
Add a few drops of an aqueous solution of Glucose (1 in 20) to 5 mils of hot
alkaline cupric tartrate T.S.; a copious red precipitate of cuprous oxide is pro-
duced {distinction from cane sugar).
Introduce about 0.5 Gm. of Glucose into a wide-mouthed, tared weighing-
bottle, weigh accurately, add 2 mils of distilled water, evaporate the water at
about 70° C. and dry the residue to constant weight at 90° C. The loss in weight
of the Glucose does not exceed 21 per cent, {water).
Incinerate Glucose at a temperature not exceeding a low red heat; not more
than 1 per cent, of ash remains.
A solution of 5 Gm. of Glucose in 15 mils of distilled water, mixed with 5 drops
of phenolphthalein T.S., requires not more than 0.6 mil of tenth-normal potas-
sium hydroxide V.S. to produce a pink color {free acid).
Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Glucose in 50 mils of distilled water, boil the solution
for one minute and cool; the addition of one drop of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
to this solution produces no blue color {starch). On now adding a few drops of
starch T.S. to the solution a blue color is produced {limit of sulphur dioxide).
An aqueous solution of Glucose does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3). If the solution of Glucose is not colorless, comparison
must be made with 10 mils of the same solution, to which a volume of distilled
water, equal to that of the hydrogen sulphide T.S., has been added.
Dissolve 1.5 Gm. of Glucose in 5 mils of distilled water; add 5 mils of diluted
sulphuric acid and 1 mil of bromine water and heat for five minutes on a water
bath. Then add 0.5 Gm. of potassium iodide, follow it with 5 drops of stannous
chloride T.S., cool and subject the solution to the Test for arsenic (see Part II,
Test No. 1). The stain produced, if any, is not greater than that produced
in a test made with the same quantities of the reagents to which 2 mils of the
standard arsenic teat solution (see Part II, Test No. 1) has been added.
tNlTED STATES OF AMERICA 203
m
GLYCERINUM
Glycerin
Glycerin.— Glycerol
A liquid obtained by the hydrolysis of vegetable or animal fats, or
fixed oils, purified by distillation, and containing not less than 95 per
cent, of the trihydric alcohol C3H5(0H)3 or CHzOH.CHOH.CHaOH
(92.06). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Glycerin is a clear, colorless liquid, of a thick, syrupy consistence, having not
more than a slight,vcharacteristic odor which is neither harsh nor disagreeable,
sweet to the taste and producing a sensation of warmth in the mouth; when
exposed to the air, it absorbs moisture.
Glycerin is miscible with water or alcohol; in.soluble in chloroform, ether,
benzene, petroleum benzin, carbon disulphide or fixed or volatile oils.
An aqueous solution of Glycerin (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
Specific gravity: not below 1.249 at 25° C.
Glycerin does not appreciably volatilize from weak aqueous solutions. When of a
strength between 70 and 100 per cent., it rapidly volatilizes at boiling temperatures.
Heat a few drops of Glycerin with about 0.5' Gni. of potassium bisulphate;
pungent vapors of acrolein are evolved.
Glycerin is colorless when viewed transversely in a tube of colorless glass
about 30 mm. in diameter, held in a vertical position.
Heat 50 Gm. of Glycerin in an opeh, shallow, 100 mil porcelain or platinum
dish until it ignites, then allow it to burn without further application of heat in
a place free from draught; not more than 0.015 per cent, of carbonaceous and
mineral residue remains. Subject this residue to a low red heat, until com-
bustion is complete; not more than 0.007 per cent, of mineral ash remains. This
ash, when dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water and titrated with hundredth-
normal silver nitrate V.S., using potassium chromate T.S. as indicator, shows,
in the original 50 Gm. of Glycerin, not more than 0.001 per cent, of chlorides
calculated as sodium chloride. Each mil of hundredth-normal silver nitrate
V.S. consumed corresponds to 0.0005846 Gm. of NaCl.
Mix 5 mils of Glycerin by vigorous shaking with an equal volume of sulphuric
acid in a glass-stoppered cyhnder; the liquid does not become darker than yellow
on standing for one hour {readily carbonizable impurities).
Mix 50 Gm. of Glj^cerin with 50 mils of freshly boiled distilled water and 5 mils
of half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. and boil the mixture for five minutes.
When cold, it requires not less than 4 mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
for neutralization, using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator (JcUly acids and esters).
An aqueous solution of Glycerin (1 in 10) remains clear on the addition of
calcium chloride T.S. (oxalic acid); another portion of the solution is not
affected by barium chloride T.S. after acidulation with a few drops of diluted
hydrochloric acid (sulphate).
An aqueous solution of Glycerin does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of Glycerin meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
A mixture of 5 mils of Glycerin and 5 mils of an aqueous solution of potassium
hydroxide d in 10) does not become yellow when kept for five minutes at 60° C.
(acrolein, glucose), nor emit an odor of ammonia (ammonium compounds).
Preparations — Gelatinum Glycerinatum Suppositoria Glycerini Glycerites.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fiuidrachm.
204 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
GLYCERITUM ACIDI TANNICI
Glycerite of Tannic Acid
Qlycer. Acid. Tann. — Glycerite of Tannin
Tannic Acid, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Glycerin, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Weigh the glycerin into a tared, wide-mouthed bottle with a capacity
of about one hundred and twenty-five mils. Place the bottle and contents
in a water bath, heat the water until it boils, and continue the heat for
a few minutes; add the tannic acid to the hot glycerin in small, suc-
cessive portions, agitate the mixture until the tannic acid is dissolved
and strain the solution while warm through purified cotton.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
GLYCERITUM AMYLI
Glycerite of Starch
Qlycer. Amyl.
Starch, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Water, ten milliliters 10 mils
Glycerin, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
Triturate the starch with the water, until a homogeneous mixture is
produced. Then gradually add this to the glycerin, contained in a
porcelain dish, and heated to about 140° C. Continue the heat, with
constant stirring, keeping it below 144° C, until a translucent jelly is
formed. Transfer the product to suitable vessels, provided with well-
fitting covers.
GLYCERITUM BOROGLYCERINI
Glycerite of Boroglycerin
Qlycer. Boroglyc.
Boric Acid, in fine powder, three hundred and ten grammes 310 Gm.
Glycerin, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Heat four hundred and sixty grammes of glycerin, in a tared porcelain
dish on a sand bath, to a temperature between 140° C. and 150° C., and
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 205
add the boric acid in portions, constantly stirring. When all is added and
dissolved, continue the heat at the same temperature, frequently stir-
ring, and breaking up the film which forms on the surface until the mix-
ture has been reduced to the weight of five hundred grammes, then add
to it five hundred grammes of glycerin, mix thoroughly, and imme-
diately transfer it to bottles and stopper them tightly.
GLYCERITUM HYDRASTIS
Glycerite of Hydrastis
Glycer. Hydrast.— Glycerite of Golden Seal
One hundred mils of Glycerite of Hydrastis yields not less than
1.12 Gm. nor more than 1.37 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of
hydrastis.
Hydrastis, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Glycerin,
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Moisten the hydrastis with three hundred and fifty mils of alcohol,
pack it firmly in a cylindrical percolator, and add enough alcohol to
saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid
begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having
closely covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then
allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding alcohol, until
the drug is exhausted. Remove nearly all of the alcohol by dis-
tillation or evaporation, pour the thick concentrated liquid into four
hundred and fifty mils of ice-cold water, and set it aside, in a cold
place, for twenty-four hours. Then filter and assay a portion of this
filtrate b}' the process given below, and, from the result thus obtained,
ascertain by calculation the amount of ether-soluble alkaloids in the re-
mainder of the liquid. Add to this enough cold water to make each one
hundred mils of the product contain 2.5 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids
of hydrastis. Finally add an equal volume of glycerin, and mix.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Fluidextractum Belladonnoe Radicis, page
178, first line of the Assav, modifying the process there given by using 5 mils of
Glycerite of Hydrastis instead of 10 mils of fluidextract of belladonna root and
using only ether as the immiscible solvent throughout the assay. Wash the final
ether extractions with 10 mils of distilled water, draw off the water and discard it.
206 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Then filter the ether solution through a pledget of purified cotton, wash the cotton
with ether, evaporate the filtrate and washings, and dry the residue at 100° C. to
constant weight instead of titrating it. The weight represents the amount of
ether-soluble alkaloids in 5 mils of the Glycerite of Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
GLYCERITUM PHENOLIS
Glycerite of Phenol
Qlycer. Phenol.— Glycerite of Carbolic Acid
Liquefied Phenol, twenty milliliters 20 mils
Glycerin, eighty milliliters 80 mils
To make one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Add the liquefied phenol to the glycerin and thoroughly mix.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 mil — Apothecaries, 5 minims.
GLYCYRRHIZA
Glycyrrhiza
Glycyrrh. — Licorice Liquorice Root
The dried rhizome and roots of Glycyrrhiza glabra typica Regel et
Herder, known in commerce as Spanish Licorice, or of Glycyrrhiza glabra
glandulifera Regel et Herder, known in commerce as Russian Licorice
(Fam. Leguminosoe) .
Preserve powdered and whole Glycyrrhiza in tightly-closed containers
to which a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride are added
from time to time to prevent attack by insects.
SpanishXicorice (also known as Italian, Levant, Persian, Turkish, or Arabian
Licorice) — Nearly cylindrical, upper portion more or less knotty; usually in
pieces from 14 to 20 cm. or more in length and from 5 to 20 mm. in thickness;
externally yellowish-brown or dark brown, longitudinally wrinkled, the thinner
rhizomes often having prominent alternate buds, the thicker rhizomes haying
distinct corky patches; fracture coarsely fibrous; internally lemon-yellow, radiate;
bark from 1 to 3 mm. in thickness; wood porous, in narrow wedges, rhizome with
small i)ith; odor distinctive; taste sweetish and slightly acrid.
Under the micros(!ope, transverse sections of pieces of the older rhizome of
Spanish Licorice show a periderm of numerous layers of yellowish-brown cork
cells, a phellogen and one or more rows of cells of the f)helloderm, the cells show-
ing a tendency to coUenchjTnatous thickenings and with occasional monoclinic
prisms of calcium oxalate ; a middle bark of starch-bearing parenchyma and whitish
groups of bast-fibers surrounded with crystal-fibers; inner bark with a very char-
acteristic radial arrangement of phloem and medullary rays, the phloem con-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 207
sisting of wedges of small groups of bast-fibers and parenchyma, separated by an
almost continuous, obliterated sieve tissue, the cells of the latter being very irreg-
ular in outline anclwith thick, highly refracting walls; medullary rays from 1 to 8
cells wide; wood characterized by broad wedges consisting of large trache;e
with yellowish walls, small com])act grou])s of wood-fibers and starch-bearing
parenchyma alternating with the broad medullary rays; pith composed of j)aren-
chyma, the cells being large, more or less polj-gonal in outline and containing
numerous starch grains, or prisms of calcium oxalate. In sections of roots the
pith is absent.
Russian Licorice — Nearly cyhndrical, somewhat tapering, sometimes split
longitudinally, from 15 to 30 cm. in length and from 1 to 5 cm. in diameter; when
deprived of the outer corky layer, it is externally pale-yellow; fracture coarsely
fibrous; internally lemon-yellow; wood radially cleft; odor distinct; taste sweetish.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the rhizome and roots of Russian
Licorice somewhat resemble those of Spanish Licorice, but the cork cells are
absent.
Powdered GlycjTrhiza is pale brownish-yellow (Spanish Licorice) or pale
yellow (Russian Licorice); starch grains numerous, mostly single and elliptical
or oval, and from 0.002 to 0.02 mm. in diameter; trachete mostly with bordered
pores; wood- and bast-fibers numerous, strongly hgnificd, very long, much
attenuated at the ends and about 0.01 mm. in width; crystal-fibers with mono-
chnic prisms of calcium oxalate, the latter from 0.01 to 0.02 mm. in diameter ;
occasional fragments of reddish-browTi cork cells occur in Spanish Licorice, but
are practically absent in the Russian Licorice.
Add 10 Gm. of powdered Glycyrrhiza to 100 mils of distilled water, allow the
mixture to macerate for fifteen minutes with occasional stirring; and then heat
it for one-half hour on a water bath. Filter the mixture and add through the
filter enough water to make the filtrate measure 100 mils; not less than 0.2 Gm. of
residue remains on evaporating 10 mils of this filtrate and drying it at 100° C.
Gl3-C3Trliiza yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Glycyrrhizae Purum Fluidextractum Glycyrrhizae
Elixir Glycyrrliizse (from Fluidextract) Mistura Glycyrrhizae Composita
(from Extract) Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
GLYCYRRHIZINUM AMMONIATUM
Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin
Glycyrrh. Ammon.
A sweet principle combined with ammonia obtained from glyc^Trhiza.
Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin occurs in dark brown or brownish-red scales, with-
out odor, and having a very sweet taste.
It is freely soluble in water and soluble in alcohol.
Its aqueous solution when heated with potassium hydroxide T.S. evolves
ammonia.
Supersaturate an aqueous solution of Ammoniated GlycjTrhizin with an acid;
a precipitate is produced (consisting essentiallj- of glycyrrhizin), which, when
dissolved in hot water, forms a jelly on cooling. This substance, after being
washed with diluted alcohol and dried, appears as an amorphous, yellow powder,
having a strong, bitter-sweet taste, and an acid reaction.
Incinerate 0.5 Gm. of Ammoniated Glycj-rrhizin; not more than 0.5'per cent,
of ash remains.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
208 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
GOSSYPIUM PURIFICATUM
Purified Cotton
Qossyp. Purif.— Absorbent Cotton
The hairs of the seed from one or mere of the cultivated varieties of
Gossypium herbaceum Liime (Fam. Malvaceoe), freed from adhering
impurities and linters and deprived of fatty matter.
Purified Cotton occurs in white, soft, fine filaments, appearing under the micro-
scope as hollow, flattened and twisted bands, spirally striate, and slightly thick-
ened at the edges; inodorous and almost tasteless; insoluble in ordinary solvents,
but soluble in an ammonia solution of cupric oxide.
When Purified Cotton, previously compressed in the hand, is thrown on the
surface of cold water, it readily absorbs the latter and sinks.
Incinerate 5 Gm. of Purified Cotton; not more than 0.2 per cent, of ash remains.
Thoroughly saturate about 10 Gm. of Purified Cotton with 100 mils of distilled
water, then with the aid of a glass rod press out two portions of the water, 25
mils each, into white porcelain dishes. Add to one portion 3 drops of phenol-
phthalein T.S. and to the other portion 1 drop of methyl orange T.S.; no pink
color develops in either portion {alkali or acid).
Extract 5 Gm. of Purified Cotton, tightly packed in a narrow percolator,
with ether, until the percolate measures 20 mils, and evaporate this to dryness; the
residue does not exceed 0.6 per cent, {falty matter).
Extract 10 Gm. of Purified Cotton, in a narrow percolator, with alcohol, until
the percolate measures 100 mils. When observed downward tlirough a column
20 cm. in depth, the percolate may show a yellowish color, but no blue or green
tint (dyes); and, on evaporating this percolate to dryness, the weight of the
residue does not exceed 0.5 per cent, (resins and soap).
GRANATUM
Pomegranate
Granat. — Pomegranate Bark
The dried bark of the stems and roots of Punica Granatum Linn(5
(Fam. PunicacecB) fVnihont the presence or admixture of more than 2 per
cent, of wood or other foreign matter. Preserve it in tightly-closed
containers.
The stem bark is mostly in somewhat flattened or transversely curved pieces, to
some extent in quills, from 2 to 8 cm. in length; bark from 0.5 to 3.5 mm. in
thickness; outer surface yellowish to grayish-brown, with grayish patches of
foliaceous lichens with their browni.sh-black apothecia, longitudinally wrinkled,
also marked with small, broadly elliptical lenticels and with more or less abraded
patches of cork; inner surface light yellow or yellowish-brown, finely striate;
fracture short, smooth, inner bark yellowish-green; odor slight; taste astringent,
somewhat bitter and nauseous.
The root bark is in transversely curved pieces; externally brownish-yellow to
dark brown with irregular patches of cork; internally dark yellow, the medullary
rays extending nearly to the outer surface.
The powder is yellowish-brown to dark brown: calcium oxalate crystals in
rosette aggregates, monoclinic prisms or crystal fibers, the individual crystals
from 0.01 to 0.018 mm. in diameter; starch grains numerous, spherical, ellip-
soidal biconvex, polygonal or irregular, and single or compound, from 0.002 to
0.01 mm. in diameter; fragments of whitish cork with strongly lignified walls;
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 209
stone cells mostly single, occasionally in small groups, the individual cells from
0.05 to 0.18 num. in length, the walls being very thick and strongly lamellated;
occasional fragments of wood with long wood-fibers from 0.015 to 0.02 mm. in
width, the walls being slightly lignified and from 0.003 to 0.008 mm. in thickness
and associated with tracheai possessing simple and bordered j)ores.
Mi.x 1 Gm. of powdered Pomegranate with 100 mils of distilled water, macerate
it with occasional agitation for about an hour and filter; a light yellow filtrate
is obtained. Upon the addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of this
filtrate a bluish-black precipitate is produced, l^pon the addition of from 40 to
50 mils of lime water to another portion of 10 mils of the filtrate, an orange-
brown, flocculent precipitate is produced.
Pomegranate j-ields not more than IG per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Granati.
Average dose — ]Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
GRINDELIA
Grindelia
Qrindel.
The dried leaves and flowering tops of Grindelia camporum Greene,
or Grindelia cuneifolia Nuttall, or Griyidelia squarrosa (Pursh) Dunal
(Fam. Cotnpositw), without the presence or admixture of more than 10
per cent, of stems or other foreign matter.
Stems with attached branches and terminated with resinous fiower-buds;
stems cylindrical, not exceeding 2 mm. in diameter; light yellow or rose-colored,
with alternate leaf-scars, occasionally with basal portions of leaves, sometimes
more or less irregularly flexuous and coated with resin, especially at the nodes;
leaves usually separate and more or less broken and varying in shape when entire
from oblong and lanceolate to oblanceolate-spatulate and cuneate-spatulate,
from 1 to 7 cm. in length, mostly sessile or amplexicaul and more or less sharply
serrate or evenly spinosely-toothed, pale yellow to yellowish-green, very resin-
ous, somewhat coriaceous and brittle; bracts of flowering branches almost entire
and usually more or less spreading; heads more or less resinous, viscid, many-
flowered, either conical-urceolate or depressed-urceolate, involucres from 5 to
20 mm. in breadth, composed of numerous imbricated bracts with more or less re-
curved tips; ray flowers j-ellow, ligulate and pistillate; disk florets yellow, tubular
and perfect; pappus of two or tliree mostly unequal linear awns about the length
of the disk florets; disk achenes more or less ovoid or oblong; more or less com-
pressed or triquetrous, and either biauriculate or broadly imidentate or with a
broad truncate, corky, thickened summit; odor balsamic; taste aromatic and
bitter, resinous.
The powder is yellowish-brown; consisting of numerous fibrous fragments
made up of tissues of the stem, the most prominent being the traches with
annular and spiral thickenings or marked with simple or bordered pores, asso-
ciated with numerous, narrow, strongly lignified wood-fibers; pith cells more
or less tabular and containing a layer of protoplasm in which are embedded
numerous spheroidal granules; fragments of epidermis of leaves very characteris-
tic and showing more or less polygonal areas containing large chloroplastids,
and the large, colorless, basal cells of the multicellular glandular hairs; pollen
grains spherical, about 0.035 mm. in diameter, spinose, and in section showing
three pores.
Preparation — Fluidex tractum Grindeliae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 30 grains.
19
210
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
GUAIACOL
Guaiacol
The monomethyl ether [CHsOa or C6H4(0H)(0CH3) 1 : 2 = 124.06]
of ortho-dihydroxj^benzene, obtained from wood-tar creosote or pre-
pared synthetically. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected
from light.
Guaiacol is a colorless or yellowish, strongly refractive liquid, or a colorless
or yellowish, crystalline sohd, having an agreeable, aromatic odor. It becomes
darker on exposure to light and air. The solid form when liquefied may remain
so for some time, even at a low temperature.
One Gm. of Guaiacol dissolves in 53 mils of water and in 0.8 mil of glycerin
at 25° C., but separates from the glycerin on the addition of water; miscible with
alcohol, chloroform, ether or acetic acid.
The specific gravity of Hquid Guaiacol is between 1.110 and 1.114 at25''C.
Solid Guaiacol melts at about 28° C.
Not less than 85 per cent, of Guaiacol distils between 200° and 210° C.
The addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an alcoholic solu-
tion of Guaiacol (1 in 100) produces an immediate blue color, changing to emerald-
green, and finally becoming yellowish.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Guaiacol; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash remains.
Shake 2 mils of hquefied Guaiacol with 4 mils of purified petroleum benzin;
the mixture separates on standing into two distinct, clear layers. Permanent
turbidity or failure to separate into layers indicates the presence of impurities.
One mil of liquefied Guaiacol dissolves in 2 mils of potassium hydroxide solu-
tion (15 per cent.), when heated for one minute in boiling water; on cooling, it
congeals to a nearly white mass. Much coloration or failure to congeal indicates
the presence of impurities. The mass thus obtained forms a clear solution with
20 volumes of distilled water (turbidity indicates oily hydrocarbons).
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
GUAIACOLIS CARBONAS
Guaiacol Carbonate
Quaiacol. Carb.
Aguaiacol derivative [(C7H70)2C03or(C6H4(OCH3)0)2.CO = 274.11].
Guaiacol Carbonate is a crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless or having
a slight, aromatic odor and taste.
Guaiacol Carbonate is insoluble in water; 1 Gm. dissolves in 60 mils of alcohol,
1 mil of chloroform, and in 18 mils of ether at 25° C. ; freely soluble in benzene and
slightly soluble in glycerin or fixed oils; freely soluble in boiling alcohol.
It melts between 83° and 87° C.
Incinerate 1 Gm. of Guaiacol Carbonate; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains. , , • ,
A saturated alcoholic solution of Guaiacol Carbonate yields no bluish-green
color on the addition of ferric chloride T.S. (free guaiacol), and is not acid to
litmus paper which has been previously moistened with distilled water.
One-tenth Gm. of Guaiacol Carbonate dissolves in 2 mils of sulphuric acid
without producing more than a faint yellow color [readily carbonizable impurities).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 211
Heat about 0.5 Gra. of Guaiacol Carbonate for a few minutes with 10 mils of
alcoholic potassium hydroxide T.S. and cool the mixture; a crystalline precipitate
is formed, which effervesces with acids. If the alcohol is evaporated from the
filtered liquid, the residue supersaturated with diluted sulphuric acid and shaken
out with ether, the separated ether layer, upon spontaneous evaporation of the
ether, leaves a residue which responds to the tests for identity under Guaiacol.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GUAIACUM
Guaiac
Quaiac. — Guaiac Resin
The resin of the wood of Guaiacum officinale Linnd, or of Guaiacum
sanctum Linne (Fam. ZygophyllaceoB) .
In irregular fragments or in large, nearly homogeneous masses, occasionally
in more or less rounded or ovoid tears, enclosing fragments of vegetable tissues;
externally brown, becoming greenish-gray-brown on exposure, the fractured sur-
face having a glassy luster, the thin pieces being translucent and varying in color
from reddish to yellowish-brown; odor balsamic; taste slightly acrid.
Guaiac melts between 85° and 90° C. It is readily soluble in alcohol, ether,
chloroform, creosote, and in solutions of the alkalies or in hydrated chloral
T.S. It is sparingly soluble in carbon disulphide or benzene and not more than
15 per cent, is insoluble in alcohol; the alcoholic solution, on the addition of an
excess of chlorine water or tincture of ferric chloride, becomes blue, changing
quickly to green, the color being best seen when the solutions are diluted with
an equal volume of water.
Macerate the crushed or powdered Guaiac with 4 or 5 times its weight of puri-
fied petroleum benzin for three hours and then filter; the filtrate is colorless,
and does not give a green color on the addition of an equal volume of cupric
acetate T.S. {rosin).
The powder is grajnsh, becoming green on exposure to the air.
Guaiac j-ields not more than 4 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Tinctura Guaiaci Tinctura Guaiaci Ammoniata.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
GUARANA
Guarana
A dried paste consisting chiefly of the crushed seeds of Paullinia
Cupana Kunth (Fam, Sapindacea:) , yielding not less than 4 per cent, of
caffeine.
Usually in cylindrical sticks, about 3 to 5 cm. in diameter, externally dark
reddish-brown; hard and heavy; fracture uneven, often fissured in the center;
internally pale reddish-brown, showing more or less coarse fragments of seeds
and occasionally their blackish-brown integuments; odor slight; taste slightly
astringent and bitter.
The powder is hght pinkish-brown; consisting mostly of irregular massee of
parenchyma containing more or less altered starch grains; unaltered starch
grains occasional, varying from spherical and polygonal to elhpsoidal and broadly
ovoid, 0.01 to 0.025 mm. in diameter; occasional fragments with narrow, elon-
gated eclerenchymatous cells; the walls being thick, yellowish and non-Ugnified.
212 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Place on a slide a drop of hydrochloric acid, add about 0.001 Gm. of powdered
Guarana, then add a drop of gold chloride T.S. and allow the mixture to stand
for a few minutes; beginning at the edge of the mount, crj'stals of caffeine and
gold chloride separate in the form of orthorhombic plates and needles, the latter
usually occurring in spheroidal aggregates and finally forming branching groups.
Assay — Introduce 6 Gm. of Guarana, in No. 60 powder, into a flask and add
120 mils of chloroform and 6 mils of ammonia water. Stopper the flask, shake
it frequently for half an hour, then let it stand four hours. Again shake the
flask vigorously and when the drug has settled, filter the liquid rapidly through
a pledget of purified cotton and collect 100 mils of the filtrate, representing 5 Gm.
of Guarana. Evaporate the clear filtrate to dryness and dissolve the residue in
weak sulphuric acid with the aid of a gentle heat. When the hquid has cooled,
filter it into a separator and wash the container and filter with several small
portions of distilled water. Now add ammonia water until the hquid is dis-
tinctly alkaline to htmus and shake out the caffeine with chloroform until
completely extracted, as shown by testing with iodine T.S. in place of the usual
mercuric potassiimi iodide T.S. Evaporate the united chloroform solutions and
dry the residue to constant weight at 80° C. The weight is the amount of
caffeine from 5 Gm. of Guarana (see Proximate Assays, Part II).
Preparation — Fluidextractum Guaranse.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
HEXAMETHYLENAMINA
Hexamethylenamine
Hexam. — Hexamethylene-tetramine
A condensation product of ammonia and formaldehyde, hexamethyl-
ene-tetramine [(CH2) 6N4 = 140.14]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Hexamethylenamine occurs in colorless, lustrous, odorless crystals, or as a
white, crystalline powder.
One Gm. of Hexamethylenamine dissolves in 1.5 mils of water, 12.5 mils of
alcohol and in 320 mils of ether at 25° C. ; soluble in chloroform.
Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus.
At about 263° C. it sublimes without melting and with partial decomposition,
emitting a disagreeable odor.
Heat an aqueous solution (1 in 10) with diluted sulphuric acid; it decom-
poses with the liberation of formaldehyde (recognized by its odor or by its
darkening paper moistened with silver ammonium nitrate T.S.).
When an aqueous solution (1 in 10) is heated with diluted sulphuric acid
and then supersaturated with solution of sodium hydroxide, ammonia is
liberated.
Incinerate 2 Gm. of Hexamethylenamine; not more than 0.05 per cent, of
ash remains.
An aqueous solution of Hexamethylenamine (1 in 50) does not become
colored or turbid when mixed with an equal volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S.
(heavy metals). Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of
Hexamethylenamine (1 in 50), acitlulaled with 5 drops of nitric acid, are not
rendered turbid by a few drops of barium chloride T.S. {sulphate) nor more than
slightly opalescent by a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. (chloride).
Add 1 mil of alkaline mercuric potassium iodide T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of Hexamethylenamine (1 in 20); no other color is produced tlian that
which results from the addition of the same amount of the reagent to 10 mils of
distilled water (ammonium salts).
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 213
HOMATROPINiE HYDROBROMIDUM
Homatropine Hydrobromide
Homatrop. Hydrobr.— Homatropine Bromide
The hydrobromide [Ci6H2i03N.HBr = 356.11] of homatropine, an
alkaloid obtained by the condensation of tropine and mandelic acid.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Homatropine Hydrobromide occurs as a white, odorless, crj^stallinc powder,
or in rhombic prisms. Great caution must be observed in tasting it, usitig only
very dilute solutions. Its solution when locally applied dilates the pupil of the eye.
One Gm. of Homatropine Hydrobromide dissolves in 6 mils of water, 40 mils
of alcohol, and in 420 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 12 mils of alcohol
at 60° C. ; insoluble in ether.
Its aqueoua solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
It melts at about 212° C. with partial decomposition.
Shake 2 mils of chloroform with 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in
10) to which a few drops of chlorine water have been added; the chloroform
assumes a brownish color.
When added to solutions of Homatropine Hydrobromide, iodine T.S. produces
a brown precipitate; silver nitrate T.S. in similar solutions produces a yellowish-
white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Homatropine Hydro-
bromide.
Separate portions of 1 mil each of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20)
are not precipitated by tannic acid T.S.; or, after acidulation with hydrochloric
acid, by platinic chloride T.S. {foreign alkaloids).
Add a slight excess of ammonia water to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the
salt (1 in 100), shake it out with chloroform and evaporate the chloroformic
solution to dryness on a water bath. The residue becomes yellow and finally
brick-red in color when warmed with about 1.5 mils of a solution made by
dissolving 1 Gm. of mercuric chloride in 50 mils of a mixture of 5 volumes of
alcohol and 3 volumes of distilled water (distinction from most other alkaloids
except atropine and hyoscyamine) .
Evaporate about 0.01 Gm. of Homatropine Hydrobromide, with 5 drops of
nitric acid, to dryness in a porcelain dish on a water bath; the residue acquires
no violet color on the addition of a few drops of alcohohc potassium hydroxide
T.S. {atropine, hyoscyamine, or hyoscine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.0005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^20 grain.
HUMULUS
Hops
Humul.
The carefully dried strobiles of Humulus Lupulus Linn^ (Fam.
Moracece) bearing their glandular trichomes and without the presence
or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of stems, leaves or other foreign
matter. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers, protected from light.
Strobile ovoid-cyhndrical, about 3 cm. in length, consisting of a narrow, hairy,
flexuous rachis and numerous, imbricated, yellowish-green to pale brown,
obliquely-ovate, membranous scales, the base of each with numerous, yellowish-
214 THE tHARMACOPCElA OF THE
brown glandular hairs, and frequently infolded on one side, enclosing a eub-
globular, light brown, very glandular achene; odor strong and characteristic,
becoming disagreeable and valerian-like on aging; taste aromatic and bitter.
Hops yield not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM CORROSRTFM
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride
Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr. — Bichloride of Mercury Corrosive Sublimate
Mercuric Chloride Perchloride of Mercury
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of HgCU (271.52). Preserve
it in well-closed containers.
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride occurs as heavy, colorless, rhombic crystals, or
crystalline masses, or as a white powder, odorless, permanent in the air, and
having a characteristic and persistent metaUic taste. Great caution should be used
in tasting it.
One Gm. of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride dissolves in 13.5 mils of water, 3.8
mils of alcohol, about 12 mils of glycerin, and in 22 mils of ether, at 25° C;
also in 2.1 mils of boiling water and 1.6 mils of boiling alcohol.
The salt fuses to a colorless liquid at 265° C. and at about 300' C. it
volatilizes in dense, white vapors, leaving not more than 0.1 per cent, of
residue.
An aqueous solution of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride (1 in 20) is acid to litmus,
but becomes neutral upon the addition of sodium chloride.
Separate portions of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yield a white
precipitate with ammonia water; a black precipitate with an excess of hydrogen
sulphide; a red precipitate, soluble in an excess of the reagent, with potas-
sium iodide T.S.; and a white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, with silver
nitrate T.S.
Not more than 0.5 per cent, of residue remains on dissolving finely powdered
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride in ether or alcohol.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately
weighed, in 300 mils of cold distilled water to which 1 mil of hydrochloric acid
has been added. Pass hj'drogen sulphide through the cold solution until satu-
rated and the precipitate of mercuric sulphide readily subsides, leaving a clear
supernatant liquid. Collect the precipitate on counterpoised filters, wash it
well with cold distilled water and finally with three portions of about 10 mils
each of alcohol. Then close the tip of the funnel with a cork stopper, add
sufficient carbon tetrachloride to cover the precipitate, cover the funnel with
a watch-glass, and allow it to stand for about half an hour. Then drain off the
solvent and wash the precipitate with further portions of carbon tetrachloride
until after evaporating about 1 mil of the filtrate no visible residue remains.
Remove the adhering carbon tetrac^hloride by washing with several portions of
10 mils each of alcohol and, after drying in the air, transfer to an oven and dry
to constant weight at about 110° C. The weight of mercuric sulphide obtained,
when multiplied by 1.167, indicates its equivalent in IlgCla. which corresponds
in the dried salt to not less than 99.5 per cent, of HgCl2.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 215
Each gramme of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, previously dried to constant
weight, corresponds to 0.8526 Cm. of mercuric sulphide.
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, previously dried to constant weight, may also be
assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Preparation — Toxitabelte Hydrargyri Chloridi Corrosivi,
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, }^o grain.
HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDUM MITE
Mild Mercurous Chloride
flydrarg. Chlor. Mit. — Mercurous Chloride Calomel Protochloride of Mercury
Subchloride of Mercury
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99.6 per cent, of HgCl (236.06). Preserve it
in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Mild Mercurous Chloride is a white, impalpable powder, becoming yellowish-
white on being triturated with strong pressure, and showing only small, isolated
crystals when viewed under a lens having a magnifying power of one hundred
diameters. It is odorless and tasteless, and permanent in the air.
Mild Mercurous Chloride is insoluble in water, alcohol, ether or cold dilute
acids.
When strongly heated, Mild Mercurous Chloride isvolatihzed without fusion
or the evolution of brown vapors, leaving not more than O.I per cent, of residue.
The salt is blackened by contact with calcium hydroxide T.S., with solutions
of alkali hydroxides or with ammonia water.
When heated with an equal weight of dried sodium carbonate (free from
chloride) in a dry glass tube. Mild Mercurous Chloride j-ields a subUmate of
metallic mercury. Dissolve the residue in nitric acid and filter; silver nitrate
T.S. produces in the filtrate a white, curdy precipitate insolul)le in nitric acid.
Shak^^ 2 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of ether, filter, evaf)orate the filtrate, and
add 10 mils of rlistilled water; not more than a slight opalescence results upon
the adilition of silver nitrate T.S. to 5 mils of the solution {mercuric chloride).
Heat 1 Gm. of the salt with potassium hydroxide T.S.; no ammonia is evolved
{ammoniated mercury).
Assay — Mix well about 1 Gm. of Mild ]Merc\irous Chloride, previously dried
to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately Aveighed,
with 10 mils of distilled water, add 50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 5 Gm.
of potassium iodide, dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water, stopper the flask,
allow the mixture to stand, with occasional agitation, until complete solution
has taken place and estimate the excess of iodine by titration with tenth-normal
sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows, in the
dried salt, not less than 99.6 per cent, of HgCl.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.023606 Gm.
of HgCl. Each gramme of Mild Mercurous Chloride, previously dried to con-
stant weight, corresponds to not le.'^s than 42.2 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Mild Mercurous Chloride, previously dried to constant weight, may also be
assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Preparation — Pilule Catharticse Compositae.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — Laxative, 0.15 Gm. — 23^^ grains.
Alterative, 0.015 Gm.— % grain.
216 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM FLAVUM
Yellow Mercurous Iodide
tlydrarg. lod. Flav. — Mercurous Iodide Protoiodide of Mercury
Yellow Iodide of Mercury
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of Hgl (327.52). Preserve it in
well-closed containers, protected from light.
Yellow Mercurous Iodide is a bright yellow, amorphous powder, odorless
and tasteless. By exposure to light it becomes greenish in proportion as it
undergoes decomposition into metallic mercury and mercuric iodide.
Yellow Mercurous Iodide is almost insoluble in water and wholly insoluble
in alcohol or ether.
When slowly and moderately heated, it assumes at first an orange and then
a red color, becoming yellow again on cooling. When quickly and strongly
heated, it is at first partially decomposed into mercury and mercuric iodide,
and finally is volatilized, leaving not more than 0.2 per cent, of residue. When
heated with an equal weight of dried sodium carbonate, in a dry glass tube,
Yellow Mercurous Iodide yields a sublimate of metallic mercury.
When Yellow Mercurous Iodide is heated with sulphuric acid and a little
manganese dioxide, the vapor of iodine is evolved.
When 0.5 Gm. of the salt is thoroughly shaken with 10 mils of alcohol and
the mixture filtered, 5 mils of the perfectly clear filtrate is not affected by an
equal volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S. {jyiercuric iodide).
Assay — Transfer to a flask about 1 Gm. of Yellow Mercurous Iodide, pre-
viously dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accu-
rately weighed, add 50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 5 Gm. of potassium
iodide, dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water, stopper the flask, and allow the
mixture to stand in the tightly-stoppered flask, with occasional agitation, until
complete solution has taken place. Then titrate with tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt,
not less than 99 per cent, of Hgl.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.032752 Gm. of
Hgl. Each gramme of Yellow Mercurous Iodide, previously dried to constant
weight, corresponds to not less than 30.2 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Yellow Mercurous Iodide, previously dried to constant weight, may also be
assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, % grain.
HYDRARGYRI lODIDUM RUBRUM
Red Mercuric Iodide
Hydrarg. lod. Rub. — Biniodide of Mercury Mercuric Iodide Red Iodide of
Mercury
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of Hgl2 (454.44). Preserve it
in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Red Mercuric Iodide is a scarlet-red, amorphous powder, odorless, nearly
tasteless, and permanent in the air.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 217
Red Mercuric Iodide is almost insoluble in water; 1 Gin. dissolves in 115 mils
of alcohol, 910 mils of chloroform, and in 120 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 20
mils of boiling alcohol; soluble in solutions of the soluble iodides, mercuric
chloride, sodium thiosulphate, and hot solutions of the alkali chlorides.
When heated to about 150° C, the salt becomes yellow, but again assumes
a red color on cooling; upon further heating, it fuses to a dark yellow liquid
which, on cooling, forms a yellow, crystalline mass; at higher temperatures it
is finally volatilized, leaving not more than 0.2 per cent, of residue.
Heat the salt with potassium hydroxide T.S., and add a little sugar of milk;
the compound is reduced and metallic mercury is precipitated.
Boil about 0.1 Gm. of the salt with 2 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S., filter
and supersaturate the filtrate with nitric acid. The liquid becomes yellow from
the liberation of iodine which produces a blue color upon the addition of a few
drops of starch T.S.
Agitate thoroughly about 0.^ Gm. of Red Mercuric Iodide with 10 mils of
distilled water and filter; the filtrate does not become more than slightly colored
by hydrogen sulphide T.S. {soluble vicrcurij salts).
Two Gm. of Red Mercuric Iodide di.ssolves quickly in 100 mils of distilled
water, containing 2 Gm. of potassium iodide, without leaving more than 0.004
Gm. of insoluble matter.
Assay — Red Mercuric Iodide, when previously dried to constant weight in a
desiccator over sulphuric acid and assayed by the Electrolytic method (see
Part II, Test No. 4) shows not less than 99 per cent, of Hgl2.
Preparation — Liquor Arseni et Hydrargyri lodidi.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.003 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'^o grain.
HYDRARGYRI OXIDLIM FLAVUM
Yellow Mercuric Oxide
Hydrarg. Oxid. Flav.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 150° C, not less than
99.5 per cent, of HgO (216.60). Preserve it in well-closed containers,
protected from light.
Yellow Mercuric Oxide is a light orange-yellow, amorphous, heavy, impalpa-
ble powder; odorless, and having a somewhat metallic taste; permanent in the
air, but turning darker on exposure to light.
Yellow Mercuric Oxide is almost insoluble in water; insoluble m alcohol;
readily dissolved by diluted hydrochloric or nitric acid, forming colorless solutions.
When moistened with hot distilled water, Yellow Mercuric Oxide is not
alkaline to litmus.
When moderately heated, Yellow Mercuric Oxide assumes a red color. At
a red heat it is completely decomposed into oxygen and metallic mercury, and
is finallv volatihzed, leaving not more than 0.2 per cent, of residue.
A solution of 0.5 Gm. of Yellow Mercuric Oxide in 25 mils of either diluted
hydrochloric or diluted nitric acid is not more than slightly turbid.
Heat 0.5 Gm. of Yellow Mercuric Oxide for two hours in a test tube, on a
water bath, with a solution of 1 Gm. of oxalic acid in 10 mils of distilled water
and 1 mil of ammonia water, replacing from time to time the waterlost by evapo-
ration; it is converted into white or yellowish-white mercuric oxalate (distmctmn
irom red mercuric oxide). • r^ ■ , • , , ■ ,
Assay— Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Yellow Mercuric Oxide, previously dried
to constant weight at 150° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of distilled
218 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
water, and 5 mik of nitric acid, and further dilute the solution with 150 mils of
distilled water. Then add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S., and titrate
with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. to the production of a per-
manent yellowish-red color. It shows, in the dried Oxide, not less than 99.5
per cent, of HgO.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.01083 Gm. of HgO. Each gramme of Yellow Mercuric Oxide, previously
dried to constant weight, corresponds to not less than 91.9 mils of tenth-normal
potassium sulphocyanate V.S.
Yellow Mercuric Oxide, previously dried to constant weight, may also be
assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Preparation — Unguentum Hydrargyri Oxidi Flavi.
HYDRARGYRI OXIDUM RUBRUM
Red INIercuric Oxide
Hydrarg. Oxid. Rub.— Red Precipitate
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 150° C, not less than
99.5 per cent, of HgO (216.60). Preserve it in well-closed containers,
protected from light.
Red Mercuric Oxide occurs as heavy, orange-red, crystalline scales, or as a
crystalline powder, acquiring a yellow color when finely divided; odorless and
having a somewhat metallic taste, permanent in the air.
Red Mercuric Oxide is almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol; readily
dissolved by diluted nitric acid, or by hydrocldoric acid.
When heated to about 400° C, Red Mercuric Oxide becomes dark violet
or almost black, but assumes its original color on cooling. At a red heat it is
completely decomposed into oxygen and metallic mercury, and is finally vola-
tihzed without leaving more than 0.2 per cent, of residue.
A solution of 0.5 Gm. of Red Mercuric Oxide in 25 mils of either hydrochloric
or nitric acid is not more than slightly turbid.
Heat 0.5 Gm. of Red Mercuric Oxide for two hours, in a test tube on a water
bath, with a solution of 1 Gm. of oxalic acid in 10 mils of distilled water and 1
mil of ammonia water, replacing, from time to time, the water lost by evapora-
tion; it will not change color within two hours (distinction from ijellow mercuric
oxide) .
Mix 1 Gm. of Red Mercuric Oxide with 5 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils
of sulphuric acid, cool the mixture and carefully pour upon it 2 mils of ferrous
sulphate T.S.; no brown zone develops at the line of contact {nitrate).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Red Mercuric Oxide, previously dried to
constant weight at 150° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of distilled water
and 5 mils of nitric acid, and further dilute the solution with 150 mils of distilled
water. Then add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S., and titrate with
tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. to the production of a permanent
yellowish-red color. It shows, in the dried Oxide, not less than 99.5 per cent,
of HgO.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. u.sed corresponds
to 0.01083 Gm. of HgO. Each gramme of Red Mercuric Oxide, previously
dried to constant weight, corre.sponds to not less than 91.9 mils of tenth-normal
pota.ssium sulphocyanate V.S.
Red Mercuric Oxide, previously dried to constant weight, may also be assayed
by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
I
UNITED STATES OF AMEKICA 219
HYDRARGYRI SALICYLAS
Mercuric Salicylate
Hydrarg. Salicyl.— Mercuric Subsalicylate
A compound of mercury and salicylic acid containing not less than 54
per cent, nor more than 59.5 per cent, of Hg. Preserve it in well-closed
containers protected from light.
Mercuric Salicylate is a white, slightly yellowish or slightly pinkish powder;
odorless and tasteless.
Mercuric Salicylate is nearly insoluble in water or alcohol; dissolved by
solutions of the fixed alkalies or their carbonates; dissolved by warm solutions
of the alkali halides with the formation of double salts.
Heat about 1 Gm. of the salt with 10 mils of hydrochloric acid; a solution
is obtained from which salicylic acid separates on cooling. A piece of copper
foil added to a portion of the filtered solution, nearly neutralized with ammonia
water, immediately becomes coated with metalUc mercury. To another portion
of this solution add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. ; a violet color is produced.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of the salt in a porcelain crucible; not more than
0.2 per cent, of residue remains.
The salt does not redden moistened blue litmus paper {free salicylic acid).
No dark color results at once on shaking about 0.1 Gm. of the salt with 5 mils
of hydrogen sulphide T.S. {foreign mercury compounds). About 0.2 Gm. of the
salt dissolves completely in 4 mils of normal sodium hydroxide V.S.
Assay — Digest about 0.5 Gm. of Mercuric Sahcylate, accurately weighed,
in 15 mils of sulphuric acid and 10 mils of nitric acid on a water bath until
dissolved. Cool the solution, dilute it with 150 mils of distilled water, add 30
mils of solution of hydrogen dioxide and mix well. Now add gradually, with
constant stirring, 5 mils of diluted hypophosphorous acid, then 5 Gm. of sodium
chloride, dissolved in 20 mils of distilled water, stir thoroughly and allow the
mixture to stand until the precipitate has subsided. Filter and wash the pre-
cipitate with distilled water. Transfer the precipitate and filter to a flask, add
50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and 2 Gm. of potassium iodide, agitate the
mixture until all of the precipitate has dissolved and titrate the excess of tenth-
normal iodine V.S. with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. It shows not
less than 54 per cent, nor more than 59.5 per cent, of Hg.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. corresponds to 0.02006 Gm. of Hg.
Each Gm. of Mercuric Salicylate corresponds to not less than 26.9 mils nor more
than 29.7 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Mercuric Salicylate may also be assaj^ed by the Electrolytic method (see
Part II, Test No. 4).
Average dose — Metric, 0.004 Gm. — Apothecaries, K5 grain.
HYDRARGYRUM
Mercury
Hydrarg. — Quicksilver
It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of Hg (200.6). Preserve it in
strong, well-closed containers.
Mercury is a shining, silver-white metal; liquid at ordinary temperatures
and easily divisible into spherical globules. When cooled to about — 40* C, it
forms a ductile, malleable maaa. It is without odor or taste.
220 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Specific gravity: about 13.5 at 25° C.
Mercury is insoluble in the ordinary solvents, also in concentrated hydro-
chloric acid and, at ordinary temperatures, in sulphuric acid, but it dissolves
in the latter when boiled with it, and is readily and completely dissolved by
nitric acid.
At ordinary temperatures Mercury volatilizes very slowly, but more rapidly as
the temperature increases, and at about 358° C. it boils and is volatihzed, yielding
not more than 0.02 per cent, of residue.
When globules of Mercury are dropped upon white paper, they roll about
freely, retaining their globular form, and leaving no streaks or traces.
Mercury must be perfectly dry and present a bright surface even after
agitation in contact with air.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.4 Gm. of Mercury, accurately weighed, in a mixture
of 10 mils of distilled water and 10 mils of nitric acid, warm the solution gently
imtil red fumes cease to be evolved and the solution is colorless, and add 150
mils of distilled water. Then add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and
titrate with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. to the production of a
permanent, yellowish-red color. It shows not less than 99.5 per cent, of Hg.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.01003 Gm. of Hg. Each gramme of Mercury corresponds to not less than
99.2 mila of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S.
Mercury may also be assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test
No. 4).
Preparations — Hydrargyrum cum Greta Massa Hydrargyri Unguentiun
Hydrargyri Unguentum Hydrargyri Dilutum (from Mercurial Ointment).
HYDRARGYRUM AMMONIATUM
Ammoniated Mercury
Hydrarg. Ammon.— White Precipitate
It contains mercurammonium chloride [HgNH2Cl = 252.09] corre-
sponding to not less than 78 per cent, nor more than 80 per cent, of Hg.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Ammoniated Mercury occurs as white, pulverulent pieces, or as a white,
amorphous powder, without odor, and having an earthy, afterwards styptic
and metallic taste; permanent in the air.
Ammoniated Mercury is insoluble in water or alcohol. By prolonged wash-
ing with water it is gradually decomposed, assuming a j^ellow color, and becom-
ing converted into a basic salt. Readily dissolved by warm hydrochloric, nitric,
or acetic acid, and by a cold solution of ammonium carbonate. Also completely
dissolved by a cold solution of sodium thiosulphate, with the evolution of
ammonia; when this solution is heated for a short time, red mercuric sulphide is
separated, which, on protracted boihng, turns black.
At a temperature below a red heat, Ammoniated Mercury is decomposed
without fusion, and at a red heat it is volatilized without leaving more than
0.2 per cent, of residue.
When heated with potassium hydroxide T.S., the salt turns yellow, and
evolves ammonia.
A solution of the salt in diluted nitric acid yields with potassium iodide T.S.
a red precipitate soluble in an excess of the reagent. With silver nitrate T.S.
its nitric acid solution yields a white precipitate.
The salt is completely soluble in hydrochloric acid (mercurous salts) with-
out effervescence {carbonates).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 221
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Ammoniated Mercury, accurately weighed,
in 2 mils of hydrochloric acid and 10 mils of distilled water, warming gently
until solution is effected, then dilute with 300 mils of distilled water and proceed
as directed under Hydrargyri Chloridum Corrosinmi, page 214, beginning with
the word "Pass" on line 4 of the Assay. The weight of mercuric suli)hideol)-
tained when multiplied l)y 0.862 indicates its equivalent in mercury (Hg) which
corresponds to not less than 78 per cent, nor more than 80 per cent, of Hg.
Each gramme of Ammoniated Mercury corresponds to not less than 0.9047
Gm. nor more than 0.9279 Gm. of mercuric sul{)hide.
Ammoniated Mercury may also be assayed by the Electrolytic method (see
Part II, Test No. 4).
Preparation — Unguentum Hydrargyri Ammoniati.
HYDRARGYRUM CUM CRETA
Mercury with Chalk
Hydrarg. c. Cret. — Gray Powder
It contains not less than 37 per cent, nor more than 39 per cent, of Hg.
Mercury, thirty-eight grammes 38 Gm.
Clarified Honey, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Prepared Chalk, fifty-seven grammes 57 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Weigh the mercury and clarified honey successively into a strong
bottle of the capacity of one hundred mils, and add two mils of water.
Cork the bottle, and shake it for about half an hour at a time, until the
aggregate time of shaking reaches ten hours, or until the globules of
mercury are no longer visible under a lens magnifying four diameters.
The shaking may be more conveniently performed by mechanical means.
Rub the prepared chalk with water in a mortar to a thick, creamy
paste, and, having added the contents of the bottle, wash out the last
portions with a little water, and triturate the whole to a uniform mixture.
Finally dry the mixture, first between ample layers of bibulous paper,
and afterwards, in a dish at the ordinary temperature, until it weighs
one hundred grammes. Then reduce it to a uniform powder, without
trituration, and keep it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Mercury with Chalk is a light gray, rather damp powder, free from grittiness,
without odor, and having a slightly sweet taste.
Digest 0.1 Gm. of the powder with 20 mils of warm acetic acid; the chalk
dissolves with effervescence, and a residue of finely divided mercury is left.
On filtering tliis mixture, the filtrate becomes not more than shghtly opalescent
on the addition of a few drops of hydrochloric acid {mercurous oxide).
Digest 0.1 Gm. of the powder with 20 mils of warm diluted hydrochloric
acid and filter; the filtrate is not rendered more than slightly brown by hydrogen
sulphide T.S. {mercuric oxide).
222 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Mercury with Chalk, accurately weighed,
in a mixture of 10 mils of distilled water and 10 mils of nitric acid and heat it
on a water bath until red fumes cease to be evolved and the liquid becomes
colorless. Then add 150 mils of distilled water and 2 mils of ferric ammonium
sulphate T.S. and titrate the solution with tenth-normal potassium sulpho-
cyanate V.S. It shows not less than 37 per cent, nor more than 39 per cent.
ofHg.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.01003 Gm. of Hg. Each gramme of Mercury with Chalk corresponds to
not less than 36.9 mils nor more than 38.9 mils of tenth-normal potassium
sulphocyanate V.S.
Mercury with Chalk may also be assayed by the Electrolytic method (see
Part II, Test No. 4).
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
HYDRASTINA
Hydrastine
An alkaloid [C2iH2i06N = 383.18] obtained from Hydrastis or pre-
pared synthetically. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected
from light.
Hydrastine occurs in white to creamy white, gUstening prisms or as a white,
micro-crystaUine powder ; permanent in the air.
Hydrastine is almost insoluble in water; 1 Gm. is soluble in 170 mils of alcohol,
1.4 mils of chloroform, and in 175 mils of ether at 25° C. ; also in 22 mils of alcohol
at 60° C. ; freely soluble in benzene.
Its saturated alcohohc solution is alkahne to htmus.
It melts at about 131° C.
Sulphuric acid produces a yellow color when added to Hydrastine; on heating
the mixture, a purple color develops.
Sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of molybdic acid in each mil gives with
Hydrastine a green color, changing to oUve-green and then to brown; nitric
acid yields a reddish-yellow color; sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of
eelenous acid in each mil gives a light green color, changing to brown.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Hydrastine.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of Hydrastine in 10 mils of diluted sulphuric
acid shows no blue fluorescence (hydrastinine) , but, on the gradual addition of
potassium permanganate T.S., avoiding excess, a blue fluorescence develops.
An aqueous solution of Hydrastine (1 in 20), made with the aid of a slight
excess of diluted hydrochloric acid, is not reddened by chlorine water
{berberine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }/q grain.
HYDRASTINE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Hydrastine Hydrochloride
Hydrastin. Hydrochl.— Hydrastine Chloride
The hydrochloride [CaJIsiOeN.HCU 419.65] of the alkaloid hydras-
tine. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 223
Hydrastine Hydrochloride occurs as a white to creamy-white powder, odor-
less, and hygroscopic.
Hydrastine Hydrochloride is very soluble in water and in alcohol; slightly
soluble in chloroform; very slightly soluble in ether.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or only sUghtly acid to
litmus.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yield.s with silver nitrate T.S. a
white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid.
In other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Hydraslina, omitting the melting point.
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^^ grain.
HYDRASTININ.^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Hydrastinine Hydrochloride
Hydrastinin. Hydrochl.— Hydrastinme Chloride
The hydrochloride [CiiHn02N.HCl = 225.57] of hydrastinine, an alka-
loid obtained by the oxidation of hydrastine. Preserve it in well-closed
containers, protected from light.
Hydrastinine Hj-drochloride occurs in hght yellowish needles, or as a yellowish-
white, crystalline powder without odor.
One Gm. of H3-drastinine Hydrochloride dissolves in 195 mils of chloroform,
and in 1820 mils of ether at 25° C; very soluble in water and alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to htmus and shows a blue fluorescence,
especiallj- when liighly diluted.
It melts at about 210° C. with partial decomposition.
In an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), potassium dichromate T.S. pro-
duces a precipitate which redissolves if gently heated, but on coohng the solu-
tion it separates again in gUstening needles.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt a white precipi-
tate, insoluble in nitric acid.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Hydrastinine Hydro-
chloride.
In an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), bromine T.S. produces a yellow
precipitate, which is completely soluble in ammonia water, producing an almost
colorless solution (hydrastine).
Add a few drops of ammonia water to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of Hydras-
tinine Hydrochloride (1 in 20); no turbidity is produced (foreign alkaloids).
Add slowly 4 or 5 drops of a solution of sodium hydroxide (1 in 7) to a solu-
tion of 0.2 Gm. of the salt in 3 mils of distilled water; each drop causes a
milky turbiditj-, which disappears again on shaking (foreign alkaloids). From
this solution, after standing for some time, pure white hydrastinine separates,
and the supernatant fluid is almost colorless.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
HYDRASTIS
Hydrastis
Golden Seal
The dried rhizome and roots of Hydrastis canadensis Linn^ (Fam.
Ranunculacece) , without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per
224 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
cent, of the stems, leaves or other foreign matter and yielding not less
than 2.5 per cent, of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Hydrastis.
Rhizome horizontal or oblique, sub-cylindrical and usually more or less
flexuous, from 1 to 5 cm. in length and from 2 to 7 mm. in diameter, occasion-
ally with stem-bases; externally yellowish or grayish-brown, marked by numer-
ous stem-scars and more or less annulate from scars of bud-scales, otherwise
deeply longitudinally wrinkled; on the under and lateral portions arise numerous,
long, filiform roots which are easily detached; fracture short, waxy; internally
of a deep yellow color and consisting mostly of parenchyma enclosing an inter-
rupted circle of small fibro-vascular bundles; odor distinctive; taste bitter.
Macerate the drug for a short time in water until it is softened, then rnake
sections and mount them directly in sulphuric acid and examine under the micro-
scope; in a short time numerous acicular or rod-shaped crystals separate,
some attaining a length of 0.2 mm.
The powder is brownish-yellow; starch grains numerous, from 0.002 to 0.015
mm. in diameter, mostly single, nearly spherical, and either free or in the paren-
chyma cells; fragments with the tissues of the fibro-vascular bundles mostly
associated with starch-bearing parenchyma; tracheae with simple and bordered
pores and occasionally spiral thickenings, and associated with short sclerenchy-
matous fibers possessing thin walls with simple pores; occasional fragments of
tabular cork cells with reddish-brown walls.
Assay — Introduce 10 Gm. of Hydrastis, in No. 60 powder, into a 250 mil
flask and add 100 mils of ether and proceed as directed under Belladonnce Radix,
page 73, third line of the Assay, beginning with the word "Stopper." Modify
the process there given by using 50 mils of the ether solution, representing 5 Gm.
of Hydrastis, to complete the assay. Use ether instead of chloroform for the final
shaking out of the alkaloids, and dry the residue to constant weight at 100° C.
instead of titrating. The weight is the amount of ether-soluble alkaloids from
5 Gm. of Hydrastis.
Preparations — Extractum Hydrastis Fluidextractum Hydrastis Glyceritum
Hydrastis Tinctura Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
HYOSCYAMINiE HYDROBROMIDUM
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide
Hyoscyamin. Hydrobr. — Hyoscyamine Bromide
The hydrobromide [Ci7H2303N.HBr = 370.12] of hyoscyamine, an
alkaloid obtained from hyoscyamus and other plants of the SolanaceoB.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Hyoscyamine Hydrobromide occurs in white, prismatic crystals without odor.
It is deliquescent on exposure to the air. Great caution must be observed in tasting
it, using only a very dilute solution. It dilate.'^ the pupil of the eye.
One Gm. of Hyoscyamine Hvdrobromide dissolves in 2.5 mils of alcohol, 1.7
mils of chloroform, and in 2260 mils of ether at 25° C; very soluble in water.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus, and is strongly laevorotatory.
It melts at about 152° C.
Silver nitrate T.S., when added to an aqueous solution of the salt, yields a
yellowish-white precipitate which is insoluble in nitric acid.
Shake 2 mils of chloroform with 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 10) to which a few drops of chlorine water have been added; the chloroform
assumes a brownish color.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 225
Add about 0.01 Gin. of the salt to 5 drops of nitric acid, and evaporate to
dryness in a porcelain dish; the residue yields a violet color upon the addition
of alcoholic potas.sium hydroxide T.S.
Gold chloride T.S., when added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20),
yields a precipitate wliich, when recry.stallizcd from a small quantity of boiling
distilled water, acidulated with hydrocliloric acid, is dcpo.^ited on cooling in
minute, lustrous, golden-yellow scales ((HfTorcnoe from atropine and scopolamine).
Platinic chloride T.8. does not form a precijiitate in aqueous solutions of
the salt (1 in 20) (difference from most alkaloids).
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Hyoscyamine Hydro-
bromide.
About 0.05 Gm. of the salt dissolved in 1 mil of sulphuric acid gives not more
than a faint yellow color [carhonizable impurities).
Average dose — Metric, 0.0003 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'ioo grain.
HYOSCYAMUS
Hyoscyamus
Hyosc. — Henbane Hyoscyami folium P.I.
The dried leaves and flowering or fruiting tops of Hyoscyamus niger
Linne (Fam. Solanacece), yielding not less than 0.065 per cent, of the
alkaloids of Hyoscyamus.
Usually much wrinkled, with numerous stems and with the flowering or fruit-
ing tops intermixed; leaves when entire attaining a length of 25 cm., a breadth
of 10 cm., ovate or ovate-oblong, very inequilateral, the lower with short petioles,
the upper sessile, .summits acute, margins coarsely and angularly 1- to 4-toothed
or lobed; graj'ish-gi-een, glandular-hairy, particularly on the lower surfaces;
flowers nearly sessile with an urn-shaped, unequally 5-toothed calyx and a
campanulate corolla which in the fresh state is of a yellowish color; fruit a
2-locular pyxis, and enclosed in a large urn-shaped calyx with 5 acute teeth;
odor heavy, distinctive; taste somewhat bitter and acrid.
Stems from 3 to 10 cm. in length and from 2 to 5 mm. in thickness, nearly
cylindrical or somewhat compressed, longitudinally wrinkled and hairy.
The powder is grayish-green; under the microscope, it exliibits calcium
oxalate crystals usually in the form of 4- to 6-sided, isolated prisms, sometimes
in twins, from 0.015 to 0.025 mm. in length, also occurring in spherical aggre-
gates either isolated or attached to the prismatic crystals, sometimes in rosette
aggregates, 0.02 mm. in diameter, and occasionally in sphenoidal micro-crystals;
hairs numerous, of two kinds; the non-glandular from 2 to 10 cells in length, the
glandular with a 1- to many-celled head and a 1- to 4-cened stalk; fragments
of epidermis with broadly eUiptical stomata from 0.03 to 0.035 mm. in length
and with 3 to 4 neighboring cells; fragments of trachea? with .simple or bordered
pores and spiral or reticulate thickenings, also associated with sclerenchymatous
fibers having thin porous walls and showing little or no lignification; pollen
grains, nearly smooth and from 0.035 to 0.05 mm. in diameter.
The presence of the leaves of Hyoscyamus muticus Linne in either the crude or
powdered Hyoscyamus may be determined by the characteristic, branching,
non-glandular hairs occurring on both the stems and leaves of that species.
Hyoscyamus yields not more than 30 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 30 Gm. of Hyoscyamus, in No. 60 powder, into a 500 mil
flask and add 300 mils of a mixture of 1 volume of chloroform and 2 volumes of
ether. Stopper the flask, shake it well, and aUow it to stand for ten minutes;
then add 5 mils of ammonia water and shake the flask vigorously every ten
minutes during two hours. Now add 40 mils of distilled water, again shake the
20
226 The pharmacopceIa of the!
flask and when the drug has settled decant 200 mils of the solution, representing
20 Gm. of Hyoscyamus, and proceed as directed under Belladonnce Radix, page
73, beginning with the word "Filter" on hne 7 of the Assay. Before titration
treat the residue twice with 5 mils of ether and evaporate to dryness each time.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 28.92
miUigrammes of the total alkaloids of Hyoscyamus.
Preparations — Extractum Hyoscyami Fluidextractum Hyoscyami Tinctura
Hyoscyami.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
HYPOPHYSIS SICCA
Desiccated Hypophysis
Hypophysis Sic. — Desiccated Pituitary Body
The posterior lobe obtained from the pituitary body of cattle, cleaned,
dried, and powdered.
A yellowish or grayish, amorphous powder, having a characteristic odor.
It is only partially soluble in water.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^^ grain.
INFUSA
Infusions
Infusions must be freshly made from the drugs, and, when the strength
of Infusions is not otherwise directed, they are to be prepared by the
following general formula:
The Drug, coarsely comminuted, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Introduce the substance into a suitable vessel provided with a cover,
pour upon it one thousand mils of boiling water, cover the vessel tightly,
and allow it to stand for half an hour. Then strain with expression, and
pass enough water through the strainer to make the Infusion measure
one thousand mils. If the activity of the Infusion is affected by heat,
cold water only should be used.
Caution — The strength of Infusions of potent or very active drugs
should be specially directed by the physician.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 227
INFUSUM DIGITALIS
Infusion of Digitalis
Inf. Digit.
Digitalis, bruised, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Cinnamon Water, one hundred and fifty millililcrs 150 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Pour five hundred mils of boiling water upon the digitalis, contained
in a suitable vessel, and allow it to macerate for one hour. Then strain,
add the cinnamon water to the strained liquid, and pass enough water
through the residue on the strainer to make the product measure one
thousand mils. Mix well.
Infusion of Digitalis must he freshly prepared from the leaves.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
INFUSUM SENN^ COMPOSITUM
Compound Infusion of Senna
Inf. Senn. Co.
Senna, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
Manna, one hundred and twenty grammes 120 Gm.
Magnesium Sulphate, one hundred and twenty grammes . 120 Gm.
Fennel, bruised, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Pour eight hundred mils of boiling water upon the senna, manna, and
fennel contained in a suitable vessel, and allow the mixture to macerate
for half an hour. Then strain, express and dissolve the magnesium
sulphate in the Infusion, and again strain. Lastly, add enough water
through the strainer to make the Infusion measure one thousand mils.
This preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Average dose — Metric, 120 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidounces.
228 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
lODOFORMUM
Iodoform
lodof. '
Triiodomethane [CHl3 = 393.77] usually obtained by the action of
iodine upon alcohol or acetone, in the presence of an alkali or alkali
carbonate. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place, pro-
tected from light.
Iodoform occurs as a fine, lemon-yellow powder, or in lustrous crystals of
the hexagonal system, having a peculiar, very penetrating and persistent odor,
and an unpleasant, slightly sweetish taste suggestive of iodine.
It is nearly insoluble in water to which it, however, imparts its odor and taste.
One Gm. of Iodoform dissolves in 60 mils of alcohol, 80 mils of glycerin, 10 mils
of chloroform, 7.5 mils of ether, 2.8 mils of carbon disulphide, and in 34 mils of
olive oil at 25° C; also in about 16 mils of boihng alcohol.
Its solutions are neutral to litmus.
Iodoform is slightly volatile, even at ordinary temperatures, and in boiling
water distils slowly with the vapor of water. At about 115° C. it melts to a
brown Uquid, and at a higher temperature it decomposes, emitting vapors of
iodine.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Iodoform; not more than 0.2 per cent, of ash
remains.
Dry about 1 Gm. of Iodoform, accurately weighed, for twenty-four hours over
Bulphuric acid; the loss in weight does not exceed 1 per cent.
Shake about 2 Gm. of Iodoform for one minute with 5 mils of distilled water
and filter; the filtrate is colorless and free from bitter taste (soluble yellow coloring
matter, -picric acid), and does not affect the color of litmus {acids or alkalies).
Preparation — Unguentum lodoformi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
lODUM
Iodine
It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of I (126.92). Preserve it
in glass-stoppered bottles, in a cool place.
Iodine occurs as heavy, bluish-black, brittle, rhombic plates, having a metallic
luster, a distinctive odor, and a sharp and acrid taste.
Specific gravity: about 4.6G at 17° C.
Iodine imparts a deep brown, evanescent stain to the skin, and slowly destroys
vegetable colors.
One Gm. of Iodine dissolves in 2950 mils of water, 12.5 mils of alcohol, 80
mils of glycerin, and in 4 mils of carbon disulphide at 25° C; freely soluble in
chloroform, ether, or aqueous solutions of iodides; its .solution in alcohol or in
an aqueous solution of potassium iodide has a reddish-brown color; its diluted
solution in chloroform or carbon disulphide has a violet color.
Iodine volatilizes slowly at ordinary temperatures. When heated to about
• 114° C., it fuses and is gradually dissipated in the form of a purple vapor,
leaving not more than 0.05 per cent, of residue.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 229
Add starch T.S. to a saturated aqueous solution of Iodine; a blue color is
produced. On boiling the mixture the color is discharged but reappears as it
cools, unless it has been subjected to long continued boiling.
A solution of Iodine in cliloroform is transparent (moislure) .
To determine the presence of cyanogen, chlorine or bromine, proceed as
follows:
Triturate 0.5 Gm. of finely powdered Iodine with 20 mils of distilled water
and filter the solution. To one-half of the filtrate carefully add tenth-normal
sodium thicsulphate V.S. until the solution is ju.st decolorized. Then add a
few drops of ferrous sulpliate T.S., and subsequently a little sodium hydroxide
T.S., and heat the mixture gently. On now adding a slight excess of hydro-
chloric acid, the liquid does not become blue {cyanogen iodide).
To the other half of the aqueous filtrate, in a test tube, add a slight excess of
silver nitrate T.S., shake the liquid actively, allow the precipitate to subside,
and, having y)oured off the clear, supernatant liquid completely, shake the
precipitate with a mixture of 1 mil of ammonia water and 9 mils of distilled
water, and filter. On adding a slight excess of nitric acid to the filtrate, not
more than a slight opalescence makes its appearance (chlorine or bromine).
Assay — Introduce about 0.5 Gm. of powdered Iodine into a tared weigh-
ing-bottle, stopper, weigh accurately, and add 1 Gm. of potassium iodide
dissolved in 5 mils of distilled water. Dilute this solution with distilled water
to about 50 mils and titrate with tenth-normal sodium tliiosulphate V.S., starch
T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 99.5 per cent, of I.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.012692 Gm. of I. Each gramme of Iodine corresponds to not less than 78.4
mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Preparations — Liquor lodi Compositus Tinctura lodi Unguentum lodi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^12 grain.
IPECACUANHA
Ipecac
Ipecac. — Ipecacuanhae radix P.I.
The dried root of Cephaelis Ipecacuanha (Brotero) A. Richard, known
in commerce as Rio Ipecac, or of Cephaelis acuminata Karsten, known
in commerce as Cartagena Ipecac (Fam. Ruhiacea), without the pres-
ence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of stems or other foreign
matter and yiekling not less than 1.75 per cent, of the ether-soluble
alkaloids of Ipecac.
Rio Ipecac — In cylindrical pieces, curved and sharply flexuous, occasionally
branched, from 3 to 15 cm. in length and from 2.4 to 4 mm. in thickness; ex-
ternally dark brown, closely annulated, with thickened, incomplete rmgs, and
usually exhibiting transverse fissures with vertical sides; fracture of bark short,
of wood tough, bark very thick, light brown, easily separable from the yellowish-
wliite wood; odor very slight, distinctive, the dust sternutatory; taste bitter and
nauseous, somewhat acrid. , , . , t n -• ^
Stems cvlindrical, attaining a length of 10 cm. and a thickness of 2 mm., aark
brown, finely longitudinally wrinkled and with a few elliptical scars.
Cartagena Ipecac— Cylindrical or slenderly fusiform, more or less tortuous,
from 3 to 12 cm. in length and from 4 to 6.5 mm. in thickness; externally grayish-
brown, the annulations usually not so numerous as in Rio Ipecac, occasionally
230 tHiJ PHARMACOPCEIA Ot THfi
transversely fissured and with circular scars of roots; bark 2 mm. in thickness,
dark brown, smooth, somewhat horny, and easily separable from the light brown
wood.
Stems attaining a length of 10 cm. and a thickness of from 2 to 3 mm., cylin-
drical, somewhat zigzag, due to the prominent nodes with their elliptical stem-
scars, grayish or dark brown and longitudinally wrinkled; bark thin.
The powder from both varieties of Ipecac is light brown; starch grains numer-
ous, single or from 2- to 4- or more compound, the individual grains spherical or
polygonal, from 0.003 to 0.017 mm. in diameter; calcium oxalate in raphides, from
0.015 to 0.04 mm. in length, few; tracheids with bordered pores and oblique slit-
hke pores. The stem bark shows a few, slightly elongated stone cells, from 0.03 to
0.045 mm. in length with thick hgnified walls and simple branching pores.
Ipecac yields not less than 1.8 per cent, nor more than 4.5 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 10 Gm. of Ipecac, in No. 80 powder, into a 250 mil flask,
add 100 mils of ether and proceed as directed under Belladonna; Radix, page 73,
third line of the Assay, beginning with the word "Stopper." Modify the proc-
ess there given by using 50 mils of the ether solution, representing 5 Gm. of
Ipecac, to complete the assay. U.se ether instead of chloroform for the final
shaking out of the alkaloid, and di.ssolve the alkaloid from the residue in 10 mils
of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 24
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of Ipecac.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Ipecacuanhae Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii
Syrupus Ipecacuanhae (from Fluidextract).
AVERA.GEDOSE — Emetic, Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15grains.
JALAPA
Jalap
Jalap.
The dried tuberous root of Exogonium Purga (Wenderoth) Bentham
(Fara. ConvolvulaceoB), yielding not less than 7 per cent, of the total
resins of Jalap.
Fusiform, irregularly ovoid or pyriform, upper end more or less rounded,
lower end slightly tapering, the large roots often incised or cut into pieces;
from 4 to 15 cm. in length and from 12 to 60 mm. in diameter; externally dark
brown, longitudinally wTuikled or furrowed and with numerous lenticels; hard,
compact, not fibrous; when broken, internally dark brown, mealy or waxy, bark
from 1 to 2 mm. in thickness, outer bundles separated from the outer cortical
layer by a distinct, brown cambium zone; odor shght but distinctive, smoky;
taste somewhat sweet and acrid.
The powder is light brown ; starch grains numerous, single or 2- to 3-compound,
and more or less swollen, ellipsoidal or ovoid with concentric or excentral lamellae
and radiating clefts or fissures, from 0.003 to 0.035 mm. in diameter; calcium
oxalate in rosette aggregates from 0.01 to 0.035 mm. in diameter; tracheae
short, wide, with simple or bordered pores; lactiferous vessels with yellowish-
brown, re-sinous maR.ses.
Jalap yields not more than 6.5 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Pack 10 Gm. of Jalap, in No. 60 powder, in a cylindrical percolator
and extract it with alcohol until the percolate measures 100 mils. Transfer
20 mils of the percolate to a separator, add 20 mils of chloroform, mix the liquids,
then add 20 mils of distilled water and shake the mixture thoroughly. When
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 231
the liquids have completely separated, draw off the chloroform into a tared
beaker, wash the contents of the separator by rotating with 5 mils of chloroform
and draw it off into the beaker. Evaporate the ciiloroform sokition on a water
bath, add about 2 mils of alcohol, again evaporate, and then dry the residue to
constant weight at 100° C. The weight will be the amount of total resins from
2 Gm. of Jalap.
Preparations — Pilulae Catharticae Compositae (from Resin) Pulvis Jalapae
Compositus Resina Jalapae.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
KINO
Kino
The spontaneously dried juice of Pterocarpus Marsupium Roxburgh
(Fam. Leguminosce) .
In small, brittle angular fragments, usually considerably less than 15 mm. in
diameter, varying in color from dark reddish-brown to reddish-black; when
crushed upon a slide and examined under the microscope the angular fragments
are more or less translucent with a glass-hke, conchoidal surface, the thinner
pieces having a yellowish-red or deep brownish-red color, the pieces often being
marked by nearly parallel, curved and straight lines; inodorous; taste very
astringent; when masticated it colors the sahva somewhat pink.
The powder is of a dark brick-red color; upon the addition of water, the sharp
angular fragments assume a deep rich-red color and become more or less rounded
and separate into innumerable, small, granular particles among wliich are
a large number of rod-shaped bacteria. On mounting powdered Kino in alcohol
the fragments at first assume a deep red color, then mostly dissolve, leaving a
number of small, colorless granules and indistinguishable, cellular fragments.
Kino is only partly soluble in cold water, and not less than 40 per cent, is
soluble in boiling water. The latter solution, when cooled and filtered, shows
a faintly acid reaction, gives a dark green precipitate with ferric chloride T.S.
and a reddish-violet color with alkalies.
The yield of alcoholic extractive is not less than 45 per cent.
Kino contains not more than 12 per cent, of moisture, and yields not more
than 3 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Kino.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
LACTUCARIUM
Lactucarium
Lactucar.
The dried milk-juice of Lactuca virosa Linne (Fam. Compositce).
Usually in quarter sections of hemispherical masses, or in irregular, angular
pieces; externally dull reddish- or grayish-brown; fracture tough, waxy; inter-
nally light brown or yellowish, somewhat porous; odor distinctive, opium-like;
tftste bitter.
232 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Lactucarium is partly soluble in alcohol and ether and, when triturated with
water, it yields a turbid mixture. Treat Lactucarium with boiling water and
filter; the filtrate is clear while hot; on coohng it becomes turbid but clears upon
the addition of ammonia water or alcohol; it is not colored blue by iodine T.S.
(starch). An alcohohc solution of Lactucarium gives not more than a faint
green color upon the addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. (tannin).
The powder is grayish-brown to dark brown, consisting almost entirely of
irregular fragments without any cellular structure; when mounted in hydrated
chloral T.S., the fragments become clear, showing granular fragments, and
from this deposit, numerous rod-shaped crystals and broad monoclinic prisms
as well as aggregates of these, all of which polarize light.
In the preparation of powdered Lactucarium, dry the crude drug at a tem-
perature not exceeding 70° C.
Lactucarium contains not more than 15 per cent, of moisture, and yields not
more than 10 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Syrupus Lactucarii (from Tincture) Tinctura Lactucarii.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
LIMONIS CORTEX
Lemon Peel
Limon. Cort.
The outer rind of the fresh ripe fruit of Citrus medica Limonum
(Risso) Hooker fiUus (Fam. Rutacece).
The outer, lemon-yellow or dark yellow layer, recently separated by grating or
paring and consisting of an epidermal layer, numerous parenchyma cells containing
yellow chromoplastids, and large oil reservoirs with globules of the volatile oil;
odor highly fragrant, distinctive; taste pungent, aromatic.
Under the microscope, sections of the rind, mounted in a fixed oil, show an epi-
dermal layer composed of small tabular cells, a hypodermal layer containing numer-
ous plastids, a mesocarp with colorless, thin-walled parenchyma and large, ellipti-
cal oil reservoirs; parenchyma cells containing a layer of granular protoplasm
adhering to the walls and occasionally membrane crystals of calcium oxalate,
which are irregularly polygonal in shape, and from 0.015 to 0.025 mm. in
diameter.
LINIMENTUM AMMONITE
Ammonia Liniment
Lin. Ammon. — Volatile Liniment Hartshorn Linimeat
Ammonia Water, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
Sesame Oil, seven hundred and fifty milliliters 750 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Agitate the ammonia water with the sesame oil until a uniform mix-
ture is obtained.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 233
LINIMENTUM BELLADONN^E
Belladonna Liniment
Lin. Bellad.
Camphor, jijty grammes 50 Gm.
Fluidextract of Belladonna Root, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the camphor in about eight hundred mils of the fluidextract,
and then add enough of the latter to make the product measure one
thousand inils. Mix thoroughly.
LINIMENTUINI CALCIS
Lime Liniment
Lin. Calc— Carron OU
Solution of Calcium Hydroxide, five hundred milliliters. 500 mils
Linseed Oil, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix them by agitation.
LINIMENTUM CAMPHORiE
Camphor Liniment
Lin. Camph. — Camphorated Oil
Orie hundred grammes of Liniment of Camphor yields not less than
19.5 Gm. nor more than 20.5 Gm. of camphor. This preparation is
not intended for hypodermic use.
Camphor, in coarse powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Cottonseed Oil, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Introduce the cottonseed oil into a suitable flask or bottle, heat it
on a water bath, introduce the camphor and stopper the container
securely. Dissolve the camphor by agitation without the further appli-
cation of heat.
Assay — Weigh 25 Gm. of Camphor Liniment into a tared 150 mil flask and
connect this flask with a 500 mil distillation flask containing 275 mils of alcohol.
Adjust the tube from the distiUation flask so that it reaches to within 0.5 cm . of the
bottom of the flask containing the Liniment and connect the latter flask with a
condenser. Now heat both flasks on sand baths and regulate the temperature
234 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
SO that the alcohol vapors will pass rapidly through the Liniment without
condensing. Receive the distillate in a flask graduated to 250 mils and continue
the distillation until, at 25° C, the distillate measures 250 mils. Fill a 200 mm.
polariscope tube with the distillate and take the mean of four or more readings
of the rotation, beginning at zero each time. The temperature correction for
each degree is half a minute, additive if above, subtractive if below 25° C.
Place about 20 Gm. of the Camphor Liniment in an evaporating dish, 9 cm. in
diameter, and cover it with an inverted funnel 8 cm. in diameter. Place the
dish on wire gauze, 10 cm. above a Bunsen burner having a flame 4 cm. high.
When the camphor has all subhmed, dissolve 0.5 Gm. of the subhmate in suffi-
cient alcohol to make exactly 25 mils at 25° C. and take the mean of four or more
polariscope readings as before. The minutes of rotation of the distillate divided
by the minutes of rotation of the control test just made, and this multiphed
by 20, wiU give the number of grammes of camphor in 100 Gm. of Camphor
Laniment.
LINIMENTUM CHLOROFORMI
Chloroform Liniment
Lin. Chlorof.
Chloroform, three hundred milliliters 300 mils
Soap Liniment, seven hundred milliliters 700 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix them by agitation.
LINIMENTUM SAPONIS
Soap Liniment
Lin. Sapon. — Liquid Opodeldoc
Soap, dried and granulated or powdered, sixty grammes. . . 60 Gm.
Camphor, in small pieces, forty-five grammes 45 Gm.
Oil of Rosemary, ten milliliters 10 mils
Alcohol, seven hundred milliliters 700 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the camphor and the oil of rosemary in the alcohol, add the
soap and sufficient water to make the product measure one thousand
mils. Agitate the mixture until the soap is dissolved, set it aside in a
cool place for twenty-four hours, and then filter.
Preparation — Linimentum Chlorof ormi.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA ^35
LINIMENTUM SAPONIS MOLLIS
Liniment of Soft Soap
Lin. Sapon. Moll.— Tincture of Green Soap
Soft Soap, six hundred and fifhj (jrammcs 650 Gm.
Oil of Lavender, twenty milliliters 20 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantitij,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the oil of lavender with three hundred mils of alcohol, dissolve
in this the soft soap by stirring or agitation, and set the solution aside
for twenty-four hours. Then j<er it through paper, adding sufficient
alcohol to make the product measure one thousand mils.
LINIMENTUM TEREBINTHINiE
Turpentine Liniment
Lin. Terebinth. — Kentish's Ointment
RosiN Cerate, six hundred and fifty grammes 650 Gm.
Oil of Turpentine, three hundred and fifty grammes 350 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Dissolve the rosin cerate, previously melted in a dish on a water bath,
in the oil of turpentine, and mix them thoroughly.
LINUM
Linseed
Flaxseed
The ripe seeds of Linum usitatissimum Linn^ (Fam. LinacecE), with-
out the presence or admixture of more than 3 per cent, of other seeds
or foreign matter. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers and add a
few drops of carbon tetrachloride or chloroform from time to time to
prevent attack by insects.
Ovate or oblong-lanceolate, flattened, obliquely pointed at one end, from 3 to
5 mm. in length; externally chestnut-brown, very smooth and shiny, the raphe
extending as a distinct, light -yellow ridge along one edge; easily cut with the
finger-na3; internally olive-green; oily; odor slight; taste mucilaginous and oily.
236 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Linseed when mounted in hydrated
chloral T.S. show an epidermis with a mucilaginous layer from 0.01 to 0.03
mm. in thickness, covered by a very thin layer of cutin which is often more or
less broken; two layers of parenchyma which overlie a continuous ring of stone
cells having yellowish, porous walls and rather large lumina; a pigment layer,
the cells having a reddish-brown content; an endosperm consisting of from 6 to
10 rows of cells surrounding the two large plano-convex cotyledons; the cells
of both the endosperm and the cotyledons contain a fixed oil and aleurone grains,
the latter being from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter.
The powder is lemon-yellow or light brown, consisting chiefly of large, oily
globules and irregular fragments of endosperm and seed-coat; the seed-coat is
characterized by the tabular pigment cells filled with a reddish-brown, insoluble
content and the somewhat elongated stone cells with yellowish walls; mounts
made from material from which the fixed oil has been removed show aleurone
grains from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter, both free and in the cells of the
endosperm and embryo.
Linseed Meal or Flaxseed Meal is light olive-brown with reddish-brown frag-
ments; the latter very coarse and the cellular tissues are the same as those of
the powder.
Powdered Linseed or Flaxseed and Linseed Meal or Flaxseed Meal must be
free from any unpleasant or rancid odor.
The powder, upon extraction with purified petroleum benzin, yields not less
than 30 per cent, of a fixed oil, at least 98 per cent, of which is saponifiable.
Boil 1 Gm. of the fat-free Linseed or Flaxseed Powder or Meal, with 50 mils
of water, cool and filter; the filtrate gives not more than a faint blue color, on
the addition of iodine T.S.
Linseed yields not more than 6 per cent, of ash.
LIQUOR ACIDI ARSENOSI
Solution of Arsenous Acid
Liq. Acid. Arsen. — Hydrochloric Solution of Arsenic Solution of Arsenic Chloride
An aqueous solution, containing arsenous acid equivalent to not less
than 0.975 per cent, nor more than 1.025 per cent, of AS2O3 (197.92).
Arsenic Trioxide, in fine powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity, ,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Mix the diluted hydrochloric acid with two hundred and fifty grammes
of distilled water in a tared flask, add the arsenic trioxide, and boil until
the arsenic trioxide is completely dissolved. Then allow it to cool, add
enough distilled water to make the product weigh one thousand grammes
and filter.
Solution of Arsenous Acid is a clear, colorless liquid, odorless, having an
acidulous taste and an acid reaction.
Hydrogen sulphide T.S., added to Solution of Arsenous Acid, produces a
lemon-yellow precipitate of arsenic trisulphide which is completely soluble in
ammonium carbonate T.S.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 237
Assay — Dilute about 20 mils of Solution of Arsenous Acid, accurately weighed,
with about 50 mils of distilled water, dissolve 2 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate in
this solution and titrate with tenth-normal iodine V.S., using starch T.S. as
indicator. It shows not less than 0.975 per cent, nor more than 1.025 per cent.
of AS2O3.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. u.sed corresponds to 0.004948 Gm. of
AS2O3. Each gramme of Solution of Arsenous Acid corresponds to not less than
1.97 nor more than 2.07 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
LIQUOR AMMONII ACETATIS
Solution of Ammonium Acetate
Liq. Ammon. Acet. — Spirit of Mindererus
An aqueous solution containing not less than 7 per cent, of NH4C2H3O2
(77.07), with small amounts of acetic and carbonic acids.
Ammonium Carbonate, jive grammes 5 Gm.
Diluted Acetic Acid, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Add the ammonium carbonate (which must be in hard, translu-
cent pieces) gradually to the cold diluted acetic acid, and stir until it is
dissolved.
This preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Solution of Ammonium Acetate is a clear, colorless liquid, free from empy-
reumatic odor and having a mildly saUne, acidulous taste, and an acid reaction.
It is volatile when heated. Not more than 0.003 Gm. of ash remains on evap-
orating 20 mils of the Solution and igniting the residue.
When Solution of Ammonium Acetate is heated with potassium hydroxide
T.S., ammonia is evolved.
Add 1 mil each of sulphuric acid and alcohol to 5 mils of the Solution and
boil the mixture; ethyl acetate is formed, recognizable by its odor.
Assay — Dilute about 25 mils of Solution of Ammonium Acetate, accurately
weighed, with 100 mils of distilled water, transfer it to a distilling flask, render
it alkaline with potassium hj-droxide T.S. and distil the liquid until all of the
ammonia has been driven over (about 100 mils of distillate), receiving the
distillate under the surface of 50 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S. contained
in a flask. Then titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl
orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 7 per cent, of NH4C2H3O2."
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.07707 Gm. of
NH4C2H3O2. Each gramme of Solution of Ammonium Acetate corresponds to
not less than 0.91 mil of normal sulphuric acid \'.S.
Preparation — Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
238 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
LIQUOR ARSENI ET HYDRARGYRI lODIDI
Solution of Arsenous and Mercuric Iodide
Liq. Arsen. et Mydrarg. lod. — Donovan's Solution
An aqueous solution containing not less than 0.95 per cent, nor more
than 1.05 per cent, of Asia (455.72) and not less than 0.95 per cent,
nor more than 1.05 per cent, of Hgia (454.44).
Arsenous Iodide, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Red Mercuric Iodide, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Rub the arsenous iodide and red mercuric iodide together in a mortar,
add one hundred and fifty mils of distilled water, and continue the trit-
uration until solution is effected. Filter the solution, and pass suffi-
cient distilled water through the filter to make the product weigh one
thousand grammes. Mix thoroughly. Preserve it in well-filled, amber-
colored bottles. It must not be dispensed if darker than pale yellow.
Solution of Arsenous and Mercuric Iodide is a clear, colorless or pale yellowish
liquid, without odor, and having a disagreeable, metallic taste.
One mil of Solution of Arsenous and Mercuric Iodide, mixed with 10 mils
of distilled water, to which a few drops of lead acetate T.S. have been added,
produces a bright yellow precipitate.
Add a few drops of Solution of Arsenous and Mercuric Iodide to a mixture
of about 0.5 Gm. of zinc and 5 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid in a test tube, and
cover the mouth of the test tube with a filter paper which has been moistened
with mercuric chloride T.S. and dried; a yellow stain appears upon the inner
surface of the filter paper within one minute.
Assay for Arsenous Iodide — Introduce about 25 mils of Solution of Arsenous
and Mercuric Iodide into a fiask, weigh accurately, dilute with 25 mils of dis-
tilled water, then dissolve 2 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate in this solution and
titrate it with tenth-normal iodine V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator. It shows
not less than 0.95 per cent, nor more than 1.05 per cent, of Asia.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.022786 Gm. of
Asia. Each gramme of Solution of Arsenous and Mercuric Iodide corre-
sponds to not less than 0.42 mil nor more than 0.46 mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Assay for Mercuric Iodide — Introduce about 25 mils of Solution of Arsenous
and Mercuric Iodide into a flask, weigh accurately, add 5 mils of potassium hy-
droxide T.S. and 5 mils of solution of formaldehyde, and warm the mixture on
a water bath until the mercuric salt has been completely reduced to metallic
mercury. Carefully decant the clear, supernatant liquid from the residue of
metallic mercury and wash the mercury carefully by decantation, with two
successive portions of 25 mils each of distilled water. Dissolve the residue of
metallic mercury in 5 mils of nitric acid, dilute the solution with 50 mils of dis-
tilled water, add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and titrate with tenth-
normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. to the formation of a permanent pink
color. It shows not le.ss than 0.95 per cent, nor more than 1.05 per cent, of Hgl2.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium suli)hocyanate V.S. corresponds to
0.022722 Gm. of Hgla. Each gramme of Solution of Arsenous and Mercuric
Iodide corresponds to not less than 0.42 mil nor more than 0.46 mil of tenth-
normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, 1^ minims.
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 239
LIQUOR CALCIS
Solution of Calcium Hydroxide
LIq. Calc— Lime Water
An aqueous solution containing not less than 0.14 per cent, of Ca(OH)a
(74.09) at 25° C. Preserve it in well-filled, tightly-stoppered bottles.
The percentage of calcium hydroxide varies with the temperature at
which the solution is prepared, being about 0.17 per cent, at 15° C. and
diminishing as the temperature rises.
Lime, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quaniily.
Slake the lime by the very gradual addition of one thousand mils
of distilled water, and agitate it occasionally during half an hour. Allow
the suspended particles to subside, decant the supernatant liquid and
reject it. Transfer the magma of calcium hj^droxide to a filter and
wash it repeatedly with boiling distilled water, until the washings,
after acidulation with nitric acid, show not more than a faint cloudiness
with silver nitrate T.S. (chloride). Return the magma to a suitable
container, add five thousand mils of distilled water, agitate it thoroughly,
allow the mixture to stand for twenty-four hours, agitate again, and,
when the coarser particles of solid matter have subsided , pour the liquid,
holding the undissolved calcium hydroxide in suspension, into a bottle
ha\'ing a tight stopper. From time to time shake the bottle to insure a
saturated solution. Pour off the clear liquid when required for use.
The undissolved calcium hydroxide must not be used for making
additional quantities of Solution of Calcium Hydroxide unless the product
is found to be of full strength when assayed.
Solution of Calcium Hydroxide is a clear, colorless liquid without odor, and
having an alkaline taste.
It is strongly alkaline to litmus.
It absorbs carbon dioxide from the air, a pellicle of calcium carbonate forming
on the surface of the liquid.
On being heated it becomes turbid, due to the separation of calcium hydroxide
which redissolves when the liquid is coded.
The alkaline reaction of the Solution entirely disappears after it has been
saturated with carbon dioxide and subsequently boiled (alkalies and their
carbonates).
Assay — Titrate 50 mils of Solution of Calcium Hydroxide with tenth-normal
sulphuric acid V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator; it shows not less
than 0.14 per cent, of Ca(0H)2.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.0037045
Gm. of Ca(0H)2. Each mil of Solution of Calcium Hydroxide con-csponda to
not less than 0.38 mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Preparation — Linimentum Calcis.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
240 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
LIQUOR CRESOLIS COMPOSITUS
Compound Solution of Cresol
Liq. Cresol. Co.
Cresol, Jive hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Linseed Oil, three hundred grammes 300 Gm,
Potassium Hydroxide, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
Alcohol, thirty milliliters 30 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Heat the linseed oil in a tared vessel of a capacity equal to about four
times the bulk of the ingredients, on a water bath to a temperature of
70° C. Dissolve the potassium hydroxide in 50 mils of water and warm
the solution to 70° C., add it to the linseed oil and mix thoroughly; then
incorporate the alcohol and continue to heat the mixture without stir-
ring until a small portion is found to be soluble in boiling water with-
out the separation of oily drops. While yet warm add the cresol and
mix thoroughly, maintaining the temperature at about 70° C. until
a clear solution is produced. Finally add sufficient water to make the
finished product weigh one thousand grammes.
Note — In this process the 80 Gm. of potassium hydroxide may be
replaced by 54 Gm. of sodium hydroxide.
LIQUOR FERRI CHLORIDI
Solution of Ferric Chloride
Llq. Ferr. Chlor. — Solution of Iron Perchloride
An aqueous solution containing ferric chloride [FeCl3== 162.22], cor-
responding to not less than 10 per cent, nor more than 11 per cent, of Fe.
Preserve it in glass-stoppered bottles protected from light.
Iron, in the form of fine, bright wire, and cut into small
pieces, one hundred and twenty-jive grammes 125 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, six hundred and eighty grammes .... 680 Gm.
Nitric Acid,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 241
Introduce the iron wire into a flask having a capacity of about two
thousand mils, pour upon it a mixture of four hundred and twenty grammes
of hydrochloric acid and two hundred and fifty mils of distilled water
and heat the mixture on a water bath for not less than one hour and fif-
teen minutes, or until effervescence ceases; then boil the liquid, filter it
through paper, and, having rinsed the flask and iron wire with a little
hot distilled water, pass the rinsings through the filter. To the filtered
liquid add two hundred and twenty grammes of hydrochloric acid, then
add the mixture slowly and gradually in a stream to sixty-five grammes
of nitric acid contained in a tared, capacious porcelain vessel, and warm
gently. If the solution has acquired a black color, continue the addi-
tion of nitric acid, drop by drop, until red fumes are no longer evolved
and the solution assumes a clear, reddish-brown color. After efferves-
cence ceases, heat on a sand bath, stirring occasionally until the liquid
is free from nitric acid, as indicated by the test given below. During
the heating add distilled water from time to time to maintain about the
original volume. Finally add the remaining forty grammes of hydro-
chloric acid and enough distilled water to make the Solution weigh one
thousand grammes.
Solution of Ferric Chloride is a reddish-brown liquid, having a faint odor of
hj'drochloric acid, an acid, strongly styptic taste, and an acid reaction.
Specific gravity: from 1.29 to 1.32 at 25° C.
Separate portions of an aqueous dilution of the Solution (1 in 10) j'ield a
brownish-red precipitate with ammonia water, a blue precipitate with potassium
ferrocyanide T.S., and a white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, with silver
nitrate T.S.
Precipitate the iron completely from a weighed portion of about 2 mils of
the Solution, previously diluted with 50 mils of distilled water, by adding an
excess of ammonia water and filter. The filtrate is colorless, and does not yield
a precipitate with hydrogen sulphide T.S. {zinc, lead or copper); nor does it
leave on evaporation and ignition a fixed residue corresponding to more than
0.1 per cent, of the amount taken (salts of the fixed alkalies).
Add a clear crystal of ferrous sulphate to a cooled mixture of equal volumes
of sulphuric acid and an aqueous dilution of the Solution (1 in 10); the crystal
does not become brown nor does a brownish-black color develop around it
{nitric acid).
Add a few drops of freshly prepared potassium ferri cyanide T.S. to an aqueous
dilution of the Sohition (about 1 in 20); a brown color is produced which does
not at once turn green or greenish-blue {feirous salts).
To about 0.5 Gm. of Solution of Ferric Chloride, accurately weighed, add 10
mils of distilled water and 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S., shake it
vigorously, then add 2 mils of nitric acid and sufficient distilled water to measure
exactly 100 mils, and mix well. Filter the mixture through a dry filter (rejecting
the first filtrate) and determine the excess of silver nitrate in 50 mils of the
filtrate by titration with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V'.S. The
percentage of chlorine found is not less than 3 i)er cent, nor more than 5 per
cent, in excess of that required to combine with the iron jiresent as ferric chloride.
The percentage of iron found, multiplied by 1.9, gives the percentage of chlorine
combined as ferric chloride (free hydrochloric acid). Each mil of tenth-normal
silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 6.003546 Gm. of CI.
21
242 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
Assay — Transfer about 2 Gm. of Solution of Ferric Chloride to a tared flask,
stopper and weigh accurately, then add 5 mils of hydrochloric acid, 25 mils of
distilled water and about 3 Gm. of potassium iodide, securely stopper the flask
and allow the mixture to stand for thirty minutes at a temperature of 40° C.
Cool the liquid, dilute it with 100 mils of distilled water and then titrate with
tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator.
It shows not less than 10 per cent, nor more than 11 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Solution of Ferric Chloride corresponds
to not less than 17.9 mils nor more than 19.7 mils of tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S.
Preparations — Ferri Chloridum Tinctura Ferri Chloridi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, 1}4 minims.
LIQUOR FERRI ET AMMONII ACETATIS
Solution of Iron and Ammonium Acetate
Liq. Ferr. et Ammon. Acet. — Basham's Mixture
Tincture of Ferric Chloride, forty milliliters 40 mils
Diluted Acetic Acid, sixty milliliters 60 mils
Solution of Ammonium Acetate, five hundred milliliters 500 mils
Aromatic Elixir, one hundred and twenty milliliters 120 mils
Glycerin, one hundred and twenty milliliters 120 mils
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
To the solution of ammonium acetate (which must be slightly acid)
add, successively, the diluted acetic acid, the tincture of ferric chloride,
the aromatic elixir, and the glycerin, and lastly, enough distilled water
to make the product measure one thousand mils.
This preparation must not be dispensed unless it has been recently
prepared.
Solution of Iron and Ammonium Acetate is a clear, reddish-brown liquid, of
a sweetish, saline and afterward slightly astringent taste; it possesses an aromatic
odor.
The Solution is acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: about 1.039 at 25° C.
The Solution yields a blue precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide T.S., but
the addition of ammonia water produces no precipjitate.
When Solution of Iron and Ammonium Acetate is heated with potassium
hydroxide T.S., ammonia is evolved.
Add 1 mil each of sulphuric acid and alcohol to 5 mils of the Solution and
boil the mixture; ethyl acetate is formed, recognizable by its odor.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 243
LIQUOR FERRI SUBSULPHATIS
Solution of Ferric Subsulphate
Liq. Ferr. Subsulph. — Monsel's Solution Solution of Basic Ferric Sulphate
An aqueous solution containing basic ferric sulphate corresponding
to not less than 13 per cent, nor more than 14 per cent, of Fe.
Ferrous Sulphate, six hundred and seventy-five grammes 675 Gm.
Sulphuric Acid, sixty-five grammes 65 Gm.
Nitric Acid,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Add the sulphuric acid to five hundred mils of distilled water in a
tared, capacious porcelain dish, heat the mixture to nearly 100° C. then
add seventy grammes of nitric acid and mix well. Divide the ferrous
sulphate, coarsely powdered, into four approximately equal portions,
and add these portions one at a time to the hot liquid, stirring after
each addition until effervescence ceases. If, after the ferrous sulphate
has dissolved, the solution is of a black color, add nitric acid, a few drops
at a time, with heating and stirring, until red fumes cease to be
evolved. Boil the Solution until it assumes a red color and is free
from nitric acid, as indicated by the test given below. During the
heating add distilled water from time to time to maintain about the
original volume. Lastly, add enough distilled water to make the product
weigh one thousand grammes. Filter if necessary. Keep it in well-
stoppered containers, in a moderately warm place (not under 22° C.),
protected from light.
This Solution sometimes crystallizes, forming a semi-solid, whitish
mass. When this occurs, the application of a gentle heat will restore
the liquid condition.
Solution of Ferric Subsulphate is a dark reddish-brown liquid, odorless or
nearly so, of an acid, strongly styptic taste, an acid reaction and miscible with
water and alcohol without decomposition.
Specific gravity: about 1.548 at 25° C.
Separate portions of an aqueous dilution of the Solution (1 in 20) yield a
brownish-red precipitate with ammonia water, a blue precipitate with potassium
ferrocyanide T.S., and a white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric acid, with
barium chloride T.S.
Add a clear crystal of ferrous sulphate to a cooled mixture of equal volumes
of sulphuric acid and an aqueous dilution of the Solution (1 in 10); the crystal
does not become brown nor does a brownish-black color develop around it
{nitric add).
Add a few drops of freshly prepared potassium ferricyanide T.S. to 2 mils of
an aqueous dilution of the Solution (1 in 20) ; a brown color is produced without
a tinge of green or greenish-blue (ferrous salt).
244 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
Assay — Transfer about 1.5 Gm. of Solution of Ferric Subsulphate to a tared
flask, stopper and weigh accurately then add 5 mils of hydrochloric acid, 25 mils of
distilled water, and 2 Gm. of potassium iodide, securely stopper the flask and
allow the mixture to stand for thirty minutes at a temperature of 40° C. Cool
the hquid, dilute it with 50 mils of distilled water, and then titrate with tenth-
normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows
not less than 13 per cent, nor more than 14 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Solution of Ferric Sub.sulphate corre-
sponds to not less than 23.3 mils nor more than 25.1 mils of tenth-normal
sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
LIQUOR FERRI TERSULPHATIS
Solution of Ferric Sulphate
Llq. Ferr. Tersulph.— Solution of Iron Tersulphate
An aqueous solution containing normal ferric sulphate [Fe2(S04)3 =
399.89], corresponding to not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than
10.5 per cent, of Fe.
Ferrous Sulphate, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Sulphuric Acid, ninety-six grammes 96 Gm.
Nitric Acid,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Add the sulphuric acid to about two hundred and fifty mils of distilled
water in a tared, capacious porcelain dish, heat the mixture to nearly
100° C., then add fifty-six grammes of nitric acid, and mix well. Divide
the ferrous sulphate, coarsely powdered, into four approximately equal
portions, and add these portions one at a time to the hot liquid, stirring
after each addition until effervescence ceases. When all of the ferrous
sulphate is dissolved, if the Solution has acquired a black color, add
nitric acid, a few drops at a time, heating and stirring until red fumes
cease to be evolved, and the Solution assumes a clear reddish-brown
color; then boil the liquid until it is free from nitric acid, as indicated
by the test given below. During the heating add distilled water from
time to time to maintain about the original volume. Lastly, add enough
distilled water to make the product weigh one thousand grammes. Fil-
ter if necessary.
Solution of Ferric Sulphate is a yellowLsh-brown liquid, almost odorless,
having an acid, strongly styptic taste, and an acid reaction; it 13 miscible with
water and alcohol.
Specific gravity: about 1.432 at 25° C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 245
Separate portions of an aqueous dilution of the Solution (1 in 20) yield a
brownish-red precipitate with ammonia water, a blue precipitate with potassium
ferrocyanide T.S., and a white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric acid, with
barium chloride T.S.
Add a clear crystal of ferrous sulphate to a cooled mixture of equal volumes
of sulphuric acid and an aqueous dilution of the Solution (1 in 10); the crystal
does not become brown, nor does a brownish-black color develop around it
{nitric acid).
Add a few drops of freshly prepared potassium ferricyanide T.S. to 2 mils
of an aqueous dilution of the Solution (1 in 20) ; a brown color is produced with-
out a tinge of green or greenish-blue (ferrous sail).
Assay — Transfer about 1 .5 Gm. of Solution of Ferric Sulphate to a tared flask,
stopper and weigh accurately, then add 5 mils of hydrochloric acid, 25 mils of
distilled water, and 2 Gm. of potassium iodide, securely stopper the flask and
allow the mixture to stand for thirty minutes at a temperature of 40° C. Cool
the hquid, dilute it with 50 mils of distilled water and then titrate with tenth-
normal sodium thiosulphate V.8., starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows
not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Solution of Ferric Sulphate corresponds
to not less than 17 mils nor more than 18.8 mils of tenth-normal sodium thio-
sulphate V.S.
LIQUOR FORMALDEHYDI
Solution of Formaldehyde
Liq. Formaldehyd.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 37 per cent, by weight
of CH2O or H.CHO (30.02), with varying amounts of methyl alcohol
to prevent polymerization. Preserve it in a moderately warm place,
protected from light.
Solution of Formaldehyde is a clear, colorless or nearly colorless liquid, having
a pungent odor and a caustic taste; its vapor acts as an irritant upon mucous
membrane.
It is miscible with water or alcohol. On long standing, especiall}^ in the cold,
Solution of Formaldehyde sometimes loses its transparency, the cloudiness being
due to the separation of paraformaldehyde.
Dilute 5 mils of Solution of Formaldehyde with 25 mils of distilled water
and add 3 mils of silver ammonium nitrate T.S. ; metallic silver is produced either
in the form of a finely divided gray precipitate or as a bright metaUic mirror
adhering to the sides of the test tube.
Add 2 drops of Solution of Formaldehj^de to 5 mils of sulphuric acid in which
a little salicylic acid has been dissolved, and warm the liquid very gently; a
permanent deep red color appears.
Not more than 1 mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. is required to neu-
tralize 20 mils of Solution of Formaldehyde, to which 2 drops of phenolphthalein
T.S. have been added (free acids).
Assay — Transfer 3 mils of Solution of Formaldehyde to a tared flask con-
taining 10 mils of distilled water, tightly stopper and weigh accurately. Add
to the contents of the flask 50 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S., and
follow this immediately but slowly through a small funnel with 50 mils of
solution of hydrogen dioxide which has previously been rendered neutral to
htmus with potassium hydroxide. Now heat the mixture cautiouslj' on a water
bath for five minutes, shaking occasionally during this time; allow the mixture
246 t-HE PHARRIACOPCELA. OF THEJ
to cool, rinse the funnel and sides of the flask with distilled water and, after
allowing it to stand tliirtj^ minutes, titrate with normal sulphuric acid V.S.,
using htmus T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 37 per cent, of CHgO,
correction being made for free acid if* present.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.03002 Gm.
of CH2O. Each gramme of Solution of Formaldehyde corresponds to not less
than 12.3 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
LIQUOR HYDROGENIT DIOXIDI
Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide
Liq. Hydrog. Dlox. — Aqua Hydrogenii Dioxidi, U.S.P. VIII Solution of Hydrogen
Peroxide
An aqueous solution containing not less than 3 per cent, by weight of
HaOa (34.02), corresponding to not less than 10 volumes of available
oxygen. Preserve it in a cool place protected from light. Upon removing
the stopper from the bottle, not more than a slight pressure should be
observed.
Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide is a colorless liquid, odorless or having an odor
suggesting ozone, slightly acid to the taste and producing a pecuUar sensation
and froth in the mouth; prone to deteriorate upon keeping or upon protracted
agitation, and rapidly decomposed by contact with many oxidizing as well as
reducing substances. If the stopper of the bottle is coated with paraffin or
replaced by a pledget of purified cotton, deterioration is retarded.
When exposed to the air at the ordinary temperature or when heated on a
water bath at a temperature not exceeding 60° C, the solution loses chiefly
water. When rapidly heated, it frequently decomposes suddenly.
Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide is acid to litmus.
Shake 1 mil of Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide with 10 mils of distilled water
containing 1 drop of diluted sulphuric acid, and add 2 mils of ether. The sub-
sequent addition of a drop of potassium dichromate T.S. produces a blue color
in the aqueous layer. Upon agitation, this blue color passes into the ethereal
layer.
Not more than 0.03 Gm. of soUd residue remains on evaporating 20 mils of
the Solution to dryness on a water bath {non-volatile matter).
It requires not more than 2 mils of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator, to neutralize 25 mils of Solution
of Hydrogen Dioxide {free acid).
Add 1 mil of ammonia water to 1 mil of the Solution and evaporate the liquid
to dryness on a water bath ; the residue meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Evaporate 1 mil of the Solution to dryness on a water bath and dissolve the
residue in 10 mils of distilled water containing 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric
acid; the liquid does not respond to the Test for hcavv metals (see Part II, Test
No. 3).
Evaporate 50 mils of the Solution, previously rendered alkaline by the addition
of sodium hydroxide T.S., to dryness on a water bath and transfer the dry residue
to a platinum crucible. Moisten the residue with sulphuric acid, and cover the
crucible with a watch glass, the convex side of which is coated with a thin
layer of wax which is afterwards scratched so as to expose the glass. Cool
the watch glass by placing water in the concave side and standing in this
a email beaker which must be kept filled with cold water. Now heat the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 247
crucible and contents on a water bath for one hour; the surface of the watch
glass after being cleaned shows no sign of corrosion (hydrojluoric acid).
The addition of 2 drops of diluted sulphuric acid to 10 mils of the Solution
produces no turbidity or precipitate within ten minutes (barium).
Add 4 drops of sodium acetate T.S. to 10 mils of the Solution and follow
with 4 drops of calcium chloride T.S.; no turbidity or precipitate is produced
wnthin ten minutes {oxalic acid).
vShake out 100 mils of Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide in a separator with a
mixture of three volumes of chloroform and two volumes of ether, using 50
mils, 25 mils, and 25 mils respectively, and evaporate the combined solutions
to dryness at room temperature in a tared glass dish. A residue may be
obtained which weighs not more than 0.04 Gm. {limit of -preservative).
Assay — Dilute about 2 Gm. of Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide, accurately
weighed, with 20 mils of distilled water, then acidulate it with 20 mils of diluted
sulphuric acid and titrate with tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
It shows not less than 3 per cent, of H2O2.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds to
0.0017008 Gm. of H2O2, or to 0.0008 Gm. of oxygen. Each gramme of Solution
of Hydrogen Dioxide corresponds to not less than 17.6 mils of tenth-normal
potassium permanganate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
LIQUOR HYPOPHYSIS
Solution of Hypophysis
Liq. Hypophysis— Solution of the Pituitary Body
A solution containing the water-soluble principle or principles from
the fresh posterior lobe of the pituitary body of cattle.
Extract the finely minced material with slightly acidulated water,
boil the solution for ten minutes and filter it. Sterilize this filtrate
and preserve it in a sterile condition in glass containers.
A transparent liquid, colorless or nearly so, having a faint, characteristic odor.
One mil of Solution of Hj^jophysis, diluted 20,000 times, has the same
activity on the isolated uterus of the virgin guinea-pig as a 1 to 20,000,000 solu-
tion of_ beta-iminazolyl-ethylamine hj^drochloride when tested as directed by
the United States Hygienic Laboratory.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
LIQUOR lODI COINIPOSITUS
Compound Solution of Iodine
Liq. lodi Co. — Lugol's Solution
An aqueous solution containing not less than 4.8 per cent, nor more
than 5.2 per cent, of I and not less than 9.8 per cent, nor more than
248 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
10.2 per cent, of KI. Preserve the solution in glass-stoppered bottles,
protected from light.
Iodine, five grammes 5 Gm.
Potassium Iodide, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Dissolve the iodine and potassiilm iodide in a sufficient quantity of
distilled water to make the product weigh one hindred grammes.
Compound Solution of Iodine is a transparent liquid of a deep brown color,
having an odor of iodine.
A drop of Compound Solution of Iodine when added to 1 mil of starch T.S.,
diluted with 10 mils of water, produces a deep blue color.
Assay for Potassium Iodide — Evaporate in a tared, porcelain dish on a water
bath about 5 mils of Compound Solution of Iodine, accurately weighed in a
stoppered weighing-bottle, repeatedly moisten the residue with distilled water
and re-evaporate until it becomes white. It leaves a residue of not less than
9.8 per cent, nor more than 10.2 per cent, of a salt which responds to the tests
for identity and purity under Potassii lodidum.
Assay for iodine — ^^Dilute about 10 mils of Compound Solution of Iodine,
accurately weighed in a stoppered weighing-bottle, with 25 mils of distilled water
and titrate with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used
as indicator. It shows not less than 4.8 per cent, nor more than 5.2 per cent,
of I.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.012692 Gm. of I. Each gramme of Compound Solution of Iodine corresponds
to not less than 3.8 mils nor more than 4.1 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosul-
phate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
LIQUOR MAGNESII CITRATIS
Solution of Magnesium Citrate
Liq. Mag. Cit.
One hundred mils of the Solution contains magnesium citrate corre-
sponding to not less than 1.5 Gm. of magnesium oxide (MgO = 40.32).
Magnesium Carbonate, fifteen grammes 15.0 Gm.
Citric Acid, thirty-three grammes 33.0 Gm.
Syrup, sixty milliliters 60.0 mils
Purified Talc, five grammes 5.0 Gm.
Oil of Lemon, one-tenth of a milliliter 0.1 mil
Potassium Bicarbonate, two and five-tenths grammes. ... 2.5 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Dissolve the citric acid in one hundred and fifty mils of hot water in a
suitable dish, and, having added the magnesium carbonate, previously
mixed with one hundred mils of water, stir until it is dissolved. Then
add the syrup, heat the mixed liquids to the boiling point, immediately
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 249
introduce the oil of lemon, previously triturated with the purified talc,
and filter the mixture, while hot, into a strong bottle (previously rinsed
with boiling water) of suitable capacity. Introduce enough boiled water
to make the product measure three hundred and fifty mils. Stopper it
with purified cotton until cold, then drop in the potassium bicarbonate,
and immediately stopper the bottle securely. Lastly, shake the solution
occasionally until the potassium bicarbonate is dissolved. Keep the
bottle on its side in a cool place, preferably in a refrigerator.
Note — In this process the 2.5 Gm. of pota'ssium bicarbonate may be
replaced by 2.1 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate, preferably in tablet form.
Add 1 mil of glacial acetic acid and 3 mils of an aqueous solution of potassium
acetate (1 in 2) to 10 mils of Solution of Magnesium Citrate, shake the mixture
vigorously, then gently rub the sides of the test tube with a glass rod for a few
minutes and allow to stand for one hour; no white crystalline precipitate, soluble
in ammonia water, is produced {tartaric acid).
Dilute 2 mils of the Solution with 8 mils of distilled water and add 5 drops of
hj'drochloric acid and 1 mil of barium chloride T.S.; no turbidity is produced
witliin one minute (sulphate).
Dilute 2 mils of the Solution with 8 mils of distilled water and add 5 mils of
ammonium oxalate T.S.; not more than a slight turbidity is produced {calcium).
Assay — Transfer 10 mils of Solution of Magnesium Citrate, accurately-
measured, to a platinum or porcelain dish, evaporate to dryness, and ignite until
most of the carbonaceous matter has burned off. Add to the residue 20 mils of
diluted hydrochloric acid, heat on a water bath for fifteen minutes, filter if
necessary, and wash the residue thoroughly with hot water. To the combined
filtrate and washings, which should measure about 100 mils, add an excess of
sodium phosphate T.S. (about 20 mils), then add ammonia water gradually,
with constant stirring, until sUghtly alkaHne, allow to stand for ten minutes, add
30 mils of ammonia water, and allow to stand for twelve hours. Collect the precip-
itate on a filter, wash it with dilute ammonia water (1 volume of ammonia water
to 3 volumes of water) until 10 mils of the washings, when acidulated with nitric
acid, yield not more than an opalescence on the addition of a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S. Dry, and ignite to constant weight. The weight of the magnesium
pyrophosphate so obtained is not less than 0.414 Gm., indicating an equivalent
of not less than 1.5 Gm. of magnesium oxide in 100 mils of the Solution.
Average dose — Metric, 350 mils — Apothecaries, 12 fluidounces.
LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS
Solution of Lead Subacetate
Liq. Plumb. Subacet.— Goulard's Extract
An aqueous solution containing lead subacetate, approximately
Pb20(CH3.C00)2 = 548.25, corresponding to not less than 18 per cent,
of Pb. Preserve the Solution in well-stoppered bottles.
Le.\d Acetate, one hundred and eighty grammes 180 Gm
Lead Oxide, finely powdered, one hundred and ten grammes 110 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
250 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
Dissolve the lead acetate in seven hundred mils of boiling distilled
water and add the solution slowly and in portions to the lead oxide,
which has previously been rubbed to a smooth paste with one hundred
mils of distilled water, and place in a porcelain dish of about one liter
capacity. Boil this mixture during half an hour with occasional stir-
rmg, adding distilled water as required to maintain about the original
volume. Finally, when cool, filter the solution, protecting it as much
as possible from the air, and add sufficient distilled water, which has
previously been boiled *and cooled, to make the finished product
weigh one thousand grammes.
A clear, colorless liquid, odorless and ha^^ng a verj' sweet, astringent taste.
It is alkaline to litmus but not to phenolphthialein. On exposure to the air it
absorbs carbon dioxide, which causes the formation of a white precipitate.
Specific gravity: about 1.245 at 25° C.
When Solution of Lead Subacetate is added to a solution of acacia, it produces
a dense, white precipitate (distinction from normal lead acetate).
Separate portions of Solution of Lead Subacetate, diluted with 10 volumes of
recently boiled distilled water, yield a black precipitate with hydrogen sulphide
T.S., a yellow precipitate with potassimn iodide T.S., and a white precipitate
with diluted sulphuric acid.
Solution of Lead Subacetate yields with potassium ferrocyanide T.S. a pre-
cipitate which is not perceptibly blue or red {iron or copper).
Assay — Transfer about 1.5 Gm. of Solution of Lead Subacetate, accurately
weighed, to a 200 mil measuring flask, dilute with 50 mils of recently boiled
distilled water, then add 50 mils of tenth-normal oxaUc acid V.S., agitate the
mixture thoroughly for five minutes, fill to the mark with distiUed water, and
filter, rejecting the first 20 mils of the filtrate. Add 5 mils of sulphuric acid to
100 mils of the filtrate (representing one-half of the amount of Solution of Lead
Subacetate originally taken), warm to about 70° C. and titrate with tenth-normal
potassium permanganate V.S. It shows not less than 18 per cent, of Pb.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.010355
Gm. of Pb. Each gramme of Solution of Lead Subacetate corresponds to not
less than 17.4 mils of tenth-normal oxahc acid V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus.
LIQUOR PLUMBI SUBACETATIS DILUTUS
Diluted Solution of Lead Subacetate
Liq. Plumb. Subacet. Dil. — Lead Water
Solution of Lead Subacetate, fortrj grammes 40 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm,
Mix the solution of lead subacetate with enough distilled water,
previously boiled and cooled, to make the product weigh one thousand
grammes. This preparation must be preserved in small, well-filled and
tightly-stoppered bottles.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 251
LIQUOR POTASSII ARSENITIS
Solution of Potassium Arsenite
Liq. Pot. Arsen. — Fowler's Solution Liquor arsenicalis Fowleri P.I.
All aqueous solution containing potassium arsenite, corresponding in
amount to not less than 0.975 per cent, nor more than 1.025 per cent,
of AS2O3 (197.92). Preserve the Solution in amber-colored bottles.
Arsenic Trioxide, in fine powder, ion grammes 10 Gm.
Potassium Bicarbonate, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Compound Tincture of Lavender, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Boil the arsenic trioxide and potassium bicarbonate in a tared
flask with one hundred grammes of distilled water, until solution has
been effected, and then add enough distilled water to make the solution
weigh nine hundred and seventy grammes; then add the compound
tincture of lavender and filter through paper.
Solution of Potassium Arsenite is a clear or faintly opalescent liquid with a
pink color and a slight odor of lavender. It is alkaline to litmus.
Acidulate strongly 10 mils of the Solution with hydrochloric acid and add an
equal volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S.; a yellow precipitate is produced which
dissolves in ammonium carbonate T.S.
Acidulate 4 mils of Solution of Potassium Arsenite with diluted nitric acid,
add 1 mil of silver nitrate T.S. and superimpose a laj-er of ammonia water
upon this liquid; no red or reddish-brown color is observed at the line of contact
{arsenate).
Assay — Dilute about 20 mils of Solution of Potassium Arsenite, accurately
weighed, with 75 mils of distilled water, acidify the mixture very slightly with
diluted hydrochloric acid, then dissolve in the solution 2 Gm. of sodium
bicarbonate and titrate the resulting liquid with tenth-normal iodine V.S.,
starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 0.975 per cent,
nor more than 1.025 per cent, of AS2O3.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.004948 Gm. of
AS2O3. Each gramme of Solution of Potassium Arsenite corresponds to not less
than 1.97 nor more than 2.07 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
LIQUOR POTASSII CITRATIS
Solution of Potassium Citrate
Liq. Pot. Cit.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 8 per cent, of K3C6H5O7
(306.34), with small amounts of citric and carbonic acids.
252 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Potassium Bicarbonate, eight grammes 8 Gm.
Citric Acid, six grammes 6 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Dissolve the potassium bicarbonate and the citric acid, each, in forty
mils of distilled water. Filter the solutions separately, and wash
the filters with enough distilled water to obtain in each case fifty mils.
Mix the two solutions, and, when effervescence has ceased, transfer
to a bottle and stopper tightly. This preparation must not be dispensed
unless it has been recently prepared.
Solution of Potassium Citrate is a clear, colorless liquid, odorless, and having
a mildly saline taste. It is slightly acid to litmus.
It conforms to the reactions and tests for an aqueous solution of the salt
as given under Potassii Cilras, when concentrated to the proper strength.
Assay — Evaporate to dryness about 15 mils of Solution of Potassium
Citrate, accurately weighed, and proceed as directed under the Assay for alkaU
salts of organic acids (see Part II, Test No. 6). It shows not less than 8 per
cent, of K3C6H5O7.
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.051057 Gm.
of K3C6H5O7. Each gramme of Solution of Potassium Citrate, after evapora-
tion and ignition, corresponds to not less than 1.57 mils of half-normal
sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
LIQUOR POTASSII HYDROXIDI
Solution of Potassium Hydroxide
Liq. Pot. Hydrox. — Liquor Potassse Solution of Potassa
An aqueous solution containing not less than 4.5 per cent, of KOH
(56.11). Preserve Solution of Potassium Hydroxide in bottles made
of hard glass, and provided with rubber stoppers or with glass stoppers
coated with petrolatum.
Potassium Hydroxide, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
Distilled Water, m'ne hundred and forty grammes 940 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Dissolve the potassium hydroxide in the distilled water.
Solution of Potassium Hj^droxide is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid, having,
even when diluted, a very acrid and caustic taste. It should not be tasted unless
largely diluted. It is strongly alkaline and readily absorbs carbon dioxide from
the air.
Specific gravity: about 1.046 at 25° C.
It conforms to the reactions and tests for an aqueous solution of potassium
hydroxide as given under Potassii Hydroxidum, when concentrated to the
proper strength .
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 253
Introduce about 20 mils of Solution of Potassium Hydroxide into a flask,
stopper, weigh accurately and titrate it directly with normal hydrochloric acid
V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not more than 5.5 per
cent, of alkalinity, calculated as KOH (carbonate).
Assaj — Transfer about 50 milsof Solution of Potassium Hydroxide, accurately
weighed, to a 250 mil measuring flask, add 20 mils of barium cliloride T.S. and
fill the flask to the mark with distilled water, which has previously been boiled
and cooled. Then thoroughly agitate the liquid, filter it through a dry filter,
reject the first 20 mils and titrate 100 mils of the filtrate, representing 20 mils
of the solution, with normal hydrochloric acid V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S.
as indicator. It shows not less than 4.5 per cent, of KOH, when calculated to
the amount of Solution originally taken.
Each mil of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.05611
Gm. of KOH. Each gramme of Solution of Potassium Hydroxide (after
treatment with barium chloride T.S.) corresponds to not less than 0.80 mil of
normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
LIQUOR SOD^ CHLORINATiE
Solution of Chlorinated Soda
Liq. Sod. Chlorinat. — Labarraque's Solution
An aqueous solution of chlorine compounds of sodium, containing
not less than 2.5 per cent, of available CI. Preserve the Solution in
well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
MoNOHYDRATED SoDiUM Carbonate, Seventy grammes ... 70 Gm.
Chlorinated Lime, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Triturate the chlorinated lime with five hundred mils of water grad-
ually added until a uniform mixture results. Dissolve the monohy-
drated sodium carbonate in five hundred mils of hot water, and add
this solution to the chlorinated lime mixture contained in a suitable
vessel. Stir or shake the mixture thoroughly and if it becomes gelati-
nous warm the vessel very gently until its contents again liquefy. Then
transfer the mixture to a wetted muslin strainer, returning the first por-
tion imtil the liquid passes through clear, and when no more liquid
drains from it, wash the precipitate with enough water to make the
product weigh one thousand grammes.
Solution of Chlorinated Soda is a clear, pale greenish liquid, having a faiot
odor of chlorine and a disagreeable, alkaline taste.
The Solution at first colors red litmus paper blue, and then bleaches it.
The addition of hydrochloric acid to the Solution causes an evolution of chlo-
rine and carbon dioxide.
254 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay — Mix in a flask about 7 mils of Solution of Chlorinated Soda, accurately
weighed, with 50 mils of distilled water, add 1 Gm. of potassium iodide and 5
mils of acetic acid and titrate with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch
T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 2.5 per cent, of available CI.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.003546 G"m. of available CI. Each gramme of Solution of Chlorinated Soda
corresponds to not less than 7 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
LIQUOR SODII ARSENATIS
Solution of Sodium Arsenate
Llq. Sod. Arsen.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 0.975 per cent, nor more
than 1.025 per cent, of Na^HAsOi (185.97).
Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate, previously dried to con-
stant weight at 150° C, one gramme 1 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Dissolve the exsiccated sodium arsenate in sufficient distilled water
to make the product weigh one hundred grammes.
The Solution conforms to the reactions and tests for an aqueous solution of
the salt as given under Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus, when concentrated to proper
strength.
Assay — Pour into a tared flask about 30 mils of Solution of Sodium Arsenate,
weigh accurately, heat to 80° C. and add 10 mils of hydrochloric acid and 3 Gm.
of potassium iodide. Allow the mixture to stand for fifteen minutes at 80° C, in
a glass-stoppered flask, cool and then titrate with tenth-normal sodium thio-
sulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than
'0.975 per cent, nor more than 1.025 per cent, of Na2HAs04.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.0092985 Gm. of Na2HAs04. Each gramme of Solution of Sodium Arsenate
corresponds to not less than 1.05 mils nor more than 1.10 mils of tenth -normal
sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — ^Apothecaries, 3 minims.
LIQUOR SODII CHLORIDI PHYSIOLOGICUS
Physiological Solution of Sodium Chloride
Liq. Sod. Chlor. Physio.— Physiological Salt Solution Normal Salt Solution
Sodium Chloride, eight and five-tenths grammes 8.5 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
tnsriTED STATES OF AMERICA 255
Dissolve the sodium chloride in sufficient freshly distilled water to
measure one thousand mils and filter. Then sterilize the solution, prefera-
bly in an autoclave, under steam pressure, at a temperature of from 115°
to 120° C. for fifteen minutes, or by boiling it during at least one hour,
and preserve it in a sterile condition. This solution should not be used
after it has been made forty-eight hours.
LIQUOR SODII GLYCEROPHOSPHATIS
Solution of Sodium Glycerophosphate
Liq. Sod. Qlycerophos.— Solution of Sodium Glycerinophosphate
An aqueous solution of sodium glycerophosphate containing not less
than 50 per cent, of the anhydrous salt (Na2C3H7P06 or Na2C3H5
(0H)2P04 = 216.10).
A clear, colorless or yellowish, syrupy liquid. In other respects it conforms
to the reactions and tests for purity under Sodii Glyctrophosphas.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Sodii Glycerophosphas. It shows not less
than 50 per cent, of Na2C3H7P06.
Each mil of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.10805
Gm. of NaaCgHTFOs.
Each gramme of Solution of Sodium Glycerophosphate corresponds to not
less than 4.63 mils of half-normal hj-drochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.35 mil — Apothecaries, 6 minims.
LIQUOR SODII HYDROXIDI
Solution of Sodium Hydroxide
Liq. Sod. Hydrox. — Liquor Sodaj Solution of Soda
An aqueous solution containing not less than 4.5 per cent, of NaOH
(40.01). Preserve Solution of Sodium Hydroxide in bottles made of
hard glass and provided with rubber stoppers or with glass stoppers
coated with petrolatum.
Sodium Hydroxide, fifty-six grammes 56 Gm.
Distilled Water, nine hundred arid forty-four grammes . . 944 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Dissolve the sodium hydroxide in the distilled water.
Solution of Sodium Hydroxide is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid, having,
when diluted, a very acrid and caustic taste. It should not be tasted unless
largely diluted. It is strongly alkaline and readily absorbs carbon dioxide from
the air.
Specific gravity: about 1.056 at 25° C.
It conforms to the reactions and tests for an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide as given under Sodii fl^^droxidujn, when concentrated to the proper
strength.
256 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
Introduce about 20 mils of Solution of Sodium Hydroxide into a flask,
stopper, weigh accurately and titrate it directly with normal hydrochloric
acid V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not more than
5.5 per cent, of alkalinity, calculated as NaOH {carbonate).
Assay — Transfer about 50 mils of Solution of Sodium Hydroxide, accurately
weighed, to a 250 mil measuring-flask, add 20 mils of barium chloride T.S.
and fill the flask to the mark with distilled water, which has been previously
boiled and cooled. Then thoroughlj' agitate the liquid, filter it through a dry
filter, reject the first 20 mils, and titrate 100 mils of the clear filtrate with normal
hydrocliloric acid V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not
less than 4.5 per cent, of NaOH when calculated to the amount of solution
originally taken.
Each mil of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.04001
Gm. of NaOH. Each gramme of Solution of Sodium Hydroxide corresponds
to not less than 1.12 mils of normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
LIQUOR ZINCI CHLORIDI
Solution of Zinc Chloride
Liq. Zinc. Chlor.
An aqueous solution containing not less than 48.5 per cent, nor more
than 52 per cent, of ZnCla (136.29).
Zinc, granulated, two hundred and Jorty grammes 240 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, eight hundred arid forty grammes. . . . 840 Gm.
Nitric Acid, tivelve grammes 12 Gm.
Precipitated Zinc Carbonate, twelve grammes 12 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make about one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Add the hydrochloric acid gradually to the zinc and two hundred and
fifty mils of distilled water contained in a glass or porcelain vessel, and
allow the mixture to stand until the reaction ceases and the acid is satu-
rated. Then pour off the liquid, add the nitric acid and heat the mixture
at a temperature not exceeding 115° C, until a portion, when removed
and cooled, solidifies. Allow it to cool, and dissolve the solidified mass in
sufficient distilled water to make the product weigh one thousand grammes.
Then add the precipitated zinc carbonate, agitate the mixture occasion-
ally during twenty-four hours, and set it aside until it has become clear
by subsidence. Separate the clear Solution by decantation or by means
of a siphon, and preserve it in tightly stoppered bottles.
Solution of Zinc Chloride is a clear, colorless, odorless liquid, having a very
astringent, metallic taste, and an acid reaction.
Specific gravity: about 1.548 at 25° C.
It conforms to the identity and purity tests for an aqueous solution of the
salt as given under Zinci Chloridum, when taken in proportionate amount.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 257
Assay — Transfer to a tared flask about 0.6 Gm. of Solution of Zinc Chloride,
weigh accurately, and proceed as directed under the Assay for clilorides (see
Part II, Test No. 5). It shows not less than 48.5 per cent, nor more than 52
per cent, of ZnCl2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.0068145
Gm. of ZnCl2. Each gramme of Solution of Zinc Chloride corresponds to not less
than 71.2 mils nor more than 76.3 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
LITmi BROMIDUM
Lithium Bromide
Lith. Brom.
It contains not less than 85 per cent, of LiBr (86.86). Preserve it in
air-tight containers.
Lithium Bromide is a white, granular salt, odorless and having a sharp,
slightly bitter taste; very deliquescent.
One Gm. of Lithium Bromide dissolves in 0.6 mil of water at 25° C. ; also in
0.4 mil of boiling water;'freely soluble in alcohol and soluble in ether.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly alkaline to litmus.
At a low red heat the salt fuses, and at a higher heat it is slowly volatilized.
It imparts a crimson color to a non-luminous flame.
Silver nitrate T.S., added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10), produces
a yellowish-white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid or in a moderate excess
of ammonia water.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. and 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils
of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) and shake the mixture. The chloro-
form does not acquire a violet tint {iodide).
Drop 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid on about 1 Gm. of the powdered salt;
no yellow color appears at once ibromate).
Dissolve about 0.1 Gm. of Lithium Bromide in 5 mils of distilled water, add
an excess of silver nitrate T.S. and a few drops of nitric acid; filter and wash
the precipitate with distilled water, then digest it for ten minutes with 5 mils
of ammonium carbonate T.S. and filter. On supersaturating the filtrate with
nitric acid, not more than a slight turbidity is produced at once {chloride).
Five mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) acidulated with 3
drops of hydrochloric acid shows no immediate tui'bidity with 1 mil of barium
chloride T.S. {sulphate).
Add 5 mils of hydrochloric acid and 5 mils of chlorine T.S. to 0.4 Gm. of
Lithium Bromide contained in aflat-bottomed flask of 50 mils capacity, evapor-
ate the mixture almost to dryness on a water bath, add 10 mils of amyl alcohol
and cautiously heat the mixture until the lower aqueous layer has evaporated.
Then add 3 drops of hydrochloric acid and boil the solution for three minutes;
the resulting insoluble residue, if any, when collected on a filter, washed with
amyl alcohol and dried at 1 10° C. , weighs not more than 0.002 Gm. {other alkalies) .
The removal of water from the amyl alcohol mixture is facilitated by passing
a current of air through the hot solution.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Introduce into a tared weighing-bottle about 0.35 Gm. of Lithium
Bromide, stopper, weigh accurately, and proceed as directed under the Assay for
bromides (see Part II, Test No. 5). It shows not less than 85 per cent, of LiBr.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.008686 Gm.
of LiBr. Each gramme of Lithium Bromide corresponds to not less than 97.9
mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
22
258 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
LITHII CARBONAS
Lithium Carbonate
Lith. Carb.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
98.5 per cent, of Li2C03 (73.88). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Lithium Carbonate is a light, white powder, odorless, and having an alkaline
taste; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Lithium Carbonate dissolves in 78 mils of water at 25° C; also
in 140 mils of boiling water; almost insoluble in alcohol; dissolved by diluted acids
with effervescence.
At a low red heat the salt fuses; at a higher temperature it loses some of its
carbon dioxide, and is partially converted into lithium oxide. It imparts a
crimson color to a non-luminous flame.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is alkaline to litmus.
Lithium Carbonate, when dissolved in 40 parts of diluted acetic acid, leaves
not more than 0.15 per cent, of insoluble residue.
Mix 1 part of Lithium Carbonate with 20 parts of distilled water and add
hydrochloric acid, drop by drop, with agitation until solution takes place. The
resulting solution, after boiling and cooling, responds to the following tests
when applied to separate portions:
The addition of ammonia water to 5 mils of this solution until it has an alka-
line reaction produces neither turbidity nor precipitation either before or after
boiling {iron, aluminum).
Dilute another portion of 4 mils of this solution with 6 mils of distilled water;
it does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Add a slight excess of diluted hydrochloric acid to 0.2 Gm. of Lithium Car-
bonate contained in a flat-bottomed flask of 50 mils capacity, evaporate the
mixture almost to dryness on a water bath, add 10 mils of amyl alcohol and
cautiously heat the mixture until the lower aqueous laj'er has evaporated.
Then add 3 drops of hydrochloric acid and boil the solution for three minutes. The
resulting insoluble residue, if any, when collected on a filter, washed with amyl
alcohol and dried at 110° C, weighs not more than 0.002 Gm. {other alkalies).
The removal of the water from the amyl alcohol mixture is facilitated by passing
a current of air through the hot solution.
Assay — Dissolve about 1.5 Gm. of Lithium Carbonate, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed, in 50 mils of normal
sulphuric acid V.S. and titrate the solution with normal potassium hydroxide
V.S., methyl orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt,
not less than 98.5 per cent, of Li2C03.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.03694 Gm.
of LigCOa. Each gramme of Litliium Carbonate, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 26.7 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
LITHII CITRAS
Lithium Citrate
Uth. Cit.
It contains not less than 98.5 per cent, of Li3C6H507+4H20 (281.92).
Preserve it in air-tight containers.
Lithium Citrate occurs as a white powder, or in the granular form, odorless,
and having a cooling, faintly alkaline taste. It is deliquescent on exposuie to
moist air and loses its water of crystallization when heated to 150° C.
I
UNITED STATES OF^AMERICA 259
One Gm. of Lithium Citrate dissolves in 1.4 mils of water at 25° C; very
slightly soluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is faintly alkaline to litmus but is
not reddened by one drop of phenolphthalein T.S.
At a red heat the salt chars, emits inflammable vapors having a pungent odor,
and finally leaves a black residue of lithium carbonate mixed with carbon. It
imparts a crimson color to a non-luminous flame.
Boil an aqueous solution of Lithium Citrate (1 in 20) with an equal volume of
calcium chloride T.S.; a white precipitate forms.
Treat the residue obtained bj' igniting 0.4 Gm. of the salt at a red heat with
a slight excess of diluted hj-drochloric acid, filter, wash the residue with distilled
water, evaporate the filtrate and washings almost to drjmess on a water bath,
in a flat-bottomed flask of 50 mils capacity, add 10 mils of amyl alcohol and
cautiously heat the mixture until the lower aqueous layer has evaporated. Then
add 3 drops of hydrochloric acid and boil the solution for three minutes. The
resulting insoluble residue, if any, when collected on a filter, washed with amyl
alcohol and dried at 110° C, weighs not more than 0.004 Gm. {other alkalies).
The removal of the water from the amyl alcohol mixture is facilitated by pass-
ing a current of air through the hot solution.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for alkali salts of organic acids
(see Part II, Test No. 6). It shows not less than 98.5 per cent, of Li3C6H507+
4H2O.
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.04699 Gm.
of Li3C6H507+4H20. Each gramme of Lithium Citrate corresponds to not
less than 21 mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
LOBELIA
Lobelia
Lobel. — Indian Tobacco
The dried leaves and flowering tops of Lobelia inflata Linn^ (Fam.
Loheliacece), without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent,
of stems or other foreign matter.
Stems cylindrical, coarsely and irregularly furrowed, yellowish-green, occa-
sionally purplish and with numerous spreading hairs; leaves alternate, sessile
or naiTOwing into a short petiole, usually more or less broken; when entire,
laminae ovate or oblong, from 2 to 9 cm. in length, obtusely toothed or irregularly
serrate-denticulate, each tooth with a yellowish-brown, gland-like apex; pale
green and with scattered, bristly hairs; flowers blue in long, loose racemes
with snort pedicels, calyx tube ovoid, with 5 subulate teeth, coroUa tubular, from
3 to 4 mm. in length, 5-parted, the upper 2-lobed portion cleft nearlv' to the
case; stamens with anthers united above into a curved tube enclosing the bifid
stigmas; capsules ovoid or ellipsoidal, from 5 to 8 mm. in length, light browm,
wholly inferior and enclosing numerous brownish, oblong and coarsely reticulate
seeds; odor shght, taste strongly acrid.
The powder is dark green, odor irritating; fragments of seed-coat composed of
more or less polygonal cells with thick, yellowish walls; occasionally, non-gland-
ular hairs elongated-conical, from 0.3 to 0.6 mm. in length; fragments of stem
with tracheae sho^sdng annular or spiral thickenings or simple pores asso-
ciated with narrow wood-fibers, the walls of the latter being rather thin, more or
260 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
less lignified and porous; fragments of epidermis of leaf with elliptical stomata,
0.025 mm. in length, and usually with 3 or 4 neighboring cells; pollen grains
nearly spherical, from 0.015 to 0.03 mm. in diameter.
Lobelia yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Lobelise Tinctura Lobelise.
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2}/^ grains.
LYCOPODIUM
Lycop odium
Lycopod.
The spores of Lycopodium davatum Linn^ (Fam. Lycopodiaceoe) , with-
out the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of impurities.
A light yellow, very mobile powder, nearly inodorous and tasteless. It is not
wetted by water but floats upon it; when boiled with water it sinks; when thrown
into a flame it burns with a quick flash.
Under the microscope, the spores of Lycopodium are spherical tetrahedrons,
from 0.025 to 0.04 mm. in diameter; in section they vary from plano-convex to
triangular, the outer wall or exosporium being extended in the form of slight,
irregular projections, giving the surface of the spore a reticulate appearance, the
reticulations being polygonal and formed of straight sides; when viewed so that
the rounded surface of the spores is on the under side, the upper surface is character-
ized by a distinct, triangular marking, being the edges of the three straight surfaces,
extending from the center of the spores to near the outer edge.
Lycopodium shows very few, if any, pollen grains of species of Pine, the lat-
ter being from 0.04 to 0.07 mm. in diameter, and consisting of three parts, in
which a central, convex, generative cell separates the two spherical cells or wings
which are blackish, due to the inclusion of air.
Lycopodium yields not more than 3 per cent, of ash.
MAGMA BISMUTHI
Bismuth Magma
Magma Bism. — Milk of Bismuth
Bismuth Magma yields not less than 5.6 per cent, nor more than
6.2 per cent, of Bi203.
Bismuth Subnitrate, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
Nitric Acid, one hundred and twenty milliliters 120 mils
Ammonium Carbonate, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Ammonia Water,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the bismuth subnitrate with sixty mils of distilled water and
sixty mils of nitric acid in a flask and agitate, warming gently until
solution is effected. Pour this solution, with constant stirring, into
five thousand mils of distilled water containing sixty mils of nitric
acid. Dilute four hundred and eighty mils of ammonia water with four
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 261
thousand mils of distilled water in a glazed or glass vessel of at least
twelve thousand mils capacity. Dissolve the ammonium carbonate in
this solution and then quickly pour the bismuth solution into it with
constant stirring. If the mixture is not distinctly alkaline, add suffi-
cient ammonia water to make it so and allow it to stand until
the precipitate has subsided, then pour or siphon off the supernatant
liquid and wash the precipitate twice with distilled water, by decanta-
tion. Afterwards transfer the magma to a strainer of close texture,
arranged in a percolator so as to provide continuous washing with
distilled water, the outlet tube being elevated to prevent the surface of
the magma from becoming dry, and allow the operation to proceed
until the washings cease to react with phenolphthalein T.S. Then
drain the moist magma, transfer it to a graduated vessel and add sufficient
distilled water to make the product measure one thousand mils. Mix
thoroughly, transfer to bottles and stopper tightly.
A thick, white, opaque hquid containing bismuth hydroxide and bismuth sub-
carbonate in suspension in water. It is neutral to litmus and phenolphthalein.
One mil of hydrochloric acid added to 1 mil of Bismuth Magma produces a
clear solution. Pour the clear solution into 10 volumes of distilled water; a
white precipitate is produced.
Assay — Evaporate to dryness about 10 Gm. of Bismuth Magma, accurately
weighed, and ignite the residue to constant weight; the residue corresponds to
not less than 5.6 per cent, nor more than 6.2 per cent, of the weight of Bismuth
Magma taken.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
MAGMA MAGNESI.E
Magnesia Magma
Magma Mag.— Milk of Magnesia
Magnesia Magma yields not less than 6.5 per cent, nor more than
7.5 per cent, of Mg(0H)2 (58.34).
Magnesium Carbonate, in fine powder, one hundred and
twenty-five grammes 125 Gm.
Sodium Hydroxide, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand mils 1000 mils
Mix the magnesium carbonate with enough distilled water (about
five hundred mils) and make a smooth mixture. Dissolve the sodium
hydroxide in four hundred mils of distilled water, add the solution to the
magnesia mixture with constant stirring, and agitate it frequently during
fifteen minutes. Wash the resulting magma by decantation, using two
262 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
thousand mils of distilled water each time, until the red color produced
in 50 mils of the washings by 3 drops of phenolphthalein T.S. is dis-
charged by the addition of 1 drop of diluted sulphuric acid. Then
allow the precipitate to subside until it measures one thousand mils,
decant the supernatant liquid, transfer the product to wide-mouthed
bottles, and tightly stopper with corks which have been dipped in
melted paraffin.
Note — The distilled water in this preparation may be replaced by
water which has been heated to boiling with powdered magnesium
carbonate (5 Gm. in each 1000 mils) and then filtered. One-half mil
of oil of peppermint, or a sufficient quantity of oil of anise or other
suitable flavoring may be added if desired.
A thick, white liquid containing magnesium hydroxide in suspension in water.
It is alkaline to htmus and phenolphthalein.
The addition of 2 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid to 1 mil of Magnesia
Magma causes the evolution of not more than a few isolated bubbles and the
resulting solution is not more than slightly turbid. Add 0.5 Gm. of ammonium
chloride to the solution, filter, and render the filtrate alkaline with ammonia
water; no precipitate is produced, but upon the addition of sodium phosphate
T.S. to this alkaline solution, a white precipitate appears.
Dilute 10 mils of Magnesia Magma with distilled water to make 100 mils,
and allow it to stand until the precipitate has settled. Then remove 50 mils
of the clear liquid and evaporate it to dryness on a water bath. The residue,
when dried to constant weight, does not exceed 0.005 Gm., and, when dissolved
in a few mils of distilled water and a drop of methyl orange T.S. added, yields
a red color upon the addition of 5 drops of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Assay — Transfer about 5 Gm. of Magnesia Magma to a tared flask, stopper
and weigh accurately, add 25 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S., and, after
solution is complete, titrate the excess of acid with normal potassium hydro.xide
V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows an amount of magnesium
hydroxide corresponding to not less than 6.5 per cent, nor more than 7.5 per
cent, of the weight of Magnesia Magma taken.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.02917 Gm. of
Mg(0H)2. Each gramme of Magnesia Magma corresponds to not less than
2.23 mils nor more than 2.57 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — ^Apothecaries, 23/2 fluidrachms.
MAGNESII CARBONAS
Magnesium Carbonate
Mag. Carb.
A mixture of hydrated magnesium carbonate and magnesium hydrox-
ide, corresponding to not less than 39.2 per cent, of MgO (40.32) and
containing not more than 0.8 per cent, of CaO.
Magnesium Carbonate occurs in light, white, friable masses, or as a bulky,
white powder, without odor, and having a sUght, earthy taste; permanent in
the air.
Magnesium Carbonate is practically in.soluble in water to which, however, it
imparts a slightly alkaline reaction; insoluble in alcohol; dissolved by dilute
acids with effervescence.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 263
When strongly heated, it loses water and carbon dioxide, and is converted
into magnesium oxide.
A solution of Magnesium Carbonate in diluted hydrochloric acid, when mixed
with ammonium chloride T.S. and an excess of ammonia water, yields with
sodium phosphate T.S. a white crystalline precipitate.
Heat to boiling, 1 Gm. of Magnesium Carbonate with 50 mils of distilled water,
and, after cooling, filter and evaporate the filtrate to dryness on a water
bath; not more than 0.01 Gm. of residue remains (soluble salts).
Dissolve 2.5 Gm. of Magnesium Carbonate in 50 mils of diluted hydrochloric
acid and 200 mils of distilled water. The solution is colorless, and a 20 mil por-
tion does not give an immediate blue coloration upon the addition of 5 drops of
potassium ferrocyanide T.S. (iron).
Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of Magnesium Carbonate in a slight excess of diluted hydro-
chloric acid (about 5 mils) and dilute with distilled water to 25 mils. Ten mils
of this solution does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test
No. 3).
Dissolve 4 Gm. of Magnesium Carbonate in 50 mils of diluted hydrochloric
acid, in a beaker of about 800 mils capacity. Dilute this solution to about
400 mils with chstilled water, add 5 Gm. of ammonium chloride, heat to boiling,
then add 50 mils of ammonium oxalate T.S., followed by 5 drops of methjd
orange T.S., and afterward by ammonia water (previously diluted with two
volumes of distilled water), added slowly in small portions, stirring constantly,
until the Uquid has assumed a yellow color. This operation should require
about twenty minutes. Allow the hquid to stand for four hours or over night,
collect the precipitate on a filter, wash it with hot distilled water, containing
1 per cent, of ammonium oxalate T.S., imtil the washings, after stronglj^ acidi-
fying with nitric acid, cease to react with silver nitrate T.S. Dissolve the pre-
cipitate by pouring 50 mils of warm diluted hydrochloric acid in small portions
over the filter, wash the filter with about 100 mils of distilled water, collect
the solution of the precipitate and washings in the same beaker, then dilute
to 400 mils with distilled water, precipitate, allow to stand, and wash as before,
omitting, however, the addition of 5 Gm. of ammonium chloride. Dry the
precipitate and filter obtained in the second precipitation and cautiously ignite
in a platinum crucible, heating gently at first, gradually increasing the tempera-
ture, and finally heating it over a blast lamp for fifteen minutes or longer, if
necessary, mitil of constant weight. Cool the crucible and contents in a desic-
cator before weighing. The weight of CaO so obtained does not exceed 0.032
Gm., corresponding to not more than 0.8 per cent, (calcium oxide).
Assay— Dissolve 1 Gm. of Magnesium Carbonate in 30 mils of normal sul-
phuric acid V.S. and determine the residual acid bj' titrating with normal
potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. The amount
of normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed, exclusive of the normal sulphuric
acid V.S. corresponding to the calcium oxide fomid, is not less than 19.44 mils,
indicating the presence of not less than 39.2 per cent, of MgO.
Each mi) cf normal sulphuric acid V.S. corre.sponds to 0.02016 Gm. of MgO
or to 0.02a035 Gm. of CaO.
Average dose — Metric, 3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 45 grains.
MAGNESII OXIDUM
Magnesium Oxide
Mag. Oxid. — Magnesia Calcined Magnesia Light Magnesia
It contains, after ignition, not less than 96 per cent, of MgO (40.32)
and not more than 2 per cent, of CaO. It contains not more than 10 per
cent, of water. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
264 TITE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Magnesium Oxide is a white, very bulky, and very fine powder, without odor,
and having an earthy, but not a saline taste. On exposure to the air, it slowly
absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide.
Magnesium Oxide is almost insoluble in water; insoluble in alcohol; dissolved
by dilute acids.
A solution of Magnesium Oxide in diluted hydrochloric acid, mixed with am-
monium chloride T.S. and an excess of ammonia water, yields with sodium phos-
phate T.S. a white crystalline precipitate.
Heat to boiling 1 Gm. of Magnesium Oxide with 60 mils of distilled water,
and, after cooling, filter; the filtrate is not more than faintly alkaline to htmus,
and when evaporated to dryness leaves not more than 0.02 Gm. of residue
(soluble salts).
Peat to boiling, a mixture of 0.1 Gm. of Magnesium Oxide with 5 mils of
distilled water, and, after cooling, pour it into 5 mils of acetic acid. Solution
takes place without the evolution of more than a few isolated gas bubbles
(carbonate) .
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Magnesium Oxide in 50 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid
and 200 mils of distilled water. The solution is colorless, and a 20 mil portion
does not give an immediate blue coloration upon the addition of several drops of
potassium ferrocyanide T.S. (iron).
Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of Magnesium Oxide in a slight excess of diluted hydro-
chloric acid and dilute with distilled water to 25 mils. Ten mils of this solution
does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Transfer to a porcelain crucible about 1 Gm. ci Magnesium Oxide, weigh
accurately, and expose it to a low red heat; it loses not more than 10 per cent,
of its weight (water).
To test for calcium proceed as directed under Magnesii Carbonas, using
about 1.5 Gm. of recently ignited Magnesium Oxide, accurately weighed. It
shows not more than 2 per cent, of CaO.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Magnesium Oxide, which has been recently
ignited to constant weight and accurate! j^ weighed, in 30 mils of normal sul-
phuric acid V.S. and determine the residual acid by titrating with normal
potassium hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. The amount
of normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed, exclusive of the normal sulphuric acid
V.S. corresponding to the calcium oxide found, when calculated to 1 Gm. of the
ignited Magnesium Oxide, is not less than 47.62 mils, indicating the presence of
not less than 96 per cent, of MgO.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.02016 Gm.
of MgO or to 0.028035 Gm. of CaO.
Preparation — Pulvis Rhei Compositus,
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
MAGNESII OXIDUM PONDEROSUM
Heavy Magnesium Oxide
Mag. Oxid. Pond. — Heavy Magnesia
It contains, after ignition, not less than 96 per cent, of MgO (40.32)
and not more than 2 per cent, of CaO. It contains not more than 10
per cent, of water. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Heavy Magnesium Oxide is a white, dense, and very fine powder, which con-
forms to the reactions and tests under Magnesii Oxidum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 265
MAGNESII SULPHAS
Magnesium Sulphate
Mag. 5ulph. — Epsom Salt
It contains not less than 48.59 per cent, nor more than 53.45 per cent,
of anhydrous magnesium sulphate, corresponding to not less than 99.5
per cent, of the crystallized salt [MgSO4+7H2O = 246.50J. Preserve it
in well-closed containers.
Magnesium Sulphate occurs as small, colorless, prismatic needles or rhombic
prisms, without odor, and having a cooling, saline, and bitter taste; slowly ef-
florescent in the air.
One Gm. of Magnesium Sulphate dissolves in 1 mil of water at 25° C; also
in about 0.2 mil of boiUng water; almost insoluble in alcohol at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
When exposed to warm air, the salt loses some of its water of crystallization
and is converted into a wliite powder. Further heating removes more water,
and at a temperature somewhat above 200° C. it is rendered anhydrous.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), when mixed with ammonium chloride
T.S. and ammonia water, yields with sodium phosphate T.S. a white, crystal-
line precipitate. An aqueous solution (1 in 20) yields with barium cliloride
T.S. a white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
Add a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the
salt (1 in 20), previously mixed with a few drops of nitric acid; not more than an
opalescence is produced (chloride).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Qm. of Magnesium Sulphate, accurately weighed, in
100 mils of distilled water, gradually add to the solution, with constant stirring, an
excess of sodium phosphate T.S. (about 20 mils), allow to stand for ten minutes,
then add 30 mils of ammonia water and allow to stand for four hours. Collect
the precipitate on a filter, wash it with dilute ammonia water (1 volume of
ammonia water to 3 volumes of distilled water) until 10 mils of the washings,
when acidulated with hydrochloric acid, yields no turbidity on the addition of a
few drops of barium chloride T.S. Dry and ignite to constant weight. The
weight of the magnesium pyrophosphate so obtained corresponds to not less
than 48.59 per cent, nor more than 53.45 per cent, of MgS04.
Each gramme of Magnesium Sulphate corresponds to not less than 0.4495 Gm.
nor more than 0.4944 Gm. of magnesium pyrophosphate (Mg2P207).
Preparation — Infusum Senna) Compositum.
Average dose — Metric, 15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 drachms.
MALTUM
Malt
The grain of one or more varieties of Hordeum sativum Jessen (Fam.
Graminece), partially germinated artificially, and then dried at a tem-
perature not exceeding 55° C. It is capable of converting not less
than 5 times its weight of starch into sugars. Protect it from heat
and moisture.
266 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
Malt occurs in yellownsh or amber-colored grains; crisp when fractured, the
interior surface nearl}'' white.
It has an agreeable, characteristic odor, and a sweet taste due to the conver-
sion of the starch in the seed into maltose, through the action of diastase. Malt
floats in cold water.
For the subsequent tests, prepare an infusion as follows: ]\Iix 10 Gm. of Malt
in No. -12 powder, with 100 mils of distilled water and maintain the mixture at
a temperature of from 50° to 55° C. for one hour with occasional stirring. Place
it upon a filter and when the liquid has passed through, wash the contents of the
filter with distilled water, in small portions, until the combined infusion and
washings measure 200 mils.
The weight of the solid soluble constituents of Malt, obtained by evaporating
to dryness on a water bath an aliquot portion of the freshly prepared, aqueous
infusion, and subsequently drying it for one hour at 100° C. in an air bath, corre-
sponds to not less than 70 per cent, of the Malt taken.
The acidity of Malt (calculated as lactic acid) does not exceed 0.3 per cent,
as determined by titrating an aliquot portion of the freshly prepared infusion
with tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., phenolphthalein T.S. being used
as indicator. Each mil of tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corre-
sponds to 0.009 Gm. of lactic acid.
Assay — To determine the starch converting power of Malt, proceed as
directed under Diastasum, page 131, using 20 mils of the fresh infusion of malt,
prepared as directed above, in place of the quantity of solution of diastase
there directed.
Preparation — Extractum Malti.
MANGANI DIOXIDUM PR^CIPITATUM
Precipitated Manganese Dioxide
Mangan. Diox. Praec.
It consists chiefly of manganese dioxide [Mn02 = 86.93] with small
amounts of other oxides of manganese, corresponding to not less than
80 per cent, of MnOa.
Precipitated Manganese Dioxide is a heavy, ^•ery fine, black powder, without
odor or taste; permanent in the air.
It is insoluble in water or alcohol.
When heated with hydrochloric acid, it is converted into manganous chloride
and chlorine is evolved. At a red heat Precipitated Manganese Dioxide gives off
oxygen and is converted into reddish-brown manganous-manganic oxide (Mn304).
Add 2 drops of hydrochloric acid to about 0.1 Gm. of Precipitated Manganese
Dioxide contained in a test tube, boil the mixture for one minute with 0.5 Gm. of
lead peroxide and 5 mils of nitric acid and then add 5 mils of distilled water; the
liquid assumes a reddish-violet color.
Add 20 mils of distilled water to 1 Gm. of Manganese Dioxide and 2 Gm. of
oxalic acid, follow this by 3 mils of sulphuric acid, and digest the mixture for
several hours on a water bath; not more than 0.2 per cent, of residue remains
{insoluble substances).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.2 Gm. of Precipitated Manganese Dioxide, accurately
weighed, in a mixture of 50 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. and 3 mils of
sulphuric acid, heat to 80° C. on a water bath, and titrate the residual oxalic
acid with tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. It shows not less than
80 per cent, of Mn02.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.0043465
Gm. of Mn02. Each gramme of Precipitated Manganese Dio-\ide corresponds
to not less than 184 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 267
MANNA
Manna
The dried saccharine exudation oi FraxinusOrnusLirm6 (Fam. Oleaceoe).
In irregular, more or less elongated, flattened, 3-sided pieces; externally yel-
lowish-white ; friable, somewhat waxy ; internally nearly white, porous and crystal-
line in appearance; odor slight, but characteristic; taste sweet, slightly bitter
and faintly acrid. Manna also occurs in irregular masses, consisting in part of
brittle or soft, resin-like fragments; from yellowish-white to yellowish-gray in
color. The quantity of the yellowish-white fragments must not be less than 40
per cent, of the whole.
Add 5 Gm. of Manna to 100 mils of alcohol, heat to boiling and filter; on
cooling, the filtrate rapidly deposits crystals of mannite.
Preparation — Infusum Sennae Compositum.
Average dose — Metric, 15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 drachms.
MASSA FERRI CARBONATIS
Mass of Ferrous Carbonate
Mass. Ferr. Carb. — Vallet's Mass
It contains not less than 35 per cent, of FeCOa (115.&4).
Ferrous Sulphate, owe hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate, forty-six grammes. . 46 Gm.
Clarified Honey, thirty-eight grammes 38 Gm.
Sugar, in coarse powder, twenty-five grammes 25 Gm.
Syrup,
Distilled Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Dissolve the ferrous sulphate and the monohydrated sodium carbonate,
each separately, in two hundred mils of boiling distilled water, and, having
added twenty mils of s}Tup to the solution of the iron salt, filter both
solutions, and allow them to become cold. Place the solution of mono-
hydrated sodium carbonate in a bottle having a capacity of about five
hundredmils, and gradually add the solution of the iron salt, rotating the
bottle frequently, until carbonic acid gas no longer escapes. Add sufficient
distilled water to fill the bottle; then cork it and set it aside, so that
the ferrous carbonate may subside. Pour off the supernatant liquid,
and, having mixed syrup and distilled water in the proportion of one
volume of syrup to nineteen volumes of distilled water, wash the pre-
cipitate with the mixture by decantation until the washings no longer
have a saline taste. Drain the precipitate on a muslin strainer, and
express as much of the water as possible. Lastly, mix the precipitate
at once with the clarified honey and sugar, and, by means of a water
bath, evaporate the mixture in a tared dish, with constant stirring,
until it is reduced to one hundred grammes.
268 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Mass of Ferrous Carbonate, accurately
weighed, in 15 mils of diluted sulphuric acid, dilute the solution with distilled
water to about 100 mils and immediately titrate with tenth-normal potassium
dichromate V.S., potassium ferricyanide T.S. being used as indicator. It shows
not less than 35 per cent, of FeCOs.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S. used corresponds to
0.01 1584 Gm. of FeCOa. Each grammeof Mass of Ferrous Carbonate corresponds
to not less than 30.2 mils of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
MASSA HYDRARGYRI
Mass of Mercury
Mass. Hydrarg. — Blue Mass Blue Pill
It contains not less than 32 per cent, nor more than 34 per cent, of Hg.
Preserve the product in well-closed containers.
Mercury, thirty-three grammes 33 Gm.
Oleate of Mercury, one gramme 1 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 60 powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Althaea, in No. 60 powder, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Glycerin, nine grammes '. . . . 9 Gm.
Honey of Rose, thirty-two gramvies 32 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate the oleate of mercury in a warm mortar, gradually add the
mercury, then introduce a small amount of honey of rose and triturate
the mixture until globules of mercury are no longer visible under a lens
magnifying ten diameters. Now incorporate the remainder of the
honey of rose and the glycerin, then gradually add the glycyrrhiza and
althaea and continue the trituration until the mass is homogeneous.
Assay — Place about 0.5 Gm. of Mass of Mercury, accurately weighed, in a
porcelain dish, add 10 mils of sulphuric acid, heat on a water bath for ten
minutes, then add 10 mils of nitric acid and heat the mixture on a sand bath,
adding small portions of nitric acid, if necessary, until a colorless or nearly
colorless solution results. Now add potassium permanganate T.S. to the hot
solution until the red color persists, then discharge the color by the addition of
just sufficient oxalic acid T.S. Wash the solution into a flask with distilled
water, dissolve any insoluble residue by the addition of nitric acid, dilute the
solution to about 150 mils, add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and
titrate the solution with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. to the
production of a pink tint. It shows not less than 32 per cent, nor more than
34 per cent, of Hg.
Each mil of tenth-normal pota.ssium sulphocyanate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.01003 Gm. of Hg. Each gramme of Mass of Mercury corresponds to not
less than 31.9 nor more than 33.9 mils of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyac
nate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 269
MATRICARIA
Matricaria
Matricar. — German Chamomile Wild Chamomile
The dried flower-heads of Matricaria Chamomilla Linn^ (Fam. Com-
posiice), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of
stems or foreign matter. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers and
guard against attack by insects.
Flower-heads composed of a few white ray-florets and numerous yellow disk-
florets on conical, more or less hollow receptacles, the latter being from 3 to 10 mm.
in breadth; disk-flowers tubular, perfect, and without a pappus; ray-flowers from
10 to 20, pistillate, corolla white, 3-toothed and 4-veined, usually reflexed; in-
volucre hemispherical, composed of from 20 to 30 imbricated, oblanceolate, and
pubescent scales; peduncles light green to brownish-green, longitudinally fur-
rowed, more or less twisted and attaining a length of 2.5 cm.; achenes somewhat
obovoid and faintly 3- to 5-ribbed; pappus none, or only a slight membranous
crown; odor pleasant, aromatic; taste aromatic and bitter.
Matricai'ia j'ields not more than 13 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 drachms.
MEL
Honey
A saccharine secretion deposited in the honey-comb by the bee, Apis
mellifera Linne (Fam. Apidoe).
Honey is a thick, sjTupy liquid of a light yellowish or yellowish-brown color,
translucent when fresh, but gradually becoming opaque and crystalline; hav-
ing a characteristic odor, and a sweet, faintly acrid taste.
It is slightly acid to litmus and is la?vorotatory.
Dilute Honey with twice its weight of water; the resulting liquid is only mod-
erately turbid, not stringy, and has a specific gravity of not less than 1.099 at 25° C.
(corresponding to a specific gravity of not less than 1.370 for the original Honey).
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Honey, accurately weighed, in a platinum crucible,
in small portions at a time; not more than 0.3 per cent, of ash remains.
Separate portions of 5 mils each of a filtered aqueous solution of Honey (1 in
5) acidified with nitric acid, are not rendered more than slightly opalescent by
the addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. {chlorides), nor more than
slightly cloudy by a few drops of barium chloride T.S. (sulphates).
Boil about 2 Gm. of Honey with 10 mils of distilled water; the resulting solu-
tion, when cold, is not rendered blue, green or reddish on the addition of iodine
T.S. {starch or dexlrins).
The color of an aqueous solution of Honey (1 in 2) is not changed at once
when mixed with an equal volume of ammonia water {foreign coloring matter) ; 5
mils of an aqueous solution of Honey (1 in 2) does not at once acquire a red or
rose color on the addition of a few drops of hydrochloric acid {azo dyes).
270 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
A solution of 10 Gm. of Honey in 50 mils of distilled water requires not more
than 0.5 mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. for neutralization, phenol-
phthalein T.S. being used as indicator.
Triturate about 1 Gm. of Honey with 20 mils of ether in a mortar, filter it into
a porcelain dish or crucible, allow the filtrate to evaporate and add to the resi-
due one drop of resorcinol T.S. At most only a pink color may be produced,
which disappears in half a minute, but not an orange, cherry, or brown-red
color {artificial or added invert sugar).
Preparation — Mel Depuratum.
MEL DEPURATUM
Clarified Honey
Mel Depurat.
Honey, a convenient quantity,
Distilled Water,
Glycerin, each, a sufficient quantity.
Weigh the honey in a tared dish, mix it intimately with two per cent.
of paper pulp, which has been previously reduced to shreds, thoroughly
washed and soaked in water, and then strongly expressed and again
shredded. Then heat on a water bath at a temperature not exceeding
70° C, and carefully remove the scum which rises to the surface.
Add enough distilled water to make up the loss incurred by evap-
oration, strain, and mix the strained liquid with five per cent, of its weight
of glycerin.
Clarified Honey, diluted with twice its weight of water, has a specific gravity
of not less than 1.095 at 25° C; in other respects it conforms to the tests for
purity under Mel.
Preparation — Mel Rossd.
MEL ROS.E
Honey of Rose
Fluidextract of Rose, one hundred and twenty milliliters 120 mils
Clai^ified Honey, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm,
Mix the fluidextract of rose in a tared vessel with enough clarified
honey to make the product weigh one thousand grammes.
Average dose — ^Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 271
iVIENTHA PIPERITA
Peppermint
Menth. Pip.
The dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha piperita Linne (Fam.
Lahiata) .
Leaves more or less crumpled and frequently detached from the stems;
stems quadrangular, from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter, glabrous except for a few
scattered deflexed hairs; leaves when entire ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
petioles from 4 to 15 mm. in length, slightly pubescent, lamina' from 1 to 9 cm.
in length, acute and sharply serrate, light green to purplish-brown, upper sur-
faces nearly glabrous, lower surfaces glandular hairy, especially on the veins;
fiower-whorls in oblong or oval spikes which are usually compact, or somewhat
interrupted at the base, from 1 to 1.5 cm. in breadth, rounded at the summit,
and in truit attaining a length of from 3 to 7 cm.; bracts oblong-lanceolate, very
acuminate, 7 mm. in length; calyx tubular, equally 5-toothed, pubescent and
glandular-punctate, often dark purple in color; corolla tubular-campanulate,
4-cleft, about 3 mm. in length and often light purjjle; stamens 4, short and
equal; nutlets ellipsoidal, about 0.5 mm. in diameter, blackish-brown; odor
aromatic, characteristic; taste aromatic, pungent, followed by a cooling sen-
sation in the mouth.
Preparation — Spiritus Menthse Piperitse.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 60 grains.
MENTHA VIRIDIS
Spearmint
Menth. Vir.
The dried leaves and flowering tops of Mentha spicata Linne {Mentha
viridis Linne) (Fam. Labiatce).
Leaves more or less crumpled and mixed with a large proportion of the light
browTi or purplish-colored stems, occasionally with their characteristic opposite
branches; stems distinctly quadrangular, from 1 to 3 mm. in width, nearly gla-
brous; leaves when entii'e ovate-lanceolate, unequally serrate, nearly sessile
or with a petiole less than 5 mm. in length, of a bright green color and some-
what glandular-hairy on the under surface; flowers arranged in opposite clus-
ters and in more or less interrupted or crowded lanceolate, nearly acute spikes;
bracts linear-lanceolate, subulate, from 7 to 10 mm. in length, subtending the
flower clusters; cah-x tubular, 5-toothed, glandular punctate and somewhat
pubescent near the teeth; corolla nearly white or light brown; stamens extend-
ing beyond the corolla tube; odor slightly pungent, characteristic; taste
aromatic, characteristic but not followed by a cooling sensation in the mouth.
Preparation — Spiritus Menthae Viridis.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 60 grains.
272 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
MENTHOL
Menthol
A secondary alcohol [CioHi90H = 156.16] obtained from oil of pep-
permint or other mint oils. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in
a cool place.
Menthol occurs in colorless, acicular or prismatic crystals, having a strong
odor and taste of peppermint; when tasted it produces a sensation of warmth
followed by cold when air is drawn into the mouth.
Menthol is slightly soluble in water; very soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether
or in petroleum benzin; freely soluble in liquid petrolatum or fixed or volatile oils.
Its alcohoUc solution is neutral to litmus, and is lajvorotatory.
It melts between 42° and 44° C.
When Menthol is triturated with about an equal weight of camphor, thymol,
or hydrated chloral, the mixture becomes liquid.
Heat about 2 Gm. of Menthol in an open dish, on a water bath; it gradually
volatilizes without leaving more than 0.05 per cent, of residue (wax, paraffin, or
inoiganic substances).
Dissolve a few crystals of Menthol in 1 mil of glacial acetic acid and then add
3 drops of sulphuric acid and 1 drop of nitric acid; no green color is produced
(thymol).
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
METHYLIS SALICYLAS
Methyl Salicylate
Methyl. Salicyl.— Oleum Gaultheriae, U.S.P. VIII Oil of WintergreeQ Oleum
Betulse, U.S.P. VIII Oil of Sweet Birch Oil of Teaberry
It contains not less than 98 per cent, of CH3C7H5O3 (152.06). It is
produced synthetically or is obtained by distillation from Gaultheria
procumbens Linne (Fam. Ericaceoe) or from Betula lenta Linne (Fam.
Betulacece). The label must indicate whether the methyl salicylate has
been made synthetically or distilled from either of the above mentioned
plants. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a cool
place, protected from light.
It is a colorless, yellowish or reddish liquid, having the characteristic odor
and taste of gaultheria.
It is sparingly soluble in water; miscible with alcohol and glacial acetic acid.
It is soluble in 6 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol at- 25° C. with not more than a
elight cloudiness.
The alcohohc solution is neutral or slightly acid to moistened litmu.s paper.
Specific gravity at 25° C: synthetic, 1.180 to 1.185; when from sweet birch or
gaultheria, 1.172 to 1.182.
It boils between 218° and 221° C.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 273
Synthetic Metliyl Salicylate, or that from sweet birch, is optically inactive'
when obtained from gaulthcria, it is slightly laevorotatory, not exceeding —1.5
in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
A deep violet color is produced by shaking a drop of Methyl Salicylate with
about 5 mils of distilled water and adding a drop of ferric chloride T.S.
Add 10 mils of potassium hydro.xide T.S. to 1 mil of IMeth}'! Salicylate, con-
tained in a capacious test tube, and agitate the mixture. A clear, or slightly
cloudy, colorless or faintly yellowish solution results without the separation of
any oily drops either on the surface or at the bottom of the liquid {other volatile
oils or petroleum products).
It does not respond to the Test for heavy metals in volatile oils (see Part II,
Test No. 3).
Assay — Introduce about 2 mils of Methyl Salicylate into a tared flask, note
the exact weight, add 50 mils of half-normal alcoholic potassimn hydroxide V.S.,
connect the flask with a reflux condenser and heat the mixture on a water bath
during two hours. Then add a few drops of phenolphthalein T.S. and titrate
the excess of alkali with half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. It shows not less
than 98 per cent, of CH3C7H5O3.
Each mil of half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. consumed cor-
responds to 0.07603 Gm. of CH3C7H5O3. Each gramme of Methyl Salicyl-
ate corresponds to not less than 12.9 mils of half-normal alcoholic potassium
hydroxide \'.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.75 mil — Apothecaries, 12 minims.
METHYLTHIONINiE CHLORIDUM
Methylthionine Chloride
Methylthionin. Chlor.— Methylthioninre Hydrochloridum, U.S.P. VIII
Methylene Blue
Tetramethylthionine chloride [CieHisNaClS+SHsO^ 373.75].
Methylthionine Chloride occurs as a dark green, crj^stalline powder, or in pris-
matic crystals having a lustre resembhng bronze.
Methylthionine Chloride is freely soluble in water and alcohol; soluble in
chloroform; the solutions have a deep blue color.
The addition of hydrochloric acid to its aqueous solution changes the color to
a lighter shade of blue.
The addition of sodium hydroxide T.S. to its aqueous solution changes the
color to a purplish shade, and, if added in excess, produces on standing a precip-
itate having a dull violet color.
A solution of Methylthionine Chloride in diluted sulphuric acid is gradually
decolorized upon the addition of zinc dust.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Methyltliionine Chloride; not more than 1 per
cent, of ash remains.
Intimately mix 0.2 Gm. of Methylthionine Chloride with about 0.5 Gm. each
of potassium nitrate and anhydrous sodium carbonate and heat the powdered
mixture in a crucible until the organic matter is completely oxidized. Then dis-
solve the cooled residue in 15 mils of diluted sulphm-ic acid and evaporate the
solution over a flame until vapors of sulphuric acid begin to evolve. The residue so
obtained meets the requirem.ents of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Heat about 0.5 Gm. of Methyltliionine Chloride at a temperature below a red
heat until it is completely carbonized, boil the powdered residue with 10 mils of
diluted hydrochloric acid for five minutes, filter the liquid and wash the residue
23
274 THE PHARIVIACOPCEIA OF THE
with 10 mils of distilled water. The combined liquids, when boiled with 1 mil of
nitric acid, and supersaturated vdth ammonia water and filtered, if necessary,
remain clear upon the addition of an equal volume of hydi-ogen sulphide T.S.
{zinc).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Methylthionine Chloride in 50 mils of boiling alcohol, filter
through counter-balanced filters, wash the residue on the filter with boiling
alcohol until the washings cease to be colored blue, and dry it at 100° C. The
weight corresponds to not more than 1 per cent, {dextrin).
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 23^^ grains.
IVIEZEREUM
Mezereum
Mezereon
The dried bark of Daphne Mezereum Linne, Daphne Gnidium Linn6,
or of Daphne Laureola Linne (Fam. Tkymcleacecp) .
In flexible, tough quilled pieces or somewhat flattened strips, attaining a length
of 90 cm. ; from 0.3 to 1 mm. in thickness; outer surface yellowish- or olive-brown
{D. Mezereum) or purplish-brown (D. Gnidium) or purplish-gray (D. Laureola),
smooth, numerous lenticels giving a transversely striated appearance and occa-
sionally with numerous, circular, brownish-black apothecia; outer corky layer
easily separable from the middle bark which varies from light green to olive-
brown and with more or less detached bast-fibers; inner surface yellowish-white,
satiny lustrous, finely striate; fracture tough, fibrous, the iimer bark lamellated;
odor very slight; taste at first slight, becoming gradually and increasingly
pungent and acrid.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of IMezereum show a rather thick cork
composed of from 20 to 30 rows of cells, the outer being compressed and with yel-
lowish-brown walls, and the inner more or less tabular with nearly colorless walls;
a hypodermis of 3 to 5 rows of collenchymatous cells containing chloroplastids
or a yellowish-green resinous substance; an inner bark consisting mostly of nearly
colorless non-ligiiified bast-fibers occurring in loosely united groups, and a few
starch-bearing medullary rays one cell in width.
The powder is light grayish-brown; bast-fibers numerous, from 0.4 to 3 mm.
in length and about 0.015 mm. in width, frequently more or less uneven or irreg-
ularly bent and considerably attenuated at the ends, the walls being from 0.001
to 0.005 mm. in thickness, colorless, non-lignified and free from pores; fragments
of yellowish-brown cork cells and starch-bearing medullary rays; starch grains
relatively few, mostly spherical or elhptical, occasionally 2- to 4-compound, the
individual grains from 0.003 to 0.015 mm. in diameter.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Compositum.
MISTURA CRETiE
Chalk Mixture
Mist. Cret.
Compound Chalk Powder, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Cinnamon Water, forty milliliters 40 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred milliliters 100 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 275
Gradually add the cinnamon water and about twenty mils of water
to the compound chalk powder in a mortar, triturating mitil the mix-
ture is uniform; transfer this to a graduated vessel, rinse the mortar
with enough water to make the product measure one hundred mils, and
mix the whole thoroughly. This preparation must not be dispensed
unless it has been recently prepared.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
MISTURA GLYCYRRHIZ.E COMPOSITA
Compound Mixture of Glycyrrhiza
Mist. Qlycyrrh. Co. — Brown Mixture
Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza, thirty grammes 30.000 Gm.
Syrup, fifty milliliters 50.000 mils
Acacia, granulated, thirty grammes 30.000 Gm.
■ Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, tico hundred and
forty milligrammes 0.240 Gm-
Camphorated Tincture of Opium, one hundred and
twenty milliliters 120.000 mils
Spirit of Nitrous Ether, thirty milliliters 30.000 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Rub the pure extract of glycyrrhiza and acacia in a mortar with five
hundred mils of warm water until they are dissolved. Allow the solu-
tion to cool, transfer it to a graduated vessel, add the antimony and
potassium tartrate, dissolved in twelve mils of hot water, then the other
ingredients and rinse the mortar with enough water to make the prod-
uct measure one thousand 77iils. Mix the whole thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^^ fluidrachms.
MORPHINA
Morphine
An alkaloid [Ci7Hi903N+H20 = 303.18] obtained from opium. Pre-
serve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Morphine occurs in colorless or white, shining, rhombic prisms, in fine needles,
or as a crystalline powder; odorless; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Morphine dissolves in 3340 mils of water, 210 mils of alcohol, 1220
mils of chloroform, 6250 mils of ether, and in 100 mils of lime water, at 25° C;
276 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
also in 1075 mils of boiling water and 98 mils of boiling alcohol; insoluble in
benzene.
A saturated aqueous solution of Morphine is alkaline to litmus.
One mil of sulphuric acid added to about 0.05 Gm. of Morphine produces
either no color or at most only a red or yellow tint; on heating, a brown color
is developed.
Sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of selenous acid in each mil gives with
Morphine a blue color, changing to green and then to brown. (Codeine yields a
green color, changing to blue, and afterwards to grass-green; narcotine gives a
green color, changing to brown and then to cherry-red.)
Nitric acid produces with Morphine an orange-red color fading to yellow.
Sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of molybdic acid in each mil gives a purple
color, changing to blue. Sulphuric acid containing in each mil one drop of solu-
tion of formaldehyde yields an intense, purple color.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to a neutral solution of Morphine (1 in
100), made by the careful addition of diluted sulphuric acid; a blue color is pro-
duced, which is destroyed by acids, alcohol, or by heating.
Morphine solutions, when mixed with an aqueous solution of potassium fer-
ricyanide containing a drop of ferric chloride T.S., yield deep blue solutions from
which, after standing, a blue precipitate separates (difference from codeine).
Morphine loses not more than 6.5 per cent, of its weight when dried to con-
stant weight at 100° C. {moisture).
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.5 Gm. of Morphine.
Dissolve about 0.1 Cm. of Morphine in 10 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid;
no red coloration is produced by the addition of a few drops of ferric chloride
T.S. {meconic acid or vieconates).
Warm about 0.2 Gm. of Morphine with 4 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S.;
the odor of ammonia is not noticeable {antmonium salts).
Dis.solve 1 Gm. of Morphine in 10 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S., shake out
the solution with three successive portions of 15, 10, and 10 mils of chloroform,
passing the chloroform solutions througli a small filter previously moistened with
chloroform. Evaporate carefully the combined chloroform solutions to drjTiess
on a water bath, dissolve the residue in 10 mils of fiftieth-normal sulphuric acid
V.S., add a few drops of methyl red T.S. and titrate the excess of acid with fif-
tieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. Not less than 7.5 mils of the latter is
required {foreign alkaloids).
Average dose — Metric, 0.008 Gm. — Apothecaries, }4 grain.
MORPHIN.E HYDROCHLORIDUM
Morphine Hydrochloride
Morph. Hydrochl. — Morphine Chloride
The hydrochloride [Cz7Hi903N.HCl+3H20 = 375.68] of the alkaloid
morphine. Preserve it in well-closed containers protected from hght.
Morphine Hydrochloride occurs in white, silky, glistening needles or cubical
ma.sses, or as a white, crystalline powder; odorless; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Morphine Hydrocliloride dissolves in 17.5 mils of water and 52
mils of alcohol at 25° C. ; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water and 46 mils of alcohol at
60° C.; soluble in glycerin; insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly acid to htmus.
Silver nitrate T.S., when added to an aqueous solution of the salt, produces a
white precipitate insoluble in nitric acid.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 277
Add potassium carbonate T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1
in 30), a white precipitate is produced, which does not become green on expo-
sure to air nor yield a color to chloroform when shaken with it (apomorphine) .
Morphine Hydrochloride loses not more than 15 per cent, of its weight when
dried to constant weight at 100° C (inoititure).
In all other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Morphina.
Average dose — Metric, 0.008 Gm. — Apothecaries, }-^ grain.
MORPHINiE SULPHAS
Morphine Sulphate
Morph. Sulph.
The sulphate t(Ci7Hi903N)2.H2S04+5H20 = 758.49] of the alkaloid
morphine. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Morphine Sulphate occurs in white, feathery, acicular, silky crystals, or in
cubical masses; odorless, permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Morphine Sulphate dissolves in 15.5 mils of water and 565 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; also in 0.7 mil of water at 80° C. and 240 mils of alcohol at
60° C. ; insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly acid to litmus.
Barium chloride T.S. produces a white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric
acid when added to an aqueous solution of the salt.
Morphine Sulphate loses not more than 7.5 per cent, of its weight when dried
for four hours at 100° C. (moisture).
In all other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Morphina.
Average dose — Metric, 0.008 Gm. — Apothecaries, }^ grain.
MOSCHUS
Musk
Mosch. — Tonquin Musk Deer Musk
The dried secretion from the preputial follicles of Moschus moschiferus
Linne (Fam. Moschidce) . Preserve it carefully in glass-stoppered bottles.
Usually in small irregular granules, not more than 2 mm. in thickness, black-
ish With a few brown fragments and becoming somewhat grajashon aging; glisten-
ing and somewhat oily; odor pecuhar, penetrating, powerful and persistent;
taste somewhat bitter.
Add a few granules of Musk to 2 mils of water in a watch crystal and stir with
a glass rod; a light brown solution is obtained. The undissolved portion consists
of irregular fragments containing a finely granular substance, numerous rod-
like bacteria and occasionally the hj^Dha? of a fungus.
Add a drop of iodine T.S. to a few granules of Musk on a slide and examine
it under the microscope ; the particles are not colored blue or bluish-black (starch).
Add a few granules of Musk to 2 mils of alcohol contained in a watch crystal;
the grains sink to the bottom, and upon stirring with a glass rod, a pale brown,
slightly cloudy solution is obtained, leaving a somewhat oily stain upon the up-
per portion of the watch crystal as the alcohol evaporates; the undissolved por-
278 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
tion or residue resembles that obtained wath the aqueous mixture, except that
the particles are less disintegrated.
Add a few granules of Musk to 2 mils of chloroform in a watch crystal; the
grains float on the surface and upon stirring with a glass rod, the solution remains
nearly colorless, and as it evaporates there separates around the particles a
small quantity of a whitish, oily or fatty substance.
Not less than 50 per cent, of IMusk is soluble in water, the solution having a
strong, distinctly characteristic odor, and a slightly acid reaction.
Not less than 10 per cent, of Musk is soluble in alcohol, the solution being of a
light, yellowish-browTi color and becoming slightly turbid upon the addition of
water.
Musk loses not more than 15 per cent, of moisture when dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid.
Musk jdelds not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Moschi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
MUCILAGO ACACI.E
Mucilage of Acacia
Mucil. Acac.
Acacia, in small fragments, three hundred and fifty grammes 350 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To malce one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Place the acacia in a tared bottle or flask having a capacity not
exceeding one thousand mils, wash the drug with cold water, allow
it to drain, and then add enough warm distilled water to make the
mixture weigh one thousand grammes. Securely stopper the container,
and agitate it from time to time until the acacia is dissolved. Strain
the Mucilage and preserve it in small, well-filled bottles in a refrig-
erator or in a cool place.
Mucilage of Acacia should be frequently made and must not be dis-
pensed if it has become sour or moldy.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
MUCILAGO TRAGACANTILE
^lucilage of Tragacanth
Mucil. Trag.
Tragacanth, six grammes 6 Gm.
Glycerin, eighteen grammes 18 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 279
Mix the glycerin with seventy-five yyiils of water in a tared vessel,
heat the mixture to boiling, remove the heat, add the tragacanth, and
macerate during twenty-four hours, stirring occasionally. Then add
enough water to make the mixture weigh one hundred grammes, beat it
until of a uniform consistence, and strain it forcibly through muslin.
MYRISTICA
Myristica
Myrist. — Nutmeg
The ripe seeds of Myristica fragrans Houttuyn (Fam.. Myrisiicacece),
deprived of the arilli and seed-coats. Preserve the kernels in tightly-
closed containers, adding a few drops of carbon tetrachloride or chloro-
form from time to time to prevent attack by insects. Reject broken
or wormy kernels.
Ovoid or ellipsoidal, from 20 to 30 mm. in length and about 20 mm. in thick-
ness; externally light brown to dark brown, reticulately furrowed, the broad
end with a large, circular, upraised scar from which arises a furrow extending to
the chalaza; easily cut, the surface having a waxy lustre and mottled by reason
of the light brown perisperm penetrating into the yellowish-bro\\-n endosperm ;
a longitudinal section through the endosperm above the large scar shows a small
irregular cavity with the more or less shrunken remains of the embryo, and
usually containing a growth of mold ; odor and taste agreeably aromatic.
The powder is dark reddish-brown; consisting of irregular, yellowish-brown or
bro^vnish-black fragments; fragments of perisperm yellowish-brown with large,
cu'cular or elliptical oil reservoirs containing a volatile oil, small, thin-walled
parenclwma cells, and occasional spiral trachea; ; parenchyma cells of endosperm
more or less polygonal and filled with starch grains and aleurone grains; starch
grains single or compound, the individual grains being spherical, plano-convex
or polygonal, from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter and colored blue with
iodine T.S. (distinction from starch grains in mace, which are colored yellow-
ish-red); mounts in hydrated chloral T.S. show numerous globules of a fixed oil
which later may separate in the form of rod-like crystals; mounts in fixed oil
show the separation of spheroidal aggregates of crystals wliich polarize light
strongly. The powder made from "limed" nutmegs shows under the micro-
scope, upon the addition of water containing 25 per cent, of sulphuric acid, the
immediate separation of crystals of calcium sulphate in the form of small
needles or short rods which do not polarize light.
Mjrristica yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
MYRRHA
INIyrrh
Myrrh. — Gum Myrrh
A gum-resin obtained from one or more species of Commiphora (Fam.
Burseracece) .
In rovmded or irregular tears or masses, brownish-yellow or reddish-brown,
and covered with a brownish-yellow dust; fracture waxy, somewhat splintery,
280 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
translucent on the edges, sometimes marked with nearly white lines; odor bal-
samic; taste aromatic; bitter and acrid.
The powder is yellowish-brown; 0.001 Gm. of the powder, when added to a
drop of fixed oil on a slide and examined under the microscope, shows
numerous angular fragments var3'ing in color from pale yellow to yellowish-
bro^Ti; when mounted in hydrated chloral T.S. the color of the yellowish frag-
ments is intensified; the addition' of iodine T.S. to the powder, previously
mounted in hydrated chloral T.S., may show the presence of a few starch grains
• varj-ing in shape from spherical, poh-gonal, and narrowly ellipsoidal to some-
what pear-shaped, from 0.01 to 0.035 mm. in diameter; when mounted in
phloroglucinol T.S. and hydrochloric acid the powder may show a few fragments
of lignified tis.sues consisting of either sclerenchymatous fibers, or of small groups
of stone cells, the individual cells of the latter with very thick, porous walls and
from 0.015 to 0.05 mm. in length.
Not less than 35 per cent, of Myrrh is soluble in alcohol.
MjTrh yields not more than 8.5 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Pilulse Rhei Compositse Tinctura Myrrhse.
A\^RAGE DOSE — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
NITROGENII MONOXIDUM
Nitrogen Monoxide
Nitrogen. Monox. — Nitrous Oxide
Nitrogen Monoxide gas [N20 = 44.02].
It is a colorless gas possessing a slight characteristic odor and a somewhat
sweet taste. It supports the combustion of manj^ substances.
For convenience in handling and use, it is compressed in metal cylinders. It
is quite soluble in water at low temperatures; 1 volume of water dissolves
about 1.3 volumes of nitrous oxide at 25° C.
PaSs 2000 mils of the gas, measured under normal atmospheric pressure at
about 25° C, through 100 mils of barium hydroxide T.S. at a rate not exceed-
ing 4000 mils per hour; not more than a slight turbidity is produced {carbon
dioxide).
No opalescence is produced in a mixture of 100 mils of distilled water and
1 mil of silver nitrate T.S. by 2000 mils of the gas under the conditions described
above (halogens).
No change in color is produced in 100 mils of distilled water to which 5 drops
of litmus T.S. have been added, by the pa.ssage of 1000 mils of the gas through
the liquid under the conditions described above (acids or bases).
No alteration in color is produced in a solution of 0.2 mil of tenth-normal po-
tassium permanganate V.S. in 100 mils of distilled water, by the passage of 1000
mils of the gas through the liquid under the conditions described above (reduc-
ing substances).
NUX VOMICA
Nux Vomica
Nux Vom. — Strychni semen P.I.
The dried, ripe seeds of Strychnos Nux-vomica Linno (Fam. Logan-
iaceoe), yielding not less than 2.5 per cent, of the alkaloids of Nux
Vomica.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 281
Orbicular, nearly flat, occasionally irregularly bent, from 10 to 30 mm. in
diameter and from 4 to 5 mm. in thickness, very hard when dry; externally
grayish or greenish-gray, covered with appressed hairs giving it a silky luster,
hilum indicated by a circular scar at the center of one of the flattened sides
and connected with the micropyle at the edge by a ridge; internally show-
ing a thin, hairy seed-coat and a large grayish-white endosperm at one end
of which is embedded a small embryo with two broadly ovate, 5- to 7-nerved
cotyledons; inodorous; taste intensely and persistently bitter.
The powder is light gray; consisting chiefly of thick-walled endosperm cells
containing globules of a fixed oil and a. few small aleurone grains, and fragments
of strongly lignified, non-glandular hairs, the walls of the latter possessing
large, circular, or long, slit-like pores. In the tissues of the adhering pulp occur
a few small, nearly spherical starch grains.
Nux \'omica yields not more than 3. .5 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 15 Gm. of Nux Vomica, in No. 40 powder, into a 250 mil
flask and add 150 mils of a mixture of chloroform, 1 volume, and ether, 2
volumes. Stopper the flask, shake it well and allow it to stand ten minutes,
then add 10 mils of ammonia water, and, after shaking the flask vigorously
every ten minutes during two hours, allow it to stand ten hours. Now add
25 mils of distilled water, again shake the flask well, and, when the drug has
settled, decant 100 mils of the solution, representing 10 Gm. of Nux Vomica,
and proceed as directed under Belladonnse Radix, page 73, beginning with the
word "Filter," line 7 of the Assay. For the titration, dissolve the alkaloids from
the residue with 10 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. instead of 5 mils.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 36.4 mil-
ligrammes of the total alkaloids of Nux Vomica.
Preparations — Extractum Nucis Vomicae Fluidextractum Nucis Vomicae
Tinctura Nucis Vomicae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
OLEATUM HYDRARGYRI
Oleate of Mercury
Oleat. Hydrarg.
Yellow IMercuric Oxide, in very fine powder, twenty-
five grammes 25 Gm.
Alcohol, twenty milliliters 20 mils
Oleic Acid, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Mix the yellow mercuric oxide with the alcohol in a tared dish, add
seventy-five grammes of oleic acid, warm the mixture to a temperature
not exceeding 50° C, stir constantly for five minutes and then continue
the heat, stirring frequently, until the alcohol is expelled and the
mercuric oxide is dissolved. Now add sufficient oleic acid to make the
product weigh one hundred grammes and mix thoroughly. Preserve
Oleate of Mercury in tightly-closed containers protected from strong
light and do not dispense it if globules of mercury are visible at the
bottom of the container. In the preparation of this Oleate avoid all
contact with metallic utensils.
282 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
OLEORESIXA ASPIDII
Oleoresin of Aspidium
Oleores. Aspid. — Oleoresin of Male Fern
AspiDimi, recently reduced to Xo. 40 powder, jive hundred
grammes 500 Gm.
Ether, a sufficient quantity.
Place the aspidium in a cjdindrical glass percolator, provided with a
stop-cock, and arranged with a cover and a receptacle suitable for volatile
liquids. Pack the powder firmlj^, and percolate slowly with ether, added
in successive portions, until the drug is exhausted. Recover the greater
part of the ether from the percolate by distillation on a water bath, and,
having transferred the residue to a dish, allow the remaining ether to
evaporate spontaneously^ in a warm place. Keep the Oleoresin in a
well-stoppered bottle.
Note — Oleoresin of Aspidium, on standing, usually deposits a gran-
ular, crystalline substance. This should be thoroughly mixed with the
liquid portion before use.
A\t:rage dose — Caution! Single dose, once a day, Metric,
2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
OLEORESIXA CAPSICI
Oleoresin of Capsicum
Oleores. Capsic.
Capsicum, in No. 40 powder, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Ether, a sufficient quantity.
Place the capsicum in a cylindrical glass percolator, provided with a
stop-cock, and arranged with a cover and a receptacle suitable for
volatile liquids. Pack the powder firmly, and percolate slowly with
ether, added in successive portions, until the percolate measures eight
hundred mils. Recover the greater part of the ether from the
percolate by distillation on a water bath, and, havmg transferred the
residue to a dish, allow the remaining ether to evaporate spontane-
ously in a warm place. Then pour off the liquid portion, transfer the
remainder to a glass funnel provided with a pledget of cotton, and, when
the separated fatty matter (which is to be rejected) has been completely
drained, mix the liquid portions together. Keep the Oleoresin in a well-
stoppered bottle.
Preparation — Emplastrum Capsici.
Average dose— Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, >^ grain.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 283
OLEORESINA CUBEB^E
Oleoresin of Cubeb
Oleores. Cubeb.
Cubeb, in No. 30 powder, five himdred grammes 500 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity.
Place the cubeb in a cylindrical glass percolator, pack the powder
firmly, and percolate slowly with alcohol , added in successive portions,
until the drug is exhausted. Recover the greater part of the alcohol
from the percolate by distillation on a water bath, and, having trans-
ferred the residue to a dish, allow the remaining alcohol to evaporate,
in a warm place, stirring frequently. Keep the Oleoresin in a well-
stoppered bottle.
Note — Oleoresin of Cubeb, after standing for some time, deposits a
waxy and crj^stalline precipitate, which should be rejected, the liquid
portion only ..being used.
Preparation — Trochisci Cubebse.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
OLEORESINA PETROSELINI
Oleoresin of Parsley Fruit
Oleores. Petrosel. — ^Liquid Apiol
Parsley Fruit, in No. 60 powder, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Ether, a sufficient quantity.
Place the parsley fruit in a cylindrical glass percolator provided with
a stop-cock and arranged with a cover and a receptacle suitable for
volatile liquids. Pack the powder firmly , and percolate slowly with ether,
added in successive portions until the drug is exhausted. Recover the
greater portion of the ether by distillation on a water bath, and, having
transferred the residue to a dish, remove the remaining ether by spon-
taneous evaporation in a warm place, stirring frequently. Allow the
Oleoresin to stand without agitation for four or five days, decant the
clear liquid portion from any solid residue, and preserve it in well-
stoppered bottles.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
284 The pharaIacopceia of the
OLEORESINA PIPERIS
Oleoresin of Pepper
Oieores. Piper.
Pepper, in No. 40 powder, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Ether, a sufficient quantity.
Place the pepper in a cylindrical glass percolator, provided with a stop-
cock, and arranged with a cover and a receptacle for volatile liquids.
Pack the powder firmly, and percolate slowly with ether, added in suc-
cessive portions, until the drug is exhausted. Recover the greater part
of the ether from the percolate by distillation on a water bath, and, having
transferred the residue to a dish, set this aside in a warm place until
the remaining ether has evaporated, and the deposition of piperine has
ceased. Lastly, separate the Oleoresin from the piperine by straining
through purified cotton. Keep the Oleoresin in a well-stoppered bottle.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
OLEORESINA ZINGIBERIS
Oleoresin of Ginger
oieores. Zingib.
Ginger, in No. 60 powder, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Ether, a sufficient quantity.
Place the ginger in a cylindrical glass percolator, provided with
a stop-cock, and arranged with a cover and a receptacle suitable for
volatile liquids. Pack the powder firmly, and percolate slowly with
ether, added in successive portions, until the drug is exhausted. Recover
the greater part of the ether from the percolate by distillation on a water
bath, and, having transferred the residue to a dish, allow the remaining
ether to evaporate spontaneously in a warm place. Keep the Oleoresin
in a well-stoppered bottle.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^^ grain.
OLEUM AMYGDALA AMAR^
Oil of Bitter Almond
01. Amygd. Amar. — Bitter Almond Oil
A volatile oil obtained by maceration and distillation from the ripe
kernels of Prunus Amygdalus amara DeCandoUe (Fam. Rosacece), and
from other kernels containing amygdalin. It yields not less than 85
per cent, of bcnzaldehyde [CvHeO] and not less than 2 per cent, nor
more than 4 per cent, of hydrocyanic acid [HON]. The botanical
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 285
source from which it is derived must be stated on the label. Preserve
it in small, well-stoppered, completely filled, amber-colored bottles pro-
tected from light and air. Oil showing crystals of benzoic acid must
not be dispensed.
Note — This Oil is intended for medicinal use; it must not be used
for flavoring foods.
Oil of Bitter Almond is a clear, colorless or j^ellovv, strongly refractive liquid,
having the characteristic odor and taste of benzaldehyde.
It is slightly soluble in water and soluble in all proportions in alcohol or ether.
It dissolves, forming a clear solution, in 2 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 1.038 to 1.060 at 25° C.
Refractive index: 1.5428 to 1.5439 at 20° C. (see Part II, Test No. 22).
It is optically inactive or dextrorotatory, not exceeding +0° 10' in a 100 mm.
tube at 25° C. (see Part II, Test No. 21).
\\'hen first prepai-ed. the Oil is neutral to litmus paper, but afterwards
develops an acid reaction due to the formation of benzoic acid.
It does not respond to the Test for heavy metals in volatile oils (see Part II,
Test No. 3).
Hold the loojjed end of a piece of clean copper wire in a non-lum.inous flame
until it glows without colormg the flame green, cool the wire, dip the loop into
Oil of Bitter Almond, ignite the latter and hold it so that the liquid burns
outside of the non-luminous flame. On slowly bringing the flame from the
burning Oil of Bitter Almond on the loop in contact with the lower outer edge
of the non-luminous flame, no green tinge is discernible {chlorinated products).
Add 10 drops of the Oil to a httle alcohol, then add a small amount of zinc
dust and 2 mils of acetic acid and boil the mixture for a short time; no odor of
phenylisocyanide develops after rendering it strongly alkaline with potassium
hydroxide T.S., addixig a few drops of chloroform and heating {nitrobenzene).
Assay for benzaldehyde — Dissolve about 3 mils of freshly redistilled phenyl-
hydrazine in 60 mils of alcohol and titrate 25 mils of this solution, which must
always be freshly prepared, wuth half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S., using
methyl orange T.S. as indicator. To about 1 Gm. of the Oil of Bitter Almond,
accurately weighed, add 25 mils of the phenylhydrazine solution just prepared
and allow it to stand for thirty minutes. Add a drop of methyl orange T.S., and
acidify the mixture by adding a measured excess of half-normal hydrocliloric
acid V.S. Filter the mixture and wash the precipitate with small portions of
distilled water until the washings cease to redden blue litmus paper. Then
titrate the excess of hydrochloric acid in the filtrate with half-normal potas-
sium hydroxide V.S. and subtract the number of mils of the half-normal hydro-
chloric acid V.S. consumed from the number of mils of the half-normal
hydrochloric acid V.S. used in titrating the 25 mils of phenylhydrazine solution;
the difference multiplied by 0.053 gives the weight of benzaldehyde.
Assay for hydrocyanic acid — Dissolve 15 Gm. of crj-stallized magnesium sul-
phate in enough distilled water to measure 100 mils, add 5 mils of this solution
to 40 mils of distilled water, then add 5 mils of half-normal sodium hydroxide
V.S. and two drops of potassium chromate T.S., and titrate the solution with
tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. to the production of a permanent reddish tint.
Pour this mixture into a 100 mil flask containing about 1 Gm. of Oil of Bitter
Almond, accurately weighed, mix well and titrate again with tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S. until a red tint, which does not disappear on shaking, is reproduced.
Conduct this titration as rapidly as possible.
One mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.0027 Gm. of
hydrocyanic acid. One gramme of the Oil corresponds to not less than 7.4 mils
nor more than 14.8 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparations — Aqua Amygdalae Amarae Spiritus Amygdalae Amarae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 mil — Apothecaries, 3^ minim.
286 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
OLEUM AMYGDALAE EXPRESSUM
Expressed Oil of Almond
01. Amygd. Exp.— Oil of Sweet Almond
A fixed oil obtained from the kernels of varieties of Prunus Amygdalus
Stokes (Fam. Rosacece). Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a
cool place.
Expressed Oil of Almond is a clear, pale straw-colored or colorless, oily liquid,
almost odorless, and having a bland taste.
It is slightl}' soluble in alcohol, miscible with ether, chloroform, benzene, or
petroleum benzin.
Specific gravity: 0.910 to 0.915 at 25° C.
The oil remains clear at — 10° C, and does not congeal until cooled to nearly
— 20° C. {olive or lard oil).
Shake vigorously 2 mils of the Oil with a mixture of 1 mil of fuming nitric acid
and 1 mil of water; a whitish mixture is formed, which, after standing for several
hours at about 10° C, separates into a solid white or nearly white mass and a
slightly colored liquid {oil of peach or apricot kernels, yielding a red color, and
sesame or cottonseed oil, yielding a brown color).
Heat 10 mils of the Oil with 15 mils of an aqueous solution of sodium hydrox-
ide (1 in 6) and 30 mils of alcohol on a water bath in a flask having a small fun-
nel inserted in the neck, occasionallj" agitating the mixture until it becomes
clear, then transfer the solution to a shallow dish and evaporate the alcohol on
a water bath. The residue, <when mixed with 100 mils of distilled water,
produces a clear solution {paraffin oil). Add an excess of hydrochloric acid to
this solution; a layer of oleic acid rises to the surface, which, when separated,
washed wath warm water and clarified bj' heating on a water bath, remains
clear if cooled to 15° C. {various foreign oils).
One volume of the oleic acid obtained in the last test, when mixed with
1 volume of alcohol, yields a clear solution, which at 15° C. does not deposit
any fatty acids, nor become turbid upon the further addition of 1 volume of
alcohol (distinction from olive, arachis, cottonseed, sesame, or other fixed oils).
Saponification value: not less than 191 nor more than 200 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 93 nor more than 100 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
Preparation — Unguentum Aquae Rosse.
OLEUM ANISI
Oil of Anise Oil of Star Anise
01. Anisi — Anise Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the ripe fruit of Pimpinella Anisum Linn^
(Fam. Umhellijerce) or from the ripe fruit of Illicium verum Hooker filius
(Fam. Magnoliacece). The botanical source from which it is derived
must be stated on the label. If solid material has separated, carefully
warm the Oil until liquefied, and thoroughly mix it before dispensing.
Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles, protected from light.
Oil of Anise is a colorless or pale yellow, strongly refractive liquid, having the
characteristic odor and taste of anise.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 287
It is soluble with not more than a slight cloudiness in 3 volumes of 90 per
cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.978 to 0.988 at 25° C.
Refractive index: 1.544 to 1.560 at 20° C. (.see Part II, Test No. 22).
The optical rotation varies from +1° to —2° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C
{oil of fennel) (see Part II, Test No. 21).
An alcoholic solution prepared as above is neutral to litmus and develops
no blue or brownish color upon the addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S.
(phenols).
It does not respond to the Test for heavy metal in volatile oils (see Part II,
Test No. 3).
When te.'^ted by the following method, the congealing point of the Oil
does not fall below 15° C. Transfer about 10 mils of the Oil to a test tube,
place it in a water bath cooled with ice, insert a thermometer at once into the
Oil and allow it to remain undisturbed until the temperature has fallen to about
12° C. Then induce crystallization either by rubbing the inner wall of the test
tube with the thermometer or by the addition of a particle of solid anethol, re-
move the test tube from the bath and stir during the solidification of the Oil.
The liighest temperature reached during the crystallization is regarded as the
congealing point.
Preparations — Aqua Anisi Spiritus Anisi Tinctura Opii Camphorata.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM AURANTII
Oil of Orange
01. Aurant.— Oleum Aurantii Corticis, U.S.P. VIII Orange Oil Oil of Sweet Orange
A volatile oil obtained by expression from the fresh peel of sweet
orange. Citrus Aurantium sinensis Gallesio (Fam. Rutacece), and its
varieties. Preserve it in small, well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a
cool place, protected from light. Oil of Orange having a terebinthinate
odor is not to be dispensed.
Oil of Orange is a yellow liquid having the characteristic odor and taste of
orange peel.
Specific gravity: 0.842 to 0.846 at 25° C.
Refractive index: 1.4723 to 1.4737 at 20° C. (see Part II,' Test No. 22).
Its optical rotation is not less than -J- 94° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C. (see
Part II, Test No. 21).
Introduce 50 mils of Oil of Orange into a 200 mil, three-bulb Ladenburg
flask of appi'oximately the following dimensions: The lower or main bulb 6 cm.
in diameter with the smaller condensing bulbs 3.5 cm., 3.0 cm. and 2.5 cm. in
diameter, respectively ; with the distance from the bottom of the flask to the side
arm 20 cm. Then distil the Oil at the rate of one drop per second until 5 mils
has been obtained. The angle of rotation of the distillate thus obtained is
equal to or only slightly greater than that of the original Oil, and the refractive
index of this portion, at 20° C, is not less than 0.0008 nor more than 0.0015
lower than that of the original Oil at 20° C.
Preparation — Spiritus Aurantii Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
288 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
OLEUM CADINUM
Oil of Cade
01. Cadin. — Cade Oil Oil of Juniper Tar Oleum Juniperi Empyreumaticum
An empyreumatic oil obtained by the dry distillation of the wood of
Juniperus Oxycedrus Linne (Fam. Pinacece).
Oil of Cade is a dark brown, clear, thick liquid, having a tarry, empyreumatic
odor and a warm, faintly aromatic, and bitter taste.
It is almost insoluble in water, but imparts to it an acid reaction. It is only
partially soluble in alcohol or petroleum benzin, completely soluble in 3 vol-
umes of ether, soluble in amyl alcohol, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, or oil of
turpentine.
Specific gravity: 0.980 to 1.055 at 25° C.
Shake 1 part of Oil of Cade with 20 parts of warm distilled water and filter;
separate portions of this filtrate give a red coloration with a few drops of ferric
chloride solution (1 in 1000) and reduce silver ammonium nitrate T.S. in the
cold and alkaline cupric tartrate T.S. on heating.
Agitate 1 mil of Oil of Cade with 15 mils of purified petroleum benzin, filter
the benzin solution, add an equal volume of copper acetate solution (1 in 100),
shake the mixture and then allow it to separate. On adding an equal volume
of ether to the separated benzin solution, it produces no intensely green coloration
and does not become colored more than light yellow to brown {rosin and rosin oil).
OLEUM CAJUPUTI
Oil of Cajuput
01. Cajup. — Cajuput Oil Oil of Cajeput
A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves and twigs of several varie-
ties of Melaleuca Leucadendron Linne, especially the var. Cajeputi Rox-
burgh and the var. minor Smith (Fam. Myrtacece). Preserve it in well-
stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a cool place.
Oil of Cajuput is a colorless or yellowish liquid having a peculiar, agree-
able, distinctly camphoraceous odor, and an aromatic, slightly bitter taste.
It is soluble in 1 volimae of 80 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.912 to 0.925 at 25° C.
Its optical rotation does not exceed— 4° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C. (see
Part II, Test No. 21).
It doea not respond to the Test for heavy metals in volatile oils (see Part
II, Test No. 3).
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
OLEUM CARI
Oil of Caraway
01. Car! — Caraway Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of Carum Carvi Linn^ (Fam.
UmhellifercB) , and yielding not less than 50 per cent. , by volume, of carvone
i
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 289
[C10H14O = 150.11]. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles,
in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Caraway is a colorless or pale yellow liquid, having the characteristic
odor and taste of caraway.
It is soluble in 8 volumes of 80 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.900 to 0.910 at 25° C.
Its optical rotation varies between + 70° and + 80° in a 100 mm. tube at
25° C. (see Part II, Test No. 21).
Assay — Introduce 10 mils of the Oil into a 200 mil flask with a long graduated
neck (cassia flask) by means of a pipette, add 50 mils of a saturated solution of
sodium sulphite, which has been carefully rendered neutral to phenol-
phthalein T.S. by means of acetic acid, heat the mixture in a bath con-
taining boiling water and shake the flask repeatedly, neutralizing the mixture
from time to time by the addition of a few drops of diluted acetic acid.
When no coloration appears, upon the addition of a few more drops of phenol-
phthalein T.S. and heating for fifteen minutes, cool, and, when the liquids
have separated completely, add sufficient of the sodium sulphite solution to
raise the lower limit of the oily layer within the graduated portion of the neck
and note the volume of the residual liquid. This measures not more than 5 mils,
indicating the presence of not less than 50 per cent., by volume, of carvone.
Preparation — Spiritus Juniperi Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM CARYOPHYLLI
Oil of Clove
01. Caryoph.— Clove OU Oil of Cloves
A volatile oil distilled from the flower-buds of Eugenia Aromatica
(Linne) O. Kuntze, Jambosa Caryophyllus (Sprengel) Niedenzu (Fam.
Myrtacece), and yielding not less than 82 per cent., by volume, of eugenol
[C10H12O2 = 164.10]. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles,
in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Clove is a colorless or pale yellow liquid, becoming darker and
thicker by age and exposure to the air, having the characteristic odor and
taste of clove.
It is soluble in 2 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 1.038 to 1.060 at 25° C.
Its optical rotation does not exceed — 1° 10' in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C. (see
Part II, Test No. 21).
Shake 1 mil of the OU with 20 mils of hot distilled water; the water shows not
more than a scarcely perceptible acid reaction with litmus. After cooling, pass
the aqueous layer through a wetted filter; the clear filtrate, with a drop of ferric
chloride T.S., yields only a transient, grayish-green color, but not a blue or
violet color {phenol).
Assay — Introduce 10 mils of the Oil into a flask with a long graduated neck
(cassia flask), add 50 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S., shake the mixture for
five minutes and then heat it on a water bath during ten minutes, cool and
when the liquids have separated completely, add sufficient potassium hydrox-
ide T.S. to raise the lower limit of the oily layer within the graduated portion
of the neck and note the volume of the residual liquid. This measures not
more than 1.8 mils, indicating the presence of not less than 82 per cent., by
volume, of eugenol.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
24
290 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
OLEUM CASSI.E
Oil of Cinnamon
01. Cass.— Oleum Cinnamomi, U.S.P. VIII Cassia Oil
A volatile oil distilled from Cinnamomum Cassia (Nees) Blume (Fam.
Lauraceoe) , rectified by steam distillation and yielding not less than 80 per
cent., by volmne, of cinnamic aldehyde [CgHsO = 132.06]. Preserve it in
well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Cinnamon is a yellowish or bro^TUsh liquid, becoming darker and
thicker by age and exposure to the air and having the characteristic odor and
taste of cinnamon.
Specific gravity: 1.045 to 1.063 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from +1° to —1° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
It does not respond to the Test for hea\'y metals in volatile oils (see Part II,
Test No. 3)._
Shake 2 mils of the Oil in a test tube with from 5 to 10 mils of purified petro-
leum benzin, and decant the latter; this liquid is colorless and does not assume a
green color upon shaking it wdth an equal volume of (1 in 1000) copper acetate
solution (rosin).
Assay — Proceed as directed under Oleum Cari. using 10 mils of Oil of Cinna-
mon. It shows not less than 80 per cent., by volume, of cinnamic aldehyde.
Preparations — Aqua Cinnamomi Spiritus Cinnamomi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM CHENOPODII
Oil of Chenopodium
01. Chenopod. — Oil of American Wormseed
A volatile oil distilled from Chenopodium ambrosioides anthelminticum
Linn^ (Fam. Chenopodiaceoe). Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-col-
ored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Chenopodium is a colorless or pale yellowish hquid, having a charac-
teristic, disagreeable odor and taste.
It is soluble in 8 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.955 to 0.980 at 25° C.
Its optical rotation varies between— 4° and — 10° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM CORIANDRI
Oil of Coriander
01. Coriand, — Coriander Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the ripe fruit of Coriandrum sativum Linn6
(Fam. Umhellifera) . Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bot-
tles, in a cool place, protected from light.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 291
Oil of Coriander is a colorless or pale yellow liquid, having the characteristic
odor and taste of coriander.
It is soluble in 3 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity : 0.SG3 to 0.875 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from -\-S° to + 13° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
Preparation — Syrupus Sennae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM CUBEBiE
Oil of Cubeb
01. Cubeb.— Cubeb Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the unripe fruit of Piper Cuheba Linn^ filius
(Fam. Piperacece). Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles,
in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Cubeb is a colorless or a pale green to yellowish-green liquid, having the
characteristic odor and taste of cubeb.
Specific gravity: 0.905 to 0.925 at 25° C.
Its optical rotation varies from —20° to —40° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test Xo. 21).
Its alcohoUc solution is neutral to Utmus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
OLEUM EUCALYPTI
Oil of Eucalyptus
01. Eucalypt.— Eucalyptus Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Eucalyptus Globulus
Labillardiere (Fam. Myrlacece) or from some other species of Eucalyptus,
and yielding not less than 70 per cent., by volume, of eucalyptol
(cineol) [CioHi80 = 154.14]. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-
colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Eucalyptus is a colorless or pale yellow liquid, ha\'ing a characteristic,
aromatic, somewhat camphoraceous odor, and a pungent, spicy, and cooling
taste.
It is soluble in 4 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.905 to 0.925 at 25° C.
Mix 2 mils of the Oil with 4 mils of glacial acetic acid and gradually add 3 mils
of a saturated solution of sodium nitrite. \Mien gently stirred, the mixture
does not form crj'stals of phellandrene nitrite {other eucalyptus oils containing
large amounts of phellandrene).
Assay — Measure 10 mils of the Oil, from a pipette, into a round-bottom
glass dish of 50 mils capacity, which is imbedded in finely broken ice. Add
10 nails of arsenic acid T.S. and stir until precipitation is complete. When
the mixture ceases to congeal further, allow it to stand for ten minutes in the
292 THE PHARMACOPCEU OF THE
ice bath. (If at this point a hard mass is formed, add 5 mils of purified petro-
leum benzin, and mix the mass well before proceeding with the assay.) Then
transfer it immediately to a hardened filter paper, about 18.5 cm. in diameter,
by means of a pliable horn spatula; spread it evenly over the surface of the
paper and lay a second hardened filter paper over the top. Wrap several thick-
nesses of absorbent or filter paper around the hardened filters, and place the
whole between the plates of a press and bring to bear all the pressure possible
for about one minute. Change the outside absorbent papers and press again,
repeating the operation, if necessarj', until the eucah-ptol arsenate is apparently
drj-, and separates readily when touched ^-ith a spatula. The pressing is not
complete when a hard mass remains which is broken up with difficulty; and
usually two changes of filter paper are required, pressing each time for about
two minutes; if left too long in the press the compound may decompose. Now,
transfer the compound completely by means of the horn spatula to a glass fimnel
inserted into a 100 mil cassia flask with a neck graduated to 10 mils into tenths.
Wa.sh the last portions of the precipitate into the flask u-ith a stream of hot
distilled water from a wash bottle, assisting the disintegration with a glass rod,
place the flask in boiling water and rotate it until the compound is thoroughly
broken up. Then add enough distilled water to cause the eucalj^ptol to rise
into the neck of the flask, cool it to room temperature and read its volume.
This volume, multiplied by 10, shows the percentage of eucaljTDtol (cineolj in
the Oil.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
OLEUM FCENICULI
Oil of Fennel
01. Foenic. — Fennel Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the ripe fruit collected from cultivated
varieties of Foeniculum vulgare Miller (Fam. Umbelliferm). If wholly
or partly solidified, carefully warm the Oil until liquefied and thoroughlj'
mix it before dispensing. Preserv'e it in well-stoppered, amber-colored
bottles, in a cool place, protected from hght.
Oil of Fennel is a colorless or pale yellow Uquid, having the characteristic
odor and taste of fennel.
It is soluble in 8 volimies of 80 per cent, alcohol and in 1 volume of 90 per
cent, alcohol, forming a solution neutral to htmus.
Specific gravity : 0.953 to 0.97.3 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from +12° to +24° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(seePartll, Test Xo. 21).
When tested by the method under Oleum Anisi, with the following modifi-
cations, the congealing point of the Oil does not fall below 3° C. Cool the
test tube containing the 10 mils of Oil of Fennel in a freezing mixture until
the temperature has fallen to 0° C, and induce crystallization as directed.
Preparations — Aqua Foeniculi Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Compositus Spiritus Juni-
peri Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 0,2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 293
OLEUM GOSSYPII SEMINIS
Cottonseed Oil
01. Gossyp. Sem.— Cotton Seed Oil
A fixed oil obtained from seeds of cultivated varieties of Gossypium
herhaceum Linne, or of other species of Gossypium (Fam. Malvacece).
Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Cottonseed Oil is a pale yellow, oily liquid, odorless or nearly odorless, and
having a bland taste.
It is slightly soluble in alcohol; miscible with ether, chloroform, petroleum
benzin, or carbon disulphide.
Specific gravity: 0.915 to 0.921 at 25° C.
On cooling the Oil to a temperature below 12° C. particles of solid fat sep-
arate. At about 0° to —5° C. the Oil becomes nearly or quite solid.
Add sulphuric acid (specific gravity 1.6 to 1.7) to the Oil, preferably diluted
with carbon disulphide; a reddish-brown color is rapidly produced.
Mix 2 mils of the Oil in a test tube with 2 mils of a mixture of equal volumes
of amyl alcohol and a 1 per cent, solution of sulphur in carbon disulphide, and
immerse the test tube to one-third of its depth in a boiling, saturated aqueous
solution of sodium chloride; a red color develops in from ten to fifteen minutes.
Saponification value: not less than 190 nor more than 198 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 105 nor more than 114 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
OLEUM JUNIPERI
Oil of Juniper
01. Junip. — Juniper Oil Oil of Juniper Berries
A volatile oil distilled from the ripe fruit of Juniperus communis, Linne
(Fam. Pinaceoe). Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles
in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Juniper is a colorless or faintly green or yellow Uquid, having the char-
acteristic odor and taste of juniper fruit.
It is soluble in 4 volumes of alcohol with not more than a slight cloudiness.
Specific gravity: 0.854 to 0.879 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from 0° to —15°, in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C. (see
Part II, Test No. 21).
Preparations — Spiritus Juniperi Spiritus Juniperi Compo situs.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM LAVANDULA
Oil of Lavender
0!. Lavand.— Oleum Lavandula Florum, U.S.P. VIII
A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowering tops of Lavandula vera
De Candolle {Lavandula officinalis Chaix, Lavandula spica Linne) (Fam.
LabiatcB). Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a
cool place, protected from light.
294 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Oil of Lavender is a colorless or yellow liquid, having the characteristic odor
and taste of lavender flowers.
It is soluble in 3 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.875 to 0.888 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from —1° to —10° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
When shaken in a narrow glass cylinder with an equal volume of distilled
water, its volume does not diminish {alcohol).
Shake 20 mils of the Oil with 40 mils of 5 per cent, alcohol and, when the mix-
ture has cleared, withdraw 30 mils of the alcoholic solution. Neutralize this with
half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator,
then add 5 mils of half-normal pota.ssium hydroxide V.S. and heat the mixture
on a water bath, under a reflux condenser, during one hour. Not less than 4.7 mils
of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. is required for neutralization {foreign esters).
Preparations— Spiritus Lavandulse Tinctura Lavandute Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM LIMONIS
Oil of Lemon
01. Limon. — Lemon Oil
A volatile oil obtained by expression from the fresh peel of the ripe
fruit of Citrus medica Limonum (Risso) Hooker filius (Fam. Rutacece),
and yielding not less than 4 per cent, of the aldehydes from Oil of Lemon,
calculated as citral [CioHi60 = 152.13]. Preserve it in well-stoppered,
amber-colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light. Oil of
Lemon having a terebinthinate odor is not to be dispensed.
Oil of Lemon is a pale yellow or greenish-yellow Mquid, having the character-
istic odor and taste of lemon.
Specific gravity: 0.851 to 0.855 at 25° C.
Refractive index: 1.4744 to 1.4755 at 20° C. (see Part. II, Test No. 22).
The optical rotation varies from +57° to +64° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
The angle of rotation of the first 10 per cent, of the distillate, obtained as
directed under Oleum Aiiranlii, is not more than 5 degrees less than that of
the original Oil. The refractive index of this first 10 per cent, of distillate is
not less than 0.002 nor more than 0.0027 lower than that of the original Oil.
Assay — Introduce about 15 mils of Oil of Lemon into a tared 300 mil flask
and note the exact weight; add 10 mils of an alcoholic solution of phenyl-
hydrazine (1 in 10) (not darker in color than pale yellow), and allow it to stand
for one-half hour at room temperature. Then add a few drops of methyl orange
T.S. and neutralize the liquid exactly by the cautious addition of half-normal
hydrochloric acid V.S. If difficulty is experienced in detecting the end point
of the reaction, continue the titration until the solution is distinctly acid,
transfer it to a separatory funnel and draw off the alcoholic portion. Now wash
the Oil with distilled water, adding the washings to the alcoholic solution, and
titrate the latter with half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. Carry out a blank
test identical with the foregoing, cxccj)t that the Oil of Lemon is omitted, and
note the amount of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. consumed. Subtract the
number of mils of half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. from the number of
mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. consumed in the original test and
this result from the corresponding number of mils required in the blank test;
each mil of this difference corresi)onds to 0.076 Gm. of aldehydes, calculated
as citral. It shows, when calculated from the weight of Oil taken, not less
than 4 per cent, of aldehydes from Oil of Lemon, calculated as citral.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 295
OLEUM LINI
Linseed Oil
01. Lini — Oil of Flaxseed Raw Linseed Oil
A fixed oil obtained from Linseed. Preserve it in well-stoppered con-
tainers. Linseed Oil which has been "boiled" must not be used nor
dispensed.
Linseed Oil is a yellowish, oily liquid, having a peculiar odor and a bland
taste. When exposed to the air, it gradually tliickens, darkens in color, and
acquires a strong odor and taste.
It is slightly soluble in alcohol, miscibic with ether, chloroform, petroleum
benzin, carbon disulphide, or oil of turpentine.
Specific gravity: 0.925 to 0.935 at 25° C.
It is not more than slightly acid to htmus i)aper which has previously been
moistened with alcohol {free acid).
Linseed Oil when spread in a thin layer on a glass plate and allowed to .stand
in a warm place is gradually converted into a hard, transparent resin {non-dry-
ing oils).
To 10 mils of the Oil add 3 Gm. of potassium hydroxide, 10 mils of alcohol
and 10 mils of distilled water, and heat the mixture on a water bath with fre-
quent agitation, until a clear solution results. The addition of 100 mils of dis-
tilled water to this solution yields a clear liquid free from oily drops {mineral
or rosin oils).
Warm 2 mils of the Oil with frequent agitation in a test tube with an equal
volume of glacial acetic acid, and, after cooling, add to the mixture 1 drop of
sulphuric acid. A greenish color is produced (a violet color under these circum-
stances indicates the presence of rosin or rosin oils).
Saponification value: not less than 187 nor more than 195 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 170 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
Average dose — Metric, 30 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidounce.
OLEUM INIENTHiE PIPERITiE
Oil of Peppermint
01. Menth. Pip.— Peppermint Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the flowering plant of Mentha piperita
Linne (Fam. Labiatoe), rectified by steam distillation, and yielding
not less than 5 per cent, of esters, calculated as menthyl acetate
[CioHi9C2H302= 198.18], and not less than 50 per cent, of total
menthol [CioHi90H= 156.16], free and as esters. Preserve it in well-
stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Peppermint is a colorless liquid, ha^ang a strong odor of peppermint,
and a pungent taste, followed by a sensation of cold when air is drawn into
the mouth.
It is soluble in 4 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol, showing not more than slight
opalescence and no separation of oi} globules.
Specific gravity :_ 0.896 to 0.908 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies between —23° and —33° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
296 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
Distil about 1 mil from 25 mils of the Oil and pour the distillate on 5 mils of
mercuric chloride T.S.; a white film does not form at the zone of contact within
one minute (dimethyl sulphide found in non- rectified oils).
Assay for esters — Introduce 10 mils of Oil of Peppermint into a tared flask
and note the exact weight. Add 25 mils of half-normal alcoholic potassium hy-
droxide V.S., connect the flask with a reflux condenser, and boil the mixture dur-
ing one hour. After cooling, titrate the residual alkali with half-normal sulphuric
acid V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. Subtract the number of mils
of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. required from the 25 mils of half-normal
alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. taken, multiply the difference by 9.909,
and divide the product by the weight of the Oil of Peppermint taken to find the
percentage of menthyl acetate.
Assay for total menthol — Introduce 10 mils of the OU into a flask provided
with a ground-glass tube-condenser (acetylization flask), add 10 mils of acetic
anhydride and about 1 Gm. of powdered anhydrous sodium acetate, and boil
the mixture gently during one hour. Allow it to cool, wash the acetyUzed oil
with distilled water, and afterwards with sodium carbonate T.S., diluted with
an equal volume of distilled water, until the mixture is slightly alkahne to
phenolphthalein T.S., and then dry it with the aid of fused calcium chloride,
and filter. Transfer 5 mils of the dr\' acetyhzed oil to a tared 100 mil flask,
note the exact weight, add 50 mils of half-normal alcohohc potassium hydroxide
V.S., connect the flask with a reflux condenser, and boil the mixture during one
hour. After cooling, titrate the residual alkah with half-normal sulphuric
acid V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator, and calculate the percentage
of menthol present by the foUowing formula:
Percentage of menthol = „_ , . wV. qqii
In which A is the result obtained by subtracting the number of mils of half-
normal sulphuric acid V.S. required in the above titration from the number of
mils of half-normal alcohohc potassium hydroxide V.S. originally taken, andJS
is the weight of acetylized oil taken.
Preparations — Aqua Menthae Piperita} Spiritus Menthae Piperitae.
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM I^IENTH.^ VIRIDIS
Oil of Spearmint
01. Menth. Vir.— Spearmint Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the flowering plant of Mentha spicata
Linne (Mentha viridis Linne) (Fam. Labiatce), and yielding not less than
43 per cent., by volume, of carvone IC10H14O = 150.11]. Preserve it in well-
stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Spearmint is a colorless, yellow or greenish-yellow liquid, having the
characteristic odor and taste of spearmint.
It is soluble in 1 volume of 80 per cent, alcohol, forming a clear solution; on
further dilution, it usually becomes cloudy.
Specific gravity: 0.917 to 0.934 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies between —38° and — 55° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
Assay — Proceed as directed under Oleum Cari, using 10 mils of Oil of
Spearmint.
Preparations — Aquse Menthae Viridis Spiritus Menthae Viridis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 297
OLEUM MORRHU.E
Cod Liver Oil
01. Morrh. — Oleum Jecoris Aselli
A fixed oil obtained from the fresh livers of Gadus morrhna Linne
and of other species of Gadus (Fam. Gadidoo). Preserve it in a cool
place, in well-closed containers, which have been thoroughly dried
before filling.
Cod Liver Oil is a pale yellow, tliin, oily liquid, having a peculiar, slightly
fishy, but not rancid odor, and a fishy taste.
It is sHghtly soluble in alcohol; soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide,
or ethyl acetate.
Specific gravity: 0.918 to 0.922 at 25° C.
A solution of 1 drop of the Oil in 1 mil of chloroform when shaken with 1 drop
of sulphuric acid acquires a violet-red tint, gradually changing to reddish-
brown.
Allow 2 or 3 drops of fuming nitric acid (specific gravity about 1.44) to flow
alongside of 10 or 15 drops of the Oil contained in a watch glass; a reddish or
purplish color is produced at the zone of contact. On stirring the mixture with
a glass rod, this color becomes bright rose-red (distinction from seal oil, which
shows no change in color, and from other fish oils, which become blue).
Cod Liver Oil is only slightly acid to litmus paper which has been previously
moistened with alcohol {free fatty acids).
Saponification value: not less than 180 nor more than 190 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 140 nor more than 180 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
Preparation — Emulsum Olei Morrhuae.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 2}^ fluidrachms.
OLEmi MYRISTIC^
Oil of Myristica
01. Myrist.— Myristica Oil Oil of Nutmeg
A volatile oil distilled from the kernel of the ripe seed of Myristica
fragrans Houttuj-n (Fam. Myristicacece). Preserve it in well-stoppered,
amber-colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of ^Myristica is a colorless or pale yellow Uquid, having the characteristic
odor and taste of nutmeg.
It is soluble in an equal volume of alcohol; also soluble in 3 volumes of 90 per
cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.859 to 0.924 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from +12° to +30° in a 100 mm. tube at
25° C. (see Part II, Test No. 21).
Evaporate 3 Gm. of the Oil on a water bath; not more than 0.06 Gm. of resi-
due remains.
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
298 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
OLEUM OLIViE
Olive Oil
Ol.Oliv.
A fixed oil obtained from the ripe fruit of Olea europoea Linn6 (Fam.
Oleacece). Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place.
Olive Oil is a pale yellow or light greenish-yellow, oily liquid, having a slight,
peculiar odor and taste, with a faintly acrid after-taste.
It is slight'y soluble in alcohol, but miscible with ether, chloroform, or carbon
disulphide.
Specific gravity: 0.910 to 0.915 at 25° C.
When cooled to from 10° to 8° C, the Oil becomes somewhat cloudy from the
separation of crystalline particles, and at 0° C. it usually forms a whitish, gran-
ular mass.
Mix 5 mils of the Oil in a test tube with 5 mils of a mixture of equal volumes
of amyl alcohol and carbon disulphide, which contains 1 per cent, of sulphur in
solution, and immerse the test tube to one-third its depth in boiling, saturated
aqueous salt solution; no reddish color develops in fifteen minutes {cottonseed oil).
Mix 2 mils of the Oil with 1 mil of hydrochloric acid containing 1 per cent, of
sugar, shake the mixture for half a minute and allow it to stand for five minutes;
on now adding 3 mils of distilled water to the mixture and again shaking it, the
acid layer shows no pink color {sesame oil).
Saponification value: not less than 190 nor more than 195 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 79 nor more than 90 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
Average dose — Metric, 30 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidounce.
OLEUM PICIS LIQUID.E RECTIFICATUM
Rectified Oil of Tar
01. Pic Liq. Rect.— Oleum Picis Liquidse, U.S.P. VIII Rectified Tar OU
A rectified volatile oil distilled from Tar.
Rectified Oil of Tar is a thick liquid having a dark reddish-brown color, and
a strong, empyreumatic odor and taste.
It is soluble in alcohol, the solution being acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: 0.960 to 0.990 at 25° C.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM PIMENTO
Oil of Pimcnta
01. Piment. — Pimento Oil Oil of Allspice
A volatile oil distilled from the fruit of Pimenta officinalis Lindley
(Fam. Myrtacece), jdelding not less than 65 per cent., by volume,
UNITED STATES OF AMJERICA ^90
of eugenol [CioHi202 = 164.10]. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-
colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Pimenta is a colorless, yellow or reddish liquid, becoming darker with
age and having the characteristic odor and taste of allspice.
It is soluble in an equal volume of 90 per cent, alcohol; also soluble in 2 vol-
umes of 70 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 1.018 to 1.048 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from 0° to —4° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(seePart II, TestNo. 21).
Assay — Proceed as directed under Oleum Caryophylli, using 10 mils of Oil of
Pimenta. The residual liquid measures not more than 3.5 mils, indicating the
presence of not less than 65 per cent., by volume, of eugenol.
Average dose — IMetric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM PINI PUMILIONIS
Oil of Dwarf Pine Needles
01. Pin. Pumil.— Dwarf Pine Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the fresh leaves of Pinus montana Miller
(Pinus Pumilio Haenke) (Fam. Pinaceoe). Preserve it in well-stoppered,
amber-colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Dwarf Pine Needles is a colorless or faintly yellowish oil having a pleas-
ant, aromatic odor, and a bitter and pungent taste.
Specific gravity: 0.853 to 0.869 at 25° C.
No portion of the Oil distils below 170° C.
OLEUM RICINI
Castor Oil
01. Ricin.
A fixed oil obtained from the seeds of Ricinus communis Linne (Fam.
Euphorhiacece) . Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Castor Oil is a pale yellowish or almost colorless, transparent, viscid liquid,
having a faint, mild odor, and a bland, afterwards slightly acrid and generally
nauseating taste.
It is miscible with dehydrated alcohol or glacial acetic acid.
Specific gravity: 0.945 to 0.965 at 25° C.
Castor Oil is only partly soluble in petroleum benzin (distinction from most
other fixed oils) .
Castor Oil produces a clear liquid with an equal volume of alcohol {foreign
oils).
Saponification value: not less than 179 nor more than 185 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 83 nor more than 88 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
300 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
OLEUM ROSMARINI
Oil of Rosemary
01. Rosmar. — Rosemary Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the fresh flowering tops of Rosmarinus
(fficinalis Linne (Fam. Labiatce), yielding not less than 2.5 per cent, of
ester, calculated as bornyl acetate [CioHi7C2H302 = 196.16], and not
less than 10 per cent, of total borneol [CioHi70H = 154.14]. Preserve
it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a cool place, protected
from light.
Oil of Rosemary is a colorless or pale yellow liquid, having the characteristic
odor of rosemary, and a camphoraceous taste.
It is soluble in 10 volumes of 80 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.894 to 0.912 at 25° C.
Assay for esters and total borneol — Proceed as directed for menthyl acetate
and for menthol under Oleum Menlhw Piperitcp, using 10 mils of Oil of Rosemary
for each assay. In place of the factor and formula for menthyl acetate and
menthol, respectively, under Oleum Menthce Piperit(e use the factor 9.808 in
calculating the percentage of bornyl acetate and the following formula in cal-
culating the percentage of borneol.
D . fK 1 AX 7.707
Percentage of borneol =^_mx0 021)
In which A is the result obtained by subtracting the number of mils of half-
normal sulphuric acid V.S. required in the titration from the number of mils
of half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. originally taken, and B is
the weight of acetylized oil taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM SANTALI
Oil of Santal
01. Santal. — Santalwood Oil Oil of Sandalwood
A volatile oil distilled from the wood of Santalum album Lum6 (Fam.
Santalacece) , yielding not less than 90 per cent, of alcohols, calculated
as santalol [Ci5H260 = 222.21]. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-
colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Santal is a pale yellow, somewhat thick liquid, having the character-
istic odor and taste of sandalwood.
It is soluble in 5 volumes of 70 per cent, alcohol, forming a solution which is
slightly acid to litmus.
Specific gravity: 0.965 to 0.980 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from —15° to -20° in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
Assay — Proceed as directed for menthol under Oleum Menthce Piperilae, usmg
10 mils of Oil of Santal. Use the following formula in calculating the percentage
of santalol in place of that given for menthol under Oleum Menthce Piperitae.
Percentage of santalol =„ _ /^ y q q21)
In which A is the result obtained by subtracting the number of mils of
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 301
half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. required in the titration from the number of
mils of half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. originally taken, and
B is the weight of acetylized oil taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — ^Apothecaries, 8 minims.
OLEUM SASSAFRAS
Oil of Sassafras
01. Sassaf.— Sassafras Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the root of Sassafras variifoUum (Salisbury)
O. Kuntze (Fam. Lauracea). Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-
colored bottles, in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Sassafras is a yellow or reddish-yellow liquid, having the characteristic
odor and taste of sassafras.
It is soluble in 2 volumes of 90 per cent, alcohol, forming a solution neutral
to litmus.
Specific gravity: 1.065 to 1.077 at 25° C.
The optical rotation varies from +3° to +4" in a 100 mm. tube at 25° C.
(see Part II, Test No. 21).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
OLEUM SESAMI
Sesame Oil
01. Sesam.— Teel Oil Benne Oil
A fixed oil obtained from the seeds of one or more cultivated varie-
ties of Sesamum indicum Linne (Fam. Pedaliacece). Preserve it in well-
closed containers.
Sesame Oil is a pale yeUow, oily liquid, almost odorless, and having a bland
taste.
It is shghtly soluble in alcohol, miscible with ether, chloroform, petroleum
benzin, or carbon disulphide.
Specific gravity: 0.916 to 0.921 at 25° C.
Shake 1 mil of the Oil for half a minute wdth a solution of 0.1 Gm. of sugar in
10 mils of hydrocliloric acid; the acid layer becomes bright red and changes to
dark red on standing.
Blue litmus paper previously moistened with alcohol is not more than slightly
reddened by 2 mils of the Oil (free acid).
Mix 5 mils of the Oil in a test tube with 5 mils of a mixture of equal volumes
of amyl alcohol and a 1 per cent, solution of sulphur in carbon disulphide and im-
merse the test tube to one-third of its depth in a boiling saturated aqueous
solution of sodium chloride; no reddish color develops in fifteen minutes {cotton-
seed oil).
Saponification value: not less than 188 nor more than 193 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value; BOt less than 103 nor more than 112 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
302 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
OLEUM SINAPIS VOLATILE
Volatile Oil of Mustard
01. Sinap. Vol.— Mustard Oil
A volatile oil produced synthetically or obtained from the seed of Bras-
sica nigra (Linne) Koch (Fam. Crudfercb) (freed from fatty oil) by macer-
ation with water and subsequent distillation. It yields not less than 92
per cent, of allyl isothiocyanate [C3H5SCN = 99.12]. The label must
indicate whether the Oil has been made synthetically or obtained from
black mustard. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles,
in a cool place, protected from light.
Volatile Oil of Mustard is a colorless or pale yellow, strongl}' refractive liquid,
having a very pungent and irritating odor and an acrid taste.
Great caution should be exercised in smelling this Oil. It should not be tasted ex-
cept when highly diluted.
Specific gravity: 1.013 to 1.020 at 25° C.
It is optically inactive.
The Oil distils completely between 148° and 154° C. and both the first and
last portions of the dist'llate have nearly the same specific gravity as the
original Oil (alcohol, chloroform, petroleum, or fatty oils).
The addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to the Oil, diluted with several
volumes of alcohol, does not produce a blue coloration (phenols).
Assay — Dilute about 4 mils of Volatile Oil of Mustard, accurately weighed,
with sufficient alcohol to make exactly 100 mils. Transfer 5 mils of this solution
to a 100 mil measuring flask, and add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate
V.S. and 5 mils of ammonia water. Stopper the flask, connect it with a reflux
condenser and heat it on a water bath during one hour. Allow it to cool, dilute
the contents of the flask with distilled water to the 100 mil mark, mix well and
filter. Add 4 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S.
to 50 mils of the filtrate and titrate the excess of the silver nitrate with tenth-
normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S.
When calculated from the weight of Oil taken for the assay it shows not less
than 92 per cent, of allyl isothiocyanate. Each mil of tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S. consumed corresponds to 0.004956 Gm. of allyl isothiocyanate.
Average dose — Metric, 0.008 mil — Apothecaries, }i minim.
OLEUM TEREBINTHINiE
Oil of Turpentine
01. Tereb. — Turpentine Oil "Spirits of Turpentine"
The volatile oil distilled with water from the concrete oleoresin
obtained from Pinus palustris Miller or from other species of PiniLs
(Fam. Pinaceoi). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Oil of Turpentine is a colorless liquid having a characteristic odor and taste,
both of which l)C(;()me stronger and less pleasant on aging or exposure to the air.
Soluble in 5 volumes of alcohol.
Specific gravity : 0.860 to 0.870 at 25" C.
Optical rotation variable.
\
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 303
Distil 200 mils of the Oil, at the rate of two drops per second, from a 300 mil
globe flask, having the side tube 8 cm. above the bulb. Ninety per cent, of the
Oil distils between 154° and 170° C, the temperature being read with the mer-
cury column of the thermometer immersed in the vapor.
Five mils of tlie Oil, shaken with an equal volume of pota.ssium hydroxide
T.S., does not become darker than a Hght straw yellow after standing twenty-
four hours.
Five mils of the Oil, evaporated in a small dish on a water bath, leaves not
more than 0.1 Gm. of residue.
Three drops of the Oil, placed on imsized, white paper, and exposed to the
air, evaporates entirely without leaving a permanent stain {fixed oils).
Five mils of the Oil shaken vigorously with an ecjual volume of hydrochloric
acid in a test tube, and allowed to stand for a few minutes, does not produce
a brownish or greenish color.
Into a flask of from 35 to 50 mils capacity, having a long graduated neck
(cassia flask), and containing 25 mils of fuming suljihuric acid, introduce very
slowly, drop by drop, with constant shaking 5 mils of Oil of Turpentine, keeping
the temperature just below 65° C. by immersion in cold water during the addi-
tion of the oil, and for five minutes thereafter, in the meantime frequently
agitating the mixture cautiously but vigorously. Then cool, and add sulphuric
acid until the flask is filled to the upper graduation on the neck. The clear,
reddish, viscous layer, which forms after the dark mass has settled for two hours,
does not exceed 1 per cent, of the volume of Oil taken. A larger layer of
colorless liquid with a refractive index of less than 1.5 at 20° C. shows the
presence of mineral oil.
Caution — The addition of the Oil of Turpentine to the fuming sulphuric acid,
drop by drop, is necessary because of the violence of the reaction.
Preparations — Ceratum Cantharidis Linimentum Terebinthinae Oleum
Terebinthinaj Rectificatum.
OLEUM TEREBINTHINiE RECTIFICATUM
Rectified Oil of Turpentine
01. Tereb. Rect. — Rectified Turpentine Oil
Oil of Turpentine, a convenient quantity.
Solution of Sodium Hydroxide, a sufficient quantity.
Shake the oil of turpentine thoroughly with an equal volume of solu-
tion of sodium hydroxide and introduce the mixture into a still connected
with a well-cooled condenser. Recover about three-fourths of the oil
by distillation, separate the clear oil from the water, dry it by shaking
with anhydrous calcium chloride, filter and preserve the product in
well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles, in a cool place.
Rectified Oil of Turpentine is to be dispensed when oil of turpentine
is required for internal use.
Rectified Oil of Turpentine is a colorless liquid which conforms to the prop-
erties and tests under Oleum T erehinthince , specific gravity excepted.
Specific gravity: 0.856 to 0.865 at 25° C.
Evaporate 5 mils of the Oil rapidly in a tared dish on a water bath; not more
than 0.015 Gm. of residue remains.
Preparation — Emulsum Olei Terebinth inae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 mil — Apothecaries, 5 minims.
304 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
OLEUM THEOBROMATIS
Oil of Theobroma
01. Theobrom. — Butter of Cacao Cacao Butter
A concrete fixed oil obtained from the roasted seeds of Theobroma
Cacao Linne (Fam. Sterculiaceoe) .
Oil of Theobroma is a yellowish-white solid, haviag a faint, agreeable odor,
and a bland, chocolate-like taste.
It is usually brittle at temperatures below 25° C.
It is slightly soluble in alcohol, soluble in boiling dehydrated alcohol, and
freely soluble in ether, chloroform, or benzene.
Specific gravity: about 0.973 at 25° C.
It melts between 30° and 35° C'
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Oil of Theobroma in 3 mils of ether in a test tube at a
temperature of 17° C, and immerse the tube into water having the tem-
perature of melting ice. The liquid does not become turbid nor deposit white
flakes in less than three minutes; and if the mixture after congealing is again
brought to 15° C, it gradually forms a perfectly clear liquid {wax, stearin, or
tallow).
Saponification value: not less than 188 nor more than 195 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 33 nor more than 38 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
OLEUM THYMI
Oil of Thyme
Ol. Thymi— Thyme Oil
A volatile oil distilled from the flowering plant of Thymus vulgaris
Linne (Fam. Lahiatce), and containing not less than 20 per cent., by vol-
ume, of phenols. Preserve it in well-stoppered, amber-colored bottles,
in a cool place, protected from light.
Oil of Thyme is a colorless or red liquid, having a characteristic odor and taste.
It is soluble in 2 volumes of 80 per cent, alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.894 to 0.930 at 25° C.
It is slightly laevorotatory.
Shake 1 mil of the Oil with 10 mils of hot distilled water, and, after cooling,
pass the aqueous layer through a wetted filter; the filtrate does not assume
a blue or violet color upon the addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S.
Assay — Introduce 75 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. into a flask with a long
graduated neck (cassia flask), add 10 mils of the Oil to be assayed, stopper
the flask tightly, shake the mixture thoroughly, and set it aside for from twelve
to twenty-four hours. Then add sufficient sodium hydroxide T.S. to raise the
lower limit of the oily layer within the graduated portion of the neck of the
fla.sk, and, after the alkaline solution has become clear, adjust it to the tempera-
ture at which it was measured, and note the volume of the residual liquid.
This measures not more than 8 mils, indicating the presence of not less than 2Q
Dcr cent., by volume, of phenols.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 mil — Apothecaries, 3 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 305
OLEUM TIGLII
Croton Oil
01. Tiglii
A fixed oil expressed from the seeds of Croton Tiglium Linn^ (Fam.
Euphorbiacece) . Preserve it in small, well-stoppered bottles, protected
from light.
Croton Oil is a pale yellow or brownish-yellow, somewhat viscid and slightly
fluorescent liquid, having a slight, characteristic odor. Great caution is necessary
in tasting it, and it must be handled carefully as it causes a pustular eruption,
when applied to the skin.
It is slightly soluble in alcohol, the solubility increasing with age; freely
soluble in ether, chloroform, or in fixed or volatile oils.
It is acid to litmus paper previouslj^ moistened with alcohol.
Specific gravity: 0.935 to 0.950 at 25° C.
When gently heated with twice its volume of dehydrated alcohol, it forms a
clear solution from which the Croton Oil separates, either partially or completely
on coohng.
Add 1 mil each of fuming nitric acid and of distilled water to 2 mils of the OU,
and shake the mixture vigorously for a few minutes; it does not c:-liclify either
completely or partially after standing for twenty-four hours.
Saponification value: not less than 200 nor more than 215 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 104 nor more than 110 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
Average dose — IMetric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
OPII PULVIS
Powdered Opium
Opii Pulv.— Opii pulvis, P. I.
Opium dried at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, reduced to a very-
fine powder, and jdelding not less than 10 per cent, nor more than 10.5
per cent, of anhydrous morphine. Powdered Opium of a higher mor-
phine percentage may be brought within the required limits by admix-
ture wdth powdered opium of a lower percentage, or with some inert
diluent. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Powdered Opium is light brown; consisting chiefly of yellowish-brown to
brownish-red, more or less irregular and granular fragments, varying from 0.015
to 0.15 mm. in diameter; a few fragments of strongly lignified, thick-walled,
4- to 5-sided or narrowly elongated, epidermal cells of the poppy capsule; and
very few fragments of tissues of poppy leaves, poppy capsules, and rumex fruits.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Opium.
Preparations — Opium Deodoratum Pulvis Ipecacuanhae et Opii Tinctura
Opii Camphorata.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
25
306 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
OPIUM
Opium
The air-dried, milky exudation obtained by incising the unripe cap-
sules of Papaver somniferum Linne and its variety album De Candolle
(Fam. Papaveraceoe) , and yielding, in its normal, moist condition, not
less than 9.5 per cent, of anhydrous morphine.
In more or less rounded, mostly somewhat flattened masses of variable size,
but usually about 8 to 15 cm. in diameter; externally grayish-brown, covered
with fragments of poppy leaves and at times with some fruits of a species
of rumex adhering from the packing; more or less plastic when fresh,
becoming hard and brittle on keeping; internally dark brown, interspersed
with lighter areas, somewhat lustrous; odor characteristic, narcotic; taste bitter,
characteristic.
For a description of the powder see Opii Pulvis.
Assay — Introduce 8 Gm. of Oj)ium, which if fresh should be in very small
pieces, and if dry in fine powder, into an Erlenmeyer flask having a capacity of
about 250 mils, add 80 mils of distilled water, stopper the flask, and agitate it
every ten minutes (or continuously in a mechanical shaker) during three hours.
Then pour the contents as evenly as possible upon a wetted filter having a diam-
eter of not over 12 cm., and, when the liquid has drained off, wash the residue
with distilled water, carefully dropped upon the edges of the filter and its con-
tents, until 120 mils of filtrate have been obtained. Carefully transfer the moist
Opium to a mortar by means of a spatula, and rub to a smooth paste, then rinse
into the original flask with 50 mils of distilled water, agitate it thoroughly and
return the whole to the filter. When the liquid has drained off, wash the residue
with 75 mils of distilled water. Evaporate the mixed filtrates and washings
on a water bath to about 40 Gm.. Transfer the extract to a 50 mil graduated
flask and wash the evaporating dish with sufficient distilled water to make the
entire volume measure exactly 50 mils when cooled to room temperature.
Place in a small mortar 4 Gm. of freshly slaked lime (see Reagents, Part II),
add about 10 mils of the opium extract and rub to a smooth paste, then add
the remainder of the extract and rinse the flask with exactly 10 mils of distilled
water, adding the rinsings to the mortar, and stir frequently during fifteen
minutes, avoiding unnecessary loss by evaporation. Filter through a dry filter,
about 10 cm. in diameter, and transfer exactly 30 mils of the filtrate, representing
four grammes of Opium, to an Erlenmeyer flask of suitable capacity. To this
add 2 mils of alcohol and 15 mils of ether, and, after shaking the mixture, add
1 Gm. of ammonium chloride, stopper the flask and shake it frequently during
half an hour, then .set it aside in a cool place for twelve hours or over night.
Remove the stopper and brush any adhering crystals back into the flask. Decant
the ethereal layer into a small funnel, the neck of which has been previously
cio.sed with a pledget of purified cotton. Rinse the flask and contents with
15 mils of ether, and, when the ether has passed through, wash the funnel and
cotton with a small quantity of ether, and then pour the aqueous liquid into
the funnel without trying to remove the crystals. Wash the crystals in the
flask and the contents of the funnel with distilled water, previously saturated
with morphine, until the washings are (!olorless. Then add a few drops of dis-
tilled water to replace the mori)hinated water. Incline the edge of the funnel
over the mouth of the flask and by means of a gla.ss rod carefully transfer the
cotton with adhering crystals to the flask. Insert the funnel into the neck of
the flask and wash the funnel with 20 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.,
followed by 10 mils of distilled water, applied drop by drop around the edge
of the funnel. Remove the funnel, replace the cork, warm gently, and agitate
until the crystals arc dissolved. Rin.sc the cork with distilled water and titrate
the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., cochineal T.S.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 307
being used as indicator. Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed
corresponds to 0.028516 Gm. of anhydrous morphine.
Preparations — Extractum Opii Mistura GlycjTrhizsD Composita (from Cam-
phorated Tincture of Opium) Opii Pulvis Opium Dcodoratum Opium
Granulatum Pulvis Ipecacuanha et Opii Tinctura Opii Tinctura
Opii Camphorata Tinctura Opii Deodorati.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
OPIUM DEODORATUM
Deodorized Opium
opium Deod.
Deodorized Opium yields not less than 10 per cent, nor more than
10.5 per cent, of anhydrous morphine. Deodorized Opium of a higher
morphine percentage may be brought within the required limits by
admixture with deodorized opium of a lower percentage or with some
inert diluent. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Po'WDERED Opium, jive hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Purified Petroleum Benzin, a sufficient quantity.
Macerate the powdered opium for twenty-four hours in a wide-
mouthed, well-closed bottle with sufficient purified petroleum benzin to
cover it completely, shaldng the mixture occasionally. Then decant the
clear benzin layer as closely as possible and repeat the maceration for
twenty-four hours with another portion of purified petroleum benzin.
Again decant the clear benzin layer and transfer the remaining contents
of the bottle to a plain filter. Closely cover the funnel, allow the
mixture to drain and then slowly percolate the residue with purified
petroleum benzin until the latter passes through without color. Remove
the filter containing the Opium from the funnel, expose the powder to
the open air, so that it may dry thoroughly, and add sufficient sugar of
milk to restore the original weight. Care should be used to guard against
the danger due to the inflammability of the benzin. Granulated opium
may also be deodorized in the manner directed above.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Opium.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
OPIUM GRANULATUM
Granulated Opium
opium Gran.
Opium dried at a temperature not exceeding 70° C, reduced to a coarse
(No. 8 to No. 20) powder and yielding not less than 10 per cent, nor more
308 THE PHAKMACOPCEIA OF THE
than 10.5 per cent, of anhydrous morphine. Granulated Opium of a
higher morphine percentage may be brought within the required lunits
of strength by admixture with granulated opium of a lower percentage,
or with some inert diluent. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Opium.
Preparations — Tinctura Opii Tinctura Opii Deodorati.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
OXYGENIUM
Oxygen
Oxygen.
It contains not less than 95 per cent, by volume of O (16). For con-
venience it is usually compressed in metal cylinders.
Oxygen is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas. It supports combustion
more readily than air; a glowing spUnter of wood held in the gas bursts into
flame.
One volume of Oxygen dissolves in about 34 volumes of water and in about
3.6 volumes of alcohol at 25° C.
Pass 2000 mils of Oxygen, measm-ed under normal atmospheric pressure at
about 25° C., at a rate not exceeding 4000 mils per hour, through 100 mils of
barium hydroxide T.S.; not more than an opalescent turbidity is produced
{carbon dioxide).
Pass 2000 mils of Oxygen, under the conditions described above, through a
mixture of distilled water and 1 mil of silver nitrate T.S.; no opalescence is
produced (halogens).
Pass 2000 mils of Oxygen through 100 mils of distilled water, colored with a
few drops of htmus T.S., under the conditions described above; the color of the
Uquid is not changed (acids or bases).
Assay — Mix about 50 mils of Oxygen, accurately measured in a caUbrated
tube, with 10 mils of alkahne pyrogallol T.S.; not less than 95 per cent, by
volume is absorbed, corresponding to not less than 95 per cent, by volume of O.
PANCREATINUM
Pancreatin
Pancreat.
It contains enzymes, consisting principally of amylopsin, trypsin, and
steapsin, found in the pancreas of warm-blooded animals, and obtained
from the fresh pancreas of the hog (Sus scrofa var. domesticus Gray)
(Fam. Suidm), or of the ox {Bos taurus Linne) (Fam. Bovidce). It con-
verts not less than 25 times its own weight of starch into soluble car-
bohydrates when assayed as directed on page 309. Pancreatin of a
higher digestive power may be brought to this standard by admixture
with sugar of milk. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Pancreatin is a cream-colored, amorphous powder, having a faint, character-
istic, but not offensive odor.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 309
It is slowly and incompletely soluble in water; insoluble in alcohol.
Pancreatin changes proteins into proteoses and derived substances, and con-
verts starch into dextrins and sugars. Its peculiar activities are best e.xhibited
in neutral or faintly alkaline media; more than traces of mineral acids or large
amounts of alkali hydroxides render it inert. An excess of alkali carbonates
also inhibits its action.
Introduce 2 Gm. of Pancreatin into a flask of about 50 mils capacity, add
20 mils of ether, stopper and set it aside for several hours, shaking by rotating
at frequent intervals. Decant the supernatant ether, by means of a guiding
rod, into a plain filter of about 7 cm. diameter, previously moistened with
ether, and collect the filtrate in a tared beaker. To the residue remaining in
the flask add a further portion of 10 mils of ether, proceeding as directed before,
then a third portion of 10 mils of ether and transfer the ether and the remainder
of the pancreatin to the filter. Allow the filter and contents to drain, then
allow the ether to evaporate spontaneously and dry the beaker and residue
to constant weight at 100° C. The residue weighs not more than 0.06 Gm. (Jal).
Add 0.28 Gm. of Pancreatin and 1.5 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate to 100 mils
of tepid distilled water contained in a flask, then add 400 mils of fresh milk which
has previously been heated to 40° C., and maintain the temperature of the mix-
ture at this point for thirty minutes. At the end of this time the milk is so com-
pletely peptonized that on diluting 3 mils with 9 mils of distilled water and then
mixing with 3 mils of acetic acid no coagulation occurs.
Assay — Shake 10 Gm. or more of powdered potato starch (see Part II) with
about 10 times its weight of cold distilled water, and, after draining the mix-
ture on a filter, wash it with the same quantity of distilled water. Place
the washed starch at once in an air bath and maintain a temperature of about
50° C, until the starch is sensibly dry. Reduce it to a fine powder and place
it in a well-stoppered bottle. Determine the percentage of water still remain-
ing in the starch by drj-ing about 0.5 Gm. of it in an air bath, gradually rais-
ing the temperatm-e to 120° C. and maintaining it at that temperature for
four hours. Of the washed and partially dried starch, mix a quantity equivalent
to 7.5 Gm. of dry starch in a 400 mil beaker with 10 mils of cold distilled water,
add 190 mils of boiling distilled water and boil the mixture gently (for appro.xi-
mately five minutes) with constant stirring until a translucent uniform paste i.s
obtained. Replace the water lost bj' evaporation and cool the paste to 40° C.
in a v/ater bath previously adjusted to this temperature and add a solution of
0.3 Gm. of Pancreatin in 10 mils of distilled water, just previously made at
40° C. Mix well and maintain the same temperature for exactly five minutes,
when a thin, nearly clear liquid is produced. At once add 0.1 mil of this liquid
to a previously made mixture of 0.2 mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. and tiO
mils of distilled water; no blue, red, or violet color is produced.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
Px4RAFFINUM
Paraffin
Paraff.
A purified mixture of solid hydrocarbons, usually obtained from
petroleum.
Paraffin is a colorless, or white, more or less translucent mass, crystalline when
separating from solution, without odor or taste, and slightly greasy to the
touch.
It is insoluble in water or alcohol; slightly soluble in dehydrated alcohol, freely
soluble in ether, petroleum benzin, benzene, carbon disulphide, volatile oils, or
in most warm fixed oils.
810 THE PHARMACOPIEtA Of THE
Specific gravity: about 0.900 at 25° C.
It melts between 50° and 57° C.
When strongly heated, it ignites, burns with a lonainous flame, and deposits
carbon.
Heat about 0.5 Gm. of Paraffin in a dry test tube with an equal weight of sul-
phur; the mixture becomes black from separated carbon, and hydrogen sulphide
gas is evolved.
Paraffin is not acted upon or colored by concentrated sulphuric acid or nitric
acid in the cold.
Shake melted Paraffin with an equal volume of hot alcohol; the separated
alcohol does not redden moistened blue htmus paper (acids).
PARAFORMALDEHYDUM
Paraformaldehyde
Paraform. — Paraform Trioxymethylene
It contains not less than 95 per cent, of (HCH0)3 (90.05), a polymeric
form of formaldehyde. Preserve it in well-closed containers in a cool
place, protected from light.
Paraformaldehyde occurs in white, friable masses, or as a powder, having a
slight odor of formaldehyde. On heating it is partly converted into formalde-
hyde and partly sublimed unchanged.
It is slowly soluble in cold water, more readily soluble in hot water with the
formation of formaldehyde; insoluble in alcohol or ether; soluble in fixed
alkali solutions.
A mixture of about 0.01 Gm. each of Paraformaldehyde and morphine sul-
Ehate and 10 drops of sulphuric acid assumes a violet-red color, changing to
lue.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Paraformaldehyde; not more than 0.1 per cent,
of ash remains.
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of Paraformaldehyde, finely powdered, with 10 mils of
distilled water; the latter remains neutral to litmus.
Assay — Mix about 1 Gm. of Paraformaldehyde, finely powdered and accu-
rately weighed, with 50 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. in a 250 mil
flask, and add immediately, but slowly, through a small funnel, 50 mils of
solution of hydrogen dioxide which has been previously rendered neutral to
litmus with sodium hydroxide. When the reaction has ceased and the foam
subsided, rinse the funnel and the sides of the flask with distilled water, allow
the Uquid to stand for half an hour and then determine the excess of alkali
with normal sulphuric acid V.S., using litmus T.S. as indicator. It shows not
less than 95 per cent, of (HCH0)3.
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.03002 Gm.
of (HCH0)3. Each gramme of Paraformaldehyde corresponds to not less than
31.6 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm.— Apothecaries, 8 grains.
PARALDEHYDUM
Paraldehj^de
Paraldehyd.
A polymer [ (CH3CHO) 3 = 132. 10] of acetaldehyde. Preserve it in well-
closed containers, in a cool place, protected from light.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 311
Paraldehyde is a colorless, transparent liquid, having a strong, characteristic,
but not unpleasant or pungent odor, producing first a burning and then a cooling
sensation in the mouth.
One mil of Paraldehyde dissolves in 8 mils of water at 25° C. ; also in 17 mils
of boiling water; miscible with alcohol, chloroform, ether, or volatile oils.
It is neutral or only ylightly acid to moistened litmus paper.
Specific gravity: about 0.990 at 25° C.
It boils between 120° and 125° C.
Congealing point: not below 6° C.
When heated with a small portion of sulphuric acid, Paraldehyde is con-
verted into acctaldehyde, recognizable by its odor.
Heat 5 mils of Paraldehyde on a water bath; no disagreeable odor is notice-
able as the last portions evaporate (impurities derived from fusel oil) and not
more than 0.0025 Gm. of residue remains.
One mil of Paraldehyde forms a clear solution free from oily drops with
10 mils of distilled water (amyl alcohol), and 5 mil portions of this solution,
tested separately, when acidulated with nitric acid, yield no turbidity on the
addition of a few drops of barium chloride T.S. {sulphuric acid) nor an opales-
cence with a few drops of silver nitrate T.8. (hydrochloric acid).
A mixture of 8 mils of Paraldehyde and 8 mils of alcohol with 1 drop of phenol-
phthalein T.S. acquires a pink color upon the addition of 0.5 mil of normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. (free acid).
Shake 5 mils of Paraldehyde with 5 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S.; the
aqueous layer is not colored yellow or brown within one hour (acelaldehyde) .
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
PELLETIERIN.E TANNAS
Pelletierine Tannate
Pellet. Tann.
A mixture in varying proportions of the tannates of four alkaloids
(punicine, iso-punicine, methyl-punicine, and pseudo-punicine), obtained
from pomegranate. Preserve it in small, well-closed containers, pro-
tected from light.
Pelletierine Tannate is a light yellow, odorless, amorphous powder, having
an astringent taste, and a weak acid reaction.
One Gm. of Pelletierine Tannate dissolves in 240 mils of water, 16 mils of
alcohol, and in 420 mils of ether at 25° C; dissolved by warm dilute acids;
insoluble in chloroform.
Ferric chloride T.S. colors aqueous solutions of the salt blue-black.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.2 Gm. of Pelletierine Tannate.
Platinic chloride T.S. produces no precipitate in a cold solution of about
0.1 Gm. of Pelletierine Tannate in a mixture of 4 mils of distilled water and 1 mil
of diluted hydrochloric acid (foreign alkaloids).
Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Pelletierine Tannate, accurately weighed, in 5
mils of potassium hydroxide T.S. and shake the solution in a separator with
10 mils of chloroform and then with two or more successive portions of 5 mils
each of chloroform. Acidulate the coml)ined chloroform solutions with 0.1 mil
of hydrochloric acid, evaporate it to apparent dryness, dissolve the residue in
5 mils of alcohol, again evaporate, and dry for one hour at 60° C. The weight of
residue so obtained corresponds to not less than 20 per cent, of the weight taken.
The residue obtained in the preceding test responds to the following tests for
identity and purity:
Stir about 0.001 Gm. of the residue on a white porcelain surface with 2 drops
of sulphuric acid containing 0.005 Gm. of selenous acid in each mil, and warm
312 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
the mixture; a light bluish-green color is produced which gradually changes to
dark green.
Stir about 0.001 Gm. of the residue on a white porcelain surface with 2 drops
of sulphuric acid or nitric acid; no color other than a light yellow is produced.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
PEPO
Pepo
Pumpkin Seed
The dried ripe seeds of cultivated varieties of Cucurbita Pepo Lirme
(Fam. Cncurhitacea) , without the presence or admixture of more than
5 per cent, of other substances.
Broadly elliptical or ovate, from 15 to 23 mm. in length and from 2 to 3 mm.
in thickness; externally yellowish-white, very smooth, occasionally with thin,
transparent fragments of adhering pulp and with a shallow groove parallel to
and within 1 mm. of the margin; fracture short, seed-coat consisting of a white
coriaceous outer layer and a membranous inner layer occasionally of a dark
green color; embryo whitish, straight, with a small conical hj'pocotyl and two
plano-convex cotyledons; slightly odorous when contused; taste bland and oily.
Under the microscope, sections of Pepo show an outer epidermal layer con-
sisting of palisade-like cells, the radial walls attaining a length of 1 mm., the
outer walls being usually torn off so that it appears as though the seeds were
covered with very long hairs; a sub-epidermal layer consisting of from 5 to 12
rows of cells with slightly thickened, lignified and porous walls; a layer of
strongly lignified stone cells, elliptical in outline and about 0.075 mm. in length;
a single layer of small cells resembling those of the sub-epidermal layer; several
rows of parenchyma cells with characteristic reticulate markings and separated
from each other by large intercellular spaces; several layers of parenchyma cells,
the inner layer being more or less collapsed and bounded on the inside by a
single epidermal layer, the cells having rather thick walls; the perisperm cells
are u.sually more or less collapsed and the endosperm consists of a single layer
of cells filled with small aleurone grains; the cotyledons consist of thin-walled,
isodiametric, elongated or palisade-like cells containing a fixed oil and numerous
small aleurone grains.
Average dose — Metric, 30 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 ounce.
PEPSINUM
Pepsin
Pepsin.
A mixture containing a proteolytic ferment or enzyme, obtained from
the glandular layer of the fresh stomach of the hog {Sus scrofa, var.
domesiicus Gray) (Fam. Suidce). It digests not less than 3000 times
its own weight of freshly coagulated and disintegrated egg albumen.
Pepsin of a higher digestive power may be brought to this standard
by admixture with pepsin of a lower digestive strength or with sugar of
milk. Preserve it in woll-closed containers.
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 313
Pepsin occurs in lustrous, white, pale yellow or yellowish, transparent or trans-
lucent scales, grains or spongy masses, or as a fine, white or cream-colored,
amorphous powder, free from any offensive odor, and having a slightly acid or
saline taste. It is not more than slightly hygroscopic.
One Gm. of Pepsin dissolves in about 50 parts of water, the solution being
more or less opalescent; nearly insoluble in alcohol, chloroform or ether.
An aqueous solution of Pepsin (1 in 50) is acid to litmus.
When in solution, Pepsin is incompatible with alkalies, alkaU earths, or
alkali carbonates. The presence of hydrochloric acid of greater strength than
0.5 per cent, in Pepsin solutions inhibits its proteolytic activity. A precipitate
is produced in its solution by the salts of many heavy metals, and by tannic
acid or gallic acid.
A saturated solution of Pepsin in acidulated water when heated to 100° C.
becomes milky, or yields a hght, flocculent precipitate, and loses all proteolytic
power. In a dry state it is not injured if subjected to the above temperature.
The activity of Pepsin in solution is destroyed by temperatures exceeding 70° C.
Assay — IVIix 25 mils of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. with 275 mils of distilled
water and dissolve 0. 1 Gm. of Pepsin in 150 milsof this liquid. Immerse a hen's egg,
which is not less than five nor more than twelve days old and has been kept in
a cool place, in boiling water during fifteen minutes. As soon as the egg has
sufficiently cooled to handle it, remove the pellicle and all of the yolk; at once
rub the albumen through a clean, dry, hair or brass. No. 40 sieve, reject the
first portion that passes through the sieve, and place 10 Gm. of the succeeding
portion in a wide-mouthed bottle of 100 mils capacity. Immediately add 2 mils
of the acid liquid and, with the aid of a rubber-tipped gla.ss rod, moisten the
albumen uniformly. Again add 2 mils of the acid hquid, repeat the manipulation
with the glass rod, and with gradually increasing portions of the acid Hquid,
until the total amount added measures 20 mils. Thoroughly separate the
particles of albumen from each other, rinse the rod with 15 mils more of the
acid hquid, and, after warming the mixtm-e to 52° C, add exactly 5 mils of
the solution of Pepsin. At once cork the bottle securely, invert it three times,
and place it in a water bath that has previously been regulated to maintain
a temperature of 52° C. Keep it at this temperature for two and one-half
hours, agitating the contents every ten minutes by inverting the bottle once.
Then remove it from the water bath, pour the contents into a conical measure
having a diameter not exceeding 1 cm. at the bottom, and transfer the undigested
egg albumen which adheres to the sides of the bottle to the measure with the
aid of small portions (about 15 mils at a time) of distilled water, until the total
amount used measures 50 mils. Stir the mixture well and let it stand for half an
hour; the deposit of undissolved albumen does not then measure more than 1 mil.
The relative proteolytic power of Pepsin, stronger or weaker than that just
described, may be determined by ascertaining through repeated trials the
quantity of the Pepsin solution, made as directed in the assay, required to digest,
under the prescribed conditions, 10 Gm. of boiled and disintegrated egg albumen.
Divide 15,000 bj' this quantity expressed in mils to ascertain how many parts
of egg albumen one part of Pepsin will digest.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
PETROLATUM
Petrolatum
Petrolat. — Petrolatum Ointment Petroleum Jelly
A purified mixture of semi-solid hydrocarbons, obtained from
petroleum.
Petrolatum is an unctuous mass, varying in color from yellowish to h'ght
amber, having not more than a sUght fluorescence, even after being melted;
314 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
it is transparent in thin layers; completely amorphous; free or nearly free from
odor or taste.
Petrolatum is insoluble in water; almost insoluble in cold or hot alcohol, or
in cold dehydrated alcohol; freely soluble in ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide,
oil of turpentine, petroleum benzin, benzene, or in most fixed or volatile oils.
Specific gravity : 0.820 to 0.865 at 60° C.
It melts between 38° and 54° C.
Heat about 2 Gm. of Petrolatum in an open porcelain or platinum dish, oyer
a Bunsen flame; it volatilizes without emitting an acrid odor, and on incirieration
not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash remains.
Shake melted Petrolatum with an equal volume of hot distilled water; the
latter remains neutral to litmus (acids or alkalies).
Digest 10 Gm. of Petrolatum at 100° C. for half an hour with 10 Gm. of so-
dium hydroxide and 50 mils of distilled water, then separate the aqueous layer
and supersaturate it with sulphuric acid; no oily or sohd substance separates
(fixed oils, fats, or rosin).
PETROLATUM ALBUM
White Petrolatum
Petrolat. Alb. — White Petroleum Jelly
Petrolatum wholly or nearlj^ decolorized.
WTiite Petrolatum is a white or faintly yellowish unctuous mass, transparent
in thin layers even after cooling to 0° C. ; completely amorphous.
In other respects White Petrolatum has the characteristics of and responds
to the tests for identity and purity under Fclrolalum.
PETROLATUM LIQUIDUM
Liquid Petrolatum
Petrolat. Liq. — Liquid Paraffin Mineral Oil
A mixture of liquid hydrocarbons obtained from petroleum. Pre-
serve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Heavy Liquid Petrolatum —
Heavy Liquid Petrolatum has a viscosity of not less than 3.1 when determined
by the test given below.
Light Liquid Petrolatum —
Light Liquid Petrolatum has a viscosity of not more than 3 when determined
by the test given l^elow and vaporizes freely.
Each variety conforms to the following description and tests:
Specific gravity for Liquid Petrolatum 0.828 to 0.905 at 25° C.
A colorless, transparent, oily liquid, free, or nearly free, from fluorescence,
odorless and tasteless when cold, and poissessing not more than a faint petro-
leum odor when heated.
When cooled to 10° C, Liquid Petrolatum does not become more than
opalescent (solid paraffins).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 3l5
Insoluble in water or alcohol; soluble in ether, chloroform, petroleum benzin,
or in fixed or volatile oils. Camphor, menthol, thymol, and many similar sub-
stances are dissolved by Liquid Petrolatum.
Boil 10 mils of Liquid Petrolatum with an equal volume of alcohol; the
alcohohc liquid is not acid to litmus (arids).
Introduce into a glass-stoppered cyUnder, which has been previously rinsed
with sulphuric acid, 5 mils of Liquid Petrolatum and 5 mils of colorless sul-
phuric acid, heat in a water bath during ten minutes, shaking well at intervals
of thirty seconds; the oil remains unchanged in color and the acid does not
become darker than pale amber {carbonizable impurities) .
Prepare a clear, colorless saturated solution of lead oxide in an aqueous solu-
tion of sodium hydroxide (1 in 5), and mix 2 drops of this solution with 4 mils
of Liquid Petrolatum and 2 mils of dehydrated alcohol; the mixture does not
darken after heating for ten minutes at 70° C. and cooling {sulphur compounds).
Viscositj — Make a permanent mark about 2 cm. below the bulb of a 50 mil
pipette of the usual type and note the time, in seconds, required at 25° C. for
the level of distilled water to fall from the upper to the lower mark as the liquid
flows from the pipette. The time should not be less than twenty-five seconds
nor more than thirty seconds for the pipette selected.
Draw the Liquid Petrolatum to be tested into this pipette, which should be
clean and dry, and note the time, in seconds, required at 25° C. for its level to
fall from the same upper to the lower mark as used for the water. Divide
the number of seconds thus noted by the number of seconds required for water
to fall from the upper to the lower mark, as above determined. The quotient
indicates the viscosity. Distilled water at 25° C. is taken as 1.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
PETROSELINUM
Parsley Fruit
Petrosel.— Parsley Seed
The dried ripe fruit of Petroselinum sativum Hoffman (Fam. Umhelli-
feroc), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of
foreign seeds or other matter. Preserve Parsley Fruit carefully in
tightly-closed containers, protected from light.
Mericarps usually separated, ovoid-crescent shaped, from 2 to 3 mm. in
length and about 1 mm. in diameter; externally grayish-brown, becoming grayish
or brownish on aging, having 5 yellowish, filiform, prominent ribs, alternating
with the coarsely roughened furrows; in transverse section nearly hemispher-
ical, the conmiissural surface with 2 vittae or oil-tubes, the dorsal surface usu-
ally with a single vitta, occasionally 2 vitta? in the grooves between the primary
ribs; endosperm large, oily, enclosing a small embryo; odor and taste charac-
teristic and aromatic, especially when bruised.
Under the microscope, sections of Parsley Fruit show an epidermal layer
with thick cuticularized walls having numerous small centrifugal projec-
tions; several layers of small, thin-walled parenchyma cells, being usually con-
siderably collapsed and occasionally containing a rosette aggregate of calcium
oxalate; a single, large, bro^-n, elliptical vitta or oil-tube between each of the
primary ribs and surrounded by a layer of comparatively large, yellowi.sh-
brown, tangentially elongated cells; a single fibro-vascular bundle more or less
surrounded by a few or occasionally numerous sclerenchymatous fibers; inner
316 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
epidermis of narrow, thin-walled elongated cells closely cohering with the
brownish tabular cells of the seed-coat; conxmissui-al surface usually with 2 large
vittae, a very few stone cells and showing a slight separation of pericarp and
seed-coat; endosperm of polygonal, thick-walled parenchyma cells containing
fixed oil and numerous, small aleurone grains usually containing a small rosette
aggregate of calcium oxalate. The vittae usually contain yellowish oil globules
or a resin-like mass adhering to the walls, and occasionally are divided by a
radial wall.
The powder is grajnsh-brown; mostly of large, irregular fragments; cells of
endosperm with aleurone grains, each usually contauiing a rosette aggregate of
calcium oxalate, from 0.003 to 0.007 mm. in diameter; fragments with light
yellow vittse and the yellowish-brott-n cells of the pericarp; fragments with
narrow tracheae and more or less lignified sclerenchymatous fibers.
Preparation — Oleoresina Petroselini.
PHENOL
Phenol
Carbolic Acid
Hydroxybenzene obtained from coal-tar or made synthetically.
It contains not less than 97 per cent, of CeHsOH (94.05). Preserve it
in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Phenol occurs in colorless, interlaced, or separate needle-shaped crystals,
or as a white, crystalline mass, sometimes acquiring a red tint; having a char-
acteristic, somewhat aromatic odor. When undiluted it cauterizes and whitens
the skin and mucous membrane.
One Gm. of Phenol dissolves in about 15 mils of water at 25° C. ; very soluble
in alcohol, glycerin, chloroform, ether, carbon disiilphide, or in fixed or volatile
oils.
An aqueous solution of Phenol (1 in 15) is clear and neutral or at most only
faintly acid to Utmus.
When gently heated Phenol melts, forming a highly refractive liquid. It
is also Uquefied by the addition of about 8 per cent, of water.
Congealing point: not below 38° C.
Its aqueous solution yields with bromine water a white precipitate of tri-
bromphenol, which at first redissolves, but becomes permanent as more of the
reagent is added, and appears crystalline when viewed under the microscope.
Add 1 drop of ferric cliloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of Phenol
(1 in 100); the liquid acquires a violet-blue color.
Heat about 10 Gm. of Phenol on a water bath; it is volatilized without leav-
ing more than 0.05 per cent, of residue. The vapor is inflammable.
Assay — Dissolve about 1.5 Gm. of the Phenol to be assayed, accurately
weighed, in sufficient distilled water to make 1000 mils. Transfer an aliquot
portion of this solution, containing not less than 0.038 Gm. nor more than 0.041
Gm. of Phenol, to a 500 mil glass-stoppered flask having a long, narrow neck,
add 30 mils of tenth-normal bromine V.S., then 5 mils of hydrochloric acid and
immediately insert the stopper. Shake the flask repeatedly dm-ing half an
hour, allow it to stand for fifteen minutes, remove the stopper just sufficiently
to introduce quickly 5 mils of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide (1 in 5),
being careful that no bromine vapor escapes, and at cmce stopper the flask.
Shake the latter thoroughly, remove the stopper and rinse it and the neck of
the flask with a little distilled water, so that the washings may flow into the
flask, then add 1 mil of chloroform, shake the mixture well and titrate
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 317
with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator.
It shows not less than 97 per cent, of CeHsOH.
Each mil of tenth-normal bromine V.S. corresponds to 0.001568 Gm. of
CeHsOH. Each gramme of Phenol corresponds to not less than 618.6 mils
of tenth-normal bromine V.S.
Preparations — Glyceritum Phenolis Phenol Liquefactum Unguentum Phe-
nolis (from Liquefied Phenol).
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm.^ — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
PHENOL LIQUEFACTUM <^i'«rtment
Liquefied Phenol _ ,
Phenol Liq. — Liquefied Carbolic Acid
A liquid containing not less than 87 per cent, of CeHgOIr (94^(55). ^
Phenol, a convenient quantity. '
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity. Toronto
Liquefy the phenol by placing the unstoppered container Tfi'^ Waier
bath, and applying heat gradually until the crystals have melted ; transfer
the liquid to a tared vessel and weigh it; then add for each nine grammes
of phenol one gramme of distilled water and mix thoroughly. Preserve it
in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Liquefied Phenol is a colorless liquid, which may develop a red tint upon
keeping. It has a characteristic, somewhat aromatic odor. When undiluted
it cauterizes and whitens the skin and mucous membrane.
Liquefied Phenol is miscible with alcohol, ether, or glycerin. When it is di-
luted with an equal volume of glycerin, the mixture is miscible with water.
Specific gravity; about 1.065 at 25° C.
When subjected to distillation, the boiling point does not rise above 182° C.
In other respects Liquefied Phenol responds to the tests for identity and
purity under Phenol (omitting the congealing point).
Assay — Proceed as directed under Phenol.
Each gramme of Liquefied Phenol corresponds to not less than 554.8 mils of
tenth-normal bromine V.S.
Preparation — Unguentum Phenolis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
PHENOLPHTHALEINUM
Phenolphthalein
Phenolphthal.
A dibasic phenol derivative (dihydroxyphthalophenone) [C20H14O4 or
(C6H40H)2C0.G6H4C0 = 318.11].
Phenolphthalein occurs as a white or faintly yellowish-white, crystalline
powder; odorless and tasteless; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Phenolphthalein dissolves in 13 mils of alcohol, and in about 70
mils of ether at 25° C. ; almost insoluble in water.
Melting point: not below 253° C.
318 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
It is dissolved bj' solutions of the alkali hydroxides and carbonates with a
red color. The solutions are decolorized by the addition of acids in excess or
by heating with zinc dust.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Phenolphthalein; not more than 0.05 per cent,
of ash remains.
A solution of 0.5 Gm. of Phenolphthalein in 30 mils of alcohol is colorless.
One-half Gm. of Phenolphthalein dissolves completely in a mixture of 4 mils
of sodium hydroxide T.S. and 50 mils of distilled water (fluorane).
A mixture of 250 mils of cold, recently boiled, distilled water and 0.5 mil of a
solution of Phenolphthalein (1 in 100) in diluted alcohol requires not more than
0.5 mil of hundredth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. to produce a pink col-
oration.
Heat about 0.5 Gm. of Phenolphthalein on a water bath for five minutes
with 10 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid, filter the liquid and evaporate the
filtrate to drj-ness; the residue, when dissolved in 25 mils of distilled water,
slightly acidulated wath hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for
heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Heat a crucible to redness and introduce, in small portions, an intimate
mixture of 0.2 Gm. of Phenolphthalein, about 0.5 Gm. of potassium nitrate,
and about 0.3 Gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Maintain a red heat until
the reaction ceases, then boil the cooled residue for five minutes with 10 mils of
diluted sulphuric acid, filter, and wash the undissolved residue with 10 mils
of distilled water. Evaporate the filtrate and washings until sulphuric acid
vapors begin to evolve. The residue, dissolved in 5 mils of distilled water^
meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Average dose — Metric, 0.15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2}^ grains.
PHENYLIS SALICYLAS
Phenyl Salicylate
Phenyl. Salicy I.— Salol
The phenyl ester [C13H10O3 or C6H4(0H)C00C6H5 1: 2 = 214.08] of
Balicylic acid. Preserve it in well-closed containers in a cool place.
Phenyl Salicylate is a white, crystalline powder, having an aromatic odor
and a characteristic taste.
One Gm. of Phenyl Salicylate dissolves in 6670 mils of water and in 6 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; very soluble in chloroform, ether, benzene, or in fixed or
volatile oils.
It melts between 41° and 43° C.
The addition of diluted ferric chloride T.S. to an alcoholic solution of the salt
(1 in 20) produces a violet color.
Dissolve from 0.2 to 0.3 Gm. of Phenyl Salicylate in 2 mils of hot sodium
hydroxide T.S., and acidify the solution with hydrochloric acid; salicylic acid
separates and the odor of phenol is recognizable.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Phenyl Sahcylate; not more than 0.05 per cent,
of ash remains.
Phenyl Salicylate does not redden moistened blue litmus paper (free acids).
Shake about 1 Gm. of Phenyl Salicylate with 50 mils of distilled water and
filter the liquid; the addition of 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of the
filtrate produces no violet color {uucoinhined phenol or snlicylic acid).
Ten mil portions of the same filtrate tested separately with barium nitrate
T.S. and silver nitrate T.S. show no turbidity (sulphate or chloride).
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
tJNITED STATES OF AJMERICA 319
PHOSPHORUS
Phosphorus
Phosphor.
Phosphorus [P = 31.04] must be carefully preserved under water, in
strong, well-closed containers, in a secure and moderately cool place,
protected from light.
Phosphorus is a translucent, nearly colorless solid, of a waxy luster, having
at ordinary temperatures about the consistence of beeswax. By long keeping
the surface becomes white or red, and occasionally black. It has a distinctive
and disagreeable odor and taste, but should not be tasted, except in very dilute
solution.
When exposed to the air, it emits white fumes, which are luminous in the dark,
and have an odor somewhat resembling that of garlic; on longer exposure to
the air, it often takes fire spontaneously.
Specific, gravity: about 1.830 at 10° C.
It melts at about 44° C.
One Gm. of Phosphorus dissolves in about 400 mils of dehydrated alcohol,
about 17 mils of chloroform, 102 mils of absolute ether, 31.5 mils of benzene,
and in 0.9 mil of carbon disulphide at 25° C; sparingly soluble in fixed oils.
It is almost insoluble in water, to which it imparts its characteristic disagree-
able odor and taste.
Add 1 Gm. of Phosphorus to 10 mils of nitric acid, diluted with 10 mils of dis-
tilled water, in a flask having a capacity of 50 mils, and digest the mixture at
a gentle heat on a water bath until the Phosphorus is dissolved, passing a cur-
rent of carbon dioxide into the flask over the surface of the liquid during the
heating. Transfer this solution to a dish, evaporate it until nitrous vapors are
no longer given off, and then dilute the solution to 250 mils with distilled
water. One mil of this solution meets the requirement of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
Add barium chloride T.S. to another portion of the latter solution; not more
than a slight opalescence is produced {sulphur).
Preparation — Pilulfie Phosphori.
Average dose — Metric, 0.0005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3'f20 grain.
PHYSOSTIGMA
Physostigma
Physostig. — Calabar Bean Ordeal Bean
The dried ripe seeds of Physostigma venenosum Balfour (Fam. Legumi-
nosce), yielding not less than 0.15 per cent, of the alkaloids of Phy-
sostigma.
Oblong or ellipsoidal, somewhat compressed reniform, from 15 to 30 mm. in
length and from 10 to 15 mm. in thickness; externally reddish or chocolate brown,
smooth, somewhat wTinkled near the browiiish-black groove, the latter being
about 2 mm. in width and extending almost the entire length of the convex edge
and in which are found frequently the remains of the white membranous funicu-
lus, the margins of the seed-coat on both sides of the groove somewhat ele-
320 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
vated, of a yellowish-red or brownish-red color and somewhat thickened; em-
bryos large, white, with short hypocotyl and two concavo-convex cotyledons;
taste at first starchy, afterwards acrid.
The powder is grayish-white, starch grains numerous, from 0.005 to 0.15 mm.
in diameter, ellipsoidal or somewhat reniform, and usually with a distinct cleft
and frequently with radiating or irregular fissures; fragments of seed-coat
with very thick, reddish-brown cells, being either palisade-like or very irregular
and resembling stone cells, but the walls are not hgnified; an occasional fragment
with tracheee showing reticulate thickenings.
Physostigma yields not more than 3 per cent, of psh.
Assay — Introduce 15 Gm. of Physostigma in No. 60 powder, into a flask of
about 250 mils capacity, and add 150 mils of ether. Stopper the flask, shake
it well and allow it to stand ten minutes, then add 10 mils of an aqueous solu-
tion of sodium bicarbonate (1 in 20) and shake the mixture vigorously at inter-
vals during four hours. Now add 15 mils of distilled water, again shake the
flask well, and, when the drug has settled, decant 100 mils of the ether solution,
representing 10 Gm. of Physostigma. Filter the solution through a pledget of
purified cotton into a beaker and rinse the graduate and cotton with ether. Add
20 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. and evaporate off the ether, stir-
ring during the evaporation with a rubber-tipped glass rod. After the resinous
and fatty matter has agglutinated, pour off the acid solution through a wetted
filter into a separator. Redissolve the residue in the beaker in about 15 mils
of ether, add 2 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S., evaporate off the ether
with continued stirring as before and pour the acid solution on the filter. Re-
peat tills operation until all of the alkaloid is extracted and then wash the filter
with distilled water until it is free from alkaloids. Collect the solution and
washings in a separator, add sufficient sodium bicarbonate to make the solu-
tion decidedly alkaline to litmus and completely extract the alkaloids by shak-
ing it out repeatedly with ether. Wash the combined ether solutions with 10
mils of distilled water, separate the water completely, and filter the ether solu-
tion, washing the container and filter with ether. Evaporate the ether solution
to drjmess, dissolve the alkaloids from the residue in exactly 5 mils of tenth-
normal sulphuric acid V.S. and titrate the excess of acid with fiftieth-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S., using cochineal T.S. as indicator.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 27.52
milligrammes of the alkaloids of Physostigma (see Part II, Proximate Assays,
No. 15).
Preparations — Extractum Physostigmatis Tinctura Physostigmatis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 13^ grains.
PHYSOSTIGMINiE SALICYLAS
Physostlgmlne Salicylate
Physostig. Salicyl. — Eserine Salicylate
The salicylate [C15H21O2N3.C7H 603 = 413.25] of an alkaloid obtained
from physostigma. Preserve it in small, well-closed containers, pro-
tected from light.
Physostigmine Salicylate occurs in colorless or faintly yellowish, shining,
acicular, or short columnar crystals; odorless. It acquires a red tint when
long exposed to light and air. (Ireat cmdion must be used in tasting it.
One Gm. of Physostigmine Salicylate dissolves in 75 mils of water, 16 niils of
alcohol, 6 mils of chloroform, and in 250 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 16
mils of water at 80° C. and in 5 mils of boiling alcohol.
I
i
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 321
Its cold, saturated aqueous solution is neutral or at most only faintly acid
to litmus. Upon standing t\vcnt3'-four hours, this solution usually acquires a
pink color. This color is produced rapidly by the addition of a few drops of
sodium hydroxide T.S.
Ferric chloride T.S. produces a deep violet color in an aqueous solution of
Physostigmine Salicylate; a solution of chlorinated lime added to an aqueous
solution of the salt produces a red color.
Evaporate about 0.005 Gm. of the salt to dryness with a few drops of ammo-
nia water; a blue residue is produced, which is soluble in alcohol, and, when
"yQ dissolved, yields a red, fluorescent solution upon the addition of acetic acid
ii; excess.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Physostigmine Salicylate.
Precipitate the salicylic acid from 10 mils of a cold, saturated aqueous solution
of the salt with a slight excess of hj'drochloric acid and Hlter the mixture; the
filtrate is not rendered turbid at once by the addition of a few drops of barium
cUoride T.S. (sulphate).
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of Physostigmine Salicylate in 2 mils of sul-
phuric acid does not become darker than yellow within five minutes (readily
carbonizable impurities) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.001 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^^o grain.
PILOCARPINiE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Pilocarpine Hydrochloride
Pilocarpin. Hydrochl. — Pilocarpine Chloride
The hydrochloride (CiiHi602N2.HCl = 244.62) of an alkaloid obtained
from pilocarpus. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Pilocarpine Hj^drochloride occurs in colorless, translucent crystals, odorless
and having a faintly bitter taste; hygroscopic on exposure to the air.
One Gm. of Pilocarpine Hydrochloi-ide dissolves in 0.3 mil of water, 3 mils
of alcohol, and in 366 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 1.5 mils of alcohol
at 60° C.; insoluble in ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or at most only shghtly acid to litmus.
WTien dried to constant weight at 100° C. it melts between 195° and 198° C.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt a white pre-
cipitate, insoluble in nitric acid.
Dissolve 0.01 to 0.02 Gm. of Pilocarpine Hydrochloride in 2 mils of distilled
water in a test tube, add 2 mils of a slightly acid solution of hydrogen diox-
ide, and then cover the mixtiu-e with a small layer of benzene. Now add 3 or 4
drops of a solution of potassium dichromate (1 in 300) and shake the mix-
ture gently; the benzene layer acquires a violet color, while the aqueous layer
remains yellow (distinction from other alkaloids). (If more than 0.02 Gm. of
the salt is used, the benzene turns blue, and the reaction is no longer char-
acteristic.)
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Pilocarpine Hydro*
chloride.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is colorless or
at most only faintly yellow (readily carbonizable impurities).
The addition of ammonia water or potassium dichromate T.S. to 10 mils of an
aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) produces no turbidity (various foreign
alkaloids) .
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — By mouth, 0.01 Gm. — l-^ grain.
Hypodermic, 0.005 Gm. — 3^2 grain.
26
322 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
PILOCARPINE NITRAS
Pilocarpine Nitrate
Pilocarpi!!. Nit.
The nitrate [CiiHi602N2.HN03 = 271.17] of an alkaloid obtained
from pilocarpus. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from
light.
Pilocarpine Nitrate occurs in shining crystals; odorless; permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Pilocarpine Nitrate dissolves in 4 mils of water and in 75 mils of
alcohol at 25° C; also in 21 mils of alcohol at 60° C; insoluble in chloroform or
ether.
It melts between 170° and 173° C.
Carefully pour an aqueous solution of the salt, mixed with an equal volume
of ferrous sulphate T.S., over sulphuric acid without shaking; a brown ring
appears at the juncture of the two layers.
The addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 20), acidulated with nitric acid, produces not more than
an opalescence (chloride).
In other respects the salt responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Pilocarpinoe Hydrochloridum.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — By mouth, 0.01 Gm. — y^ grain.
Hypodermic, 0.005 Gm. — 3^2 grain.
PILOCARPUS
Pilocarpus
Pilocarp.— Jaborandi
The dried leaflets of Pilocarpus Jaborandi Holmes, known in com-
merce as Pernambuco Jaborandi, or of Pilocarpus microphyllus Stapf,
known in commerce as Maranham Jaborandi (Fam. Rutacece), without
the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of the stalks bearing
the leaflets and stems of the same plant, or other matter, and yielding
not less than 0.6 per cent, of the alkaloids of Pilocarpus.
Pernambuco Jaborandi — Leaflets when entire, oval, oblong, or elliptical,
from 4 to 10.5 cm. in length and from 2 to 4 cm. in breadth and with short,
stout petiolules; summits more or less rounded or acute and emarginate; bases
rounded or acute and mostly unequal; margins entire and narrowly revolute;
very smooth, shiny, coriaceous and glandular- punctate; upper surfaces grayish
to brownish-green, midribs mostly depressed, under surfaces yellowish- or
greenish-brown and slightly pubescent on the prominent midvein; peculiarly
aromatic when crushed; taste bitterish, becoming somewhat pungent and
having a sialogogue effect.
Maranham Jaborandi — Leaflets rhomboidally oval to obovate or elliptical,
from 1.5 to 5 cm. in length and from 1 to 3 cm. in breadth, the lateral ones
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 323
nearly sessile, the terminal ones on margined petiolules, from 0.5 to 1.5 cm. in
length; of a nearly uniform grayish or yellowish-green color, rather thin but
otherwise resembhng Pernambuco Jaborandi.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Pilocarpus show the upper
epidermal cells with a yellowish layer of cutin from 0.005 to 0.01 nun. in thick-
ness; palisade cells, 1 to 3 rows deep, being filled with chloroplastids; among the
palisade cells occur large, nearly circular, oil-secretion reservoirs from O.OS to
0.15 mm. in diameter; the dorsal pneumatic laj-cr, from 10 to 20 rows in depth,
the cells occasionally containing rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate from O.Ol
to 0,025 mm. in diameter; distributed in the center of the leaf, are the collateral
fibro-vascular bundles each surrounded by a more or less interrupted circle of
several rows of thick-walled, slightly lignified bast-fil)ers; trache,-!? associated
with strongly lignified wood-fibers; among the cells of the lower epidermis occur
numerous stomata. On surface view the stomata are broadly elliptical, from
0.025 to 0.04 mm. in length, being uniformly smaller in Maranham Jaborandi.
Upon both surfaces of Pernambuco Jaborandi occur a number of non-glandular,
one-celled hair.s, more or less bent or curved, from O.OS to 0.5 mm. in length,
thick-walled and with numerous, slight, centrifugal projections.
The powder is dark green or greenish-brown; epidermal cells on surface view
5- or 6-sided; stomata broadly elliptical, from 0.02 to 0.04 mm. in length, usually
with four neighboring cells; fragments of fibro-vascular bundles showing tra-
chea; with simple or bordered pores or spiral thickenings, associated with thick-
walled and strongly lignified wood-fibers; bast-fibers few, walls thick and only
slightly lignified; calcium oxalate in rosette aggregates, from 0.01 to 0.025 mm.
in diameter; fragments of laminae showing large, oil-secretion reservoirs and
usually containing one or more globules of oil; non-glandular hairs having thick
walls, usually more or less broken, are occasionally found.
Pilocarpus .yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Introduce 15 Gm. of Pilocarpus in No. 60 powder into a 250 mil
flask, add 150 mils of chloroform and proceed as directed under Bellado7incB
Radix, page 73, third line of the assaj^, beginning with the word "Stopper," and
decreasing the amount of water to be added after maceration to 5 mils. The
100 mils of chloroform solution must be drawn off from the bottom of the flask,
and dissolve the alkaloids from the residue in 8 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric
acidV.S.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. corresponds to 20.8 milli-
grammes of the alkaloids of Pilocarpus.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Pilocarpi.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
PILUL.E ALOES
Pills of Aloes
Pil. Aloes
Aloes, in fine powder^ thirteen grammes 13 Gm.
Soap, in fine powder, thirteen grammec 13 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred pills 100
Mix the powders intimately, then incorporate sufficient water to
form a mass, and divide it into one hundred pills.
Average dose — 2 pills.
324 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
PILULE ASAFCETID^
Pills of Asafetida
Pil. Asafoet.
Asafetida, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Soap, in fine powder, six grammes 6 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred pills 100
Beat the solids together wdth water, so as to form a mass, and divide
it into one hundred pills.
Average dose — 2 pills.
PILULE CATHARTICS COMPOSITE
Compound Cathartic Pills
Pil. Cathart. Co.
Compound Extract of Colocynth, eighty grammes .... 80 Gm.
Mild Mercurous Chloride, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
Resin of Jalap, in fine powder, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Gamboge, in fine powder, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity, ^_^_^_^
To make one thousand pills 1000
Mix the powders intimately, then incorporate a sufficient quantity
of diluted alcohol to form a mass, and divide it into one thousand pills.
Average dose — 2 pills.
PILULE FERRI CARBONATIS
Pills of Ferrous Carbonate
Pil. Ferr. Carb — Chalybeate Pills Blaud's Pills Ferruginous Pills
Each Pill contains not less than 0.06 Gm. of FeCOs.
Granulated Ferrous Sulphate, sixteen grammes 16 Gm.
Potassium Carbonate, eight grammes 8 Gm.
Sugar, four grammes 4 Gm.
Tragacanth, in fine powder, one gramme 1 Gm.
Althaea, in fine powder, one gramme 1 Gm.
Glycerin,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred pills 100
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 325
Rub the potassium carbonate, in a mortar, with a sufficient quantity
(about five drops each) of glycerin and water, then add the ferrous sul-
phate and sugar, previouslj^ triturated together to a uniform, fine pow-
der, and rub the mass thoroughly, until it assumes a greenish color.
AVhen the reaction is complete, incorporate the tragacanth and althaea,
and, if necessary, add a little more water, so as to obtain a mass of pilular
consistence. Divide this into one hundred pills.
Note — In this process the 8 Gm. of potassium carbonate may be
replaced by 7.2 Gm. of nionohydrated sodium carbonate.
Assay — Dissolve three Pills in 15 nails of diluted sulphuric acid and dilute
the solution with distilled water to about 100 mils. The immediate titration
with tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S.. potassium ferricyanide T.S.
being used as indicator, shows not less than 0.0(3 Gm. of FeCOa in each pill.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S. used corresponds to
0.011584 Gm. of FeCOa. Each Pill of Ferrous Carbonate corresponds to 5.2
mils of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S.
Average dose — 2 pills.
PILULE FERRI lODIDI
Pills of Ferrous Iodide
Pil. Ferr. lod.
Reduced Iron, four grammes 4 Gm.
Iodine, five grammes 5 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in fine powder, four grammes 4 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder, four grammes 4 Gm.
Extract of Glycyrrhiza, in fine powder, one gramme. . . 1 Gm.
Acacia, in fine powder, one gramme 1 Gm.
Water,
Balsam of Tolu,
Ether, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred pills 100
Add six mils of water to the reduced iron, contained in a small
mortar, and then, gradually add the iodine, stirring constantly until
the liquid ceases to have a reddish tint. Then add the remaining
powders, previously well triturated together, and mix the whole thor-
oughly. Transfer the mass to a porcelain dish, evaporate the excess of
moisture on a water bath, with constant stirring, and when the mass
has acquired a pilular consistence divide it into one hundred pills.
Dissolve ten grammes of balsam of tolu in fifteen mils of ether, shake
the pills with a sufficient quantity of this solution until they are uni-
S26 THfi l»aAllMACOl'CEiA Of tHEJ
formly coated, and put them on a plate to dry, occasionally rolling
them about until the drying is completed.
Keep the pills in a well-stoppered bottle.
Pills of Ferrous Iodide are free from the odor of iodine.
Triturate a few of the pills with water, and filter the liquid; the filtrate does
not assume more than a light blue tint upon the addition of starch T.S. (absence
of more than traces of /ree iodme).
Average dose — 2 pills.
PILULiE PHOSPHORI
Pills of Phosphorus
Pil. Phosphor.
Phosphorus, six-hundredths of a gramme 0.06 Gm.
Alth.^\, in No. 60 powder, six grammes 6.00 Gm.
Acacia, in fine powder, three grammes 3.00 Gm.
Chloroform,
Glycerin, •
Water,
Balsam of Tolu,
Ether, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred pills 100
Dissolve the phosphorus, in a test tube, in five mils of chloroform,
with the aid of a very gentle heat, replacing from time to time any
of the chloroform which may be lost by evaporation. Mix the althaea
and acacia in a mortar, next add the solution of phosphorus, then
immediately afterwards a sufficient quantity (about four mils) of a
mixture of two volumes of glycerin and one volume of water, and quickly
form a mass; divide it into one hundred pills.
Dissolve ten grammes of balsam of tolu in fifteen mils of ether, shake
the pills with a sufficient quantity of this solution until they are uni-
formly coated, and put them on a plate to dry, occasionally rolling
them about until the drying is completed.
Keep the pills in a well-stoppered bottle.
Average dose — 1 pill.
PILUL.E RHEI COMPOSIT.E
Compound Pills of Rhubarb
Pil. Rhei Co.
Rhubarb, in No. 80 powder, thirteen grammes 13.0 Gm.
Aloes, in fine powder, ten grammes 10.0 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 327
Myrrh, in fine powder, six grammes 6.0 Gm.
Oil op Peppermint, five-tenths of a milliliter 0.5 mil
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred piUs 100
Mix the oil of peppermint intimately with the powders, then incor-
porate sufficient water to form a mass; divide it into one hundred pills.
Average dose — 2 pills.
PIPER
Pepper
Black Pepper
The dried, unripe fruit of Piper nigrum Linne (Fam. Piperacece),
without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of stems
or other foreign matter.
Nearly globular, from 3.5 to 6 mm. in diameter, epicarp very thin, easily
separable from the sarcocarp; externally blackish-brown or grayish-black,
coarsely reticulate; unilocular, 1-seeded; seed nearly white, hollow, adhering
to the pericarp; odor aromatic, slightly empyreumatic; taste aromatic and
very pungent.
The powder is a mixture of blackish-brown fragments of the pericarp and
nearly white fragments of the endosperm and embryo; starch grains spherical or
somewhat angular, from 0.001 to 0.003 mm. in diameter, mostly in the polyg-
onal cells of the endosperm; stone cells of the epicarp varying from nearly
isodiametric or palisade-hke to long tapering or somewhat irregular in shape,
with thick porous walla and large lumina frequently containing a reddish-brown
pigment; stone cells of the endocarp unevenly thickened, the outer walls being
usually rather thin, and the lumina usually filled with a reddish-brown sub-
stance; oil cells with suberized walls and containing a yellowish oil, from which
monoclinic prisms of piperine occasionally separate.
Pepper yields not less than 6 per cent, of non-volatile extract, soluble in ether
(see Part II, Test No. 13). It contains not less than 25 per cent, of starch.
Pepper yields not more than 7 per cent, of ash. The amount of ash in
Pepper, insoluble in diluted hydrochloric acid, does not exceed 2 per cent, of
the weight of Pepper taken.
Preparation — Oleoresina Piperis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
PIX LIQUIDA
Tar
Pix Liq.— Pme Tar
A product obtained by the destructive distillation of the wood of
Pinus palustris Miller, or of other species of Pinus (Fam. Pinacea) .
Tar is semi-liquid, viscid, blackish-brown, non-crj'stalline, translucent in
thin layers, becoming granular and opaque with age; odor empyreumuoic, cere-
binthinate, taste sharp and empyreumatic.
328 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Tar is miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, glacial acetic acid, or fixed
or volatile oils; it is hea\-ier than water and is slightlj^ soluble in it, the solution
being of a pale yellowish to yellowish-brown color and acid to litmus.
The addition of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of tar produces a greenish-brown color.
Preparations — SjTupus Picis Liquids Unguentum Picis Liquidse.
AvERA-GE DOSE — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 8 grains.
plu:mbi acetas
Lead Acetate
Plumb. Acet. — Sugar of Lead
It contains not less than 85.31 per cent, nor more than 89.57 per cent,
of anhydrous lead acetate, corresponding to not less than 99.5 per cent,
of the crystallized salt [Pb(C2H302)2+3H20 = 379.20]. Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
Lead Acetate occurs as colorless, shining, transparent, monoclinic prisms or
plates, or as heavy, white, crystalline masses, or granular crystals, having a
faintly acetous odor, and a sweetish, astringent, afterwards metallic taste;
efflorescent, and absorbing carbon dioxide on exposure to the air.
One Gm. of Lead Acetate dissolves in L4 mils of water, and in 38 mils of
alcohol at 25° C; also in about 0.5 mil of boiling water; freely soluble in glycerin.
\\'hen heated to 40° C. the salt loses its water of crystallization. \Mien
heated rapidly to 75° C, it fuses in its water of crystallization, and at a ternpera-
ture above 280° C. it finally decomposes, leaving a residue of finely divided
metaUic lead mixed with lead oxide.
An aqueous solution of Lead Acetate (1 in 10) is slightly alkaline to litmus
and separate portions j-ield a black precipitate with hydrogen sulphide T.S., a
yellow precipitate with potassium iodide T.S., and a white precipitate with
diluted sulphuric acid.
Add 0.1 Gm. of the salt to a mixture of 1 mil of sulphuric acid and 1 mil of
alcohol and warm the mixture: ethyl acetate is formed, recognizable by its odor.
A solution of the salt (1 in 10), prepared with distilled water which has been
recently boiled, is clear, or only slightly opalescent (carbonate) and j'ields with
potassium ferrocyanide T.S. a precipitate which is not perceptibly blue or red
(iron or copper).
Assay — Dissolve about 5 Gm. of Lead Acetate, accurately weighed, in suffi-
cient recently boiled distilled water to make exactly 100 mils of solution. Mix
10 mils of this solution with 50 mils of tenth-normal oxahc acid V.S. in a 200 mil
measuring flask, agitate the mixture thoroughly for five minutes, then fill the
flask to the mark with distilled water; filter, and titrate 100 mils of the filtrate
(representing one- twentieth of the amount of Lead Acetate originally taken)
with tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S., the filtrate being previously
acidulated with 10 mils of sulphuric acid and warmed to 80° C. It shows not
less than 85.31 per cent, nor more than 89.57 per cent, of Pb(C2H302)2.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxalic acid \'.S. u.scd corresponds to 0.016257 Gm.
of Pb(C2H3C)2)2- Each gramme of Lead Acetate corresponds to not less thaa
52.5 mils nor more than 55.1 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Plumbi Subacetatis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.08 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 329
PLUMBI OXIDUM
Lead Oxide
Plumb. Oxid. — Litharge
It contains, when freshly ignited, not less than 96 per cent, of PbO
(223.10). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Lead Oxide occurs as a heavy, yellowish or reddish-yellow powder, or in
minute scales, without odor or taste. On exposure to the air it slowly absorbs
moisture and carbon dioxide.
Lead Oxide is abnost insoluble in water, to which, however, it imparts a
faintly alkaline reaction; insoluble in alcohol; chssolved by acetic or diluted
nitric acid, and by warm solutions of the fixed alkali hydroxides.
When heated, the Oxide becomes darker in color, but assumes its original
color on cooling; it fuses at a red heat. When heated in contact with charcoal,
it is reduced to metallic lead.
A solution of the Oxide in diluted nitric acid (1 in 10) is colorless, and, when
nearly neutralized by ammonia water, separate portions yield with hj'drogen
sulphide T.S. a black precipitate, with potassium iodide T.S. a yellow precipi-
tate, and with diluted sulphuric acid a white precipitate.
Shake 5 Gm. of the Oxide in a small flask with 5 mils of distilled water, and
add 20 mils of acetic acid. Boil the mixture for a few minutes, filter it, wash
the insoluble residue well with diluted acetic acid, and dry it at 110° C; it
weighs not more than 0.15 Gm.
When strongly heated ia a porcelain crucible, the Oxide loses not more than
4 per cent, of its weight (carbonate and moisture).
Assay — Dissolve about OA Gm. of freshly ignited Lead Oxide, accurately
weighed, in 4 mils of acetic acid and 25 mils of recently boiled distilled water,
in a 200 mil graduated flask, and mix the solution with 50 mils of tenth-normal
oxalic acid V.S. Fill the flask to the mark with distilled water, mix well, filter
through a dry filter into a dry flask, rejecting the first 20 mils of filtrate, and
titrate 100 mils of the filtrate (representing one-half of the amount of Lead
Oxide originally taken) with tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S., the
filtrate being previously acidulated with 20 mils of diluted sulphuric acid and
warmed to 80° C. it shows not less than 96 per cent, of PbO.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxahc acid V.S. corresponds to 0.011155 Gm. of
PbO. Each gramme of Lead Oxide, after ignition, corresponds to not less than
86.1 mils of tenth-normal oxahc acid V.S.
Preparation — Emplastr\un Plumbi.
PODOPHYLLUM
Podophyllum
Podoph. — Mandrake May Apple Rhizome
The dried rhizome and roots of Podophyllum peltatum Linne (Fam.
BerheridacecE) , yielding not less than 3 per cent, of resin.
Rhizome horizontal, nearly cj'lindrical, jointed, compressed on the upper and
lower surfaces, sometimes branched; in pieces from 3 to 20 cm. in length, the
internodes from 2 to 9 mm. in diameter; externally dark brown, longitudinally
wrinkled or nearly smooth with irregular, somewhat V-shaped scars of scale
leaves, nodes annulate, upper portion marked with large, circular, depressed
stem-scars and sometimes with buds or stem-bases; at or near the nodes on the
lower portion occur numerous root-scars or roots from 2 to 7 cm. in length and
about 2 mm. in thickness; fracture short; internally, bark light brown, wood
330 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
with small yellowish, vascular bundles, pith large and white; odor sUght; taste
sweetish, disagreeably bitter and acrid.
Under the microscope, a transverse section of the rhizome of Podophyllum
shows an outer layer of one or two rows of reddish-brown cells; parenchyma
of cortex and pith with numerous single, spherical, polygonal, or 2- to 6-com-
pound starch grains, or rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate; vascular bundles
from 24 to 34, arranged in a circle between cortex and pith.
The powder is light brown, with a pronounced and characteristic odor; starch
grains numerous, spherical, polygonal or 2- to 6-compound, the individual grains
from 0.003 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; calcium oxalate crystals few, in rosette
aggregates from 0.05 to O.OS mm. in diameter and occasionally in raphides from
0.03 to 0.09 mm. in length; trachea? with simple pores or reticulate thickenings;
fragments of starch-bearing parenchyma and reddish-brown cork cells.
Podophyllum yields not more than 3 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Proceed as directed for the preparation of Resina Podophylli (see
page 358), using 10 Gm. of Podophyllum in No. 60 powder. It shows not less
than 3 per cent, of re.sin.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Podophylli Resina Podophylli.
POTASSA SULPHURATA
Sulphurated Potassa
Pot. Sulphurat. — Liver of Sulphur
A mixture composed chiefly of potassium polysulphides and potas-
sium thiosulphate and containing an amount of sulphides correspond-
ing to not less than 12.8 per cent, of sulphur (S). Preserve it in well-
closed containers.
Sulphurated Potassa is in the form of irregular pieces, liver-brown when
freshly made, changing to greenish-yellow and finally to gray through absorp-
tion of moisture, oxygen, and carbon dioxide from the air. It has a strong odor
of hydrogen sulphide and a bitter, acrid, and alkaline taste.
Sulphurated Potassa is very soluble in water, usually leaving a slight residue.
Alcohol dissolves only the sulphides.
An aqueous solution of Sulphurated Potassa (1 in 10) is light browTi in color
and is strongly alkaline to litmus. The addition of an excess of acetic acid to
this solution causes a brisk evolution of hydrogen sulphide and a precipitation
of sulphur. In the liquid thus treated, after filtration, an excess of sodium
bitartrate T.S. produces an abundant, white crystalline precipitate on standing.
Assay — Add a solution of 1 Gra. of crystallized copper sulphate in 15 mils
of distilled water to a solution of 1 Gm. of Sulphurated Potassa in 10 mils of
distilled water, shake the mixture in a stoppered vessel for a few minutes and
filter. The filtrate, acidulated with acetic acid and filtered if necessary, pro-
duces no black precipitate wdth an equal volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S.,
corresponding to not less than 12.8 per cent, of sulphur combined as sulphides.
POTASSII ACETAS
Potassium Acetate
Pot. Acet.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 150° C, not less than
99 per cent, of KC2H3O2 (98.12). Preserve it in air-tight containers.
tJNlTED STATES OF AMERICA 331
Potassium Acetate occurs as a white powder, or in crystalline masses of a
satin-like luster; odorless, or with a faint, acetous odor, and having a warming,
saline taste. It is very deliquescent on exposure to the air.
One Gm. of Potassium Acetate dissolves in 0.5 mil of water and in 2.9 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; also in about 0.2 mil of boiling water.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is alkaline to litmus, but does not
affect phenolphthalein T.S.
When slightly heated, the salt fuses. On strong ignition it is decomposed
with the evolution of inflammable empyreumatic vapors and leaves a black
residue of potassium carbonate and carbon. This residue imparts to a non-
luminous flame a violet color, is alkaline to litmus, and effervesces with acids.
The addition of 5 mils of sodium bitartrate T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 5) causes a white, crystaUine precipitate.
Add 0.1 Gm. of the salt to 1 mil of sulphuric acid and 1 mil of alcohol and
gently warm the mixture; ethyl acetate is formed, recognizable by its odor.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dry the salt to constant weight at 150° C. and proceed as directed
under the Assay for alkali salts of organic acids (see Part II, Test No. 6). It
shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of KC2H3O2.
Each mil of half-normal sulphiu-ic acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.04906 Gm.
of KC2H3O2. Each gramme of Potassium Acetate, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 20.2 mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm, — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
POTASSII BICARBONAS
Potassium Bicarbonate
Pot. Bicarb.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of KHCO3 (100.11). Preserve
it in well-closed containers.
Potassium Bicarbonate occurs as colorless, transparent, monoolinic prisms
or as a white, granular powder, odorless, and having a saline and shghtly alkaline
taste. It is permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Potassium Bicarbonate dissolves in 2.8 mils of water at 25° C;
also in 2 mils of water at 50° C; almost insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Potassium Bicarbonate (1 in 10) is slightly alkaline
to htmus but is neutral or shghtly alkaline to phenolphthalein T.S., and effer-
vesces with acids.
When heated above 50° C, an aqueous solution of the salt rapidly loses
carbon dioxide and water, and, at boiling heat, the salt is entirely converted
into normal carbonate.
The dry salt begins to lose carbon dioxide and water at 100° C. and this loss
increases at a higher temperature, until at a red heat a residue of carbonate
remains which imparts a violet color to a non-luminous flame.
An aqueous solution of Potassium Bicarbonate (1 in 10) yields a white,
crystalline precipitate of potassium bitartrate with excess of tartaric acid T.S.
332 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Add 2 mils of tenth-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. and 2 drops of phenol-
phthalein T.S. to 1 Gm. of the salt, dissolved without agitation in 20 mils of
distilled water at a temperature -not above 15° C; a red tint does not appear
immediately {carbonate) .
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), mixed with a slight excess of
hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. 3).
Assay — -Dissolve about 4 Gm. of Potassium Bicarbonate, previously dried
to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed,
in 25 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal sulphuric acid V.S., methyl
orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than
99 per cent, of KHCO3.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.10011 Gm. of
KHCO3. Each gramme of Potassium Bicarl:)onate, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 9.9 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
POTASSII BITARTRAS
Potassium Bitartrate
Pot. Bitart.— Cream of Tartar
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less
than 99.5 per cent, of KHC4H4O6 (188,14). Preserve it in well-closed
containers.
Potassium Bitartrate occurs as colorless or slightly opaque, rhombic crystals,
or as a white, somewhat gritty powder; odorless, and having a pleasant, acidu-
lous taste. It is permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Potassiimi Bitartrate dissolves in 155 mils of water and in 8820
mils of alcohol at 25° C; also in 16 mils of boiling water.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is acid to litmus.
When the salt is heated it chars and emits inflammable vapors having the odor
of burning sugar. At a higher temperature, with free access of air, the carbon of
the black residue is consumed, and a white, fused mass of potassium carbonate
remains, which has an alkaline reaction and effervesces strongly with acids.
With sodium cobaltic nitrite T.S. a saturated aqueous solution of the salt
yields a yellow precipitate.
Neutralize a satm-ated aqueous solution of the salt with potassium hydroxide
T.S., add silver nitrate T.S., then just sufficient ammonia water to dissolve
the white precipitate and boil the solution; silver is deposited on the sides
of the test tube, forming a mirror.
When C.3 Gm. of the salt is dissolved in 3 mils of ammonia water, no insoluble
residue remains {starch, kaolin, calcium phosphate, or other insoluble matter).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), made with the aid of
just sufficient hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 8).
Ammonia is not evolved on heating the salt with a slight excess of potassium
hydroxide T.S.
Mix 1 Gm. of Potassium Bitartrate, in a platinum crucible, with 0.5 mil of
eulphiu-io acid and 1 mil of nitric acid, and heat the mixture until fumes of
suli)hur trioxide begin to*be liberated. Cool the resulting ma.ss and treat it with
10 mils of distilled water and filter. The filtrate, upon l)eing made slightly alkaline
with potassium hydroxide T.S., does not yield a gelatinous precipitate soluble in
excess of the reagent {alum).
UNITED STATES OK AMERICA 333
Heat 10 Gm. of Potassium Bitartrate with 15 mils of distilled water and add
hydrochloric acid until the salt is dissolved, then add 2 mils of sulphurous acid
and boil the mixture until the odor of sulphur dioxide is barely perceptible.
Cool the solution, mix it with 1 mil of sodium cyanide T.S., and follow this
immediately with stronger ammonia water until the precipitate first formed is
redissolved and the solution has a slight odor of anmionia. When it is cold,
transfer the solution to a glass-stoppered cylinder graduated to 50 mils, dilute
it with sufficient distilled water to measure 50 mils, and add 3 drops of sodium
sulphide T.S. After mixing well, the color produced in the solution, if any,
when viewed downward against a white surface, is not greater than the color
of a control solution prepared as follows: Dissolve 2 Gm. of ammonium chloride
(see Reagents, Part II) in 20 mils of distilled water, add 4 mils of a solution
containing O.OS Gm. of lead nitrate in 1000 mils of distilled water, and then 1
mil of diluted hydrochloric acid. Treat tliis solution with the same quantity of
hydrochloric acid, sulphurous acid, sodium cyanide T.S., and stronger ammonia
water, as used above, transfer it to another 50 mil glass-stoppered cylinder, and
then dilute it with sufficient distilled water to make 50 mils and add 3 drops of
sodium sulphide T.S. (l)efore adchng the .sodium sulphide T.^., the liquid must
possess a distinct odorof ammonia and the two cyhnders used must be matched,
be of practically colorless glass and have the same internal diameter) (lead).
Assa)' — ^Dissolve al:iout 6 Gm. of Potassium Bitartrate, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed, in 100 mils of boiling dis-
tilled water, and titrate with normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using phenol-
phthalein T.S as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99.5 per
cent, of KHC4H4O6
Each mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used corresponds to 0.18814
Gm. of KHC4H4O6. Each gramme of Potassium Bitartrate, previously dried,
corresponds to not less than 5.29 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
Preparation — PuHis Jalapse Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
POTASSII BROI\nDUM
Potassium Bromide
Pot. Brom.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
98.5 per cent, of KBr (119.02). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Potassium Bromide occurs as colorless, or white, cubical crystals, or as a
granular powder; odorless, and having a strongly saline taste. It is permanent
in the air.
One Gm. of Potassium Bromide dissolves in 1.5 mils of water, about 250 mils
of alcohol, and in 4.6 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 1 mil of boiling water
and in about 21 mils of boiling alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or faintly alkaline to litmus.
When the salt is heated upon platinum foil it decrepitates; upon further
heating it fuses without decomposition and at a bright red heat volatiUzes,
communicating a violet color to a non-luminous flame.
The addition of 5 mils of sodium bitartrate T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 5) produces a white, crystalline precipitate.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) produces
a yellowish-white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid or in a moderate excess
of ammonia water.
334 THE PHAEMACOPCEIA OF THE
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Potassium Bromide in 10 mils of distilled water and add
0.1 mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.; no color is produced by the subse-
quent addition of a drop of phenolphthalein T.S., even after heating (alkali).
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 20), shake the mixture, and add 1 mil of chloroform; the latter does
not acquire a violet tint (iodide).
Drop 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid upon about 1 Gm. of the powdered salt;
no yellow color appears at once (bromate).
Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20),
when acidulated with hydrochloric acid, are not immediately rendered turbid
by the addition of 1 mil of potassium sulphate T.S. (barium), nor by 1 mil of
barium chloride T.S. (sulphate).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Dry the salt to constant weight at 100° C. and proceed as directed
under the Assay for bromides (see Part II, Test No. 5). It shows, in the dried
salt, not less than 98.5 per cent, of KBr.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.011902
Gm. of KBr. Each gramme of Potassium Bromide, previously dried, corre-
sponds to not less than 82.8 mils nor more than 84.8 mils of tenth-normal
silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
POTASSII CARBONAS
Potassium Carbonate
Pot. Carb.— Salt of Tartar
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 180** C, not less than
99 per cent, of K2CO3 (138.20). It contains not more than 15 per
cent, of moisture. Preserve it in air-tight containers.
Potassium Carbonate is a white, granular powder; odorless, and having a
strongly alkaline taste; very deliquescent.
One Gm. of Potassium Carbonate dissolves in 0.9 mil of water at 25° C; also
in 0.7 mil of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Potassium Carbonate (1 in 20) is strongly alkaline
to litmus and phenolphthalein T.S., and effervesces with acids.
\^^len heated to 180° C, the salt loses all the water which it may have retained
or absorbed; at a bright red heat it melts, and at a white heat it volatilizes,
communicating to a non-luminous flame a violet color with not more than a
transient yellow tinge.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) yields with an excess of tartaric acid
T.S. a white crystalline precipitate of potassium bitartrate.
No residue is left on dissolving 1 Gm. of the salt in 20 mils of distilled water
{earthy impurities).
An aqueous solution of Potassium Carbonate (1 in 50), mixed with a slight
excess of hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see
Part II, Test No. 3).
Take about 3 Gm. of Potassium Carbonate, weigh accurately, and dry to con-
stant weight in an air bath at 180° C; it loses not more than 15 per cent, in
weight.
Assay — Dissolve about 3 Gm. of Potassium Carbonate, previously dried to
constant weight at 180° C. and accurately weighed in a stoppered weighing-
bottle, in 25 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal sulphuric acid V.S.,
methyl orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt, not
less than 99 per cent, of K2CO3.
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 335
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.06910 Gm.
of K2CO3. Each gramme of Potassium Carbonate, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 14.33 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
POTASSII CHLORAS
Potassium Chlorate
Pot. Chloras
It contains not less than 99 per cent, of KCIO3 (122.56). Preserve it
in well-closed containers. Great caution should be observed in handling
it, as dangerous explosions are liable to occur when it is heated or sub-
jected to concussion or trituration with organic substances (cork, tan-
nic acid, dust, sugar, etc.), or with sulphur, sulphides, hypophosphites,
or other easily oxidizable substances.
Potassium Chlorate occurs in colorless, lustrous, monoclinic prisms or plates,
or as a white granular powder; odorless, and having a sahne taste. It is
permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Potassium Chlorate dissolves in 11.5 mils of water at 25° C;
also in 1.8 mils of boiUng water; almost insoluble in alcohol; soluble in glycerin.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral to htmus.
When heated the salt melts, gives off oxygen, and finally leaves a residue of
potassiimi chloride, readily soluble in water and yielding with silver nitrate T.S.
a white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid but readily soluble in ammonia
water. To a non-luminous flame it imparts a violet color.
With an excess of tartaric acid T.S. a solution of the salt (1 in 20) slowly yields
a scant, white, crystalhne precipitate; with platinic chloride T.S., a similar
solution yields a yellow crystalhne precipitate.
Add about 0.2 Gm. of the salt to 1 mil of hydrochloric acid; the liquid assumes
a deep greenish-yellow color, and chlorine and oxides of chlorine are evolved.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Transfer to a 250 mil flask about 0.1 Gm. of Potassium Chlorate,
accurately weighed, and dissolve it in 10 mils of distilled water, then add 25
mils of acidulated ferrous sulphate T.S. to the solution. Prepare a valve
stopper by taking a piece of rubber tubing of convenient diameter and about
5 cm. in length, placing a piece of ' glass rod in one end and shpping the
other end over a glass tube which passes through a perforated stopper of a
size convenient to fit the flask used. Cut a longitudinal slit about 15 mm.
long in one side of the rubber tube about half way up. Insert this stopper in
the flask and boil the mixture for ten minutes. Now cool the mixture, add 10
mils of manganous sulphate T.S. and titrate the excess of ferrous sulphate with
tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. At the same time conduct a parallel
«ivT^priment with another portion of 25 mils of acididated ferrous sulphate T.S.
anu suutract the result of the former titration from that of the latter. It shows
not less than 99 per cent, of KCIO3.
Each mfl of tenth-normal potassmm permanganate V.S. used corresponds to
0.0020427 Gm. of KCIO3. Each gramme of Potassium Chlorate corresponds
to not less than 484.7 mils of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
Preparation — Trochisci Potassii Chloratis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
336 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
POTASSII CITRAS
Potassium Citrate
Pot. Cit.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of K3C6H5O7+H2O (324.36).
Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Potassium Citrate occurs as transparent, prismatic crystals, or as a white, gran-
ular powder; odorless, and having a cooling, saline taste. It is deliquescent
when exposed to moist air.
One Gm. of Potassium Citrate dissolves in O.G mil of water at 25° C. ; almost
insoluble in alcohol; freely soluble in glycerin.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is alkaline to litmus but is not
reddened by one drop of phenolphthalein T.S.
When heated above 100° C, the salt begins to lose water and at about 200° C.
the water of crystallization is completely lost. At a higher temperature the
salt begins to decomy)ose, turns brown, and upon further heating carbonizes
and emits inflammable gases which have a very pungent, acrid odor. At a red
heat a residue remains, which has an alkahne reaction and strongly effervesces
with acids.
An aqueous solution of Potassium Citrate (1 in 10) yields a white, crystal-
line precipitate with sodium bitartrate T.S.
Mix 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with 10 mils of calcium
chloride T.S.; the hquid remains clear imtil it is boiled, when a white, granular
precipitate is produced.
A solution of 1 Gm. of Potassium Citrate in 1 mil of distilled water does not
deposit any precipitate on the addition of 1 mil of acetic acid (tartrate).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Teot for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dry the salt to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid,
and proceed as directed under the Assay for alkali salts of organic acids (see
Part II, Test No. 6). It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of
K3C6H5O7+H2O.
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.05406
Gm. of K3C6H5O7+H2O. Each gramme of Potassium Citrate, previously
dried, corresponds to 18.3 mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Preparation — Potassii Citras Efifervescens.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
POTASSII CITRAS EFFERVESCENS
Effervescent Potassium Citrate
Pot. Cit. Eff.
Potassium Citrate, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Sodium Bicarbonate, dried and powdered, Jour hundred
and seventy-seven grammes 477 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 337
Tartaric Acid, dried and powdered, two hundred and fifty-
two (jrammes 252 Gm.
Citric Acid, uneffloresced crystals, one hundred and sixty-
two grammes 162 Gm.
To make about one thousand jra?nmes 1000 Gm.
Dry the potassium citrate on a water bath until it ceases to lose
weight; after powdering the dried salt, mix it intimately with the
powdered citric acid and tartaric acid, then thoroughly incorporate the
sodium bicarbonate. Place the mixed powders on a plate of glass or
in a suitable dish, in an oven heated between 93° and 104° C. Manipu-
late the mixture carefully with a wooden spatula, and, when it has
become moist, rub it through a No. 6 tinned-iron sieve, and dry the
granules at a temperature not exceeding 54° C. Immediately transfer
the salt to suitable containers and seal them tightl3^ Care must be
taken to prevent the salt from coming in contact with air containing
moisture.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachm.
POTASSII ET SODII TARTRAS
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate
Pot. et Sod. Tart.— RochcUe Salt
It contains not less than 73.72 per cent, nor more than 77.39 per cent,
of anhydrous potassium and sodium tartrate, corresponding to not less
than 99 per cent, of the crystallized salt [KNaC4H406 + 4H2O = 282.20].
Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate occurs as colorless, transparent, rhombic
prisms, or as a white powder; odorless, and having a cooling, saline taste. The
crystals slightly effloresce in dry air.
One Gm. of Potassium and Sodium Tartrate dissolves in 0.9 mil of water at
25° C. ; almost insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is alkaline to Utmus, but is not
reddened by a drop of phenolphthalein T.S.
When heated to about 74° C, the salt fuses to a colorless liquid, which at a
higher temperature froths, becomes brown, and gradually carbonizes, while
inflammable vapors are emitted, having the odor of burning sugar. Finall}", a
black residue is left, consisting of potassium and sodium carbonates with carbon.
To a non-luminous flame this residue imparts an intensely yellow color.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in lOj yields a white, crystaLUne precipi-
tate with an equal volume of acetic acid.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) yields with silver nitrate T.S. a
white precipitate wliich becomes black on boiling.
27
33d fHiJ PHARMACOPCEIA Ot" THE
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Five mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10), when heated with
potassium hydroxide T.S., does not evolve ammonia.
Dissolve 10 Gm. of Potassium and Sodium Tartrate in 20 mils of distilled
water, add 2 mils of sulphurous acid and boil the mixture until the odor of sul-
phur dioxide is barely perceptible. Cool the solution, mix it with 1 mil of sodium
cyanide T.S. and follow this immediately with stronger ammonia water until the
precipitate formed is redissolved and the solution has a slight odor of ammonia.
WTien cold, transfer the solution to a glass-stoppered cylinder, graduated to 50
mils, dilute it with sufficient distilled water to measure 50 mils and add 3 drops
of sodium sulphide T.S. After mixing well, the color produced in the solution,
if any, when \'iewed downward against a white surface, is not greater than the
color of a control solution prepared as follows: Dissolve 2 Gm. of ammonium
chloride (see Reagents, Part II) in 20 mils of distilled water, add 4 mils of a
solution containing 0.08 Gm. of lead nitrate in 1000 mils of distilled water,
and then 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid. Treat this solution with the same
quantity of sulphurous acid, sodium cyanide T.S. and stronger ammonia
water, as used above, transfer it to another 50 mil glass-stoppered cylinder,
and then dilute it with sufficient distilled water to make 50 mils and add
3 drops of sodium sulphide T.S. (before adding the sodium sulphide T.S.,
the liquid must possess a distinct odor of ammonia, and the two cylinders used
must be matched, be of practically colorless glass, and have the same internal
diameter) {lead).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for alkali salts of organic acids
(see Part II, Test No. 6). It shows not less than 73.72 per cent, nor more
than 77.39 per cent, of KNaC4H406.
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.05253 Gm.
of KNaC4H406. Each grarnme of Potassium and Sodium Tartrate corresponds
to not less than 14.03 mils nor more than 14.73 mils of half-normal sulphuric
acid V.S.
Preparation — Pulvis Effervescens Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 10 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2}/2 drachms.
POTASSII HYDROXIDUM
Potassium Hydroxide
Pot. Hydrox. — Caustic Potash Potassium Hydrate
It contains not less than 85 per cent, of KOH (56.11). Preserve it in
well-closed containers. If bottles are used they must be made of hard
glass.
Potassium Hydroxide occurs as dry, white, or nearly white, fused masses,
or sticks, hard and brittle, showing a crystalline fracture; odorless. Great cau-
tion is necessary in handling it, as it rapidly destroys organic tissues. When
exposed to the air, it readily absorbs carbon dioxide and moisture, and
deliquesces.
One Gm. of Potassium Hydroxide dissolves in 0.9 mil of water, about 3 mils
of alcohol, and in 2.5 mils of glycerin at 25° C, also in 0.0 mil of boihng water;
very soluble in boiling alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Potassium Hydroxide even when greatly diluted is
strongly alkaline to litmus.
When introduced into a non-luminous flame, it imparts to it a violet color.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 339
An aqueous solution of Potassium Hydroxide (1 in 20) is clear and colorless
{organic matter or insoluble iynpuritics).
An aqueous solution of Potassium Hydroxide (I in 10), when added to an
excess of tartaric acid T.S., produces a white, crystalline precipitate, which
redissolves when the Potassium Hydroxide is added in excess.
An aqueous solution of Potassium Hydroxide (1 in 50), slightly acidulated
with hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see
Part H, Test No. 3).
.Assay — ^Dissolvc in a 500 mil graduated flask about 10 Gm. of Potassium
Hydroxide, accuratch' weighed in a glass-stoppered weighing-bottle, in 250 mils
of distilled water, which has previously been boiled and cooled, and add 30 mils-
of barium cliloride T.S. Now fill the flask to the mark with distilled water,,
which has previously been boiled and cooled, and thoroughly agitate the liquid.
Then filter the liquid in the flask through a dr}' filter into a dry fla.sk, rejecting
the first 20 mils, and titrate 200 mils of the clear filtrate with normal hydro-
chloric acid V.S., u.sing phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less
than 85 per rent, of KOH when calculated to the junount originally taken.
Each mil of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.05611 Gm.
of KOH. Each gramme of Potassium Hydroxide corresponds to not less than.
15.15 mils of normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi.
POTASSII HYPOPHOSPHIS
Potassium Hypophosphite
Pot. Hypophos.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 98 per cent, of KPH2O2 (104.16). Preserve
it in well-closed containers in a dry place. Caution should be observed
in dispensing Potassium Hj'pophosphite, as an explosion is liable to
occur when it is triturated or heated with nitrates, chlorates, or other
oxidizing agents.
Potassium Hypophosphite occurs as white, opaque, hexagonal plates, or
crystalline masses, or as a granular powder; odorless, and having a pungent,
saline taste; very deliquescent.
One Gm. of Potassium Hj^pophosphite dissolves in 0.6 mil of water and
in 9 mils of alcohol at 25° C. ; also in 0.4 mil of boiling water and in 5 mils of
boiling alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly alkaUne to
litmus and j'ields with sodium bitartrate T.S. a white, crj'stalline precipitate.
When heated in a dry test tube spontaneously inflammable hydrogen phos-
phide is evolved which laurns with a bright j-ellow flame.
When an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), acidulated with hydrochloric
acid, is added drop by drop with agitation to an excess of mercuric chloride T.S.,,
a white precipitate of mercurous chloride is formed. Upon the fin-ther addition
of the solution of Potassium Hypophosphite, the precipitate becomes gray from
reduction to metallic mercury.
A solution of 1 Gm. of the salt in about 10 mils of distilled water requires not
more than 1.5 mils of tenth-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. for neutralization,
methyl orange T.S. being used as indicator.
Heat 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 5) with 0.5 mU of diluted
hydrochloric acid in a test tube on a water bath for thirty minutes; no
offensive odor is developed.
340 . THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Measure 5 mils of an aqueous solution of Potassium Hypophosphite (1 in
25) into a beaker containing 3 mils of nitric acid diluted with about 10 mils of
distilled water, and evaporate the mixture to dryness on a water bath; the
residue meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Add magnesia mixture T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 20) made alkaline with ammonia water; it is not affected witliin one minute
(phosphates).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. oi Potassium Hypophosphite, dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, in 10 mils
of distilled water, add 10 mils of nitric acid and evaporate it to dryness on a
water bath. Then add 5 mils of nitric acid and again evaporate it to dr3mess on
a water bath. Dissolve the residue in 20 mils of distilled water, add a drop of
phenolphthalein T.S. and sufficient special potassium hydroxide T.S. (see page
545) to produce a pink color, and then dilute it to exactly 100 mils with dis-
tilled water. Transfer 10 mils of this solution to a 100 mil graduated flask,
add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate ^^S. and proceed from tliis point as
directed in the assay under Sodii Phosphas (see page 396). Wlien calculated
to the amount originally taken, it shows, in the dried salt, not less than 98 per
cent, of KPH2O2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.003472
Gm. of KPH2O2. Each gramme of Potassium Hj'pophosphite, previously dried,
corresponds to not less than 282.3 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — SjTupus Hypophosphitum.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
POTASSII lODIDUM
Potassium Iodide
Pot. lod.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
99 per cent, of KI (166.02). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Potassium Iodide occurs as cubical crystals either transparent and color-
less or more or less opaque and white, or as a white, granular powder, ha\ing
a pungent, saline, afterwards bitter taste. Permanent in dry air, and but
slightly deliquescent in moist air.
One Gm. of Potassium Iodide dissolves in 0.7 mil of water, 22 mils of alcohol,
and in 2 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water and in
8 mils of boihng alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly alkaline to litmus.
When heated, the salt decrepitates. At a low red heat it fuses, and at a bright
red heat it is volatilized without decomposition.
Five mils of an aqueous solution of Potas-sium Iodide (1 in 20) yields a white,
crystalline precipitate with 5 mils of sodium bitartrate T.S.
Add 1 mil of ferric chloride T.S., diluted with an equal volume of distilled
water, to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 m 20), and shake the
mixture with 5 mils of cliloroform; the latter acquires a violet color.
Dis.solve 1 Gm. of the salt in 10 mils of distilled water and add 0.1 mil of
tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.; no color is produced by the subsequent
addition of a drop of phenolphthalein T.S. {nlkali).
' Add 2 drops of diluted sulphuric acid (free from sulphurous and nitrous
acids) to 0.5 Gm. of the salt dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water, which has
previously been boiled and cooled; no distinct yellow color appears within half
a minute (iodale), and no turbidity occurs (thiosulphate).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 341
Aciiluhite 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with hydro-
chioric acid; it is not rendered turbid by the addi (ion of 1 mil of potassium sulj)hate
T.S. (hariutn) ; another 10 mil portion of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20),
acidulated with hydrochloric acid, is not rendered more than slightly turbid by
a few drops of barium chloride T.S. {sidphalc).
Heat scntly 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) with one drop
of ferrous sulphate T.S. and 0.5 mil of i)otassium hydroxide T.S.; no blue color
appears after acidulating the mixture with hydrochloric acid (cyanide).
An aqueou.s solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Dry the salt to constant weight and proceed as directed under the
Assay for iodides (see Part II, Test No. 5). It shows, in the dried salt, not less
than 99 per cent, of KI.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.016602 Gm.
of KI. Each gramme of Potassium Iodide, previously dried, corresponds to
not less than 59.6 mils nor more than 61.0 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparations — Liquor lodi Compositus Tinctura lodi Unguentum lodi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
POTASSII NITRAS
Potassium Nitrate
Pot. Nit.— Saltpetre
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
99 per cent, of KNO3 (101.11). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Potassium Nitrate occurs as colorless, transparent, six-sided rhombic prisms,
or a white, crystalline powder; odorless, having a saline taste and producing a
cooling sensation in the mouth. Slightly hygroscopic in moist air.
One Gm. of Potassium Nitrate dissoh-es in 2.8 mils of water and in 620 mils
of alcohol at 25° C. ; also in 0.5 mil of boiling water; soluble in glycerin.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 10) is neutral to litmus.
When strongly heated, the salt melts without decomposition. At higher
temperatures it evolves oxygen and is partly reduced to nitrite. When Potas-
sium Nitrate is heated with charcoal, the mixture deflagrates.
With sodium bitartrate T.S. an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields
a white crystalline precipitate.
Mix an aqueous solution of Potassium Nitrate (1 in 10) in a test tube with a
drop" of diphenylamine T.S. and slowly add sulphuric acid so as to form a
separate layer; a deep blue color appears at the line of contact.
An aqueous solution of Potassium Nitrate does not respond to the Test for
heavy metals (see Pai't II, Test No. 3).
No yellow color appears when 0.1 Gm. of the dry salt is sprinkled upon 1 mil
of concentrated sulphuric acid (chlorate or pcrcldorate).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.4 Gm. of Potassium Nitrate, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed, in 10 mils of hydrocliloric
acid in a small dish, and evaporate the solution to diyness on a water bath.
Dissolve the residue in 10 mils of hydrochloric acid and again evaporate it to
dryness on a water bath, continuing the heat until the residue, when redissolved in
distilled water, is neutral to litmus. Transfer the residue with the aid of 25 mils
of distilled water to a flask and proceed as directed under the Assay for chlorides
(see Part II, Test No. 5), deducting from the amount of tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S. consumed, the amount which would be consumed by the chlorides
present in an equivalent weight of the salt originally taken, and previously esti-
mated by taking about 1 Gm. of the salt, accurately weighed, and proceeding as
/
342 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
directed under the .\ssay for chlorides (see Part II, Test No. 5). It shows, in
the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of KXO3.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate ^^S. used corresponds to 0.010111
Gm. of KXO3. Each gramme of Potassium Nitrate, previou.sly dried, corre-
6ponds to not less than 97.9 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
poTASSii per:\l\xgaxas
Potassium Permanganate
Pot. Permang.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of KMn04 (158.03). Preserve
it in glass-stoppered bottles. Potassium Permanganate when in solu-
tion or in the dry condition must not be brought into contact with
organic or other readily oxidizable substances.
Potassium Permanganate occurs as slender, monoclinic prisms, of a dark
purple color, almost opaque by transmitted light, and of a blue, metallic luster
by reflected light; odorless, and having (in solution) a taste at first sweet, but
afterwards disagreeable and astringent. Permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Potassium Permanganate dissolves in 13.5 mils of water at 25° C;
also in 3.5 mils of boiling water; it is decomposed by alcohol.
\\Tien heated, the salt decrepitates, and at about 240° C. it decomposes,
j-ielchng oxygen, potassium manganate, and manganese dioxide.
An aqueous solution of the salt is of a deep violet-red color when concen-
trated, and of a rose color when highly diluted. The color is discharged by
hydrogen sulphide, ferrous sulphate, oxaUc acid, alcohol, and many other
substances, especially if the solution is first rendered acid by sulphuric acid.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.15 Gm. of Potassium Permanganate, previously
dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately
weighed, in 25 mils of distilled water, mix the solution with 1 mil of sulphuric
acid and 50 mils of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. and warm the mixture to
about 80° C. The residual titration with tenth-normal potassium permanga-
nate V.S. shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of KAIn04.
Each mil of tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.0031606
Gm. of KMn04. Each gramme of Potassium Permanganate, previously dried,
corresponds to not less tlian 313.2 mils of tenth-normal oxaUc acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
PRUNUS VIRGINIANA
Wild Cherry
Prun. Virg.— WUd Black Cherry Bark
The stem-bark of Pnmus serotina Ehrhart (Prunus virginiana
Miller) {Yixin.Rosacece), collected in autumn and carefully dried. Pre-
serve Wild Cherry in tightly-closed containers, protected from light.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 343
Usually in transversely curved i)ieccs from 2.5 to 8 cm. in length and from
0.5 to 4 mm. in thickness; outer surfaces light brown or greenish-brown, smooth,
except for numerous lenticels from 3 to 4 mm. in length; inner surfaces light
brown, longitudinally striate and occa.sionally fi.ssurcd; fracture short, granular;
odor distinct, bitter almond-like when macerated in water; taste astringent,
aromatic, and agreeably bitter.
lender the microscope, sections of Wild Cherry show a tendency for the sep-
aration in radial .segments or bands of the phloem tissues from the rather
broad medullary rays; periderm usually of a few layers of cells; outer bark from
young twigs with 1 or 2 nearly continuous layers of cells, the latter being of very
irregular shape, often branching and with thick lamollated, porous walls; medul-
lary rays extending in more or less scythe-shaped groups from the cambium to
the outer bark, from 1 to 10 cells in width, some of the cells occasionally being
modified to stone cells; between the medullary rays occur numerous small
groups of stone cells, resembling those of the outer bark and occasionally modi-
fied to sclerenchj-matous fibers; calcium oxalate mostly in crystal fibers consist-
ing of monoclinic prisms, from 0.015 to 0.04 mm. in diameter, also in rosette
aggregates from 0.01 to 0.04 mm. in diameter; starch grains numerous, occur-
ring in the medullary raj-s and parenchyma.
The powder is light brown; when examined under the microscope it exhibits
bast-fibers and stone cells with tliick, stronglj^ lignified walls; crystal fibers
with monoclinic prisms and rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate, from 0.01 to
0.04 mm. in diameter; starch grains nearly spherical, from 0.003 to 0.004 mm.
in diameter.
Preparation — Syrupus Pruni Virginianse.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 30 grains.
PULVIS AROMATICUS
Aromatic Powder
Pulv. Arom.
Saigon Cinnamon, in No. 60 powder, thirty-five grammes. 35 Gm.
Jamaica Ginger, in No. 60 powder, thirty-five grammes ... 35 Gm.
Cardamom Seed (deprived of pericarps), fifteen grammes. 15 Gm.
Myristica, freshly grated, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate the cardamom seed and the m}- ristica with a portion of the
saigon cinnamon until they are reduced to a fine powder; then add the
remainder of the cinnamon and the ginger and rub them together until
they are thoroughly mixed.
Light reddish-bro^Ti; with a strong, distinctive, aromatic odor; when examined
under the microscope it exhibits characteristic starch grains of ginger, being
ellipsoidal or ovoid, slightly beaked and from 0.005 to 0.06 mm. in diameter;
numerous j-ellowish-brown, brownish-red and occasional blackish fragments, the
cellular structure of which is not distinct; occasional stone cells, the lumina
■ being filled usually ^dth a reddish-bro^-n amorphous substance or containing
air; occasional fragments viiih. sclerenchymatous fibers; calcium oxalate crystals,
in short raphides, few.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Aromaticum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
344 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
PULVIS CRET.E COMPOSITUS
Compound Chalk Powder
Pulv. Cret. Co.
Prepared Chalk, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Acacia, in fine powder, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
]Mix the powders intimately by trituration and pass the product
through a Xo. 60 sieve.
Preparation — Mistura Cretse.
Average dose — ^Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
PULMS EFFERVESCEXS COMPOSITUS
Compound Effervescing Powder
Puiv. Eff. Co.— Seidlitz Powder
The weight of the mixture in a blue paper is not less than 9.5 Gm.
nor more than 10.5 Gm.; it contains not less than 23 per cent, nor more
than 27 per cent, of sodium bicarbonate and not less than 73 per cent,
nor more than 78 per cent, of potassium and sodium tartrate.
Sodium Bicarbonate, dried and in fine powder, thirty
grammes 30 Gm.
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate, dried and in fine
powder, ninety grammes 90 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, dried and in fine powder, twenty-six
grammes 26 Gm.
]Mix the sodium bicarbonate intimately with the potassium and
sodium tartrate, divide the mixture into twelve equal parts, and wrap
each part in a separate blue paper.
Then divide the tartaric acid into twelve equal parts, and wTap each
part in a separate white paper.
Keep the powders in well-closed containers, in a dry place.
To 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the mixture in a blue paper (1 in 20) add
5 mils of acetic acid, and when effervescence has ceased, shake the solution
vigorously; a white crystalline precipitate, soluble in ammonia water, separates.
Assay for sodium bicarbonate — Mix thoroughly the contents of a blue paper,
then dissolve 2 Gm. of it in 80 mils of distilled water, add 20 mils of half-normal
sulphuric acid V.S., boil the solution until the volume is reduced to about 50
mils, and titrate the excess of acid with half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S.,
phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator. The number of mils of half-normal
sulphuric acid V.8. consumed shows not less than 23 per cent, nor more than 27
per cent, of sodium bicarbonate.
1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 345
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric arid V.S. corresponds to 0.04200 Gm. of
sodium bicarbonate. Ench gramme of the mixture corresponds to not less than
5.48 mils nor more than 6.43 mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Assay for potassium and sodium tartrate — Proceed as directed under the
assay for alkali salts of organic acids (see Part II, Test No. 0), using 2 Gm.
of the mixture taken from the blue paper used in the preceding assay. The
difference between the number of mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. con-
sumed in this assay and in the assay for sodium bicarbonate, multiplied by
0.07055, represents the potassium and sodium tartrate, and corresponds to not
less than 73 per cent, nor more than 78 per cent.
The sum of the percentages of sodium bicarbonate and of the potassium and
sodium tartrate is not less than 99 per cent.
Average dose — 1 set of two powders,
PULVIS GLYCYRRHIZ.E COMPOSITUS
Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza
Pulv. Qlycyrrh. Co. — Compound Licorice Powder
Senna, in No. 80 powder, one hundred and eighty grammes . 180 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 80 powder, two hundred and thirty-
six grammes 236 Gm.
Washed Sulphur, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
Oil of Fennel, Jour grammes 4 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Mix the oil of fennel thoroughly with about one-half of the sugar,
then add the remainder of the sugar and the other ingredients, and
mix thoroughly. Finally, pass the powder through a No. 80 sieve, pul-
verize the residue if any should be left on the sieve, add it to the sifted
powder, and mix thoroughly. Keep it in well-closed containers.
Greenish-yellow to greenish-brown with a fennel-like odor; when mounted in
w'ater or hydrated chloral T.S. and examined under the microscope, Com-
pound Powder of Glycyrrhiza shows fragments of glycyrrhiza with their
characteristic yellow fibers associated with crystal fibers, large tracheie
with elliptical, bordered pores and cells containing numerous, spherical starch
grains varying from 0.002 to 0.02 mm. in diameter, also fragments of
senna as shown by their characteristic, more or le.ss bent, unicellular, non-
glandular hairs, from 0.1 to 0.35 mm. in length; fragments of epidermis ^dth
elliptical stomata and their 2 neighboring cells and fragments with crystal fibers;
upon the addition of potassium hydroxide T.S. to aqueous mounts of the pow-
der, some of the fragments are immediately colored a yellowish-red, changing
to a reddish-brown.
Introduce 0.1 Gm. of Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza into a test tube, moisten
it with 2 mils of alcohol, then add 10 mils of water, boil the mixture, allow it
to cool and then filter; the filtrate is of a pale yellowish-brown color, which
changes immediately to a yellowish-red on the addition of a di'op of potassium
hydroxide T.S.
Compound Powder of Glycyrrhiza is free from an odor of hydrogen sulphide.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachm.
346 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
PULVIS IPECACUANHiE ET OPII
Powder of Ipecac and Opium
Pulv. Ipecac, et Opii — Compound Powder of Ipecac Dover's Powder
Opii et Ipecacuanhae pulvis compositus P.l.
Ipecac, in No. 60 powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Powdered Opium, ten grammes .• 10 Gm.
Sugar of Milk, in No. 30 powder, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate these together thoroughly until the mixture is reduced to a
very fine, uniform powder.
Grayish-white or very Ught brown; under the microscope it exhibits coarse,
angular, frequently more or less cone-shaped, colorless fragments from
0.03 to 0.4 mm. in length, very slowly soluble in water and hydrated chloral
T.S. and strongly polarizing light with a strong display of colors (fragments
of sugar of milk); numerous starch grains of ipecac, their presence confirmed
by the addition of iodine T.S., and varying from 0.003 to 0.017 mm. in diameter;
occasional fragments of tracheids of ipecac ; and occasional fragments with the
more or less tabular, characteristic stone cells of the capsules of the opium
poppy, with their light brown, porous and strongly lignified walls.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
PULVIS JALAPS COMPOSITUS
Compound Powder of Jalap
Pulv. Jalap. Co. — Pulvis Purgans
Jalap, in No. 60 powder, thirty-five grammes 35 Gm.
Potassium Bitartrate, in fine powder, sixty-five grammes 65 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Mix the powders intimately by trituration and pass the product
through a No. 60 sieve.
Very light brown; when examined under a microscope it exhibits numerous,
sharp-angular, colorless fragments mostlj' somewhat rectangular and with
straight edges varying from 0.03 to 0.3 mm. in length, slowly soluble in
water or hydrated chloral T.S. and strongly polarizing light with a strong
display of colors (fragments of crystals of potossmm Wtorirate) ; numerous starch
grains of jalap, readily distinguished without the use of iodine T.S., usually
single, occasionally 2- to 3-compound, and varying from 0.003 to 0.035 mm.
in diameter; occasional fragments of laticiferous vessels and parenchyma with
yellowish-brown walls, or tracheae with bordered pores, and rosette aggregates
of calcium oxalate from 0.01 to 0.035 mm. in diameter, that occur in jalap.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 30 grains.
trNlTlEt) StAtES OF AMERICA 347
PULVIS RHEI COMPOSITUS
Compound Powder of Rhubarb
Pulv. Rhei Co. — Gregory's Powder
Rhubarb, in No. 60 powder, twenty-five grammes 25 Gm.
Magnesium Oxide, sixty-five grammes 65 Gm.
Jamaica Ginger, in No. 60 powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Rub the rhubarb and ginger together, then gradually add the mag-
nesium oxide and continue the trituration until they are thoroughly
mixed, then pass through a No. 60 sieve.
A pinkish-white, mobile powder, becoming darker on exposure to moisture;
when examined under the microscope it exhibits fine particles of magnesium
oxide, numerous starch grains and characteristic fragments of vegetable tissues;
starch grains of ginger, more or less elliptical or ovoid, frequently with a
prominent beak, from 0.005 to 0.06 mm. in diameter; starch grains of rhubarb,
single or compound, either spherical or polygonal, often with a central cleft,
from 0.002 to 0.02 mm. in diameter; mounts made with hydrated chloral
T.S. give a strong effervescence and show more clearly the fragments of
reticulate trachea;, the reddish-brown parenchyma of rhubarb with numerous
small starch grains or rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate, varying from
0.05 to 0.1 mm. in diameter. With solutions of the alkalies many of the
fragments of rhubarb become of a deep red color.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 30 grains.
PYRETHRUM
Pyrethrum
Pyreth.— Pellitory Root
The dried root of Anacyclus Pyrethrum (Linne) De Candolle (Fam.
Compositce). Preserve Pyrethrum in tightly-closed containers, adding
a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from time to time, to
prevent attack by insects.
Nearly cylindrical, slightly tapering, usually in pieces from 2.5 to 10 cm. in
length and from 5 to 20 mm. in diameter; externally dark brown, deeply longi-
tudinally furrowed and somewhat wrinkled, occasionally bearing short, tough,
hair-like rootlets, crown more or less annulate, and occasionally tufted with
coarse fibers or with long, soft-woolly, nearly straight, 1-celled hairs; fracture
short; bark dark brown with 1 or 2 circular rows of resin ducts, closely adhering
to the light yellow, radiate, porous wood, in the medullary rays of which occur
1 to 3 rows of resin ducts; odor distinct; taste sweetish, pungent, very acrid,
tingling and producing a strong sialogogue effect.
The powder is light to dark brown; when examined under the microscope it
exhibits numerous spherical or irregular masses of inulin, the nature of which
is especially seen with polarized light, and lignified fragments of the woody
tissues and stone cells associated with cork; inulin in spherical gi-anules or
irregular masses, from 0.01 to 0.1 mm. in diameter, which is not affected by the
addition of iodine T.S.; tracheae with simple pores and reticulate or scalariform
348 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
thickenings, usually associated with wood parenchyma and with few or no wood
fibers; stone cells in groups, the cells more or less tabular in outline and ■unth
thick, yellowish j^orous walls; cork in yellowish-brown or dark brown fragments.
Pyrethrum yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Pyrethri.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
PYROGALLOL
Pyrogallol
Pyrogall. — ^Pyrogallic Acid
Trihydroxybenzene [C6H3(0H)3 1:2:3 =126.05]. Preserve it in
well-closed containers, protected from light.
Pyrogallol occurs in light, white, or nearly white laminae or fine needles;
odorless, and having a bitter taste. It acquires a grayish tint on exposure to
air and light.
One Gm. of Pyrogallol dissolves in 1.7 mils of water, 1.3 mils of alcohol, and
in 1.6 mils of ether at 25° C; very soluble in boiling water or boiling alcohol.
It melts between 129° and 133° C.
An aqueous solution of PjTogallol (1 in 10) reduces solutions of the salts of
silver, gold, and mercury even in the cold.
When freshly prepared, 1 mil of an aqueous solution of Pyrogallol (1 in 20)
is colored brownish-red by a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. A blue color is
produced in an aqueous solution of Pyrogallol (1 in 20) by freshly prepared
ferrous sulphate T.S.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Pyrogallol; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
A freshly prepared solution of Pyrogallol (1 in 20), in recently boiled dis-
tilled water, is colorless or at most slightly yellow, and is neutral or only slightly
acid to htmus. The solution gradually acquires a brown color on exposure to
the air and an acid reaction due to the absorption of oxygen; the ab.sorption
of oxygen and change of color take place very rapidly if the solution contains
an alkali hydroxide.
PYROXYLINUM
Pyroxylin
Pyroxylin.— Soluble Gun Cotton
A product obtained by the action of a mixture of nitric and sul-
phuric acids on cotton and consisting chiefly of cellulose tetranitrate
[Ci2Hi6(ONO2)4O6 = 504.17]. Preserve it in cartons, packed loosely,
and protected from light and moisture.
Pyroxj'lin is a yellowish-white, matted mass of filaments, resembling raw
cotton in appearance, harsh to the touch; exceedingly inflammable, burning,
when unconfined, very rapidly and with a liuninous flame; less explosive than
cellulose hexanitrate.
When kept in well-clo.sed bottles and exposed to the light, it is decomposed with
the evolution of nitrous vapors, leaving a carbonaceous residue.
It is slowly but completely soluble in 25 parts of a mixture of 3 volumes of
ether and 1 volume of alcohol. Soluble in acetone and in glacial acetic acid
and precipitated from these solutions on the addition of water.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 349
Saturate 0.5 Gm. of Pyroxylin with alcohol in a dish placed in cold water and
then ignite the Pyroxylin at the top. When combustion is completed and the
dish heated to redness, not more than 0.3 per cent, of ash remains.
Stir 1 Gm. of Pyrox3'lin with 20 mils of distilled water; the latter does not
acquire an acid reaction, and on evaporating 10 mils of the filtered liquid to
dryness on a water bath, not more than 0.0015 Gm. of residue remains {soluble
impurities).
Preparation — Collodium.
QUASSIA
Quassia
Quass.— Bitter Wood
The wood of Picrasma excelsa (Swartz) Planchon, known in com-
merce as Jamaica Quassia, or of Quassia amara Linne, known in com-
merce as Surinam Quassia (Fam. Simarubacece) .
Jamaica Quassia — Usually in chips, raspings or shavings, occasionally in
small cubes or billets; yellowish- white or bright yellow, with a few light gray
pieces somewhat coarsely grained ; fracture tough, fibrous ; odor slight ; taste bitter.
Under the microscope, sections of Jamaica Quassia show large tracheae either
single or in groups of 2 to 5, the walls being marked by numerous, small, bor-
dered pores, and the contents being often of a yellowish color; medullary rays
mostly 1 to 5 cells wide and from 10 to 20 rows deep ; calcium oxalate, in crys-
tal fibers near the medullary rays, in 4- to 6-sided prisms, from 0.006 to 0.03
mm. in length; wood fibers with thin walls and oblique pores; starch grains few,
spherical or ellipsoidal, from 0.01 to 0.015 mm. in diameter.
Surinam Quassia — The crude drug and microscopic sections closely resemble
the Jamaica variety; trachea? usually single or in pairs, sometimes in groups of
3 or 4; medullary rays in narrower and larger groups than in the Jamaica va-
riety, from 1 to 4 cells wide and from 10 to 30 rows deep; calcium oxalate crys-
tals few or entirely absent, thus distinguishing the variety from Jamaica Quassia.
Preparation — Tinctura Quassiae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 Gm. — Apothecaries, 8 grains.
QUININA
Quinine
Quin.
An alkaloid [C2oH2402N2+3H20 = 378.26] obtained from the bark
of various species of Cinchona (Fam. Rubiacece). Preserve it in well-
closed containers, protected from light.
Quinine occurs as a white, micro-crystalline powder; odorless, having a bitter
taste, developing rather slowly, but intense and persistent; efflorescent in dry air.
One Gm. of Quinine chssolves in 1560 mils of water, 0.8 mil of alcohol, 1.1 mils
of chloroform, 1.9 mils of ether, and in 1890 mils of ammonia water at 25° C;
also in 800 mils of boiUng water.
Its alcohoiic solution (1 in 10) is laevorotatory and alkaline to Utmus.
A solution of Quinine in diluted sulphuric acid shows a vivid blue fluorescence.
Add 2 or 3 drops of bromine T.S. to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of Quinine
(1 in 100) made with the aid of ju.st sufficient diluted sulphuric acid to effect
solution, and then add 1 mil of ammonia water; the liquid acquires an emerald-
green color due to the formation of thalleioquin.
350 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Quinine loses not more than 15 per cent, of its weight when chied to con-
stant weight at 100° C.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Quinine; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of Quinine in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is not darker
than light yellow {organic impurities). This solution is not colored red on the
subsequent addition of a few drops of nitric acid {morphine).
Heat about 0.2 Gm. of Quinine with 2 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S.;
the odor of ammonia is not evolved {ammonium salts).
Dissolve 1.74 Gm. of Quinine in 20 mils of alcohol, dilute the solution with
50 mils of hot distilled water and neutralize it with normal sulphuric acid V.S.,
using methyl red T.S. as indicator. Evaporate the liquid to dryness on a water
bath, powder the residue, mix it in a test tube with 20 mils of distilled water
and complete the test for other cinchona alkaloids as dkected under Quinince
Sulphas.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — ^Tonic, 0.1 Gm. — 13^^ grains.
Anti-malarial, at least 1 Gm. — 15 grains daily.
QUININE BISULPHAS
Quinine Bisulphate
Quin. Bisulph.
The acid sulphate [C2oH2402N2.H2S04+7H20 = 548.41] of the alka-
loid quinine. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Quinine Bisulphate occurs in colorless, transparent, or whitish, orthorhombic
cryotals or small needles; odorless, and having a very bitter taste. It effloresces
on exposure to air, and turns yellow on exposure to light.
One Gm. of Quinine Bisulphate dissolves in 9 mils of water, 23 mils of alcohol,
15 mils of glycerin, 626 mils of chloroform and in 2500 mils of ether, at 25° C;
also in 0.7 mil of boiling water and 0.7 mil of alcohol at 60° C.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is strongly acid to Mtmus and has a blue
fluorescence.
Add 1 or 2 drops of bromine T.S. to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of Quinine
Bisulphate (1 in lOO) and then add 1 mil of ammonia water; the liquid acquires
an emerald-green color due to the formation of thalleioquin.
Barium chloride T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt produces a
white precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
Quinine Bisulphate loses not more than 25 per cent, of its weight when dried
to constant weight at 100° C.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Quinine Bisulphate; not more than 0.05 per cent,
of ash remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is not darker
than light yellow {organic impurities). This solution is not colored red b}' the
subsequent addition of a few drops of nitric acid {morphine). *
Dissolve 2.52 Gm. of Quinine Bisulphate in 50 mils of hot distilled water and
neutralize the solution with normal sodium hydro.xide V.S., using methyl red
T.S. as indicator. Evaporate the solution to dryness on a water bath, powder
the residue, mix it in a test tube with 20 mils of distilled water and complete
the test for other cinchona alkaloids as directed under Quinince Sulphas
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — ^Tonic, 0.1 Gm. — 13^^ grains.
Anti-malarial, at least 1 Gm. — 15 grains daily.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 351
QUININE DIHYDROCHLORIDUM
Quinine Diliydrocliloride
Quin. Dihydrochl.
The dihydrochloride [C2oH2402N2.2HCl = 397.15] of the alkaloid
quinme. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
It occurs as a white powder, odorless, and having a very bitter taste.
One Gm. of Quinine Dihydrochloride dissolves in about 0.6 mil of water and
in 12 mils of alcohol at 25° C; it is slightly soluble in chloroform and very
slighth' soluble in ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is strongly acid to litmus.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) produces
a wliite precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid.
Add 1 or 2 drops of bromine water T.S. to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the
salt (1 in 100) and then add an excess of ammonia water; an emerald-green
color is produced due to the formation of thalleioquin.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Quinine Dihydrochloride; not more than O.Oo per
cent, of ash remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is not darker
than yellow {readily carbonizable im-purilies).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) is not rendered more than
faintly turbid by the addition of a few drops of barium chloride T.S. (sulphate).
The addition of a few drops of diluted sulphuric acid to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 20) produces no tm-bidity (barium).
Dissolve 1.8 Gm. of Quinine Dihydrocliloride in 10 mils of distilled water,
add a slight excess of ammonia water and extract the precipitate by shaking the
mixture with three successive portions of 20, 10 and 10 mils each of chloroform.
Evaporate the combined chloroform extracts to dryness on a water bath, dis-
solve the residue in 25 mils of alcohol, dilute it with 50 mils of hot distilled water
and neutralize the liquid with normal sulphuric acid V.S., using methyl red T.S.
as indicator. Now evaporate the liquid to dryness on a water bath, powder the
residue, mix it with 20 mils of distilled water in a test tube, and complete the
test for other cinchona alkaloids as directed under Quinines Sulphas.
Metric Apothecariea
Average dose — Tonic, 0.1 Gm. — IJ^ grains.
Anti-malarial, at least 1 Gm, — 15 grains daily.
QUININE ET URE^ HYDROCHLORIDUM
Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride
Quin. et Urea. Hydrochl. — Quinine and Urea Chloride
A compound of the hydrochlorides of quinine and urea [C20H24O2N2.
HC1.C0(NH2)2.HC1+5H20 = 547.28] which contains not less than
58 per cent, of anhydrous quinine. Preserve it in well-closed containers,
protected from light.
Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride occurs in colorless, translucent prisms or as a
white, granular powder; odorless, and having a very bitter taste; permanent in
the air.
One Gm. of Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride dissolves in 0.9 mil of water and
in 2.4 mils of alcohol at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is strongly acid to litmus.
352 THE PHARMACOPCELA. OF THE
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt produces a white
precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid.
Add 2 mils of coloriess nitric acid to a cold solution of about 1 Gm. of the salt
in 2 mils of distilled water and cool the mixture at once at the temperature of
melting ice. Crystalline leaflets of urea nitrate are formed on standing. Collect
the crystals in a funnel upon glass wool, wash them with about 5 mils of a cold
mixture of equal volumes of nitric acid and distilled water, and, after draining
them, dissolve the crystals in a few mils of distilled water. The addition of a
few drops of mercuric nitrate T.S. to the urea nitrate solution, followed by
sodium hydroxide T.S., to only a shghtly acid reaction, produces a white
precipitate.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride; not more than
0.05 per cent, of ash remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 2 rails of sulphuric acid is not darker
than light yellow {readily carbonizable matter).
Warm 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with 5 mils of sodium
hydroxide T.S. to 50° C; the odor of ammonia is not evolved at once {ammo-
nium compounds).
The quinine obtained by precipitating 60 mils of an aqueous solution of the
salt (1 in 20) with sodium hydroxide T.S., washing it on a filter with cold dis-
tilled water until the washings give only a faint opalescence with silver nitrate
T.S., and then drying it at about 50° C., responds to the test for identity, and
1.5 Gm. of it conforms to the requirement regarding other cinchona alkaloids
under Quinina.
Assay — Weigh accurately about 0.5 Gm. of Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride,
dissolve it in 5 mils of distilled water in a separator, then add 5 mils of potas-
sium hydroxide T.S., and shake the mixture with successive portions of 10, 5
and 5 mUs, respectively, of ether or sufficient to completely extract the quinine.
Upon evaporation of the combined ether-extracts and drying to constant
weight at 100° C, the residue of anhydrous quinine corresponds to not less than
58 per cent, of the weight of the salt taken.
Average dose — ^Hypodermic (one dose daily), Metric, 1 Gm. —
Apothecaries, 15 grains.
QUININE. HYDROBROMIDUM
Quinine Hydrobromide
Quin. Hydrobr. — Quinine Bromide
The hydrobromide [C2oH2402N2.HBr+H20 = 423.16] of the alkaloid
quinine. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Quinine Hydrobromide occurs in white, Ught, silky needles; odorless, and
having a very bitter taste. The salt effloresces on exposure to the air.
One Gm. of Quinine Hydrobromide dissolves in 40 mils of water, 0.9 mil of
alcohol, 7 mils of glycerin, O.G mil of ciiloroform, and in 23 mils of ether at 25° C;
also in 3.2 mils of water at 80° C.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral or not more than slightly alkaline
to litmus, and when strongly acidulated with diluted sulphuric acid has a vivid
blue fluorescence.
Precipitate a saturated aqueous solution of the salt with sodium hydroxide
■T.S.; filter, supersaturate the filtrate with acetic acid, and then add chloroform
and a little chlorine water, and shake the mixture; the chloroform assumes a
reddish-brown color.
Add 1 or 2 drops of bromine T.S. to 1 mil of an aqueous solution of Quinine
Hydrobromide (1 in 100) and then add 1 mil of ammonia water; the liquid
acquires an emerald-green color due to the formation of thalleioquin.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 353
Quinine Hydrobromide loses not more than 5 per cent, of its weight when
dried to constant weight at 100° C.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Quinine Hydrobromide; not more than 0.05 per
cent, of ash remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is not darker
than hght yellow {organic impurities). On the addition of 0.1 mil of nitric acid
to this solution an orange color is produced, due to the liberation of bromine,
but no deep color, fading to orange, is noticeable {morphine).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid, is not rendered more than faintly turbid by a few drops of barium
chloride T.S. {sulphate).
The addition of a few drops of diluted sulphuric acid to 10 mils of a hot
aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) produces no turbidity {barium).
Dis.solve 2.93 Gm. of Quinine Hydrobromide in 20 mils of distilled water at
65° C., in a test tube of about 80 mils capacity, add a solution of 1.5 Gm. of
crystallized sodium sulphate in 10 mils of distilled water warmed to 65° C. and
maintain the mixture at this temperature for half an hour; shaking it frequently
and thoroughly in the stoppered tube. Then cool it to 15° C. and keep it at
this temperature for two hours, shaking it occasionally. Now filter the liquid
through a filter paper of 8 to 10 cm. diameter and complete the test for other
cinchona alkaloids with 5 mils of the filtrate as directed under Quininoe Sulphas.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — Tonic, 0.1 Gm. — 1}^ grains.
Anti-malarial, at least 1 Gm. — 15 grains daily.
QUININE HYDROCHLORIDUM
Quinine Hydrochloride
Quia. Hydrochl. — Qumine Chloride
The hydrochloride [C2oH2402N2.HCl+2H20 = 396.71] of the alkaloid
quinine. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Quinine Hydrochloride occurs in white, silky, glistening needles; odorless,
and having a very bitter taste. The salt effloresces when exposed to warm air.
One Gm. of Quinine Hydrochloride dissolves in 18 mils of water, 0.8 mil of
alcohol, 7 mils of glycerin, 0.7 mil of chloroform, and in 340 mils of ether at 25° C;
also in 0.5 mil of water at 80° C.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or not more than shghtly alkaline
to litmus, and is not fluorescent, except when highly diluted, or when diluted
sulphuric acid is added to it.
Silver nitrate T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt a white precipi-
tate, insoluble in nitric acid.
Add 1 or 2 drops of bromine T.S. to 1 mil of a solution of Quinine Hydro-
chloride (1 in 100) and then introduce 1 mil of ammonia water; an emerald-
green color is produced due to the formation of thafleioquin.
Quinine Hydrochloride loses not more than 10 per cent, of its weight when
dried to constant weight at 120° C.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Quinine Hydrochloride; not more than 0.05 per
cent, of ash remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is not darker
than light yellow {organic impurities); this solution is not colored red by the
subsequent addition of a few drops of nitric acid {morphine).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid is not rendered more than faintly turbid by a few drops of bariimi
chloride T.S. {sulphate).
28
354 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
The addition of a few drops of diluted sulphuric acid to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 20) produces no turbidity (barium).
Dissolve 2.75 Gm. of Quinine Hydrochloride in 20 mils of distilled water
at 65° C. in a test tube of about 80 mils capacity, add a solution of 1.5 Gm. of
crystallized sodium sulphate in 10 mils of distilled water warmed to 65° C., and
maintain the mixture at this temperature for half an hour, shaking it frequently
and thoroughly in the stoppered tube. Cool it to 15° C. and keep it at this
temperature for two hours, shaking it occasionally. Now filter the liquid through
a filter paper of from 8 to 10 cm. diameter and complete the test for other cinchona
alkaloids with 5 mils of the filtrate as directed under Quininoe Sulphas.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — ^Tonic, 0.1 Gm. — 1}^ grains.
Anti-malarial, at least 1 Gm. — 15 grains daily.
QUININE SALICYLAS
Quinine Salicylate
Quin. Salicyl.
The salicylate [C2oH2402N2.C7H603+H20 = 480.28] of the alkaloid
quinine. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Quinine Salicylate occurs in colorless, odorless needles, having a bitter taste;
permanent in the air. It often assumes a pinkish color on keeping.
One Gm. of Quinine Salicylate dissolves in 14 mils of alcohol, 13 mils of
glycerin, 25 mils of chloroform, and in 160 mils of ether at 25° C; slightly
soluble in water.
Its saturated aqueous solution is alkaUne to litmus and when this solution is
treated with a drop of ferric chloride T.S., a violet color develops.
Add 1 or 2 drops of bromine T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of Quinine
Sahcylate and then introduce an excess of ammonia water; an emerald-green
color is produced due to the formation of thalleioquin.
Quinine Salicylate loses not more than 5 per cent, of its weight when dried to
constant weight at 100° C.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Quinine Salicylate; not more than 0.05 per cent,
of ash remains.
Shake about 0.4 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of distilled water and 1 mil of
nitric acid; separate portions of 10 mils each of the filtered solution are not
rendered more than slightly turbid by the addition of a few drops of barium
chloride T.S. (sulphate), nor more than slightly opalescent by a few drops of
silver nitrate T.S. (chloride).
Mix 2.21 Gm. of Quinine Salicylate in a separator with 10 mils of distilled
water, add 5 mils of ammonia water, and shake the liquid with three successive
portions of 25, 20 and 10 mils, respectively, of ether. Evaporate the combined
ether solutions to dryness on a water bath, dissolve the residue in 20 mils of
alcohol, dilute it with 50 mils of hot distilled water, and neutralize the liquid
with normal sulphuric acid V.S., using methyl red T.S. as indicator. Evapo-
rate it to dryness on a water bath, powder the residue, mix it with 20 mils of
distilled water in a test tube, and complete the test for other cinchona alkaloids
as directed under Quininoe Sulphas.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — ^Tonic, 0.1 Gm. — IJ^ grains.
Anti-malarial, at least 1 Gm. — 15 grains daily.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 355
QUININ.E SULPHAS
Quinine Sulphate
Quin. Sulph.
The sulphate [(C2oH2402N2)2.H2S04+7H20 = 872.62] of the alka-
loid quinine. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from
light.
Quinine Sulphate occurs in white, silky, light, flexible, glistening crystals,
making a very light and easily compressible mass, or as hard, prismatic, mono-
chnic needles; odorless, and having a persistent, very bitter taste. It effloresces
rapidly when exposed to dry air, and then becomes lusterless; when exposed
to hght, it acquires a brownish tint.
One Gm. of Quinine Sulphate dissolves in 725 mils of water, 107 mils of
alcohol, and 30 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 47 mils of water at 80° C, in
about 12 mils of alcohol at 60° C; shghtly soluble in chloroform or ether. It
is freely soluble in a mixture of 7 volumes of chloroform and 4 volumes of
dehydrated alcohol.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral or not more than slightly alkaline
to litmus, and, when acidulated with diluted sulphuric acid, develops a vivid
blue fluorescence.
When heated to 60° C. or when exposed to dry air, it loses all but two mole-
cules of its water of crystalUzation.
Barium chloride T.S. produces in an aqueous solution of the salt a white
precipitate, insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
Add 1 or 2 drops of bromine T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt
(about 1 in 1000) and then introduce an excess of ammonia water; the hquid
acquires an emerald-green color due to the formation of thalleioquin.
Quinine Sulphate loses not more than 16.2 per cent, of its weight when dried
to constant weight at 110° C.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Quinine Sulphate; not more than 0.05 per cent,
of ash remains.
One Gm. of the salt dissolves completely when heated to 50° C. in 7 mila
of a mixture of 2 volumes of chloroform and 1 volume of dehydrated alcohol,
and the solution remains clear on coohng {ammonium sulphate or other inorganic
salts).
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is not darker
than light yellow {organic impurities); this solution is not colored red by the
subsequent addition of a few drops of nitric acid {morphine).
Dry Quinine Sulphate (which must be neutral or shghtly alkahne to htmus) at
50° C. for two hours, and then agitate 1.8 Gm. of the dried salt with 20 mils of dis-
tilled water at 65° C. for half an hour. Allow the mixture to cool to 15° C, macer-
ate it at this temperature for two hours with occasional shaking and then filter
it through a filter paper of from 8 to 10 cm. in diameter. Transfer 5 mils of this
filtrate to a test tube and mix it gently (without shaking) with 7 mils of ammonia
water, which must contain not less than 10 per cent, nor more than 10.2 per
cent, of NH3, have a temperatxire of 15° C, and be added at once. A clear
liquid is produced {other cinchona alkaloids) .
If the temperature during the maceration has been 16° C, 7.5 mils of ammonia
water may be added; if 17° C, 8 mils may be added.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — ^Tonic, 0.1 Gm. — 13^^ grains.
Anti-malarial, at least 1 Gm. — 15 grains daily.
356 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OE THE
QUININ.E TANNAS
Quinine Tannate
Quin. Tann.
A compound of the alkaloid quinine with tannic acid, of somewhat
varying composition and containing not less than 30 per cent, nor more
than 35 per cent, of anhydrous quinine (C2oHa402N2). Preserve it in
well-closed containers, protected from light.
Quinine Tannate is a pale yellow or yellowish-white, amorphous powder;
odorless and tasteless, or having not more than a slightly bitter and astringent
taste.
Quinine Tannate is slightly soluble in water, chloroform, or ether; somewhat
more soluble in alcohol.
When heated it melts to a purplish, viscous mass. Aqueous and alcoholic
solutions of Quinine Tannate are colored blue-black by ferric chloride T.S.
Quinine Tannate loses not more than 10 per cent, of its weight when dried
to constant weight at 100° C.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Quinine Tannate; not more than 0.3 per cent.
of ash remains.
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of Quinine Tannate with 50 mils of distilled water and
1 mil of nitric acid and filter the mixture. Ten mils of this filtrate is not colored
by 1 mil of hj'drogen sulphide T.S.; other portions of the filtrate, 10 mils
each, do not become more than slightly turbid on the addition of a few drops
of silver nitrate T.S. (chloride) or on the addition of a few drops of barium
chloride T.S. (sulphate).
Shake about 2 Gm. of Quinine Tannate, accurately weighed, with three
successive portions of 25 mils each of anhydrous ether, filter the ether solutions,
and wash the filter with 10 mils of anhydrous ether. Upon the evaporation of
the combined filtrates and washings and drying at 100° C., the residue does not
exceed 0.5 per cent, (uncombined quinine).
Assay — Mix about 0.5 Gm. of Quinine Tannate, accurately weighed, in a
separator with 10 mils of distilled water and 10 mils of ammonia water, and
shake the mixture with 20 mils of ether, then with successive 10 mil portions
of ether until the quinine is completely extracted. Upon the evaporation of
the combined ethereal liquids and drying the residue to a constant weight at
100° C., the weight of the anhydrous quinine so obtained corresponds to not
less than 30 per cent, nor more than 35 per cent, of the weight of the Quinine
Tannate taken.
The alkaloid obtained in the above assay responds to the identity tests under
Quinina.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3 grains.
RESINA
Rosin
Resin. — Colophonv
The residue left after distilling the volatile oil from the concrete
oleoresin obtained from Pinus palustris Miller and from other species
of Pinus (Fam. Pinacecs),
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 357
Rosin usually occurs in sharp, angular, translucent, amber-colored fragments,
frequently covered with a yellow dust, brittle at the orclinary temperature;
fracture shiny and shallow-conchoidal; odor and taste slightly terebinthinate.
It is freely soluble in alcohol, ether, benzene, glacial acetic acid, or fixed or
volatile oils, it is also dissolved by dilute solutions of the fixed alkali hydroxides.
Its alcohoHc solution is acid to litmus.
Specific gi-avity: 1.07 to 1.09 at 25° C.
It is easily fusible and burns with a dense j-ellowish smoke. Incinerate about
2 Gm. of Rosin; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash remains.
The acid number of Rosin is not less than 150 (see Part II, Test No. 10).
Preparation — Emplastrum Resinae.
RESINA JALAPiE
Resin of Jalap
Res. Jalap.
Jalap, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with five hundred mils of alcohol, and pack
it in a cylindrical percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate
the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to
drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely-
covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow
the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding alcohol, until the
percolate ceases to produce more than a slight turbidity when dropped
into water. Distil off the alcohol until the percolate is reduced in weight
to two hundred and fifty grammes, and add the latter slowly, with
constant stirring, to three thousand mils of water. When the pre-
cipitate has subsided, decant the supernatant liquid, and wash the
precipitate twice, by decantation, with fresh portions of one thousand
mils each of hot water. After having drained off all of the liquid, transfer
the Resin to a porcelain dish and heat it to dryness on a water bath.
Resin of Jalap consists of yellow to brown colored masses or fragments, break-
ing with a resinous, glassy fracture and translucent at the edges, or as a yeUow-
ish-gray to yello^ash-brown powder, haA-ing a shght, peculiar odor, and a some-
what acrid taste. It is permanent in the air.
Resin of Jalap is soluble in alcohol in all proportions; insoluble in carbon
disulphide, benzene, or fixed or volatile oils.
Its alcohohc solution is faintly acid to litmus.
Add 1 Gm. of the powdered Resin to 10 mils of chloroform in a stoppered
flask and shake the mixture occasionally dm-ing one hour. Then filter, evapo-
rate the filtrate in a tared dish and dry the residue to constant weight at
100° C.; it weigLs not more than 0.3 Gm.
Add 1 Gm. of the powdered Resin to 10 mils of ether in a stoppered flask and
shake the mixture occasionally during one hour. Then filter, evaporate the
filtrate in a tared dish and dry the residue to constant weight at iOO° C; it
weighs not more than 0.12 Gm. {rosin, orizaba, or other resins).
358 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
It is slowly but completely soluble in 5 times its weight of ammonia water,
and the solution does not become gelatinous on standing. Wlien this solution is
acidified with hydrochloric acid, ordy a slight turbidity appears {rosin, guaiac, or
other resins).
When Resin of Jalap is heated at 100° C. no material loss in weight is observed
(water).
When Resin of Jalap is triturated with distilled water, the latter does not
become colored, none of the Resin dissolves {soluble impurities), and the water
does not have a bitter taste (aloin).
Shake 0.02 Gm. of Resin of Jalap with 5 mils of ether, filter and evaporate
the ethereal filtrate on a piece of filter paper; no greenish-blue color is pro-
duced by the application of a drop of ferric chloride T.S. to the filter paper {guaiac).
One Gm. of Resin of Jalap when dissolved in 50 mils of alcohol, containing
1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S., requires not more than 0.5 mil of half-normal
alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. to produce a red color {acid resins).
Dissolve 0.02 Gm. of Resin of Jalap in 2 mils of glacial acetic acid and add a
few drops of sulphuric acid; the mixture does not acquire a pink color (rosin).
Preparation — Pilulae Catharticae Compositae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
RESINA PODOPHYLLI
Resin of Podophyllum
Res. Podoph. — Podophyllin
Podophyllum, in No. 60 powder, one thousand grammes . . 1000 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, ten milliliters 10 mils
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the powder with five hundred mils of alcohol and pack it
in a cylindrical percolator; then add enough alcohol to saturate
the powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to
drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely
covered the percolator, macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the
percolation to proceed, gradually adding alcohol, until the percolate
ceases to produce more than a slight turbidity when dropped into water.
Distil off the alcohol until the percolate is reduced to the consistence of
a thin syrup, and pour this slowly, with constant stirring, into one
thousand mils of water, mixed with the hydrochloric acid and cooled
to a temperature below 10° C. When the precipitate has subsided,
decant the supernatant liquid, and wash the precipitate twice by
decantation with fresh portions of one thousand mils of cold water.
Spread it in a thin layer upon a strainer and dry the Resin by exposure
to the air, in a cool place, protected from the light. Should it coalesce
during the drying or aggregate into lumps having a glossy surface, break
it into pieces, and powder it in a mortar.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 359
Resin of Podophyllum is an amorphous powder varying in color from light
browTi to greenish-yellow, turning darker when subjected to a temperature
exceeding 25° C, or when exposed to hght. It has a slight, peculiar odor and
a faintly bitter taste. It is very irritating to the eyes, and to mucous membrane.
It is soluble in alcohol with only a slight opalescence. The alcoholic solution
is faintly acid to htmus. Not less than 75 per cent, of Resin of Podophyllum is
soluble in ether and not less than 65 per cent, is soluble in chloroform.
A hot aqueous solution of Resin of Podophyllum deposits most of its contents
on cooling, and if the cooled hquid is filtered, the filtrate has a bitter taste, and
turns brown upon the adcUtion of a few drops of ferric chloride T.S.
It is soluble in potassium or sodium hydroxide T.S., forming a deep yellow
liquid, which gi'adually becomes darker on standing, and from which the Resin
is reprecipitated by acids.
Add 0.4 Gm. of Resin of Podophyllum to 3 mils of 60 per cent, alcohol, intro-
duce 0.5 mil of potassium hydroxide T.S., and gently shake the mixture; it does
not gelatinize {difference from Resin obtained from Podophyllum Emodi).
Resin of Podophyllum yields not more than 1.5 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^ grain.
RESINA SCAMMONI.E
Resin of Scammony
Res. Scamm.
Scammony Root, in No. 30 powder, one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Moisten the scammony root with sufficient alcohol, pack it in a cylin-
drical percolator, then add enough alcohol to saturate the powder and
leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the perco-
lator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator,
macerate for forty-eight hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed,
gradually adding alcohol, until the percolate ceases to produce more
than a slight turbidity when dropped into water. Distil off the alcohol
until the percolate is reduced to the consistence of thin syrup, and pour
this slowly, with constant stirring, into one thousand mils of hot
water. When the precipitate has subsided, decant the supernatant
liquid, wash the precipitated Resin twice by decantation with fresh
portions of one thousand mils each of hot water and dry the Resin
on a water bath.
Resin of Scammony consists of brownish, translucent masses or fragments,
breaking with a glossy, resinous fracture; odor characteristic and agreeable.
It is soluble in alcohol in all proportions, and not less than 95 per cent, is
soluble in ether (distinction from resin of jalap and resin of false scammony).
When triturated with water, it does not form an emulsion. Ammonia water
and solutions of the alkali hydroxides dissolve it with the aid of gentle heat,
360
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
and from these solutions the Resin is not reprecipitated by dilute acids. Its
solution in alcohol does not give a blue color with ferric chloride T.S. or
wath solution of hydrogen dioxide (guaiac).
Sulphuric acid does not turn red when stirred in a porcelain dish with an
equal weight of Resin of Scammony (rosin).
Resin of Scammony yields not more than 1 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3 grains.
Metadihydroxybenzene.
C6H4(0H)a 1 : 3 (110.05).
tected from light.
RESORCINOL
Resorcinol
Resorcin. — Resorcin
It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of
Preserve it in well-closed containers, pro-
Resorcinol occurs in colorless, or nearly colorless, needle-shaped crystals, or
as a powder, having a faint, peculiar odor and a sweetish, followed by a bitter,
taste. It acquires a pink tint on exposure to light and air.
One Gm. of Resorcinol dissolves in 0.9 mil of water and in 0.9 mil of alcohol
at 25° C; also in about 0.2 mil of water at 80° C; freely soluble in glycerin or
ether ; slightly soluble in chloroform.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or only faintly acid to litmus.
It melts between 109° and 111° C.
The addition of a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of Resorcinol (1 in 200) produces a bluish-violet color, changing to
brownush-yellow on the addition of ammonia water (distinction from catechol
and quinol).
Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of Resorcinol in 1 mil of potassium hydroxide T.S. and then
add a drop of chloroform; the mixture upon being heated assumes an intense,
crimson color, and if a shght excess of hydrochloric acid is then added, the color
changes to a pale straw-yellow.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Resorcinol; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
Lead acetate T.S. produces no precipitate when added to an aqueous solution
of Resorcinol (1 in 20) {catechol).
An aqueous solution of Resorcinol (1 in 20) does not emit the odor of phenol
when gently warmed.
Assay — Dissolve about 1.5 Gm. of Resorcinol, accurately weighed, in suffi-
cient distilled water to make 500 mils. Transfer 25 mils of the solution to a
500 mil, glass-stoppered flask having a long and narrow neck, add 50 mils of
tenth-normal bromine V.S., and dilute with 50 mils of distilled water. Then
add 5 mils of hydrochloric acid and at once stopper the flask. Shfike the hquid
and allow it to stand for one minute, then dilute it with 20 mils of distilled water,
add 5 mils of potassium iodide T.S. and allow it to stand for five minutes. The
titration of the liberated iocUne with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.,
starch T.S. being used as indicator, shows not less than 99.5 per cent, of
C6H4(0H)2.
Each mil of tenth-normal bromine V.S. corresponds to 0.001834 Gm. of
C6ll4(OH)2. Each gramme of Resorcinol corresponds to not less than 542.5
mils of tenth-normal bromine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 361
RHEUM
Rhubarb
The rhizomes and roots of Rheum officinale Baillon, Rheum paknatum
Linne, and the var. tanguticum Maximowicz (Fam. Pohjgonacece), and
probably other species of Rheum grown in China and Thibet, deprived
of most of the bark tissues and carefully dried. Preserve Rhubarb in
tightly-closed containers, adding a few drops of chloroform or carbon
tetrachloride, from time to time, to prevent attack by insects.
In sub-cylindrical, barrel-shaped, or conical pieces known in commerce as
"rounds, " or in plano-convex pieces known in commerce as "flats, " or in irregu-
larly formed pieces, frequently with perforations. It is hard and moderately
heavy; attaining a length of 17 cm. and a diameter of 10 cm., often cut in
pieces of variable form and size; outer surfaces yellowish-brown, mottled,
with alternating, longitudinal striae of grayish-white parenchyma and reddish
or brownish medullary rays; small stellate groups of fibro-vascular tissue and
occasionally reddish-brown cork patches, smooth and sometimes covered
with a bright, brownish-yellow powder; fracture uneven and granular, presenting
a characteristic mottled appearance; odor aromatic, characteristic; taste
characteristic, slightly bitter and astringent, gritty when chewed and tingeing the
saliva yellow.
Under the microscope, sections of Rhubarb show numerous thin-walled
parenchymatous cells containing either a large number of starch grains or a
single large rosette aggregate of calcium oxalate; scattered among the paren-
chyma are stellate groups of compound fibro-vascular bundles, the latter com-
posed of narrow medullary rays separating the wedges, having large tracheae
in the outer part and separated by a prominent cambium from an internal
phloem or sieve; among the grayish-white parenchyma of the inner bark occur
narrow, yellowish-brown, irregular medullary rays.
Not more than 15 per cent, of the drug should show a hollow or dark
central area.
The powder is bright orange-yellow to yellowish-brown; becoming red with
alkahes; when examined under the microscope it exhibits calcium oxalate
in rosette aggregates, mostly from 0.05 to 0.1 mm. in diameter, occasion-
ally attaining a diameter of 0.15 mm.; starch grains numerous, somewhat
spherical, single or 2- to 4-compound, each with a single cleft, from 0.002 to
0.02 mm. in diameter; tracheal fragments few, mostly reticulate, occasionally
spiral.
Boil 0.1 Gm. of powdered Rhubarb with 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
potassium hydroxide (1 in 100); allow it to cool, filter, acidulate the filtrate with
hydrochloric acid and shake it with 10 mils of ether; on standing the ethereal
layer is colored yellow. Shake this ethereal solution with 5 mils of ammonia
water; the latter is colored cherry-red (presence of emodin) and the ethereal
layer remains yellow (presence of chrysophanic acid).
Rhubarb, when exhausted with diluted alcohol, yields not less than 30 per
cent, of dry extract.
Rhubarb yields not more than 13 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Extractum Rhei Fluidextractum Rhei Pilulae Rhei Com-
positae Puhas Rhei Compositus Syrupus Rhei (from Fluidextract)
Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus (from Aromatic Tincture) Tinctura Rhei
Tinctura Rhei Aromatica.
Average dose — ^Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
362 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
ROSA GALLICA
Red Rose
Rosa Gall.
The dried petals of Rosa gallica Liime (Fam. Rosaceoe), collected just
before the expansion of the flower. Preserve Red Rose in tightly-closed
containers, protected from the light.
Petals either separate or imbricated in small cones, broadly ovate, summit
rounded and deeply notched, margin entire and somewhat recurved, base
obtuse; externally of a purplish-red color except the light-brown claw; texture
velvety; when dry brittle; odor agreeable; taste astringent and slightly bitter.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the petals of Red Rose show
the upper epidermal cells modified to conical papillae and containing a purplish-
red cell sap; a loose mesophyll composed of from 2 to 10 rows of cells among
which are the fibro-vascular bundles with spiral tracheae, and a lower epidermis
of rectangular cells filled with a purple cell sap.
Red Rose yields not more than 3.5 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Rosae Mel Rosae (from Fluidextract).
SABAL
Sabal
Saw Palmetto Berries
The partially dried, ripe fruit of Serenoa serrulata (Michaux) Hooker
filius (Fam. Palmce) . Preserve Sabal in tightly-closed containers, adding
a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from time to time, to
prevent attack by insects.
Ellipsoidal or ovoid, occasionally compressed, from 1.5 to 3 cm. in length and
from 1 to 1.5 cm. in diameter; externally brownish-black to bluish-black,
smooth and somewhat oily, with a few large, more or less angular depressions due
to the contraction of the inner layer on drying, summit marked by the scar of
the style, and the base either with a short stalk or stem-scar; epicarp and
sarcocarp together forming a thin coriaceous shell enclosing a hard but thin
endocarp, wluch is externally reddish-brown and somewhat fibrous as is also
the inner layer of the sarcocarp; inner layer of endocarp smooth, enclosing a
hard, ellipsoidal or ovoid, somewhat flattened, reddish-brown seed; odor pro-
nounced, aromatic; taste sweetish, aromatic, slightly acrid.
The powder is yellom.sh-brown; when examined under the microscope it ex-
hibits large, irregular fragments; parenchyma cells of sarcocarp containing a
yellowish-brown or brownish-red, amorphous substance; whitish fragments of
endosperm; the walls being considerably thickened and with large pores; stone
cells occasional, nearly colorless, more or le.ss tabular or irregular in shape,
about 0.125 mm. in length, walls about 0.015 mm. in thickness, and with numer-
ous simple or branching pores.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Sabal.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
tTNlTED STATES 09 AMERICA 363
SACCHARUM
Sugar
Sacch. — Sucrose
Sucrose [Ci2H220ii = 342.18] obtained from cultivated varieties of
Saccharum officinarum Linne (Fam. Graminece) , and from Beta vulgaris
Linn^, var. Rapa Dumort (Fam. Chenopodiaceoe) and from other sources.
Sugar occurs in white, hard, dry crystals or as a white, crystalline powder,
odorless, and having a sweet taste. It is permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Sugar dissolves in 0.5 mil of water and in 170 mils of alcohol at 25° C. ;
also in slightly over 0.2 mil of boiling water; insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus and is dextrorotatory.
The specific rotation [ajo of Sugar, determined at 20° C, in a solution in
distilled water, containing in 100 mils the equivalent of 26 Gm. of Sugar, previ-
ously dried to a constant weight at 105° C, and using a 200 mm. tube, is not
less than +65.9° (see Part II, Test No. 21).
Its aqueous solution saturated at 25° C. has a specific gravity of about 1.340.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Sugar; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash remains.
An aqueous solution of Sugar (2 in 1) is colorless when viewed horizontally
through a vertical cylinder of colorless glass having an inside diameter of about
25 mm.
When kept in large, well-closed, and completely filled bottles, the solution
deposits no sediment on prolonged standing {insoluble salts, ultramarine, Prus-
sian-blue).
Ten mil portions of an aqueous solution of Sugar (1 in 10) tested separately
give no precipitate with an equal volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S., and not
more than a faint opalescence with a few drops of ammonium oxalate T.S.
{calcium), barium nitrate T.S. {sulphate), and silver nitrate T.S. {chloride).
Dissolve 20 Gm. of Sugar in enough distilled water to make 100 mils and filter
the solution if necessary To 50 mils of the clear liquid, contained in a 250 mil
beaker, add 50 mils of alkaline cupric tartrate V.S., heat the mixture at such a
rate that approximately four minutes are required to bring it to the boiling point,
and then boil it for exactly two minutes. Add 100 mils of cold, recently boiled
distilled water, and collect and weigh the precipitated cuprous oxide in the
following manner :
Prepare a Gooch crucible with an asbestos layer. Thoroughly wash the
asbestos with distilled water, followed successively by 10 mils of alcohol and
10 mils of ether; dry it at 100° C. for thirty minutes and then weigh the pre-
pared crucible. Collect the precipitated cuprous oxide on the asbestos, thor-
oughly wa.sh it with hot distilled water, then with 10 mils of alcohol, and finally
with 10 mils of ether and dry it at 100° C. The weight of the cuprous oxide does not
exceed 0.155 Gm., corresponding to not more than 0.5 per cent, of invert sugar.
Preparations — Syrupus Also used in other official s3Tups and preparations.
SACCHARUM LACTIS
Sugar of Milk
Sacctl. Lact. — Milk Sugar Lactose
Lactose [Ci2H22Oii+H2O = 360.19] obtained from the whey of cow's
milk. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers.
Sugar of Milk occurs in white, hard, crystaUine masses, or as a white powder,
producing a gritty sensation on the tongue; odorless, and having a faintly sweet
taste. It is permanent in the air. It readily absorbs odors.
One Gm. of Sugar of Milk dissolves in 4.9 mils of water at 25° C. ; also in 2.6 mils of
boiling water; almost insoluble in alcohol ; insoluble in chloroform or ether.
864 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
An aqueous solution of Sugar of Milk (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus and is
dextrorotatory.
The specific rotation [a]D of Sugar of Milk, determined at 25° C, in a solution
in distilled water, containing in 100 mils the equivalent of 10 Gm. and using
a 200 mm. tube, is from +52.2° to +52.5° (see Part II, Test No. 21).
Add an equal volume of sodium hydroxide T.S. to 5 mils of a hot, saturated,
aqueous solution of Sugar of Milk and gently warm the mixture; the liquid
turns yellow and finally brownish-red. On the subsequent addition of a few
drops of cupric sulphate T.S., a precipitate of cuprous oxide appears.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Sugar of Milk; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
A solution of 3 Gm. of Sugar of Milk in 10 mils of boiling distilled water is
odorless, clear, and colorless or at most faintly yellow.
Add 20 mils of alcohol (70 per cent, by volume) to 2 Gm. of Sugar of MiUc in
a fine powder, shake the mixture frequently during half an hour at 15° C. and
then filter it. Ten mils of the filtrate remains clear after admixture with an
equal volume of dehydrated alcohol (dextrin), and this hquid, upon evaporation
on a water bath, leaves not more than 0.03 Gm. of residue (sucrose or glucose).
An aqueous solution of Sugar of Milk (1 in 20) does not respond to the Test
for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
On boiling about 1 Gm. of powdered Sugar of Milk with 50 mils of distilled
water and cooling the solution, no blue color is produced upon the addition
of one drop of iodine T.S. (starch).
SALICINUM
Salicin
Salicin.
A glucoside [C13H18O7 = 286.14] obtained from several species of Salix
and Populus (Fam. Salicacece). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Salicin occurs in colorless, silky, shining, crystalline needles or rhombic prisms,
or as a white, crystalline powder; odorless, and having a very bitter taste.
One Gm. of Salicin dissolves in 23.5 mils of water and in 88.5 mils of alcohol
at 25° C.; also in 3.3 mils of water at 80° C. and in 30 mils of alcohol at 60° C.;
insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 30) is neutral to litmus and is lajvorotatory.
It melts between 198° and 202° C.
Heat a small portion of Salicin in a test tube until it turns brown, then add
a few mils of distilled water, and afterwards a drop of ferric chloride T.S.; a
violet color is produced.
Salicin with sulphuric acid gives a red color which disappears upon the addi-
tion of distilled water.
Heat gently about 0.1 Gm. of Salicin with about 0.2 Gm. of potassium dichro-
mate and 2 mils of diluted sulphuric acid; the fragrant odor of salicylic aldehyde
is developed.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Salicin; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash
remains.
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of Salicin (1 in 50) is not colored violet by
a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. (salicylic acid).
Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of Salicin (1 in 50)
yield no precipitate on the addition of 1 mil of tannic acid T.S., picric acid T.S.,
or mercuric potassium iodide T.S. (alkaloids).
An aqueous solution of Salicin does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 365
SANGUINARIA
Sanguinaria
Sanguin.— Blood Root
The dried rhizome and roots of Sanguinaria canadensis Liiin6 (Fam.
Papaveracece) .
Of horizontal growth, occasionally branching, more or less cylindrical, some-
what flattened, from 2 to 7 cm. in length, and from 5 to 15 mm. in diameter;
externally dark brown, slightly annulate, with a few stem-.scars on the upper
surface and numerous more or less broken filiform roots and root-scars on the
lower surface; fracture short and somewhat waxy, brownish-red, occasionally
yellowish-white, with numerous, small, circular, yellowish fibro-vascular bundles
within about 1 mm. of the epidermis, pith very large; odor slight; taste per-
sistently acrid and bitter.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the rhizome of Sanguinaria show
an outer layer of a single row of tliin-walled epidermal cells; a cortex of from
10 to 15 rows of thin-walled parencln-ma cells containing numerous starch
grain=- or a small amount of fixed oil; a zone of cambium, most of which is
interfascicular; a narrow circular zone of small collateral fibro-vascular bundles,
separated from each other by parenchyma; pith large, consisting of starch-
bearing parenchyma cells; latex cells containing a red or orange colored secre-
tion, either i.solated or connected into irregular chains and distributed among
the j)arcnchymatous cells of the middle bark and pith; sections treated with
glycerin show in the secretion cells, after twenty-four hours, spheroidal aggre-
gates of crystals which strongly polarize light.
The powder is brownish-red, sternutatory; when examined under the micro-
scope it exhibits numerous starch grains, from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter,
being mostly single, seldom 2- to 3-compouud, the individual grains nearly
spherical or ovoid, sometimes more or less plano-convex, somewhat resembhng
those of wheat starch in outline but polarizing hght more strongly; numerous
fragments of short latex cells with reddish-brown resinous masses; tracheal
fragments few, having numerous slit-like pores.
Preparation — Tinctura Sanguinariae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
SANTALUM RUBRUM
Red Saunders
Santal. Rub.
The heart-wood of Pterocarpus santalinus Linn^ filius (Fam.
Leguminosce) .
Usually in the form of a coarse powder, of a brownish-red or dark saffron
color and nearly odorless and tasteless.
Under the microscope. Red Saunders shows numerous wood-fibers which are
mostly irregular in outline, with sharply pointed and occasionally forked ends,
the individual fibers from 0.3 to 0.75 mm. in length, the walls being very
thick, porous, yellowish, unevenly thickened, and strongly lignified, and the
lumina being filled with a fine, granular, protoplasmic content; occasional
tracheae with simple or bordered pores and filled with light lemon-yellow, resin-
ous masses; occasionally fragments showing medullary rays in narrow elliptical
groups 1 cell wide and 3 to 6 cells deep; also occasional groups of crystal fibers
with calcimn oxalate in the form of monoclinic prisms, from 0.01 to 0.02 mm. in
diameter. Mounts in hydrated chloral T.S. are of a deep, rich red color.
Add 0.5 Gm. of Red Saunders to 10 mils of alcohol; the solution becomes
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
distinctly red. Add 0.5 Gm. of Red Saunders to 10 mils of ether, the solution
assumes an orange-yellow color and when held in a bright light shows a distinct,
greenish fluorescence. Add 0.005 Gm. of Red Saunders to 10 mils of water; the
liquid remains clear and colorless.
Red Saunders yields not more than 3 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Tinctura Lavandulse Composita.
SANTONINUM
Santonin
Santonin.
The inner anhydride or lactone [Ci5Hi803 = 246.14] of santonic acid
obtained from Artemisia pauciflora (Ledebour) Weber (Fam. Compositce).
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Santonin occurs in colorless, shining, flattened rhombic prisms, or as a crys-
talline powder; odorless, and nearly tasteless at first, but afterwards develop-
ing a bitter taste; permanent in the air; it becomes yellow on exposure to
light. Santonin which has become yellow may be reconverted into colorless
crystals by recrystallization from alcohol.
One Gm. of Santonin dissolves in 43 mils of alcohol, 1.7 mils of chloroform,
and in 110 mils of ether at 25° C.; also in 6.5 mils of boihng alcohol; very
slightly soluble in water; slightly soluble in boiling water.
Its solutions are neutral to litmus and are Isevorotatory.
It melts between 169° and 171° C.
Heat about 0.5 Gm. of Santonin with 5 mils of alcohohc potassium hydroxide
T.S.; a red color is developed.
Shake about 0.01 Gm. of Santonin with a cooled mixture of 1 mil each of sul-
phuric acid and distilled water, heat the solution to 100° C, and add a minute
trace of a very dilute solution of ferric chloride; a violet color results.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Santonin; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
Two mils of sulphuric acid added to about 0.1 Gm. of Santonin produces not
more than a faint, yellow color {readily carbonizable organic impurities).
Boil about 2 Gm. of Santonin with 80 mils of distilled water and 5 mils of
diluted sulphuric acid, allow the liquid to become cold and then filter it. The
addition of mercuric potassium iodide T.S. or of iodine T.S. to 10 mils of the
filtrate, mixed with 10 mils of distilled water, produces no cloudiness, even
after standing for three hours (alkaloids).
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
SAPO
Soap
White Castile Soap
Soap prepared from olive oil and sodium hydroxide. Preserve dried
or powdered Soap in well-closed containers.
Soap occurs as a white or whitish solid, in the form of bars, hard, yet easily
cut when fresh, or as a fine, yellowish-white powder, having a faint, peculiar
odor, free from rancidity, and a disagreeable, alkaline taste.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 367
It is soluble in water and in alcohol, more readily, however, with the aid of heat.
Its aqueous solution is alkaline to litmus.
Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Soap, accurately weighed, in 10 mils of alcohol,
evaporate the mixture to dryne.ss in a tared beaker containing 1 Gm. of clean
sand, which has been previously dried at 110° C. Dry the residue at 110° C. to
constant weight. The loss does not exceed 36 per cent, for unpowdered Soap
or 10 per cent, for powdered Soap (water).
A solution of a quantity of Soap corresponding to 0.64 Gm. of dried Soap in 25
mils of hot alcohol does not gelatinize on cooling to 20° C. {soap from animal fats) .
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of Soap (1 in 20) remains unchanged in color
upon the addition of ammonium sulphide T.S., and upon acidulating another
portion of 10 mils of the solution with hydrochloric acid and filtering, the filtrate
remains unchanged in color when an equal volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S,
is added and the mixture allowed to stand well-stoppered, in a warm place, for
half an hour {metallic impurities).
Dissolve about 10 Gm. of Soap, accurately weighed, in 100 mils of alcohol,
with the aid of heat. Transfer the undissolved residue, if any, to a tared
filter which has been dried at 100° C. and wash it thoroughly with boiling
alcohol. Its weight, after drying at 100° C, does not exceed 1 per cent, of the
weight of dry Soap in the original weight taken {sodium chloride, sodium car-
bonate, silica). The weight of this residue, thoroughly washed with distilled
water and dried at 100° C., does not exceed 0.15 per cent, of the weight of dry
Soap in the original weight taken {silica and other accidental impurities).
The alcoholic filtrate and washings from the preceding test are not reddened
by 3 drops of phenolphthalein T.S. {sodium hydroxide).
Dissolve about 10 Gm. of Soap in 200 mils of hot distilled water, add 2 drops
of methyl orange T.S. and then diluted sulphuric acid wnth constant stirring until
the aqueous layer becomes red. Boil the mixture until the supernatant layer
of the fatty acids is clear and free from solid particles. Separate the aqueous
layer with the aid of a siphon and wash the fatty acids by decantation with hot
distilled water, until 10 mils of the washings, acidulated with a drop of
hydrochloric acid, no longer gives a precipitate on the addition of barium
chloride T.S. Now place the dish containing the fatty acids on a water bath
and heat until the fatty acids are completely liquefied, then filter the warm
acids through a dry filter in a hot-water funnel into a flat dish and dry the acids
over sulphuric acid. The iodine number of the acids thus obtained is not less
than 84 nor more than 90 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
Preparations — Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum Linimentum Saponia
Linimentum Chloroformi (from Soap Liniment).
SAPO MOLLIS
Soft Soap
Sapo Moll.
Cottonseed Oil, four hundred and thirty grammes 430 Gm.
Potassium Hydroxide, eighty-six grammes 86 Gm.
Alcohol, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Dissolve eighty-six grammes of potassium hydroxide in one hundred
mils of water in a tared, capacious dish with the aid of heat.
Immediately add four hundred and thirty grammes of cottonseed oil
368 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
to the hot solution and stir the mixture actively for a few moments.
Then reapply the heat and, at the first evidence of froth from boil-
ing, pour in the fifty mils of alcohol, stir it actively until the froth
suddenly rises, then withdraw the heat and again stir until the Soap
assumes the consistence of a paste. Now determine by the method
given below whether the product will contain the required excess of
potassium hydroxide when water is added to make one thousand grammes.
If the product does not meet the requirements of this test, add more
potassium hydroxide or cottonseed oil as may be needed and again
heat it until the saponification is complete. Finally add enough water
to make the finished product weigh one thousand grammes and warm
it gently, stirring carefully, until the water is all absorbed and a clear
soap results.
The potassium hydroxide used in this process should be of the full
strength directed by the Pharmacopoeia (85 per cent.). Potassium
hydroxide of any other strength, however, may be used, if a propor-
tionally larger or smaller quantity is taken, the proper amount for the
above formula being ascertained by dividing 7310 by the percentage
of KOH contained therein.
Soft Soap is a soft, unctuous, yellowish-white to brownish-yellow mass, hav-
ing a shght, characteristic odor and an alkaline taste.
An aqueous solution of Soft Soap is alkaline to litmus and phenolphthalein
T.S.; a solution in hot distilled water (1 in 20) is nearlj^ clear.
Dissolve about 5 Gm. of Soft Soap, accurately weighed, in 100 mils of hot
alcohol, collect the residue, if any, on a filter, thoroughly wash it with hot alcohol,
and dry it to a constant weight at 100° C. The weight of the residue does not
exceed 3 per cent, of the weight of Soap taken. The combined filtrate and wash-
ings, on the addition of 0.5 mil of phenolphthalein T.S. and titration with tenth-
normal sulphuric acid V.S., shows not less than 0.1 per cent, nor more than
0.25 per cent, of KOH.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.00561
Gm. of KOH.
Soft Soap loses not more than 52 per cent, in weight, when tested for water
as directed under Sapo.
Preparation — Linimentum Saponis Mollis.
SARSAPARILLA
Sarsaparilla
Sarsap.
The dried root of Smilax medica Chamisso and Schlechtendal, known
in commerce as Mexican Sarsaparilla; or Smilax ofiicinalis Kunth, or an
undetermined species of Smilax, known in commerce as Honduras Sarsa-
parilla; or Smilax ornata Hooker filius, known in commerce as Jamaica
Sarsaparilla (Fam. Liliacece).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 369
Mexican Sarsaparilla — In loose bundles, or pressed into bales, sinf^le bundles
attaining a length of 60 cm. and composed of from 20 to 35 folded roots attached
to a crown with one or more stout stems; roots from 3.5 to 6 mm. in diameter;
externally grayish-brown to dark brown, minutely hairy, longitudinally furrowed,
the furrows containing more or less of a blackish earth; fracture tough, fibrous;
internally light brown with a more or less shrunken, mealy or sometimes horny
cortex surrounding the porous central cylinder, pith distinct; nearly inodorous;
taste mucilaginous, somewhat sweetish and acrid.
Remove the woody, knotty crown with portions of the overground stems.
Honduras Sarsaparilla — In more or less compact, cylindrical bundles, attain-
ing a length of 55 cm. and a diameter from 8 to 15 cm., consisting of the long,
folded roots bound together by roots of the same i)lant; roots from 2 to 6 mm.
in diameter; externally dark- or reddish-brown, longitudinally furrowed, the
furrows usually free from soil; fracture fibrous; internally consisting of a gray-
ish-white or dark brown cortex, a light yellow and porous central cylinder and
a whitish pith; taste mucilaginous and slightly acrid.
Jamaica Sarsaparilla — In more or less compact and somewhat flattened
bundles, from 30 to 45 cm. in length and from 10 to 15 cm. in width, consisting
of the folded roots loosely bound with roots of the same plant; roots from 2 to
5 mm. in diameter; externally grayish-brown to reddish-brown, longitudinally
wrinkled, more or less furrowed and bearing numerous coarse fibrous rootlets;
taste somewhat sweet and slightly bitter.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of all of the commercial varieties
of Sarsaparilla show an epidermal layer with basal portions of root hairs; a
hypodermis composed of several layers of strongly lignified cells, the walls being
uniformly thickened, except in Mexican Sarsaparilla in which the inner walls
are only slightly thickened; a cortex composed of numerous parenchyma cells
mostly containing starch, some containing resin or raphides of calcium oxalate;
an endodermis of a single layer of strongly lignified cells, the walls being uni-
formly thickened except in Mexican Sarsaparilla in which the outer walls
are only slightly thickened; a central cylinder composed of radial bundles
connected with sclerenchymatous fibers, the tracheae being large and oval and
the phloem in small groups at the periphery of the bundle; and a pith com-
posed of starch-bearing parenchyma cells.
Powdered Sarsaparilla is light grayish-brown to dark grayish-brown; when
examined under the microscope it exhibits numerous starch grains, from
0.003 to 0.023 mm. in diameter, spherical, or biconvex or spherical-tetrahe-
dral, single to 2- to 4-compound, and frequently with a central-elliptical cleft;
calcium oxalate in raphides, from 0.006 to 0.035 mm. in diameter, occurring
singly or in groups; cells of the hypodermis and endodermis with lemon-
yellow or reddish-yellow porous walls and, in the case of Mexican Sarsa-
parilla, showing an uneven or irregular thickening, the individual cells from
0.08 to 0.5 mm. in length; fragments of tracheae with simple and bordered
pores or scalariform or reticulate thickenings associated with sclerenchymatous
fibers having rather thin, very slightly lignified and porous walls.
Sarsaparilla yields not more than 10 per cent, of ash.
Preparation s — Fluidextractima Sarsaparillae Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Com-
positum Syrupus Sarsaparillae Compositus (from Fluidextract).
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
SASSAFRAS
Sassafras
Sassaf.
The bark of the root of Sassafras variifolium (Salisbury) O. Kuntze
(Fam. LauracecB), without the presence or admixture of more than 2
29
870 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
per cent, of adhering wood, collected in the early spring or autumn,
deprived of the outer corky layer and dried.
In irregularly transversely curved or quilled pieces, from 1 to 15 cm. in length
and from 1 to 4 mm. in thickness; outer surface orange-brown, nearly smooth
and marked with more or less irregular ridges; inner surface light to dark
reddish-brown, obscurely short-striate; fracture short with a thin reddish-
brown corky layer and a yellowish-white inner bark; odor aromatic; taste
slightly mucilaginous, astringent, aromatic and somewhat pungent.
The powder is light reddish-brown; when examined under the microscope
it exhibits numerous starch grains and prominent, characteristic bast-fibers;
starch grains either single or 2- to 4-compound, the individual grains being
more or less spherical or polygonal and frequently with a distinct cleft, from
0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter, some of the swollen or altered grains attaining
a diameter of 0.03 mm.; bast-fibers spindle-shaped, occasionally very irregular
in outline, with sharply pointed ends, from 0.15 to 0.4 mm. in length, about
0.025 mm. in diameter, and with very thick, strongly lignified walls, the
lumina being frequently nearly obliterated; parenchyma cells containing either
starch grains or irregular yellowish-red masses of tannin and becoming bluish-
black upon the addition of ferric chloride T.S.; fragments of wood few, with
large, thin-walled tracheae marked by simple pores and associated with rather
thin-walled wood-fibers.
Sassafras yields not more than 30 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Sarsaparillae Compositus.
Average dose — Metric, 10 Gm. — Apothecaries, 23^ drachms.
SCAMMONI.E RADIX
Scammony Root
Scam. Rad.
The dried root of Convolvulus Scammonia Linne (Fam. ConvolvulacecB),
yielding not less than 8 per cent, of the total resins of Scammony Root.
Cylindrical or somewhat tapering, from 10 to 25 cm. in length and from
1 to 4.5 cm. in thickness; externally grayish- to reddish-brown; usually
distinctly twisted, deeply longitudinally furrowed, marked by distinct root-
scars, otherwise nearly smooth except for the lenticels and abraded cork, the
upper portion terminated usually by a number of short stem branches ; hard
and heavy; fracture tough, irregular v\ith projecting wood-fibers; internally
somewhat mottled, showing yellowish, porous wood-wedges separated by
whitish parenchyma containing starch and resin, bark tliin; odor slight, re-
sembling that of jalap; taste very slightly sweet, becoming slightly acrid.
Under the microscope, sections of Scammony Root show a corky layer con-
sisting of from 2 to 10 rows of cells with thin, yellovvi.sh-brown lignified walls;
an outer cortex with numerous stone cells occurring singly or in small groups,
the walls being moderately thick, porous and not strongly lignified; parenchyma
with numerous starch grains and monoclinic prisms of calcium oxalate; fibro-
vascular bundles numerous, circular or elliptical with a well developed wood
consisting of large trachea; surrounded by slightly lignified wood-fibers; phloem
or sieve prominent in which are included large resin ducts; the parenchyma,
both in and surrounding the bundles, more or less collapsed and containing
either starch or calcium oxalate crystals.
The powder is fight grayish-brown; when examined under the microscope it
exhibits starch grains from 0.003 to 0.018 mm. in diameter, mostly single,
occasionally 2- to 4-compound, the grains showing occasionally a central
cleft; calcium oxalate crystals numerous, in monoclinic prisms from 0.01
to 0.045 mm. in length; fragments of lep tomes or sieve with accompanying
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 371
yellowish-brown resin cells; trachejB mostly with reticulate thickenings and
simple or bordered pores and associated with short wood-fibers having prom-
inent oblique pores; stone cells of variable shape and varying from 0.04 to
0.11 mm. in length, the walls being from 0.006 to 0.012 mm. in thickness,
slightly lignified and traversed with prominent, often branching pores; lignified
cork cells relatively few.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Jalapa, using 10 Gm. of Scammony Root
in No. 60 powder.
Preparations — Extractum Colocynthidis Compositum (from Resin) Resina
Scammonise.
SCILLA
Squill
Scill.
The fleshy, inner scales of the bulb of the white variety of Urginea
maritima (Linne) Baker (Fam. LiliacecE), cut into pieces and carefully
dried. Preserve Squill in tightly -closed containers, in a dry place. If
made into the official tincture and assayed biologically, the minimum
lethal dose should not be greater than 0.006 mil of tincture, or the
equivalent in tincture of 0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme
of body-weight of frog.
In irregular, more or less curved, somewhat flattened pieces, from 0.5 to
5 cm. in length, yellowish-white, somewhat translucent, nearly smooth and
lustrous with slight projections of fibro-vascular bundles; brittle when dry
and somewhat fle.xible when damp; odor slight; taste bitter and acrid.
Under the microscope, sections of the scales of Squill show on the upper and
lower surface a thin-walled epidermal layer, a mesophyll of nearly isodiametric
or slightly elongated thin-walled cells and occasionally show in alcohoUc or
glycerin moimts spheroidal aggregates of a carbohydrate ; numerous more or less
rectangular cells containing mucilage and bundles of raphides of calcium oxalate,
the latter from 0.075 to 1.0 mm. in length; fibro-vascular bundles few and isolated,
with spiral or reticulate tracheae. Occasionally some of the parenchyma cells
contain a few somewhat spherical starch grains.
Xhe powder is hght yellow, with a tendency to cake in moist atmosphere and
consisting of very irregular fragments; when examined under the microscope
it exhibits numerous single crystals and bundles of long raphides of calcium
oxalate; fragments of thin-walled, colorless parenchyma, frequently with
dark intercellular spaces due to the inclusion of air; fragments with spiral
or reticulate tracheae are occasionally found.
Squill yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Assay — For a method for assaying Squill see Biological Assays (Part II).
Preparations — Acetimi Scillae Fluidextractum Scillae Syrupus Scillse (from
Vinegar) Syrupus Scillae Compositus (from Fluidextract] Tinctura Scillae.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.1 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, l}-^ grains.
372 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
SCOPOLAMIN.E HYDROBROMIDUM
Scopolamine Hydrobromide
Scopolamin. Hydrobrom. — Hyoscine Hydrobromide Scopolamine Bromide
The hydrobromide [Ci7H2i04XHBr+3H20 = 438. 15] of Isevorotatory
scopolamine, also known as hyoscine, obtained from various plants of the
Solanacece. Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Scopolamine Hydrobromide occurs in colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals,
sometimes of large size; odorless; slightly efflorescent.
Great caution must he used in tasting it, and then only in dilute solutions.
One Gm. of Scopolamine Hydrobromide dissolves in 1.5 mils of water and in
20 mils of alcohol at 25° C; slightly soluble in chloroform; insoluble in ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 ia 20j is neutral or at most only shghtly acid to htmus.
When anhydrous it melts between 190° and 192° C.
The specific rotatoiy power of the salt, determined in an aqueous solution
containing the equivalent of 5 Gm. of anhj'drous Scopolamine Hydrobromide
in 100 mils of solution at 25° C, is from —22° to —25.75° in a 100 mm. tube (see
Part II, Test No. 21).
Add about 0.01 Gm. of the salt to 5 drops of nitric acid and evaporate it to
dryness in a porcelain dish on a water bath; the residue yields a violet color
upon the addition of alcoholic potassium hydroxide T.S. Silver nitrate T.S.
produces in the aqueous solution of the salt a yellowish-white precipitate
insoluble in nitric acid.
Shake 2 mils of chloroform with 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20)
to which a few drops of chlorine water have been added; the chloroform assumes
a brownish color.
When dried to constant weight at 100° C. it loses not more than 13 per cent,
of its weight. It also loses its water of crystallization slowly over sulphuric acid.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Scopolamine Hydro-
bromide.
The addition of a few drops of ammonia water T.S. to 1 mil of an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 20) causes no turbidity; the addition of potassium
hydroxide T.S. to another portion of 1 mil of the aqueous solution causes only a
whitish, transient turbidity (foreign alkaloids).
Add 0.05 mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. to 15 mils of an
aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100); the solution is not completely decolorized
within five minutes (apoatropine) .
The solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 1 mil of sulphuric acid is not more
than faintly yellow (carbonizable impurities). Add a drop of nitric acid to this
solution; an orange color is produced, due to the liberation of bromine, but no
deep red color fading to orange is noticeable (morphine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.0003 Gm. — Apothecaries, j^^oo grain.
SENEGA
Senega
Seneg. — Seneca Snakeroot Senega Snakeroot
The dried roots of Polygala Senega Linne (Fam. Pohjgalacece) , without
the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of stems and other
foreign matter.
Usually in broken pieces; when entire slenderly conical, more or less tortuous,
somewhat branched, from 3 to 15 cm. in length and from 2 to 10 mm. in thick-
ness and bearing a few rootlets; crown knotty with numerous buds and short
stem-bases; externally brownish-yellow, the crown rose-tinted, longitudinally
wrinkled, frequently marked by a keel ; fracture short, wood pale yellow, usually ex-
centrically developed; odor peculiar, penetrating; taste sweetish, afterwards acrid.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 373
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Senega usually show a character-
istic excentric development of wood, the central cylinder varying in outline from
elliptical or ovate to irregularly fan-shaped, and being surrounded by an un-
evenly developed cortex which is thickest next to the broadest strands of wood
and where the wood-wedges are naiTow and the medullary rays very broad, the
cortical parenchyma occupies a very narrow zone of the cross-section; in older
roots a corky layer of from 4 to 5 rows of tangentially elongated, light yellowish
or yellowish-brown cells; outer bark of about 20 rows of cells on one side of the
root and only 10 or less on the other, the cells having slightly thickened walls
and containing a colorless or pale yellow, amorphous substance, which is
liberated in the form of large globules on the addition of a drop of potassium
hydroxide T.S.; inner bark, the cells in radial rows, consisting of parenchyma,
small groups of sieve tissue and medullary rays, the latter from 1 to 3 cells wide;
all the cells in this zone show a collenchymatous thickening of the walls and con-
tain an amorphous substance similar to that found in cells of the outer bark;
woody layer of tracheae with bordered pores, wootl-fibers with oblique simple
pores, tracheids, and medullary rays, the latter being rather indistinct and re-
sembling the wood-fibers; tissues of the central layer of wood colored yellowish-
or reddish-brown on the addition of a drop of potassium hj-droxide T.S.
The powder is yellowish-gray to light yellowish-brown, odor penetrating,
slightly sternutatory; when examined under the microscope it exhibits a mixture
of fragments of parenchyma containing oily globules and wood-fibers with
trachea;; wood-fibers, non-lignified and with oblique simple pores, from 0.175 to
0.25 mm. inlength; tracheae with simple and bordered pores and about 0.175 mm.
in length; medullary ray cells somewhat lignified and with large simi)le pores.
Extract 10 Gm. of powdered Senega by means of a Soxhlet apparatus, using
50 mils of ether containing 2 drops of hydrochloric acid. Continue the extrac-
tion during four or five hours and then add sufficient ether to make the liquid
measure 50 mils. Take 25 rails of this solution and evaporate it on a water bath
to dryness; the residue weighs not less than 0.3 Gm., and upon dissolving it
in 10 mils of chloroform, transferring the solution to a test tube and adding 5 mils
of sulphuric acid to form an underlying layer, a reddish-brown color is produced
at the zone of contact, and the sulphuric acid shows a slightly green fluorescence
after the mixture has stood for twenty-four hours. Pour 10 mils of the original
ethereal solution into a beaker containing 10 mils of water and warm the mixture
on a water bath until the ether has evaporated; the acjueous solution, upon
filtering and adding a few drops of ferric chloride T.S., becomes a bright pinkish
purple.
Senega yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Senegse Syrupus Senegse (from Fluidextract)
Syrupus Scillae Compositus (from Fluidextract).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SENNA
Senna
Senn.
The dried leaflets of Cassia acutifoUa Delile, knowii in commerce as
Alexandria Senna, or of Cassia angustifolia Vahl, known in commerce as
India Senna (Fam. Leguminosce) , without the presence or admixture of
more than 10 per cent, of stem tissues, pods, seeds and other impurities.
Alexandria Senna — Usually unbroken, occasionally in fragments, leaflets
inequilaterally lanceolate or lance-ovate, from 2 to 3.5 cm. in length and from
6 to 10 mm. in breadth, having extremely short, stout petiolules; acutely cuspi-
374 THE PHARMACOPCEtA. OF THE
date, entire, subcoriaceous, brittle, pale green or grayish-green, sparsely and
obscurely hairy, especially beneath, the hairs appressed; odor characteristic,
taste somewhat mucilaginous and bitter.
Pods few, broadly elliptical, somewhat reniform, dark green, thin and
membranous.
India Senna — Leaflets usually unbroken, from 2 to 5 cm. in length and from
6 to 14 mm. in breadth, usually more abruptly pointed than those of Alexandria
Senna, yellowish-green and smooth above, paler beneath; in odor and taste
closely resembling Alexandria Senna.
Pods few, elliptical, more or less reniform and from 4 to 5 cm. in length.
Powdered Alexandria Senna is light green; when examined under the micro-
scope it exhibits non-glandular hairs, 1-celled, conical, often ciu-ved, from 0.1
to 0.35 mm. in length, walls thick and papillose; calcium oxalate in rosette
aggregates, from 0.009 to 0.01 mm. in diameter, and in 4- to 6-sided prisms,
about 0.015 mm. in length, usually in crystal fibers; stomata broadly elliptical,
about 0.02 mm. in long diameter. In India Senna the powder is slightly darker
green than that of Alexandria Senna and the hairs are similar but relatively
ifewer.
Mix 0.5 Gm. of powdered Senna with 10 mils of an alcoholic solution of potas-
sium hydroxide (1 in 10), boil the mixture for about two minutes, dilute it with
10 mils of water and filter. Now acidify the filtrate with hydrochloric acid,
shake it with ether; remove the ethereal layer and shake it with 5 mils of ammonia
water; the latter is colored pinkish-red or bluish-red.
Senna yields not more than 12 per cent, of ash. The yield of ash insoluble
in hydrochloric acid is not more than 3 per cent, of the Senna taken.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Sennae Infusum Sennae Compositum Pul-
vis Glycyrrhizse Compositus SjTupus SarsaparUlae Compositus (from Fluid-
extract) S5TUPUS Sennae (from Fluidextract).
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachm.
SERPENTARIA
Serpentaria
Serpent. — Texas Snakeroot Virginia Snakeroot
The dried rhizome and roots of Aristolochia Serpentaria Limie, kno^Ti
in commerce as Virginia Snakeroot, or of Aristolochia reticulata Nuttall,
known in commerce as Texas Snakeroot (Fam. Aristolochiaceoe) , with-
out the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent, of the stems
or other foreign matter.
Rhizome in both commercial varieties oblique, subcylindrical, more or less
curved, from 10 to 30 mm. in length and from 1 to 2 mm. in diameter; externally
dark brown, upper portion with short stem-bases and from lower and lateral
portions arise numerous, long, thin, nearly straight, yellowish-browTi roots;
fractvu-e short; internally yellowish-white, wood with broad, excentric wedges;
odor terebinthinate; taste bitter, aromatic.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the rhizome of both commercial
varieties of Serpentaria show an outer layer of epidermal cells ; a cortex of from
10 to 15 rows of parenchyma; inner bark sometimes showing strongly lignified
bast-fibers, either single or distributed in a more or less interrupted circle; a
xylem of broad wood-wedges separated by broad medullary rays about 8 cells
wide, the walls being strongly lignified and with numerous simple pores; pith
excentric, composed of polygonal cells, the walls being lignified and porous.
Starch in the cells of cortical parenchyma, medullary rays and pith.
The root in transverse section shows a compact^ 4- to 6-rayed stele, and a
large starch-bearing cortical area.
The stem in transverse section shows an interrupted circle of from 6 to 10
fibro-vascular bundles, a cortex with a prominent continuous ring of strongly
lignified cells, and a fev/ non-glandular hairs.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 375
The powder is grayish-brown; when examined under the microscope it
exhibits numerous starch grains, single and 2- to 4-compound, the individual
grains being more or less spherical or plano-convex and frequently with a
central cleft, from 0.003 to 0.014 mm. in diameter; lignified elements numerous,
consisting of trachea;, wood-fibers, medullary ray cells and pith cells; a few non-
glandular hairs of the stem are occasionally present.
Preparation — Tinctura CinchonaB Composita.
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM
Antidiphtheric Serum
Ser. Antidiph.— Diphtheria Antitoxin
A fluid, having a potency of not less than 250 antitoxic units per
mil, separated from the coagulated blood of the horse, Equus Caballus
Linn^ (Fam. Equidoe), or other large domestic anunal, which has been
properly immunized against diphtheria toxin. It must be kept in
sealed glass containers in a dark place, at a temperature between 4.5°
and 15° C.
A yellowish or yellowish-brown, transparent or slightly turbid liquid, with
sometimes a slight granular deposit; nearly odorless, or having an odor due to
the presence of an antiseptic used as a preservative.
Antidiphtheric Serum gradually loses in potency, the loss in one year varying
between 10 per cent, and 30 per cent. The serum must come from healthy
animals, must be sterile, must be free from toxins or other bacterial products, and
must not contain an excessive amount of preservative (not more than 0.5 per
cent, of phenol or cresol, when either of these is used) , and the totalsohds must not
exceed 20 per cent. Serum of a lower potency than 250 units per mil must
not be sold or dispensed. Only such Sera may be sold or dispensed as have
been prepared and propagated in establishments licensed by the Secretary of
the Treasury of the United States.
The United States law requires that each container of Serum sold or dispensed
by licensed estabhshments shall bear upon the label, in addition to the name
of the Serum, the name, address and Ucense number of the manufacturer, and
the date beyond which the product cannot be expected to yield its specific
results. The label must also contain the laboratory number of the Serum
and the total number of antito.xic units claimed for the contents of the container.
The standard of strength, expressed in units of antitoxic power, shall be that
established by the United States Pubhc Health Service.
Average dose — Hypodermic, 10,000 units. Protective, 1000
imits.
SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM PURIFICATUM
Purified Antidiphtheric Serum
Sen Antidiph. Purif. — Antidiphtheric Globulins Concentrated Diphtheria Anti-
toxin Diphtheric Antitoxin Globulins Refined and Concentrated Diphtheria
Antitoxin
A solution in physiological solution of sodium chloride of certain anti-
toxic substances obtained from the blood serum or plasma of the horse,
376 THE PHARMACOP(EIA OF THE
Equus Caballus Linne (Fam. Equidce), or other large domestic animal,
which has been properly immunized against diphtheria toxin. After
the sermn or plasma from the immunized animal has been collected the
antitoxin-bearing globulins are separated from the other constituents
of the serum or plasma and dissolved in water; and sufficient sodium
chloride is then added to make a solution containing from 0.6 to 0.9
per cent, of the salt. It has a potency of not less than 250 antitoxic
imits per mil. It must be kept in sealed glass containers in a dark
place, at a temperature between 4.5° and 15° C.
A transparent or slightly opalescent liquid, with sometimes a shght granular
or ropy deposit, nearly odorless, or having an odor due to the presence of the
antiseptic used as a preservative. The liquid is sometimes more or less viscous.
The serum must come from healthy animals, must be sterile, must be free from
toxins or other bacterial products, and must not contain an excessive amount
of preservative (not more than 0.5 per cent, of phenol or cresol, when either
of these is used), and the total solids must not exceed 20 per cent. Serum of
a lower potency than 250 units per mil must not be sold or dispensed.
Purified Antidiphtheric Serum must comply with the requirements for
loss of potency, control, labeling, and standard for potency under Serum
Antidiphthericum .
Average dose — Hypodermic, 10,000 units. Protective, 1000
units.
SERUM ANTIDIPHTHERICUM SICCUM
Dried Antidiphtheric Serum
Set. Antidlph. Sice— Dried Diphtheria Antitoxin
Dried Antidiphtheric Serum is obtained by the evaporation of either
Antidiphtheric Serum or Purified Antidiphtheric Serum in a vacuum
over sulphuric acid or other desiccating agent, or by passing over it a
current of warm air freed from bacteria. It has a potency of not less
than 4000 units per gramme. It must be kept in hermetically sealed,
amber-colored glass containers free from air, at a temperature between
4.5° and 15° C, preferably in a dark place.
The Dried Serum is either in the form of orange or yellowish flakes or small
lumps, or as a yellowish-white powder, without odor. The Serum is soluble in
nine parts of distilled water, but the solution is opalescent and slightly viscous;
it may be dissolved more readily in larger amounts of distilled water or physio-
logical solution of sodium chloride. Immediately before use the Serum rnust
be dissolved in recently boiled and cooled distilled water under the most rigid
aseptic conditions. The solution must be used immediately and if there should
be any serum or solution remaining, it must be discarded. Dried Antidiphtheric
Serum if kept as directed does not lose in potency, as does the liquid serum.
It must comply with the requirements for control and labeling under Serum
Antidiphthericum and the standard of strength, expressed in units of antitoxic
power, shall be that established by the United States Public Health Service.
Average dose — Hypodermic, 10,000 units. Protective, 1000
units.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 377
SERUM ANTITETANICUM
Antitetanic Serum
Ser. Antitetan. — ^Tetanus Antitoxin
A fluid, having a potency of not less than 100 units per mil, separated
from the coagulated blood of the horse, Equus Caballus Linne (Fam.
Equidce), or other large domestic animal, which has been properly-
immunized against tetanus toxin. It must be kept in sealed glass
containers in a dark place, at a temperature between 4.5° and 15° C.
A yellowish or yellowish-browTi, transparent, or slightly turbid liquid with
sometimes a slight granular deposit; nearly odorless, or having an odor due to
the presence of the antiseptic used as a preservative.
Antitetanic Serum gradually loses in potency, the loss being greater at higher
than at lower temperatures. The Serum must come from healthy animals,
must be sterile, must be free from toxins or other bacterial products, and must
not contain an excessive amount of preservative (not more than 0.5 per
cent, of phenol or cresol, when either of these is used), and the total solids must
not exceed 20 per cent. Serum of a lower potency than 100 units per mil must
not be sold or dispensed. Only such Sera may be sold or dispensed as have
been prepared and propagated in establishments hcensed by the Secretary of
the Treasury of the United States.
The United States law requires that each container of Serum sold or dis-
pensed by licensed establishments shall bear upon the label, in addition to the
name of the Serum, the name, address and license number of the manufacturer
and the date beyond which the contents cannot be expected to yield its spe-
cific results. The label must also contain the laboratory number of the Serum
and the total number of antitoxic units claimed for the contents of the container.
The standard of strength, expressed in units of antitoxic power, shall be that
established by the United States Pubhc Health Service.
Average dose — Hypodermic, 10,000 units. Protective, 1500
units.
SERUM ANTITETANICUM PURIFICATUM
Purified Antitetanic Serum
Ser. Antitetan. Purif. — Antitetanic Globulins Concentrated Tetanus Antitoxin
Refined and Concentrated Tetanus Antitoxin Tetanus Antitoxin Globulins
A solution in physiological solution of sodium chloride of certain
antitoxic substances obtained from the blood serum or plasma of the
horse, Equus Caballus Linne (Fam. Equidce), or other large domestic
animal, which has been properly immunized against tetanus toxin.
After the serum or plasma from the immunized animal has been collected,
the antitoxin-bearing globulins are separated from the other constituents
of the serum or plasma and dissolved in water; and sufficient sodium
chloride is then added to make a solution containing from 0.6 to 0.9
per cent, of the salt. It has a potency of not less than 100 units per mil.
It must be kept in sealed glass containers in a dark place, at a
temperature between 4.5° and 15° C.
378 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
A transparent or slightly opalescent liquid, with sometimes a slight granular
or ropy deposit; nearly odorless, or having an odor due to the presence of the
antiseptic used as a preservative. The liquid is sometimes more or less viscous.
The serum must come from healthy animals, must be sterile, must be free from
toxins or other bacterial products, and must not contain an excessive amount
of preservative (not more than 0.5 per cent, of phenol or of cresol, when either
of these is used), and the total solids must not exceed 20 per cent. Serimi of a
lower potency than 100 units per mil must not be sold or dispensed.
Purified Antitetanic Serum must comply with the requirements for loss of
potency, control, labeUng and standard for potency under Serum Antiletanicum.
Average dose — Hypodermic, 10,000 units. Protective, 1500
units.
SERUM ANTITETANICUM SICCUM
Dried Antitetanic Serum
Ser. Antitetan. Sice. — Dried Tetanus Antitoxin
Dried Antitetanic Serum is obtained by the evaporation of either
Antitetanic Serum or Purified Antitetanic Serum in a vacuum, over
sulphuric acid or other desiccating agent, or by passing over it a current
of warm air freed from.bacteria. It has a potency of not less than 1000
units per gramme. It must be kept in hermetically sealed amber-
colored glass containers, free from air, at a temperature between 4.5°
and 15° C, preferably in a dark place.
Dried Antitetanic Serum is either in the form of orange or yellowish flakes or
small lumps, or a yellowish-white powder, without odor. The serum is soluble in
nine parts of distilled water, but the solution is opalescent and slightly viscous;
it may he dissolved more readily in larger amounts of distilled water or physio-
logical solution of sodium chloride. For use, the serum must be dissolved in
recently boiled and cooled distilled water under the most rigid aseptic condi-
tions. The solution must be used immediately and, if there should be any
serum or solution remaining, it must be discarded. Dried Antitetanic Serum
if kept as directed does not lose in potency, as does the liquid serum. It is
sometimes used as a dusting powder or for local application to infected wounds.
It must comply with the requirements for control and labeling under Seram
Antitetanicum and the standard of strength, expressed in units of antitoxic
power, shall be that estabhshed by the United States Pubhc Health Service.
Average dose — Hypodermic, 10,000 units. Protective, 1500
units.
SEVUM PR.EPARATUM
Prepared Suet
Sev. Praep. — Mutton Suet
The internal fat of the abdomen of the sheep {Ods aries Linn<5, Fam.
Bovidce), purified by melting and straining. Preserve Prepared Suet
in well-closed vessels impervious to .fat. It must not be used after it
has become rancid.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 379
A white, solid fat, nearly inodorous, and havinR a bland taste when fresh, but
becoming rancid on prolonged exposure to the air.
It is insoluble in water or cold alcohol; it dissolves in 44 parts of boiling
alcohol, in about 60 parts of ether, and slowly dissolves in 2 parts of purified
petroleum benzin. From its solution in the latter, when allowed to stand in a
stoppered flask, it slowly separates in a crystalline form.
An alcoholic solution of Prepared Suet is neutral or slightly acid to litmus paper
moistened with alcohol.
Prepared Suet melts between 45° and 50° C. and congeals between 37° and
40° C.
One Gm. of Prepared Suet, dissolved in 50 mils of hotalcohol, and a few drops
of phenolphthalein T.S. added, requires not more than 0.6 mil of tenth-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. to produce a pink color {free acid).
Saoonification value: not less than 193 nor more than 200 (see Part II, Test
No. 9).
Iodine value: not less than 33 nor more than 48 (see Part II, Test No. 8).
SINAPIS ALBA
White Mustard
Sinap. Alb.— Yellow Mustard
The ripe seeds of Sinapis alba Liim6 (Fam. CruciferoB), without the
presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of other seeds or other
foreign matter. Preserve powdered White Mustard in tightly-closed
containers.
Sub-globular, from 1.5 to 2.5 mm. in diameter; testa yellowish, nearly smooth;
embryo yellowish, oily, with two large cotyledons; inodorous, taste mildly pun-
gent, acrid.
The powder is light yellowish or pale brownish-yellow, developing a slight odor
when moistened; when examined under the microscope it exhibits numerous
tissues of the embryo containing small aleurone grains and a fixed oil, the latter
forming in large globules on the addition of hydrated chloral T.S. ; fragments
of seed-coat comparatively few, nearly colorless, with small, characteristic
stone cells and large epidermal cells, the outer walls being mucilaginous.
The powder contains few or no starch grains.
White Mustard does not yield allyl isotliiocyanate upon distillation with
steam (distinction from Black Mustard).
White Mustard >aelds not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — ^Emetic, Metric, 10 Gm. — Apothecaries,
2}^ drachms.
SINAPIS NIGRA
Black Mustard '
Sinap. Nig — Brown Mustard
The ripe seeds of Brassica nigra (Linne) Koch (Fam. Crudferce), with-
out the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of other seeds
or other foreign matter. Preserve powdered Black Mustard in tightly-
closed containers.
380 THE PHARIVIACOPCEIA OF THE
Ellipsoidal or irregularly spheroidal, from 1 to 1.6 mm. in diameter; testa deep
reddish-brown, sometimes yellowish-brown and with a grayish tinge, minutely
pitted or reticulate; embryo greenish- j'ellow or dark yellow, oily, with two large
cotyledons; odor when dry, slight, on moistening very irritating; taste strongly
pungent and acrid.
The powder is light brown or greenish-brown; on moistening developing a
strongly pvmgent, irritating, characteristic odor; when examined under the
microscope it exhibits numerous tissues of the embryo, the cells containing
small aleurone grains and a fixed oil, the latter forming in large globules on
the addition of hydrated chloral T.S.; fragments of seed-coat con.spicuous,
with large, polyhedral, dark yellow areas, enclosing small, yellowish stone
cells, each of the latter with a dark lumen. The powder contains few or no
starch grains.
Black Mustard, upon distillation with steam, yields ally! isothiocyanate
(distinction from White Mustard).
Black Mustard yields not more than 9 per cent, of ash.
Average dose — Emetic, Metric, 10 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2}^
drachms.
SODII ACETAS
Sodium Acetate
Sod. Acet.
It contains not less than 59.97 per cent, nor more than 62.96 per cent,
of anhydrous sodium acetate, corresponding to not less than 99.5 per
cent, of the crystallized salt [NaC2H302+3H20 = 136.07]. Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
Sodium Acetate occurs as colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, or as a
granular, crystalline powder; odorless, or having a faint, acetous odor. It has a
cooling, saline taste. Efflorescent in warm, dry air.
One Gm. of Sodium Acetate dissolves in 0.8 nul of water and in 19 mUs of
alcohol at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or sUghtly alkaline to litmus
or phenolphthalein T.S.
When heated to about 58° C, the salt begins to liquefy. At about 120° C, it
becomes anhydrous; at a higher temperature it is decomposed, with the evolu-
tion of inflammable, empyreumatic vapors, leaving a black residue of sodium
carbonate and carbon, which imparts to a non-luminous flame an intensely
yellow color, shows an alkaline reaction with litmus, and effervesces with acids.
Add 0.1 Gm. of the salt to 1 mil of sulphuric acid and 1 mil of alcohol and
warm; ethyl acetate is formed, recognizable by its odor.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is not rendered turbid by the addition
of sodium bitartrate T.S. (potassium).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for alkali salts of organic acids
(see Part II, Test No. 6). It shows not less than 59.97 per cent, nor more than
62.96 per cent, of NaC2H302.
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.04101
Gm. of NaC2H302. Each gramme of Sodium Acetate corresponds to not less
than 14.62 mils nor more than 15.35 mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — ^Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 381
SODII ARSENAS
Sodium Arsenate
Sod. Arsen. — Arsenas sodii P.I.
It contains not less than 58.98 per cent, nor more than 61.92 per
cent, of anhydrous sodium arsenate (di-sodium ortho-arsenate), corre-
sponding to not less than 99 per cent, of the crystallized salt
[Na2HAs044-"H20 = 312.08]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Arsenate occurs as colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms; odorless.
Efflorescent in dr\' air, and somewhat deliquescent in moist air. Great caution
must be used in tasting it and then only in very dilute solutions.
One Gm. of Sodium Arsenate dissolves in 1.5 mils of water at 25° C; also in
about 1 mil of boiling water; slightly soluble in alcohol at 25° C; nearly insol-
uble in boiling alcohol.
^yhen gently heated, the salt loses five molecules of water, and is converted
into a wliite powder. At a higher temperature it loses all of its water of crys-
tallization; when strongly heated, the salt fuses, and at a red heat it is converted
into pyroarsenate.
Sodium Arsenate responds to the tests for identity and purity prescribed under
Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus when taken in proportionate amount.
Assay — Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Sodium Arsenate, accurately weighed,
in 25 mils of distilled water, heat the solution to 80° C. and add 10 mils of
hydrochloric acid and 3 Gm. of potassium iodide. Allow the mixture to stand
for fifteen minutes at 80° C, then cool and titrate it with tenth-normal sodium
thio.suli)hate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than
58.98 per cent, nor more than 61.92 per cent, of Na2HAs04.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.0092985 Gm. of Na2HAs04. Each gramme of Sodium Arsenate corresponds
to not le.ss than 63.44 mils nor more than 66.59 mils of tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S.
Preparation — Sodii Arsenas Exsiccatus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.005 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^2 grain.
SODII ARSENAS EXSICCATUS
Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate
Sod. Arsen. Exsic.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 150® C, not less than
98 per cent of Na2H AsOi (185.97) . Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Arsenate, in crystals, a sufficient quantity.
Break the crj'stals into small fragments, and allow them to effloresce
at a temperature between 40° and 50° C. until they are completely dis-
integrated; then gradually increase the temperature to 150° C. and con-
tinue the drying until the product ceases to lose weight. Reduce it to
a fine powder, and transfer it to dry, well-closed containers.
382 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate occurs as an odorless, amorphous, white
powder. It is sUghtly hygroscopic. Great caution must be v^ed in tasting it and
then only in very dilute solutions.
One Gm. of Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate dissolves in 3.1 mils of water at
25° C; also in about 1.3 mils of boiling water; slightly soluble in alcohol
at 25° C. ] nearly insoluble in boiling alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) "is alkaline to litmus.
It imparts an intensely yellow color to a non-lmninous flame.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields a white precipitate with barium
chloride T.S., and a dark red precipitate with silver nitrate T.S.; both of these
precipitates are soluble in nitric acid.
Add 5 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. to 2 mils of an aqueous solution
of the salt (1 in 20) and redissolve the precipitate with the aid of a slight excess
of ammonia water; no black precipitate of reduced silver appears on boiling for
one minute {ar senile).
Add 1 mil of ammonium sulphide T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 100); no dark coloration appears {lead, copper, or iron).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.3 Gm. of Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate, dried to
constant weight at 150° C. and accurately weighed, in 25 mils of distilled
water, in a glass-stoppered bottle, heat the solution to 80° C. and add 10
mils of hydrochloric acid and 3 Gm. of potassium iodide. Allow the mixture
to stand in the stoppered bottle for fifteen minutes at 80° C, then cool and
titrate it with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used
as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt, not less thfji 98 per cent, of
Na2HAs04.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.0092985 Gm. of Na2HAs04. Each gramme of Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate,
previously dried, corresponds to not less than 105.4 mils of tenth-normal
sodium thiosulphate V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Sodii Arsenatis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.003 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 3'^o grain.
SODII BENZOAS
Sodium Benzoate
Sod. Benz.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 110° C.,not less than
99 per cent, of NaCvHsOg (144.04). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Benzoate occurs as a white, amorphous, granular or crystalline
powder; odorless, and having a sweetish taste. It is permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Sodium Benzoate dissolves in 1.8 mils of water and in 61 mils of
alcohol at 25° C; also in 1.4 mils of boiling water.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Benzoate (1 in 20) is neutral or shghtly
alkaline to litmus.
When heated, the salt melts, emits vapors having the odor of benzoic acid,
then chars, and finally leaves a residue of sodium carbonate and carbon. To a
non-luminous flame it imparts an intensely yellow color.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 20) ; a flesh-colored precipitate is deposited.
Diluted hydrochloric or sulphuric acid produces in a concentrated aqueous
solution of the salt a voluminous white preci[)itate of benzoic acid.
Acidulate 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50) with hydrochloric
acid and filter; the filtrate does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see
Part II, Test No. 3).
1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
883
Assay — Dry the salt to constant weight at 110° C. and proceed as directed
under the Assay for alkali salts of organic acnds (sec Part II, Test No. 6). It
shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99 per cent, of NaC7H502.
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.07202
Gra. of NaC7H502. Each gramme of Sodium Benzoate, previously dried,
corresponds to not less than 13.75 mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm, — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SODII BENZOSULPHINIDUM
Sodium Benzosulphinide
Sod. Benzosulphin. — Sodium-Saccharin Soluble Saccharin
The sodium salt ,[NaC7H403NS+2H20 = 241.14] of benzosulphinide.
Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Benzosulphinide occurs in colorless, rhombic prisms or as a white,
crystalline powder; odorless or having a faint aromatic odor and an intensely
sweet taste, even in dilute solutions; somewhat efflorescent.
One Gm. of Sodium Benzosulphinide dissolves in 1.2 mils of water, and in
about 50 mils of alcohol at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is neutral or only slightly alkaline to
litmus, but produces no red color with phenolphthalein T.S.
On incineration the salt leaves a residue consisting chiefly of sodium sulphate.
Mix 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) with 1 mil of hydro-
chloric acid; a crystalline precipitate of benzosulphinide is produced.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the
salt (1 in 20) previously acidulated with from 3 to 5 drops of acetic acid; no
pink or violet precipitate is produced (benzoate or salicylate) .
In other respects it responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Benzosulphinidum, omitting the melting point and the tests for ash, benzoic acid
or salicylic acid.
Average dose — Metric, 0.2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 3 grains.
SODII BICARBONAS
Sodium Bicarbonate
Sod. Bicarb.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of NaHCOa (84.01). Preserve it
in well-closed containers, in a cool place.
Sodium Bicarbonate is a white, opaque powder; odorless, and having a cool-
ing, mildly alkaline taste. It is permanent in dry air, but slowly decomposed in
moist air.
One Gm. of Sodium Bicarbonate dissolves in 10 mils of water at 25° C; insol-
uble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Bicarbonate (1 in 20) when freshly prepared
with cold distilled water, without shaking, is slightly alkaline to htmus. The
alkalinity increases by standing, agitation, or increase in temperature.
When heated above 15° C, an aqueous solution of the salt gradually loses car-
bon dioxide, and at boiling temperature the salt is entirely converted into
normal sodium carbonate.
384 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
When heated, the salt is decomposed into normal sodium carbonate,
water, and carbon dioxide, and at 100° C, the loss is about 36.5 per cent.
of its weight. At a bright red heat the residue fuses. To a non-luminous
flame it imparts an intensely yellow color.
An aqueous solution of the salt effervesces strongly with acids.
No odor of ammonia is evolved on heating Sodium Bicarbonate in a test tube.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 20 mils of distilled water at 25° C.; it yields
a clear and colorless solution, leaving no residue.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt without agitation in 20 mils of distilled water at a
temperature not exceeding 15° C, and add 0.2 mil of normal hydrochloric acid
and 2 drops of phenolphthalein T.S.; a red tint does not appear immediately
{carbonate) .
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), mixed with a slight excess of hydro-
chloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Mix about 3 Gm. of Sodium Bicarbonate, previously dried to
constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed,
with 25 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal sulphuric acid V.S.,
methyl orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt, not
less than 99 per cent, of NaHCOa.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.08401 Gm.
of NaHCOa. Each gramme of Sodium Bicarbonate, previously dried, corre-
sponds to not less than 11.78 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Preparation — Trochisci Sodii Bicarbonatis.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SODII BORAS
Sodium Borate
Sod. Bor. — Borax Sodium Tetraborate Sodium Pyroborate
It contains not less than 52.32 per cent, nor more than 54.92 per cent,
of anhydrous sodium borate (sodium biborate or tetraborate), corre-
sponding to not less than 99 per cent, of the crystallized salt
[Na2B4O7 + 10H2O = 382.16]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Borate occurs as colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms, or as a
white powder; odorless, and having a sweetish, alkaline taste. It is slightly
efflorescent in warm, dry air.
One Gm. of Sodium Borate dissolves in 15 mils of water, and in about 1 mil
of glycerin at 25° C.; also in 0.6 mil of boiling water; insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is alkaline to htmus and turns
turmeric paper reddish-brown. If the solution has been acidulated with
hydrochloric acid, turmeric paper remains unchanged at first, but on drying
becomes brownish-red, and this color is temporarily changed to greenish-black
by moistening with ammonia water.
When heated, the salt at first loses part of its water of crystallization, then
melts, and, when further heated, swells and forms a white porous mass.
At a red heat it loses all of its water of crystallization and fuses to a colorless
glassy mass. To a non-luminous flame it imparts an intensely yellow color.
Form a bead of borax on a platinum wire, dip it in glycerin, and hold it in a
non-luminous flame; a transient, bright green color appears.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) does not effervesce with acids (car-
bonate or bicarbonate).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
I
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 385
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 5 Gm. of Sodium Borate, accurately weighed, in 100
mils of distilled water and titrate the solution with normal hydrochloric acid V.S.,
methyl orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 52.32 per
cent, nor more than 54.92 per cent, of Na2B407.
Each mil of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.1010 Gm.
of Na2B407. Each gramme of Sodium Borate corresponds to not less than
5.18 mils nor more than 5.44 mils of normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.75 Gm, — Apothecaries, 12 grains.
" SODII BROmDUM
Sodium Bromide
Sod. Brom.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
98.5 per cent, of NaBr (102.92). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Bromide occurs as colorless or white, cubical crystals, or as a white,
granular powder; odorless, and having a saline taste. The salt absorbs moisture
from the air without deliquescing.
One Gm. of Sodium Bromide dissolves in 1.1 mils of water and in 16 mils of
alcohol at 25° C.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral or faintly alkaline to litmus.
When heated to a bright red heat, the salt fuses without decomposition, and
at a somewhat higher temperature it volatilizes. To a non-limainous flame
it imparts an intensely yellow color.
Silver nitrate T.S., added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10), produces
a yellowish-white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid or in a moderate excess of
ammonia water.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 10 mils of distilled water and add 0.1 mil of tenth-
normal sulphuric acid V.S. ; no color is produced by the subsequent addition of
a drop of phenolphthalein T.S., even after boiling (alkali).
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. and 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils of
an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) and shake the mixture; the chloroform
does not acquire a violet tint (iodide) .
Drop 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid on about 1 Gm. of the powdered salt; no
yellow color appears at once (hromate) .
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), when acidulated with
hydrochloric acid, is not rendered turbid by the addition of 1 mil of potassium
sulphate T.S. (barium); another 10 mil portion, acidulated with hydrochloric
acid, is not rendered more than slightly turbid by barium chloride T.S. (sulphate).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for bromides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.4 Gm. of Sodium Bromide, dried to constant weight at
100° C. and accurately weighed. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 98.5
per cent, of NaBr.
Each mU of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.010292 Gm.
of NaBr. Each gramme of Sodium Bromide, previously dried, corresponds to
not less than 95.7 mils nor more than 98.3 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
30
386 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
SODII CACODYLAS
Sodium Cacodylate
Sod. Cacodyl.
Sodium dimethylarsenate [Na(CH3)2As02= 160.01], with a somewhat
variable amount of water of crystalHzation. It contains not less than
72 per cent, nor more than 75 per cent, of Na(CH3)2As02. Preserve
it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Cacodylate occurs as white, odorless, deliquescent prisms or as a
granular powder.
One Gm. of Sodium Cacodylate dissolves in about 0.5 mil of water and in
about 2.5 mils of alcohol at 25° C.
A solution of 2 Gm. of Sodium Cacodylatein50milsof distilled water requires
not more than 0.5 mil of tenth-normal acid V.S. or tenth-normal alkali V.S. to
render it neutral to phenolphthalein T.S.
It melts in its water of crystallization at about 60° C. and becomes anhy-
drous at 120° C. The salt burns with a bluish flame, emitting a garlic-like odor.
The salt imparts an intensely yellow color to a non-luminous flame.
A mixture of a few drops of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) with 2
mils of hypophosphorous acid, allowed to stand in a stoppered tube, develops
the odor of cacodyl within one hour.
No turbidity is produced in 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20)
by 1 njil of calcium chloride T.S., either in the cold or en heating {monomethyl-
arsenate). No turbidity is produced in 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 20) by 2 mils of magnesia mixture T.S. within one hour {arsenate or phosphate).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Separate portions of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), acidulated with
nitric acid, are not rendered turbid at once by silver nitrate T.S. {chloride) or
by barium chloride T.S. {sulphate).
Assay — Dissolve about 2.5 Gm. of Sodium Cacodylate, accurately weighed,
in distilled water, render the solution neutral to phenolphthalein T.S., if neces-
sary, and then titrate with normal hydrochloric acid V.S., using methyl orange
T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 72 per cent, nor more than 75 per cent,
of Na(CH3)2As02.
Each mil of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.1600 Gm.
of Na(CH3)2As02. Each gramme of Sodium Cacodylate corresponds to not less
than 4.5 mils nor more than 4.7 mils of normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
SODII CARBONAS MONOHYDRATUS
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate
Sod. Carb. Monohyd.
It contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of Na2C03+H20 (124.02).
Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate is a white, crystalline, granular powder;
odorless, and having a strongly alkaline taste. When exposed to the air, under
ordinary conditions, it absorbs only a slight percentage of moisture; exposed to
warm, dry air at or above 50° C, the salt effloresces, and at 100° C. it becomes
anhydrous.
One Gm. of Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate dissolves in 3 mils of water, and
in 7 mils of glycerin at 25° C; also in 1.8 mils of boihng water; insoluble in alcohol.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 387
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is strongly alkaline to litmus and
phenolphthalein T.S., and effervesces with acids.
An aqueous solution of the salt imparts an intensely yellow color to a non-
luminous flame.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), mixed with a slight excess of hydro-
chloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Dissolve about 2.5 Gm. of Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate, accu-
rately weighed, in about 25 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal sul-
phuric acid V.S., methyl orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not
less than 99.5 per cent, of Na2C03+H20,
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.06201 Gm.
of Na^COa+HgO. Each gramme of Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate cor-
responds to not less than 16.05 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 4 grains.
SODII CHLORIDUM
Sodium Chloride
Sod. Chlorid.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 110° C, not less than
99 per cent, of NaCl (58.46). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Chloride occurs as colorless, transparent, cubical crystals, or as a
white, crystalline powder; odorless, and having a purely saline taste. It is
usually slightly hygroscopic.
One Gm. of Sodium Chloride dissolves in 2.8 mils of water, and in 10 mils of
glycerin at 25° C; also in 2.7 mils of boiUng water; sHghtly soluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is neutral to litmus.
When heated the salt decrepitates. At a red heat it fuses, and at a white
heat it is slowly volatilized and partly decomposed. To a non-luminous flame
it imparts an intensely yellow color.
With silver nitrate T.S. an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields a white,
curdy precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid, but readily soluble in ammonia water.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Chloride does not respond to the Test for
hea\^ metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Separate portions of 10 mils each of an aqueous solution of Sodium Chloride
(1 in 100), after the addition of 1 mil of ammonia water, show no immediate
turbidity upon the addition of ammonium oxalate T.S. (calcium) or of sodium
phosphate T.S. {magnesium).
Digest 2 Gm. of the finely powdered salt for three hours with 25 mils of warm
alcohol, cool the mixture and remove the undissolved salt by filtration. Evap-
orate the filtrate to dryness, dissolve the residue in 5 mils of distilled water, add
1 mil of cliloroform, and cautiously introduce, drop by drop, with constant
agitation, chlorine T.S. which has been diluted with twice its volume of distilled
water. The chloroform does not acquire a violet, yellow, or orange color
{iodide or bromide).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for chlorides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.25 Gm. of Sodium Chloride, dried to constant weight at
110° C. and accurately weighed. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 99
per cent, of NaCl.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. corresponds to 0.005846 Gm.
of NaCl. Each gramme of Sodium Chloride, previously dried, corresponds
to not less than 169.3 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Sodii Chloridi Physiologicus.
Average dose — Metric, 15 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 4 drachms.
388 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
SODII CITRAS
Sodium Citrate
Sod. Cit.
It contains not less than 98 per cent, of Na3C6H507+2H20 (294.07).
Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Citrate occurs in small crystals or as a white, granular powder; odor-
less, and having a cooling, sahne taste.
One Gm. of Sodium Citrate dissolves in 1.3 mils of water at 25° C; also in
0.6 mil of boiUng water; insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Citrate (1 in 20) is slightly alkaUne to Utmus
but is not reddened by 1 drop of phenolphthalein T.S.
When heated to about 150° C, the salt loses all of its water of crystalliza-
tion; on ignition at a red heat, it carbonizes and emits inflammable gases which
have a very pungent, acrid odor, and a residue remains which is alkaline to
litmus and strongly effervesces with acids.
To a non-luminous flame, the salt imparts an intensely yellow color.
Mix 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with 10 mils of calcium
chloride T.S. ; the liquid remains clear until it is boiled, when a white, granular
precipitate is produced.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for
arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for alkali salts of organic acids (see
Part II, Test No. 6) . It shows not less than 98 per cent, of Na3C6H507+2H20.
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.04901
Gm. of Na3C6H507-f 2H2O. Each gramme of Sodium Citrate corresponds to
not less than 20 mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SODII CYANIDUM
Sodium Cyanide
Sod. Cyanid.
It contains not less than 95 per cent, of NaCN (49.01). Preserve it
in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Note — SodiumCyanide replaces potassium cyanide of the U.S.P. VIII.
Sodium Cyanide occurs in the form of white, opaque, amorphous pieces, or as
a white, granular powder; odorless when perfectly dry; deliquescent in the air
and exhaling the odor of hydrocyanic acid. Great caution must be used in handling
this salt.
It is freely soluble in cold water.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is strongly alkaline to litmus, and
emits the odor of hydrocyanic acid.
At a low red heat the salt fuses. To a non-luminous flame it imparts an
intensely yellow color.
TJNITED STATES Ot' AMERICA 389
A few drops of a solution of the salt (1 in 20) yield with silver nitrate T.S. a
white precipitate, wliich is soluble in an excess of the solution of Sodium Cyanide,
and in ammonia water.
Shake 5 mils of a solution of the salt (1 in 20) with a few droi)S each of
ferrous sulphate T.S. and of ferric chloride T.S., and then add a shght excess of
hydrochloric acid; a blue precipitate (iron ferrocyanide) is i)roduccd.
In 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) a drop of ferric chloride
T.S. followed by 2 mils of diluted hych-ochloric acid produces neither a dark
blue color (ferrocyanide) nor a red color (.•iulphocijanale).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.45 Gm. of Sodium Cyanide, accurately weighed,
in 25 mils of distilled water, add 4 mils of ammonia water, 3 drops of potassium
iodide T.S. and titrate with tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. to the production
of a permanent precipitate. It shows not less than 95 per cent, of NaCN.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to
0.009802 Gm. of NaCN. Each gramme of Sodium Cyanide corresponds to not
less than 96.9 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
SODH GLYCEROPHOSPHAS
Sodium Glycerophosphate
Sod. Qlycerophos. — Sodium Glycerinophosphate
Hydrated Sodium Glycerophosphate containing not less than 68 per
cent, of the anhydrous salt [NaaCaHTPOe or C3H5(0H)2P04Na2 =
216.10].
Sodium Glycerophosphate occurs as white, monochnic plates or scales, or as
a white powder, having a saline taste; odorless.
It is very soluble in cold or hot water; nearly insoluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is alkaline to htmus and to phenol-
phthalein T.S.
When strongly heated the salt is decomposed, evohang inflammable vapors,
and at a red heat is converted into sodium pyrophosphate.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Sodiima Glycerophosphate in 10 mils of distilled water and
adds drops of phenolphthalein T.S.; the red color produced is discharged by
the addition of 1.5 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. (free alkali).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Add an equal volume of cold ammonium molj'bdate T.S. to 10 mils of an
aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20); no precipitate is formed ^•ithin one hour
(phosphates). On heating this mixture a yellow precipitate is formed.
Triturate 1 Gm. of the salt with 20 mils of dehydrated alcohol, filter the
mixture, evaporate the filtrate on a water bath and dry the residue for one
hour at a temperature not exceeding 70° C; the weight of this residue does not
exceed 0.01 Gm. (alcohol-soluble impurities) .
Assay — Dissolve about 3 Gm. of the salt, accurately weighed, in 30 mils of
distilled water and titrate with half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S., using methyl
orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 68 per cent, of Na2C3H7P06.
Each mil of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to
0,10805 Gm. of Na2C3H7P06. Each gramme of Sodium Glycerophosphate
corresponds to not less than 6.29 mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.25 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 4 grains.
390 THE PHARMACOPCElA OF THE
SODII HYDROXIDUM
Sodium Hydroxide
Sod. Hydrox. — Caustic Soda Sodium Hydrate
It contains not less than 90 per cent, of NaOH (40.01), Preserve it in
well-closed containers. If bottles are used as containers they must be
made of hard glass.
Sodium Hydroxide occurs as dry, white, or nearly white, fused masses, or
sticks, hard and brittle, showing a crystalline fracture; odorless. Great caution
is necessary in using it, as it rapidly destroys organic tissues. Exposed to the
air, it deliquesces, absorbs carbon dioxide, and becomes covered with a coating
of carbonate.
One Gm. of Sodium Hydroxide dissolves in 0.9 mil of water at 25° C; also
in about 0.3 mil of boiling water; very soluble in alcohol.
A solution of Sodium Hydroxide even When greatly diluted is strongly alkaline
to Utmus.
When introduced into a non-luminous flame, it imparts to it an intensely
yellow color.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Hydroxide (1 in 20) is clear and colorless
{organic matter or insoluble impurities), and, after being acidulated with acetic
acid, it yields no precipitate on the addition of an excess of tartaric acid T.S.,
or upon the addition of a few drops of sodium cobaltic nitrite T.S. (potassium).
An aqueous solution of Sodium Hydroxide (1 in 50), slightly acidulated with
hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. 3). ^ ,.
Assay — Dissolve in a 500 mil graduated flask about 10 Gm. of Sodium
Hydroxide, accurately weighed in a glass-stoppered weighing-bottle, in 250 mils
of distilled water, which has previously been boiled and cooled, and add 15 mils
of barium chloride T.S. Fill the flask to the mark with distilled water, which has
previously been boiled and cooled, and thoroughly agitate the Uquid. Filter it
through a dry filter into a dry flask (rejecting the first 20 mils) and titrate 100
mils of the clear filtrate with normal hydrochloric acid V.S., using phenolphtha-
lein T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 90 per cent, of NaOH.
Each mil of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.04001
Gm. of NaOH. Each gramme of Sodium Hydroxide corresponds to not less than
22.5 mils of normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Preparation — Liquor Sodii Hydroxidi.
SODII HYPOPHOSPHIS
Sodium Hypophosphite
Sod. Hypophos.
It contains not less than 98 per cent, of NaPHsOs+HsO (106.07).
Preserve it in well-closed containers. Caution should be observed in
dispensing Sodium Hypophosphite, as an explosion is liable to occur
when it is triturated or heated with nitrates, chlorates or other oxidizing
agents.
Sodium H5T5ophosphite occurs as small, colorless, transparent, rectangular
plates of a pearly luster, or as a white, granular powder; odorless, and having
a saline taste. It is deUquescent on exposure to moist air.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 391
One Gm. of Soclium Hypophosphite dissolves in 1 mil of water at 25°C.; also in
about 0.15 mil of boiling water; soluble in alcohol, slightly soluble in dehydrated
alcohol, and freely soluble in glycerin at 25° C; freely soluble in boiling alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Hypophosphite (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly
alkahne to Utmus.
When heated in a test tube, the salt at first loses its water of crystallization,
and upon further heating is decomposed, evolving spontaneously inflammable
hydrogen phosphide, which burns with a bright yellow flame. To a non-lumi-
nous flame the salt imparts an intensely yellow color.
When an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), acidulated with hydrochloric
acid, is added drop by drop vriih agitation to an excess of mercuric chloride T.S.,
a white precipitate of mercurous chloride is formed. Upon the further addition
of the solution of Sodium Hypophosphite, the precipitate becomes gray from
reduction to metallic mercury.
A solution of 1 Gm. of the salt in about 10 mils of distilled water requires
not more than 1.5 mils of tenth-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. for neutraliza-
tion, methyl orange T.S. being used as indicator.
Heat 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 5) in a test tube with 0.5
nail of diluted hydrochloric acid on a water bath for thirty minutes; no offensive
odor is developed.
Measure 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 25) into a beaker con-
taining 3 mils of nitric acid, diluted with about 10 mils of distilled water, and
evaporate the mixture to dryness on a water bath ; the residue meets the require-
ments of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Add magnesia mixture T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 20), made alkaline ■with ammonia water; it is not affected within one
minute (phosphate).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Sodium Hypophosphite, accurately weighed,
in 10 mils of distilled water, add 10 mils of nitric acid and evaporate the
solution to dryness on a water bath. Then add 5 mils of nitric acid and
again evaporate to dryness on a water bath. Dissolve the residue in 20 mils
of distilled water, add a drop of phenolphthalein T.S. and sufficient special
potassium h^-droxide T.S. (see Reagents) to produce a pink color, and then dilute
to exactly 100 mils with distilled water. Transfer 10 mils of this solution to a
100 mil graduated flask, add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. and
proceed from this point as directed in the assaj' under Sodii Phosphas. It
shows, in the dried salt, not less than 98 per cent, of NaPH202+H20.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.0035357
Gm. of NaPH202+H20. Each gramme of Sodium Hypophosphite corresponds
to not less than 277.2 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Syrupus Hypophosphitum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SODII INDIGOTINDISULPHONAS
Sodium Indigotindisulphonate
Sod. IndigOtin. — Indigo Carmine
Chiefly the sodium salt [Ci6H80aN2(S03Na)2 = 466.22] of indigotindi-
sulphonic acid.
Sodium Indigotindisulphonate occurs as a blue powder or as a dark piu^le
paste.
392 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
Before applying the following tests to the paste, deprive it of water by drying
it to constant weight at 100° C.
When compressed, it acquires a coppery luster.
Sodium Indigotindisulphonate is sparingly soluble in water, yielding a dark
blue solution; almost insoluble in alcohol.
The addition of nitric acid, bromine water, or chlorine water to an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 200) discharges the blue color. The blue color is also
discharged by warming this solution with sodium hydroxide and zinc dust or with
stannous chloride T.S.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Sodium Indigotindisulphonate, previously dried to constant
weight at 100° C, in 200 mils of distilled water, filter the solution through
counterbalanced filters, wash the filters and residue with distilled water until the
washings cease to be colored blue, and dry at 100° C. The dry, insoluble residue
remaining on the filter does not exceed 2 per cent.
Boil about 0.2 Gm. of Sodium Indigotindisulphonate for two minutes with
10 mils of distilled water, cool, and then triturate the solution with small por-
tions of bromine water until the blue color disappears. On now adding a few
drops of potassium iodide T.S. to the hquid, no blue color is produced (starch
or starch iodide).
Add 15 mils of solution of hydrogen dioxide and 10 mils of sodium hydroxide
T.S. to about 0.2 Gm. of the salt, shake the mixture until the blue color dis-
appears, then evaporate the liquid to about 10 mils, cool, acidulate with hydro-
chloric acid, and add a few drops of ferrous sulphate T.S.; no blue color is pro-
duced {iron ferricyanide or ferrocyanide) .
SODII lODIDUM
Sodium Iodide
Sod. lod.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
99 per cent, of Nal (149.92). It contains not more than 7 per cent, of
moisture. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Iodide occurs as colorless, cubical crystals, or as a white, crystalline
powder; odorless, and having a saline taste. In moist air Sodium Iodide deli-
quesces, or at first cakes and then deliquesces, and frequently undergoes decom-
position, assuming a brown tint.
One Gm. of Sodium Iodide dissolves in 0.55 mil of water, about 2 mils of
alcohol, and in 1 mil of glycerin at 25° C.; also in 0.4 mil of boiling water.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Iodide (1 in 20) is neutral or sUghtly alkaline
to litmus.
When strongly heated, the salt melts, and at a bright red heat it is slowly
volatilized and partly decomposed. To a non-luminous flame it imparts an
intensely yellow color.
Add 1 mil of ferric chloride T.S., diluted with an equal volume of distilled
water, to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20); and shake the
mixture with 5 mils of chloroform; the latter acquires a violet color.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 10 mils of distilled water, and add 0.15 mil of
tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.; no red color is produced by the addition of a
drop of phenolphthalein T.S. (alkali).
A solution of 1 Gm. of the salt in 1 mil of distilled water yields no precipitate
with 1 mil of sodium bitartrate T.S. (potassium) .
Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of the salt in 10 mils of distilled water, which has been
previoasly boiled and cooled, and add 2 drops of diluted sulphuric acid (free
from sulphurous or nitrous acid), no distinct, yellow color appears within half a
minute (iodale), and no turbidity occurs (Ihiosulphate) .
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 393
Add 5 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S. and about 0.2 Gm. of aluminum wire
to a solution of 1 Gm. of Sodium Iodide, in 5 mils of distilled water contained
in a test tube of about 40 mils capacity. Insert a pledget of purified cotton
in the upper portion of the test tube, and place a piece of moistened red htmus
paper over its mouth. On heating the tube and contents upon a water bath for
fifteen minutes, no blue coloration of the paper is discernible (nitrate or nitrite).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), acidulated with hydro-
chloric acid, is not rendered turbid by the addition of 1 mil of potassium sul-
phate T.S. {barium); another 10 mil portion of an aqueous solution (1 in 20),
acidulated with hydrochloric acid, is not rendered more than shghtly turbid by
a few drops of barium chloride T.S. (sulphate).
Heat gently 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) with 1 drop'of
ferrous sulphate T.S., 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S., and 0.5 mil of potassium
hydroxide T.S.; no blue color appears after acidulating the mixture with hydro-
chloric acid (cyanide).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
When dried to constant weight at 100° C, it loses not more than 7 per cent, of
its weight (moisture).
Assay— Proceed as directed under the Assay for iodides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.5 Gm. of Sodium Iodide, previously dried to constant
weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed. It shows, in the dried salt, not
less than 99 per cent, of Nal.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.014992 Gm.
of Nal. Each gramme of Sodium Iodide, previously dried, corresponds to not
less than 66 mils nor more than 67.7 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
SODII NITRIS
Sodium Nitrite
Sod. Nitris
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 95 per cent, of NaN02 (69.01). Preserve it
in well-closed containers.
Sodium Nitrite occurs as white, or nearly white, opaque, fused masses, or
sticks, as colorless, transparent, hexagonal crystals, or as a granular powder ;
odorless, and having a mild, saline taste.
When exposed to the air, the salt deliquesces and is gradually oxidized to
sodium nitrate, and becomes unfit for use.
One Gm. of Sodium Nitrite dissolves in 1.5 mils of water at 25° C; sparingly
soluble in alcohol; very soluble in boiUng water.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Nitrite (1 in 10) is slightly alkaUne to litmus.
When heated the salt melts, and at a red heat is decomposed, yielding oxj-gen,
nitrogen, nitrogen dioxide, and sodium oxide. To a non-luminous flame it
imparts an intensely 3'ellow color.
Mix 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) with 5 drops of potassium
iodide T.S. and add 5 drops of h3^drochloric acid; iodine is liberated, and nitrogen
dioxide gas escapes \vith effervescence.
Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of the salt in 25 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid, evaporate
the solution to dryness and dissolve the residue in 25 mils of distilled water,
adding a few drops of diluted hydrochloric acid; 10 mils of the resulting solution
does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3),
394 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Sodium Nitrite, previously dried to constant
weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed in a stoppered
weighing-bottle, in sufficient distilled water to make 100 mils, and add 10 mils
of this solution, from a pipette, to a solution consisting of 50 mils of tenth-normal
potassium permanganate V.S., 100 mils of distilled water and 5 mils of sulphuric
acid. In adding the sodium nitrite solution, immerse the tip of the pipette
beneath the surface of the permanganate mixture. Warm the liquid to 40° C.,
allow it to stand for five minutes and then titrate with tenth-normal oxalic
acid V.S. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than 95 per cent, of NaN02.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.0034505 Gm. of NaN02. Each gramme of Sodium Nitrite, previously
dried, corresponds to not less than 275.3 mils of tenth-normal potassium per-
manganate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
SODII PERBORAS
Sodium Perborate
Sod. Perbor.
It contains not less than 9 per cent, of available oxygen, correspond-
ing to about 86.5 per cent, of NaB03+4H20 (154.06). Preserve it in
well-closed containers, in a cool place.
Sodium Perborate occurs as white, crystalline granules or as a powder; odor-
less, and having a saUne taste. It is stable in cool and dry air, but is decom-
posed with the evolution of oxygen in warm or moist air.
Sodium Perborate is soluble in water.
A saturated aqueous solution of the salt is alkaline to litmus or phenolphthalein
T.S. In aqueous solution the salt is decomposed into metaborate and hydrogen
dioxide, the solution gradually evolving oxygen. Oxygen is evolved more rapidly
if the solution is warmed.
The salt imparts an intensely yellow color to a non-luminous flame. Tm--
meric paper, if moistened with an aqueous solution of the salt which has been
acidulated with hydrochloric acid, becomes brown in color,. particularly on dry-
ing; on moistening the dried test paper with ammonia water, the color is changed
to greenish-black.
Agitate a mixture of 1 mil of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), 1 mil
of diluted sulphuric acid, a few drops of potassium dichromate T.S., and 2 mils
of ether; the ether acquires a blue color.
Strongly heat 0.5 Gm. of the salt in a platinum crucible, and dissolve the
residue in 25 mils of distilled water with the aid of a few drops of hydrochloric
acid; 10 mils of the resulting solution does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.25 Gm. of the salt, accurately weighed, in a mixture
of 50 mils of distilled water and 10 mils of diluted sulphuric acid and titrate the
solution with tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. It shows not less
than 9 per cent, of available oxygen.
Each mil of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.0008 Gm. of available oxygen. Each gramme of Sodium Perborate corre-
sponds to not less than 112.5 mils of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 395
SODII PHENOLSULPHONAS
Sodium Phenolsulphonate
Sod. Phenolsulph. — Sodium Sulphocarbolate
It contains not less than 83.64 per cent, nor more than 87.82 per cent.
of anhydrous sodium phenolsulphonate (sodium paraphenolsulpho-
nate), corresponding to not less than 99 per cent, of the crystallized salt
[NaC6H50.S03+2H20 = 232.14]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Phenolsulphonate occurs as colorless, transparent, rhombic prisms
or crj'stalline granules; odorless, and having a coohng, saline, bitter taste. It
is somewhat efflorescent in dry air.
One Gm. of Sodium Phenolsulphonate dissolves in 4.2 mils of water, 140
mils of alcohol and in about 5 mils of glycerin at 25° G.; also in 0.8 mil of boil-
ing water and 13.5 mils of boiling alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Phenolsulphonate (1 in 10) is neutral to
litmus.
When heated slightly above 100° C, the salt loses all of its water of crystal-
lization and becomes white. At a higher temperature it chars, emits inflammable
vapors having the odor of phenol, and finally leaves a residue consisting chiefly of
sodium sulphate. To a non-luminous flame it imparts an intensely yellow color.
A diluted solution of the salt (1 in 100) is rendered pale violet by ferric chloride
T.S., but remains clear; barium chloride T.S. leaves the solution of the original
salt clear, but if the salt is ignited, and the residue dissolved in distilled water,
the same reagent produces in the filtered solution a copious, white precipitate.
Add bromine T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100); a
permanent yellow color but neither turbidity nor precipitation is produced
within two minutes (phenol).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II. Test No. 3).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.25 Gm. of Sodium Phenolsulphonate, accurately
weighed, in 50 mils of distilled water, add 50 mils of tenth-normal bromine V.S.
and 5 mils of hydrochloric acid. Allow the mixture to stand for fifteen minutes,
then add 2 Gm. of potassium iodide dissolved in 5 mils of distilled water, and
subject the solution to residual titration wath tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate
V.S., using starch T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 83.64 per cent, nor
more than 87.82 per cent, of NaC6H504S.
Each mil of tenth-normal bromine V.S. used corresponds to 0.004903 Gm.
of NaC6H504S. Each gramme ot Sodium Phenolsulphonate corresponds to
not less than 170.6 mils nor more than 179.1 mils of tenth-normal bromine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 4 grains,
SODII PHOSPHAS
Sodium Phosphate
Sod. Phos.
It contains not less than 39.25 per cent, nor more than 44.00 per
cent, of anhydrous sodium phosphate (di-sodium-ortho-phosphate),
corresponding to not less than 99 per cent, of the crystallized salt
[Na2HP04+ I2H2O = 358.24]. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in ft
cool place.
306 THE phahmacopceia of the
Sodium Phosphate occurs as large, colorless, monoclinic prisms, or as a granu-
lar, crystalline salt; odorless, and having a cooling, saline taste. The crystals
effloresce in the air.
One Gm. of Sodium Phosphate dissolves in 2.7 mils of water at 25° C; insol-
uble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Phosphate (1 in 10) is alkaline to litmus and
phenolphthalein T.S.
When heated to about 40° C, the salt fuses, yielding a colorless Uquid; at
100° C. it loses all of its water of crystallization and at a red heat is converted
into sodium pyrophosphate. It imparts an intensely yellow color to a non-
luminous flame.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields a white, crystalline precipi-
tate with magnesia mixture T.S.
Not more than a slight turbidity appears on dissolving 1 Gm. of the salt in
20 mils of distilled water {calcium or aluminum).
No effervescence occurs on the addition of hydrochloric or nitric acid to a
solution of the salt {carbonate).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
Add a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the
salt (1 in 20), previously mixed with 5 mils of diluted nitric acid; not more
than an opalescence is produced {chloride).
Assay — Introduce about 0.4 Gm. of Sodium Phosphate, accurately weighed,
into a 100 mil graduated flask, dissolve it in 10 mils of distilled water, add 50
mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. and agitate the mixture well. Then
gradually add zinc o.xide (see page 554) in small portions until the hquid is
neutral to litmus. Then add distilled water to make 100 mils, agitate the mix-
ture thoroughly, filter through a dry filter, rejecting the first 20 mils of filtrate,
collect 50 mils of the subsequent filtrate, add 2 mils of nitric acid and 2 mils of
ferric ammonium sulphate T.S., and titrate with tenth-normal potassium sulpho-
cyanate V.S. to the production of a permanent red color. It shows not less than
39.25 per cent, nor more than 44 per cent, of Na2HP04.
. Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.004735 Gm.
of Na2HP04. Each gramme of Sodium Phosphate corresponds to not less than
82.9 mils nor more than 92.9 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Sodii Phosphas Exsiccatus.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachm.
SODII PHOSPHAS EFFERVESCENS
Effervescent Sodium Phosphate
Sod. Phos. Eff.
Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate, in fine powder, two
hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Sodium Bicarbonate, dried and powdered, four hundred
and seventy-seven grammes 477 Gm.
Tartaric Acid, dried and powdered, two hundred and fifty-
two grammes 252 Gm.
Citric Acid, uneffloresced crystals, one hundred and sixty-
two grammes 162 Gm.
To make about one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 397
Powder the citric acid and mix it intimately with the exsiccated
sodium phosphate and tartaric acid, then thoroughly incorporate the
sodium bicarbonate.
Place the mixed powders on a plate of glass or in a suitable dish, in
an oven heated to between 93° and 104° C. Manipulate the mixture
carefully with a wooden spatula, and, when it has become moist, rub
it through a No. 6 tinned-iron sieve, and dry the granules at a tempera-
ture not exceeding 54° C. Immediately transfer the salt to suitable con-
tainers and seal them tightly. Care must be taken to prevent the salt
from coming in contact with air containing moisture.
Average dose — Metric, 10 Gm. — Apothecaries, 23^ drachms.
SODII PHOSPHAS EXSICCATUS
Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate
Sod. Phos. Exsic.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 110° C, not less than
98 per cent, of Na2HP04 (142.05). Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Phosphate, a convenient quantity.
Allow the crystals to effloresce for several daj^s in warm air, at a
temperature of from 25° to 30° C, then continue the drying in an oven,
raising the temperature very gradually until 100° C. has been reached,
and maintaining this temperature until the salt ceases to lose weight.
Powder and sift the residue and transfer it to well-closed containers.
Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate is a white powder which absorbs moisture
readily, and which, after allowance is made for the loss of water of crystalliza-
tion, conforms to the reactions and tests under Sodii Phosphas.
One Gm. of Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate dissolves in 8.1 mils of water at
25° C; also in 1.1 mils of boihng water; insoluble in alcohol.
Assay — Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate, when quantitatively estimated by the
assay method under Sodii Phosphas, using about 0.15 Gm. of the salt, previously
dried to constant weight at 110° C. and accurately weighed, shows, in the dried
salt, not less than 98 per cent, of Na2HP04.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.004735
Gm. of Na2HP04. Each gramme of Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate, previously
dried, corresponds to not less than 207 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Preparation — Sodii Phosphas Effervescens,
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
398 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
SODII SALICYLAS
Sodium Salicylate
Sod. Salicyl.
It contains, when dried to constant weight at 100° C, not less than
99.5 per cent, of NaCvHsOa (160.04). Preserve it in well-closed con-
tainers, protected from heat and light.
Sodium Salicylate occurs as a white, micro-crystalline powder, or in scales, or
as an amorphous powder; colorless or having not more than a faint pink tinge;
odorless, or having a faint, characteristic odor and a sweet, saline taste.
One Gm. of Sodium Salicylate dissolves in 0.9 mil of water and in 9.2 mils of
alcohol at 25° C; very soluble in boiling water or in boiling alcohol; soluble in
glycerin.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Salicylate (1 in 10) when freshly made is
colorless or nearly colorless, and neutral or slightly acid to litmus.
When heated the salt is decomposed, giving off inflammable vapors and an
odor of phenol, and finally leaving a residue of sodium carbonate and carbon.
To a non-luminous flame it imparts an intensely yellow color.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to an excess of a concentrated aqueous
solution of Sodium Salicylate (1 in 4); a dark red color and a precipitate are
produced. In a solution of the salt (1 in 100) adeep vaolet-blue color is produced.
Diluted hydrochloric acid or sulphuric acid produces a voluminous, white
precipitate in a concentrated aqueous solution of the salt.
Add 1 mil of hydrochloric acid to a solution of 1 Gm. of Sodium Salicylate in
20 mils of distilled water and filter the Uquid; the filtrate does not decolorize 2
drops of tenth-normal iodine V.S. (sulphite or thiosulphate).
Add a slight excess of hydrochloric acid to an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 50), and filter; the filtrate does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for alkali salts of organic acids (see
Part II, Test No. 6), using about 2 Gm. of Sodium Salicylate, previously dried
to constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed. It shows, in the dried
salt, not less than 99.5 per cent, of NaCvHsOa.
Each mil of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.08002 Gm. of
NaCvHsOa. Each gramme of Sodium Salicylate, previously dried, corresponds to
not less than 12.43 mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SODII SULPHAS
Sodium Sulphate
Sod. Sulph — Glauber's Salt
It contains not less than 43.64 per cent, nor more than 48 per cent, of
anhydrous sodium sulphate, corresponding to not less than 99 p(>r cent,
of the crystallized salt [Na2SO4+10H2O = 322.23]. Preserve it in well-
closed containers, in a cool place.
Sodium Sulphate occurs as large, colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms,
or granular crystals; odorless, and having a bitter, saline taste. The salt efflo-
resces rapidly in the air.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 399
One Gin. of Sodium Sulphate dissolves in slightly over 1 mil of water at 25° C;
insoluble in alcohol; soluble in glycerin; when heated to about 33° C. it melts in
its water of crystallization.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is neutral to litmus.
When gently heated the salt fuses, and, on (iontinuing the heat to 100° C, it
loses air of its water of crystallization (about 5(3 per cent.). At a red heat, the
anhydrous salt fuses without decomposition. To a nou-luminous flame it
imparts an intensely yellow color.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Sulphate (1 in 20) yields with barium chloride
T.S. a wiiite precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Sodium Sulphate, accurately weighed, in
100 mils of distilled water, acidulate the solution with hydrocliloric acid and
heat it to boiling. Gradually add an excess of hot barium chloride T.S., heat
for thirt}^ minutes on a water bath, collect the precipitate of barium sulphate
on a filter, wash it until silver nitrate T.S. no longer produces an opalescence in
2 mils of the filtrate acidulated with nitric acid, dry, ignite, and weigh it. It
corresponds to not less than 43.04 per cent, nor more than 48 per cent, of
Na2S04.
Each gramme of Sodium Sulphate corresponds to not less than 0.717 Gm. nor
more than 0.789 Gm. of BaS04.
A\'ERAGE DOSE — Metric, 15 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 drachms.
SODII SULPHIS EXSICCATUS
Exsiccated Sodium Sulphite
Sod. Sulphis Exsic.
It contains not less than 90 per cent, of Na2S03 (126.07). Preserve
it in well-closed containers, in a cool place.
Exsiccated Sodium Sulphite occurs as a white powder; odorless, and having a
cooling, saUne, sulphurous taste. Exposed to the air, it is slowly oxidized to
sulphate.
One Gm. of Sodium Sulphite dissolves in 3.2 mils of water at 25° C; sparingly
soluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is alkahne to litmus.
At a red heat, the salt fuses to a reddish-yellow mass of sodium sulphate and
sodium sulpliide. To a non-luminous flame the salt imparts an intensely yellow
color.
Upon the addition of hydrochloric acid to the salt, sulphur dioxide is liberated,
which is recognized by its odor, and by its blackening a strip of paper moistened
with mercurous nitrate T.S. held in the escaping gas.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Exsiccated Sodium Sulphite in 10 mils of diluted hydro-
chloric acid and heat the solution sufficiently to expel the gases; the liquid does
not become tm-bid (thiosulphate) .
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 20 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid, evaporate
the solution to dryness, and dissolve the residue in 50 mils of distilled water.
Ten mils of this solution does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see
Part II, Test No. 3).
400 THE PHAEMAC0P(E1A OF THE
Add 3 mils of nitric acid to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 25),
cautiously evaporate the solution to dryness on a water bath, and treat the
residue with a few mils of distilled water and filter the liquid. On evaporating
the filtrate and washings to dryness, this residue meets the requirements of the
Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Add about 0.3 Gm. of Exsiccated Sodium Sulphite, accurately weighed,
to 50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S. in a glass-stoppered flask, agitate the
mixture until complete solution results and titrate with tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 90
per cent, of Na2S03.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.006304 Gm. of
NaaSOa. Each gramme of Exsiccated Sodium Sulphite corresponds to not less
than 142.8 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SODII THIOSULPHAS
Sodium Thiosulphate
Sod. Thiosulph. — "Sodium Hyposulphite"
It contains not less than 63.07 per cent, nor more than 67.48 per
cent, of anhydrous sodium thiosulphate, corresponding to not less than
99 per cent, of the crystallized salt [NaaSsOa+SHaO = 248.22]. Preserve
it in well-closed containers.
Sodium Thiosulphate occurs as colorless, transparent, monoclinic prisms;
odorless, and having a cooling, afterwards bitter taste. It is permanent in the
air below 33° C, but efflorescent in dry air above that temperature; slightly
deliquescent in moist air.
One Gm. of Sodium Thiosulphate dissolves in 0.5 mil of water at 25° C; insol-
uble in alcohol; at boiling temperatures it is rapidly decomposed.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is neutral or faintlj' alkaline to litmus.
When rapid)y heated the salt melts. When heated slowly until it is effloresced,
and afterwards to 100° C, it undergoes partial decomposition, loses all of its
water of crystallization, and at red heat is decomposed, sulphur being liberated,
while a residue of sodium sulphide and sodium sulphate remains. To a non-
luminous flame it imparts an intensely yellow color.
An aqueous solution of Sodium Thiosulphate readily dissolves many com-
pounds of silver (chloride, bromide, iodide, oxide, etc.) and discharges the color
of a solution of iodine or of starch iodide.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the
salt (1 in 10); a dark violet color is produced which disappears rapidly upon
agitation.
The addition of sulphuric or hydrochloric acid to an aqueous solution of
Sodium Thiosulphate liberates sulphur dioxide (recognized by its odor, and by
its blackening a strip of paper moistened with mercurous nitrate T.S. held in
the escaping gas) ; a white precipitate of sulphur is also formed (distinction from
sulphite or bisulphite).
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is not rendered turbid by the addi-
tion of ammonium oxalate T.S. (calcium).
Add 10 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid to 1 Gm. of the salt, evaporate it to
dryness on a water bath, heat the residue with 50 mils of distilled water and
filter. Ten mils of this filtrate does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Teat No. 3).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 401
Add 3 mils of nitric acid to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 25),
evaporate the solution cautiously to dryness on a water bath, treat the residue
with a few mils of distilled water, filter the Uquid and evaporate the filtrate and
washings to dryness; the residue meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Sodium Thiosulphate, accurately weighed, in
about 20 mils of distilled water and titrate with tenth-normal iodine V.S.,
starch T.S. being used as indicator. It shows not less than 63.07 per cent,
nor more than 67.48 per cent, of Na2S203.
Each mil of tenth-normal iodine V.S. used corresponds to 0.015814 Gm. of
Na2S203. Each gramme of Sodium Thiosulphate corresponds to not less than
39.9 mils nor more than 42.7 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
SPARTEINE SULPHAS
Sparteine Sulphate
Spartein. Sulph.
The sulphate [Ci5H2 6N2Jl2S04+5H20 = 422.39] of sparteine, a liquid
alkaloid obtained iromCytisus Scoparius (Linne), Link {Fsiin. Legumi-
nosce) . Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Sparteine Sulphate occurs in colorless, rhombohedral crystals, or as a crystal-
line powder; odorless, and having a slightly saline and somewhat bitter taste.
It is hj'groscopic.
One Gm. of Sparteine Sulphate dissolves in 1.1 mils of water and in 3 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or acid to litmus.
Add 25 mils of ether and a few drops of diluted ammonia water, avoiding an
excess, to about 0.1 Gm. of Sparteine Sulphate in a test tube, then add to the
mixture an ethereal solution of iodine (1 in 50) until the liquid, when shaken,
turns from an orange to a dark reddish-brown color. After a short time, the
bottom and sides of the test tube will be coated with minute, dark greenish-
brown crystals.
Barium chloride T.S. produces a white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric
acid when added to an aqueous solution of Sparteine Sulphate.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Sparteine Sulphate; not more than 0.1 per cent, of
ash remains.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is colorless
(readily carbonizable organic impurities).
Shake about 0.1 Gm. of Sparteine Sulphate in a test tube with 5 mils of potas-
sium hydroxide T.S., the hquid at first becomes turbid, and small, colorless or
nearty colorless drops of sparteine gradually collect on the surface. Suspend a
strip of moistened red htmus paper in the mouth of a test tube, and apply a
gentle heat; the test paper gradually acquires a blue color, but no odor of
ammonia is perceptible {ammonium salts).
A mixture of about 0.1 Gm. of Sparteine Sulphate, 0.5 mil of chloroform and
0.5 mil of alcoholic half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. does not emit an odor
of phenylisocyanide on heating (aniline).
Average dose — IVIetric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }/q grain.
402 THE PHARMAC0P(EIA OP THE
SPIGELIA
Spigella
Pinkroot
The dried rhizome and roots of Spigelia marilandica Linne (Fam.
Loganiaceoe) , without the presence or admixture of more than 10 per cent.
of stems or other foreign matter.
Rhizome horizontal or sUghtly oblique, more or less flexuous, somewhat
branched, from 1.5 to 5 cm. in length and from 2 to 5 mm. in diameter; externally
dark brown, sUghtly annulate, with scars of bud scales, the upper surface knotty
from approximate stem-bases, bearing cup-shaped scars; from the lower and
lateral portions arise numerous, long, rather coarse, sparingly branched, brittle
roots; fracture short, internally differentiated into three nearly equal zones of
pith, wood and bark; odor slightly aromatic; taste bitter, pungent.
Few if any of the roots exliibit thin, terminal portions with the bark stripped
from the slender strands of wood.
Stems usually attached to the upper portion of the rliizome, nearly cylindrical,
attaining a length of 6 cm. and a diameter of 3 mm., hght grayish-brown to
purplish-browTi, nodes annulate, marked by opposite leaf-scars.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the rhizome of Spigelia show a
dark brown, more or less exfoliated epidermal layer; a cortex composed of from
10 to 15 rows of starch-bearing parenchyma; a distinct zone of sieve tissue from
0.075 to 0.15 mm. in width; a compact woody area composed of tracheae and
tracheids which are hardly distinguishable from each other, both kinds of vessels
being marked with bordered pores; an internal sieve closely resembling the sieve
in the bark; and a pith composed of fairly uniform, nearly polygonal, thin-walled
cells, more or less filled with small starch grains.
Transverse sections of the root show a large cortex, the cells of which are
more or less filled with small starch grains and a central stele of 6 or 8 radial
fibro-vascular bundles, which in the older roots are united by a strong develop-
ment of lignified cells.
The stem in transverse section is distinguished from the rhizome by a narrower
woody zone, the tracheae having spiral thickenings, and by a nearly uninter-
rupted circle of non-lignified bast-fibers in the baric.
The powder is grayish-brown; when examined under the microscope it exhibits
starch grains generally numerous, at times, however, few, spherical or slightly
angular, from 0.002 to 0.006 mm. in diameter; fragments of lignified tracheae and
tracheids conspicuous; fragments of tracheae with spiral thickening relatively few;
bast-fibers few, very long, non-lignified; occasional fragments of the reddish-brown
epidermal cells.
Spigeha yields not more than 10 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Spigeliae.
Average dose — ^Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 60 grains.
SPIRITUS .ETHERIS
Spirit of Ether
Sp. >Eth. — Hoffmann's Drops
Ether, three hundred and twenty-five milliliters 325 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 403
Mix the ether with a sufficient quantity of alcohol to make the
product measure one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
SPIRITUS iETHERIS NITROSI
Spirit of Nitrous Ether
Sp. /Eth. Nitros.— Sweet Spirit of Nitre
An alcoholic solution of ethyl nitrite [ €3115X02 = 75.05], containing
not less than 3.5 per cent, nor more than 4.5 per cent, of C2H5NO2.
Preserve it in small, well-stoppered, dark amber-colored bottles, in a cool
and dark place, remote from fire.
Sodium Nitrite, one hundred grammes 100.0 Gm.
Sulphuric Acid, forty milliliters 40.0 mils
Monohydrated SodiUxM Carbonate, six-tenths of a
gramme 0.6 Gm.
Potassium Carbonate, completely deprived of water by
heating, three grammes 3.0 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity.
Mix the sulphuric acid with one hundred and twenty mils of water, cool
the liquid, add eighty-five mils of alcohol previously diluted with an equal
volume of water, and introduce the solution into a 1000 mil flask, sur-
rounded by a mixture of ice and water. Dissolve the sodium nitrite in two
hundred and eighty mils of water, filter, and, having poured the filtrate
into a separatory funnel, allow the liquid to slowly drop into the flask
containing the acid mixture. When all has been added and the reaction
is complete, allow any crystals which may have formed to settle at the
bottom of the flask, and decant the cold mixture of ethyl nitrite and
aqueous solution quickly to the previously cooled separatory funnel,
and draw off and discard the aqueous liquid. Wash the separated ethyl
nitrite, first, with twenty mils of ice-cold water, and then remove any traces
of acid by washing it with fifteen mils of ice-cold water, in which the
monohydrated sodium carbonate has previously been dissolved. Care-
fully separate the ethyl nitrite from the aqueous liquid, and agitate it in
a well-stoppered bottle with the potassium carbonate to remove traces of
water. Then cool the liquid, decant, and pour the ethyl nitrite immedi-
ately into a tared bottle containing five hundred grammes of alcohol.
Ascertain the weight of the ethyl nitrite poured into the alcohol by noting
the increase in weight of the tared bottle and contents, and then add
404
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
enough alcohol to make the mixture weigh twenty-two times the weight
of the ethjd nitrite added. Lastly, transfer the product to small, well-
stoppered, dark amber-colored bottles, and keep these in a cool place,
remote from fire.
Spirit of Xitrous Ether is a clear, mobile, volatile, and inflammable liquid of
a pale yellow or fainth- greenish-j-ellow tint, ha^^ng a fragrant, ethereal, and
pungent odor free from acridity, and a sharp, burning taste.
When freshly prepared, or even after being kept for some time with but little
exposure to light and air, it is neutral to dry htmus paper. When long kept or
after ha\-ing been exposed to light and air, it acquires an acid reaction. Effer-
vescence must not result when a crystal of potassium bicarbonate is added.
Specific gra\-ity: not above 0.823 at 25° C.
Immerse a test tube half filled with the Spirit in a water bath heated to 65° C.
until it has acquired that temperature; the Spirit distinctly boils upon the
addition of a few small pieces of broken glass.
_ Mix 10 mils of the Spirit with 5 mils of potassium hj'droxide T.S., pre\nously
diluted ^ith 5 mils of distilled water; the mixture assimies a yellow color which
does not turn decidedly brown within twelve hours (aldeliyde).
Assay — Transfer about 40 mils of Spirit of Nitrous Ether, which has been
previously shaken with 0.5 Gm. of powdered pota.ssium bicarbonate, to a tared,
100 mil measuring-flask, and weigh it accurately. Add sufficient alcohol to
bring the volume to exactly 100 mils and mix thoroughly. Introduce into a
nitrometer fsee Part II. Ga.sometric Estimations) exactly 10 mils of the alcoholic
solution, follow it b}- 10 mils of potassium iodide T.S., and afterwards by 5 mils
of diluted sulphuric acid. When the volume of gas has become constant (within
thirty to sixty minutes), note the volume of gas collected. Multiply this volume
in mils by 0.307, and divide the product bj' one-tenth of the weight in grammes
of the Spirit of Xitrous Ether taken. At standard temperature and pressure, the
quotient represents the percentage of ethyl nitrite in the liquid. The tempera-
ture correction is one-third of 1 per cent, of the total percentage just found for
each degree, additive if temperature is below, subtractive if above, 25° C. The
barometric correction is four-thirtieths of 1 per cent, of the total percentage just
found for each mm., additive if above, subtractive if below, 760 mm.
Preparation — Mistura Glycyrrhizse Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — ^Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SPIRITUS AiSLMOXLE AROMATICUS
Aromatic Spirit of Ammonia
Sp. Ammon. Arom.
Ammonium Carbonate, in translucent pieces, thirty-four
grammes 34 Gm.
Ammonia "Water, ninety milliliters 90 mils
Oil of Lemon, ten 7nilliliters 10 mils
Oil of Lavender, one milliliter 1 mil
Oil of JMyristica, one milliliter 1 mil
Alcohol, seven hundred m.illiliters 700 mils
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 405
To the ammonia water, contained in a flask, add one hundred and
forty mils of distilled water, and afterwards the ammonium carbo-
nate reduced to a moderately fine powder. Close the flask and agitate
the contents until the ammonium carbonate is dissolved and allow it to
stand for twelve hours. Introduce the alcohol into a graduated bottle
of suitable capacity, add first the oils, then gradually the solution of
ammonium carbonate, and afterwards enough distilled water to make
the product measure one thousand mils. Set the liquid aside during
twenty-four hours in a cool place, occasionally agitating it, and then
filter through paper, in a well-covered funnel.
Preserve the product in glass-stoppered bottles, in a cool place.
A nearly colorless liquid when freshly prepared, but gradually acquiring a
yellow color.
It has the pungent odor and taste of ammonia.
Specific gra\'ity: about 0.900 at 25° C.
A^t:rage dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SPIRITUS AMYGDALA AMAR^E
Spirit of Bitter Almond
Sp. Amygd. Amar.
Oil of Bitter Almond, ten milliliters 10 mils
Alcohol, eight hundred milliliters 800 mils
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the oil in the alcohol, and add enough distilled water to
make the product measure one thousand mils.
Note — This Spirit is intended for medicinal use; it must not be used
for flavoring foods.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
SPIRITUS ANISI
Spirit of Anise
Sp. Anisi
Oil of Anise, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the oil with sufficient alcohol to make the product measure one
thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
i06 THE PHARMACOPCElA OF THU
SPIRITUS AURANTII COMPOSITUS
Compound Spirit of Orange
Sp. Aur. Co.
Oil of Opunge, two hundred milliliters 200 mils
Oil of Lemon, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Oil of Coriander, twenty milliliters 20 mils
Oil of Anise, five milliliters 5 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand mill/liters 1000 mils
Mix them. Keep the product in completely filled, well-stoppered
bottles, in a cool and dark place.
Preparation — Elixir Aromaticum.
SPIRITUS CAMPHORiE
Spirit of Camphor
Sp. Camph.
One hundred mils of Spirit of Camphor yields not less than 9.5 Gm.
nor more than 10.5 Gm. of camphor.
Camphor, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the camphor in eight hundred mils of alcohol, filter through
paper, and pass enough alcohol through the filter to make the product
measure one thousand mils.
Add 0.05 Gm. of anhydrous potassium carbonate to 5 mils of Spirit of Camphor;
the potassium carbonate does not liquefy or adhere to the bottom of the vessel
{added water).
Assay — Fill a two hundred millimeter polariscope tube with the Spirit of Cam-
phor and take the mean of four or more readings of the rotation, beginning at
zero each time. The temperature correction for each degree is half a minute,
additive if above, subtractive if below, 25° C. Evaporate 60 mils of the Spirit
of Camphor in a dish, on a water bath, and when the camphor begins to solidify
stir it with, a glass rod until dry. Then transfer the camphor to a watch glass,
cover it with an inverted fimnel and place the watch glass on wire gauze 10 cm.
above a Bunsen burner having a flame 4 cm. high. When the camphor has all
sublimed, dissolve 2.5 Gm. of the sublimate in sufficient alcohol (which must be
of about 95 per cent, by volume) to make exactly 25 mils and take the mean of
four or more polariscope readings as before. The minutes of rotation of the
Spirit of Camphor divided by the minutes of rotation of the control test just
made, and this multiphed by 10, shows the number of grammes of camphor in
100 mils of the Spirit of Camphor.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — ^Apothecaries, 15 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 407
SPIRITUS CHLOROFORMI
Spirit of Chloroform
Sp. Chlorof.
Chloroform, sixhj milliliters 60 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the chloroform with sufficient alcohol to make'the product meas-
ure one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — ^Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SPIRITUS CINNAMOMI
Spirit of Cinnamon
sp. Cinnam.
Oil of Cinnamon, one hundred milliliters . 100 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the oil with sufficient alcohol to make the product measure one
thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SPIRITUS GLYCERYLIS NITRATIS
Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate
Sp. Glyceryl. Nit. — Spirit of Glonoin Spirit of Nitroglycerin
An alcoholic solution containing not less than 1 per cent, nor more
than 1.1 per cent, of C3H5(N03)3 (227.07), Preserve it in well-stoppered
bottles in a cool, dark place, remote from fire.
Great care must be exercised in dispensing, handling, packing, trans-
porting, and storing this Spirit, since a dangerous explosion may result
if any considerable quantity of it is spilled, and the alcohol Avholly or
partly lost by evaporation. If, through accident, it is spilled, a
solution of potassium hydroxide must be poured over it at once to
effect partial decomposition.
Spirit of Glj'ceryl Trinitrate is a clear, colorless liquid, having the odor of
alcohol. Caution must be exercised in tasting it, since even a small quantity is
liable to produce a violent headache. The same effect is produced when it
is applied to the skin.
408 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
It is neutral to litmus.
Specific gravity: 0.814 to 0.820 at 25° C.
Heat about 10 mils of Spirit of Glyceryl Trinitrate on a water bath with
1 mil of potassium hydroxide T.S. until the alcohol is evaporated, and then heat
a portion of the residue with about 0.5 Gm. of potassium bisulphate; the
pungent odor of acrolein is evolved. Dissolve the remainder of the residue in
2 mils of distilled water acidulated with diluted sulphuric acid, add a few drops
of diphenylamine T.S. and pour the solution upon 2 mils of sulphuric acid in
a test tube bo as to form a separate layer; a dark blue color is produced at the
zone of contact.
Mix 10 mils of the Spirit with 11 mils of distilled water, both previously cooled
to 15" C. ; a clear solution results. On now adding 2 mils more of distilled water,
the mixture, at 15° C., becomes turbid.
Weigh accurately not more than about 5 mils of the Spirit, allow it to evaporate
spontaneously in a tared dish protected from dust, and dry the residue to
constant weight in a desiccator, over sulphuric acid. The weight of the residue
corresponds to not less than 1 per cent, nor more than 1.1 per cent, of the
weight of Spirit taken.
Average dose — Metric, 0.05 mil — Apothecaries, 1 minim.
SPIRITUS JUNIPERI
Spirit of Juniper
Sp. Junip.
Oil of Juniper, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the oil with sufficient alcohol to make the product measure
one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SPIRITUS JUNIPERI COMPOSITUS
Compound Spirit of Juniper
sp. Junip. Co.
Oil of Juniper, eight milliliters 8 mils
Oil of Caraway, one milliliter 1 mil
Oil of Fennel, one milliliter 1 mil
Alcohol, fourteen hundred milliliters 1400 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make two thousand milliliters . .... 2000 mils
Dissolve the oils in the alcohol, and gradually add enough water to
make the product measure two thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 2^^ fluidrachms=
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 409
r ■ ' - ■- . ■■ ■- — — -
SPIRITUS LAVANDULAE
Spirit of Lavender
Sp. Lavand.
Oil of Lavender, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the oil with sufficient alcohol to make the product measure
one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SPIRITUS MENTHiE PIPERITiE
Spirit of Peppermint
Sp. Menth. Pip. — Essence of Peppermint
Oil of Peppermint, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Peppermint, bruised, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Macerate the peppermint leaves, freed as much as possible from stems,
during one hour in five hundred mils of water and then strongly-
express them. Mix eight hundred, mils of alcohol with the oil, add
the macerated leaves and enough alcohol to make one thousand mils,
macerate the mixture during six hours, with frequent agitation, and then
filter it. Preserve the product in amber-colored bottles.
Average dose — ^IVIetric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SPIRITUS MENTHA VIRIDIS
Spirit of Spearmint
Sp. Menth. Vir.
Oil of Spearmint, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Spearmint, bruised, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Macerate the spearmint leaves, freed as much as possible from stems,
during one hour in five hundred mils of water and then strongly
express them. Mix eight hundred mils of alcohol with the oil, add
410 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
the macerated leaves and enough alcohol to make one thousand mils,
macerate the mixture during six hours, with frequent agitation, and then
filter it. Preserve the product in amber-colored bottles.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
STAPHISAGRIA
Staphisagria
Staphisag.— Stavesacre
The ripe seeds of Delphinium Staphisagria Linne (Fam. Ranunculacece),
without the presence or admixture of more than 2 per cent, of foreign
vegetable matter.
Irregularly triangular, flattened, or somewhat tetrahedral, one side being con-
vex, from 4 to 7 mm. in length and from 3 to 6 mm. in breadth; externally dark
brown, becoming lighter with age. and coarsely reticulate; easily cut, showing
a somewhat light brown, oily endosperm, enclosing a small embryo at the
pointed end; odor slight, disagreeable; taste intensely bitter and acrid.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Staphisagria show an outer
layer of nearly tabular, thick-walled, non-lignified cells, some being extended
centrifugally, and forming the reticulations of the seed-coat; 2 or .3 rows of paren-
chyma cells with more or less irregular thin walls; a thin layer of very small,
thick-walled cells with numerous, lattice-like or reticulate pores; endosperm
large, composed of polygonal cells enclosing small aleurone grains and fixed oil,
the latter forming in large globules on the addition of hydrated chloral T.S.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Staphisagriae.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 1 grain.
STILLINGIA
Stillingia
stilling.— Queen's Root
The dried roots of Stillingia sylvatica Linn^ (Fam. Euphorbiacece) .
Preserve Stillingia in tightly-closed containers, adding a few drops of
chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from time to time, to prevent attack
by insects.
When entire, terete, unequally tapering, rarely branched, usually in pieces
attaining a length of 40 cm. and from 0.5 to 3 cm. in diameter, externally reddish-
brown, longitudinally wrinkled; fracture very fibrous; internally the bark is
light reddi.sh-brown, thick, spongy, finely fibrous, with numerous resin cells
and easily separable from the porous, radiate wood; odor distinct; taste bitter,
acrid and pungent.
The powder is pinkish-brown or light reddish-brown; when examined under
the microscope it exhibits numerous starch grains from 0.005 to 0.035 mm. in
diameter, mostly single, very variable in shape, and usually with a central
cleft; numerous fragments, with more or less tabular secretion cells, containing
a reddish-brown, amorphous, resinous substance; fragments of tracheae mostly
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 411
with simple pores and associated with wood-fibers, the walls being very thin,
lignified and posssssing numerous, transverse, slit-like simple pores; bast-fibers
long, narrow, the walls thick and slightly lignified ; fragments of reddish-brown
cork cells; occasionally crystals of calcium oxalate in rosette aggregates about
0.035 mm. in diameter.
Stillingia yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Stillingiae.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
STRAMONIUM
Stramonium
Stramon. — Jamestown Weed Jimson Weed
The dried leaves of Datura Stramonium Linn^, or of Datura Tatula
Liiin6 (Fam. Solanacece), without the presence or admixture of more
than 10 per cent, of stems or other foreign matter, and yielding not
less than 0.25 per cent, of the total alkaloids of Stramonium.
Usually much wrinkled and either loose or more or less matted together;
laminae when entire from 2 to 30 cm. in length, having petioles from 0.5 to 8 cm.
in length; inequilaterally ovate, summits acute or acuminate, bases unequal,
one side extending from 3 to 12 mm. below the other, margins sinuate, toothed
or angled, the teeth being few, acute or acuminate and with rounded sinuses;
frequently with numerous circular perforations which may have become filled
with cork; upper surfaces dark green, sparsely hairy, especially upon the veins,
lower surfaces light green; odor distinct, heavy and narcotic; taste unpleasant,
nauseous. Stems cylindrical, usually flattened, attaining a length of 30 cm. and
a diameter of 7 mm. ; longitudinally wrinkled, occasionally with 1 or more deep
furrows, light greenish-brown to purplish-brown.
The powder is brownish-green; upon clearing the fragments with hydrated
chloral T.S. and examining under the microscope, it shows numerous elliptical
stomata, about 0.025 mm. in length, and surrounded usually with 3 neighboring
cells; cells of the mesophyll containing numerous small chloroplastids ; calcium
oxalate either in rosette aggregates, from 0.01 to 0.02 mm. in diameter, or in
rod-like crystals, or in the form of sphenoidal micro-crystals; non-glandular
hairs few, characteristic, 2- to 4-celled, attaining a length of 0.5 mm., the basal
cell about 0.04 mm. in width, some of the cells more or less collapsed, the
outer walls with numerous, slight, centrifugal projections; glandular hairs few,
with 1- to 2-celled stalks and usually 2- to 4-celled, glandular heads; tracheae
annular or spiral, fragments of the tracheal wall frequently detached. Stem
fragments show large annular or spiral tracheae which occasionally are thickened,
with simple or bordered pores and associated with wood parenchyma; fragments
with long, naiTow unequally thickened coUenchymatoas cells; parenchyma with
sphenoidal micro-crystals; wood-fibers occasional; bast-fibers absent.
Stramonium yields not more than 20 per cent, of ash.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Belladonnae Radix, page 73, using 15 Gm. of
Stramonium, in No. 60 powder, increasing the amount of water to be added after
maceration to 25 mils, and, before titration, treating the final residue twice with
5 mils of ether, evaporating to dryness each time.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid consumed corresponds to 28.92 milli-
grammes of the total alkaloids of Stramonium.
Preparations — Extractimi Stramonii (Pilular) Extractimi Stramonii (Powd-
ered) Tinctura Stramonii Unguentum Stramonii (fromExtract).
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
412
THE PHAEMACOPCEIA OF THE
STRONTII BROMIDUM
Strontium Bromide
Stront. Brom.
It contains not less than 98 per cent, of SrBr2+6H20 (355.57).
serve it in well-closed containers.
Pre-
Strontium Bromide occurs as colorless, transparent, hexagonal crystals; odor-
less, and having a bitter, saline taste. The salt deliquesces in moist air but
eflfloresces in very dry air.
One Gm. of Strontium Bromide dissolves in 0.35 mil of water at 25° C;
soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus.
When quickly heated, the crystals at first melt, and at above 180° C. lose all
of their water of crystallization.
To a non-luminous flame the salt communicates a crimson color.
Silver nitrate T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) produces
a yellowish-white precipitate, insoluble in nitric acid or in a moderate excess of
ammonia water.
With calcium sulphate T.S. an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) slowly
forms a white precipitate of strontium sulphate, insoluble in dilute acids; the
precipitation occurs more quickly with diluted sulphuric acid or a readily
soluble sulphate.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. and 1 mil of chloroform to 10 mils of
an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) and shake the mixture; the chloroform
does not acquire a violet tint {iodine).
Drop 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid upon about 1 Gm. of the powdered salt;
no yellow color appears at once (bromate).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Strontium Bromide and 1 Gm. of sodium acetate in 5 mils
of distilled water, and render the solution slightly acid by the addition of from
3 to 5 drops (or a sufficient quantity) of diluted acetic acid. The solution,
upon the addition of 5 drops of potassium dichromate T.S. and agitation, does
not become cloudy within three minutes (barium).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3),
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for bromides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.8 Gm. of Strontium Bromide, accurately weighed. It shows
not less than 98 per cent, of SrBr2+6H20.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.017778 Gm.
of SrBr2+6H20. Each gramme of Strontium Bromide corresponds to not less
than 55.1 mils nor more than 56.6 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
STRONTII lODIDUM
Strontium Iodide
Stront. lod.
It contains not less than 99 per cent, of Srls+GHaO (449.57). Preserve
it in small, amber-colored, glass-stoppered bottles, carefully protected
from light.
Strontium Iodide occurs as colorless, transparent, hexagonal plates, as a white,
granular powder, or in crystalline crusts; odorless, and having a bitter, saline
taste. It is deliquescent, and is colored yellow by exposure to air and light.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 413
One Gm. of Strontium Iodide dissolves in about 0.2 mil of water at 25° C;
soluble in alcohol; slightly soluble in ether.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) is neutral or slightly alkaline to litmus.
When cautiously heated, the crystals melt and gradually lose their water of
crystallization. At a red heat, the salt is decomposed, losing iodine and leaving a
residue of strontium oxide.
To a non-luminous flame it imparts a crimson color.
When calcium sulphate T.S. is added to an aqueous solution (1 in 10) it
slowly forms a white precipitate of strontium sulphate, insoluble in dilute acids;
the precipitation occurs more quickly with diluted sulphuric acid or a readily
soluble sulphate.
Add 1 mil of ferric chloride T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt
(1 in 20); iodine is liberated, which imparts a violet color to chloroform, when
shaken with it.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Strontium Iodide and 1 Gm. of sodium acetate in 5 mils
of distilled water, and render the solution slightly acid by the addition of from
3 to 5 drops (or a sufl^cient quantity) of diluted acetic acid. The solution, upon
the addition of five drops of potassium dichromate T.S. and agitation, does not
become cloudy within tliree minutes {barium).
Gently heat 5 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (I in 10) with 1 drop of
ferrous sulphate T.S., 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S., and 0.5 mil of potassium
hydroxide T.S.; no blue color appears after acidulating the mixture with hydro-
chloric acid (cyanide).
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Dissolve 0.3 Gm. of the salt in 5 mils of distilled water, add an excess of silver
nitrate T.S. and a few drops of nitric acid; filter, digest the precipitate with 5
mils of ammonia water and filter. On saturating the filtrate with nitric acid,
not more than a slight turbidity is produced (chloride or bromide).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for iodides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 1 Gm. of Strontium Iodide, accurately weighed. It shows
not less than 99 per cent, of Srl2+6H20.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.022478 Gm.
of Srl2+6H20. Each gramme of Strontium Iodide corresponds to not less than
44 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 0,3 Gm. — Apothecaries, 5 grains.
STRONTII SALICYLAS
Strontium Salicylate
Stront. Salicyl.
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99 per cent, of Sr(C7H503)2+2H20 (397.74).
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from heat and light.
Strontium Salicylate occurs as a white, crystalline powder; odorless, and
having a somewhat sweet, saline taste.
One Gm. of Strontium Salicylate dissolves in 19 mils of water, and in 61 mils
of alcohol at 25° C.; also in 3.7 mils of boiling water and in 14 mils of boiling
alcohol.
When heated, the salt is decomposed, giving off inflammable vapors and an
odor of phenol, and finally leaving a residue of strontium carbonate and carbon.
To a non-luminous flame it imparts a crimson color;
An aqueous .solution of the salt (1 in 3Q) is polorlees,
414 THE PHAEMACOPCEIA OF THE
With calcium sulphate T.S. an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) slowly
forms a white precipitate of strontium sulphate, insoluble in dilute acids.
Add a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to an excess of a concentrated aqueous
solution of Strontium Salicylate; a dark red color and a precipitate are produced;
in an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) a deep violet-blue color is produced.
Diluted hydrochloric acid produces a voluminous, white precipitate of sali-
cylic acid in a concentrated aqueous solution of the salt.
Add 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
Strontium Salicylate (1 in 50) and filter; the filtrate does not respond to the Test
for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Agitate 2 Gm. of Strontium Salicylate with 10 mils of diluted acetic acid,
heat the mixture, cool, and then filter. The filtrate, upon the addition of 5 drops
of potassium dichromate T.S., does not become cloudy within three minutes
(barium).
Assay — Introduce into a platinum crucible about 2 Gm. of Strontium Sali-
cylate, previously dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid
and accurately weighed, and thoroughly carbonize it at a temperature not exceed-
ing red heat. Dissolve the residue in 30 mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid
V.S., and submit it to residual titration with normal pota.ssiiun hydroxide V.S.,
using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows, in the dried salt, not less than
99 per cent, of Sr(C7H503)2+2H20.
Each mil of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.099435
Gm. of Sr(C7H503)2+2H20. Each gramme of Strontium Salicylate, pre\dously
dried, corresponds to not less than 9.96 mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
STROPHANTHINUM
Strophanthin
Strophanthln.
A glucoside or mixture of glucosides obtained from Strophanthus
Kombe Oliver (Fam,. Apocynacex). Preserve it in well-closed con-
tainers, protected from light.
Strophanthin is a white or yellowish powder containing varying amounts of
water, which it does not lose entirely without decomposition. It is permanent in
the air. Great caution must he used in tasting it arid tlien only in very diliUe
solutions.
Strophanthin is very soluble in water and in diluted alcohol, less soluble in
dehydrated alcohol; nearly insoluble in chloroform, ether, or benzene.
Its solutions are neutral to litmus and are dextrorotatory.
Sulphuric acid added to Strophanthin produces an emerald-green color,
changing to brown.
Add a trace of ferric chloride T.S. and a few mils of sulphuric acid to an
aqueous solution of Strophanthin; a red-bro^\Ti precipitate is produced which
turns dark green after one or two lioiirs.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Strophanthin.
A solution of 0.1 Gm. of Strophanthin in 15 mils of distilled water, when mixed
with 5 mils of hot alkaline cupric tartrate V.S., produces no precipitate; but on
heating an aqueous .solution to 70° C. with a small amount of dilute hydrochloric
acid (Tin 20), it is hydrolizcd into strophanthidin, which precipitates, and a
sugar which remains in solution. The latter is capable of reducing alkaline
cupric tartrate V.S. »* * • a *v •
' Metric Apothecaries
TA -1 (Mouth, 0.001 Gm.— 3^0 grain.
Average dose — Daily -^ , , {\ t\(\(\'7n r^ ^/
^ . \ Intravenous, 0.00075 Gm. — Mo gram.
Caution,
UNITED STATES Ot AMERICA 4l5
STKOPHANTHUS
Strophanthus
Strophanth.
The dried, ripe seeds of Strophanthus Komhe Oliver, or of Strophanthus
hispidus De Candolle (Fam. Apocynacece) , deprived of the long awns.
If made into the official tincture and assayed biologically the minimum
lethal dose should not be greater than 0.00006 mil of tincture, or the
equivalent in tincture of 0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme
of body weight of frog. Preserve Strophanthus in tightly-closed con-
tainers, adding a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from
time to time, to prevent attack by insects.
Lance-ovoid, flattened and obtusely edged; from 7 to 20 mm. in length, about
4 mm. in breadth and about 2 mm. in thickness; externally of a hght fawn color
with a distinct, greenish tinge, silky lustrous from a dense coating of closely
appressed hairs {S. Komhe) ; or Ught to dark brown, nearly smooth and sparingly
hairy {S. hispidus), bearing on one side a ridge running from about the center
to the summit; fracture short and somewhat soft, the fractured surface whitish
and oily; odor heavy when the seeds are crushed and moistened; taste very bitter.
Under the microscope, sections of Strophanthus Kombe show a seed-coat com-
posed of several layers of more or less collapsed, thin-walled cells and from the
epidermal layer arise niunerous non-glandular hairs, which are from 0.2 to 0.8
mm. in length, usually more or less bent, thin-walled, and slightly lignified at
the base; in the rhaphe occurs a tangent i ally elongated fibro- vascular bundle
having numerous spiral tracheae; endosperm of from 9 to 30 rows of more or less
polygonal cells with slightly thickened walls and containing small aleurone
grains, a fixed oil, and strophanthin, the latter being colored bright green upon
the addition of sulphuric acid; in the center occur two large plano-convex cotyle-
dons having a distinct epidermal layer, a few fibro-vascular bundles and numer-
ous parenchyma cells containing aleurone grams, a fixed oil, and occasionally a
small amount of strophanthin.
Sections of S. hispidus resemble those of S. Kombe, the hairs being fewer and
the bases more strongly lignified.
The powder is grayish-brown to dark brown ; odor distinct ; when examined
under the microscope it exhibits chiefly thin-walled parenchyma cells and frag-
ments of long, thin-walled hairs, the latter relatively few in S. hispidus; mounts
made with hydrated chloral T.S. show numerous oil globules; upon the addition
of sulphuric acid many of the fragments of the endosperm may be colored greenish.
Strophanthus yields not more than 5 per cent, of ash.
Assay — For a method of assaying Strophanthus see Biological Assays
(Part II).
Preparation — Tinctura Strophanthi.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
STRYCHNINA
Strychnine
Strych.
An alkaloid [C2iH2202N2 = 334.20] obtained from nux vomica, and
also obtainable from other seeds of the LoganiaceoB. Preserve it iii
well-closed containers.
416 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Strychnine occurs in colorless, transparent, prismatic crystals, or as a white,
crystalline powder; odorless, permanent in the air. Great caution must be used
in tasting it and then only in very dilute solutions which are exceedingly bitter.
One Gm. of Strychnine dissolves in 6420 mils of water, 136 mils of alcohol,
5 mils of chloroform, and in 180 mils of benzene at 25° C. ; also in 3100 mils
of boiling water, and 34 mils of boUing alcohol; very slightly soluble in ether.
Its saturated solutions are alkaline to litmus and are Isevorotatory.
Sulphiuric Acid containing 1 per cent, of ammoniimi vanadate produces with
Strychnine a deep vdolet-blue color, changing to a deep purple, and finally to a
cherry-red.
A solution of about 0.1 Gm. of Strychnine in 2 mils of sulphuric acid is not
more than pale yellow {readily carbonizable organic impurities), but on add-
ing a fragment of potassium dichromate, a deep blue color is momentarily pro-
duced, changing to deep violet, then to purpUsh-red, cherry-red, and finally to
orange or yellow.
Incinerate about 1 Gm. of Strychnine; not more than 0.1 per cent, of ash
remains.
One mil of a mixture of equal volumes of nitric acid and distilled water, added
to about 0.1 Gm. of Strychnine, may produce a yellow, but not a red or reddish
color (brucine).
Average dose — Metric, 0.0015 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, }^io grain.
STRYCHNINiE NITRAS
Strychnine Nitrate
Strych. Nit.
The nitrate [C2iH2202N2.HN03 = 397.21] of the alkaloid strj^chnine.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Strychnine Nitrate occurs in colorless, glistening needles, or as a white, crys-
talline powder; odorless, permanent in the air. Great caution must be used in
tasting it and then only in very dilute solutions which are exceedingly bitter.
One Gm. of Strychnine Nitrate dissolves in 42 mils of water, 150 mils of alco-
hol, 50 mils of glycerin, and in 105 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 9 mils
of boiling water and 77 mils of alcohol at 60° C; insoluble in ether.
Its satiu-ated aqueous solution is neutral or only slightly acid to litmus and
is Isevorotatory.
A solution of the salt, when poured carefully into a test tube upon a layer of
sulphuric acid containing diphenylamine in solution, develops a blue color at
the zone of contact.
When the salt is heated with hydrochloric acid, a bright red color is produced.
In other respects it responds to the tests for identity and purity under
Strychnina.
Average dose — Metric, 0.0015 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, }^io grain.
STRYCHNINvE SULPHAS
Strychnine Sulphate
strych. Sulph.
The sulphate [(C2iH2202N2)2.H2S04-f5H20 = 856.56] of the alkaloid
strychnine. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Strychnine Sulphate occurs in colorless or white, prismatic crj^stals, or as a
white, crystalline powder; odorless, and efflorescent in dry air. Great caution
I
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 417
miLsl be used in tasting it and then only in very dUule solutions which are exceed-
ingly bitter.
One Gm. of Strychnine Sulphate dissolves in 32 mils of water, 81 mils of alcohol
and in 220 mils of chloroform at 25° C; also in 7 mils of boiling water and 26
mils of alcohol at 60° C; freely soluble in glycerin; insoluble in ether.
Its saturated aqueous solution (1 in 50) is neutral or only slightly acid to litmus.
Barium chloride T.S. produces in a solution of the salt a wliite precipitate,
insoluble in hydrochloric acid.
When dried to constant weight at 100° C. it loses not more than 11 per cent,
of its weight.
In other respects Str3'chnine Sulphate responds to the tests for identity and
purity under Slrychnina.
Average dose — Metric, 0.0015 Gm. — Apothecaries, %q grain.
STYRAX
Storax
Liquid Storaz
A balsam obtained from the wood and inner bark of Liquidamhar
orientalis Miller (Fam. Hamamelidacece).
Storax is a semi-liquid, grajash, sticky, opaque mass, depositing on standing
a heavy, dark brown stratum; transparent in thin layers, and having a charac-
teristic odor and an acrid taste. It is hea\'ier than water.
It is insoluble in water, but completely soluble (\s-ith the exception of acci-
dental impurities) in an equal weight of warm alcohol; almost completely soluble
in ether, acetone, benzene, or carbon disulphide.
When heated on a water-bath, Storax becomes more fluid, and if it is then
agitated with warm, purified petroleum benzin, the supernatant liquid, on being
decanted and allowed to cool, is not darker than pale yellow and deposits white
crystals of cinnamic acid and cinnamic esters. The separated crystals evolve
the odor of benzaldehyde when heated with diluted sulphuric acid and
potassium permanganate.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Storax; not more than 1 per cent, of ash remains.
Dissolve about 10 Gm. of Storax, accurately weighed, in 20 mils of hot alcohol;
the undis.solved residue, after washing it on a filter with hot alcohol and drying
at 100° C, does not exceed 2.5 per cent. The combined filtrate and washings,
after the evaporation of the alcohol at a temjierature not exceeding 60° C. and
drying the residue for one hour at 100° C, leave a brown, transparent, semi-
liquid product representing not less than 60 per cent, of the weight of Storax
taken; this product is soluble in ether, with the exception of a few flakes, but
only partially soluble in purified petroleum benzin.
Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Storax, purified as described above, and accu-
rately weighed, in 50 mils of alcohol, add 0.5 mil of phenolphthalein T.S., and
titrate vn.\h. half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. The acid value so
obtained is not less than 56 nor more than 85 (see Part II, Test No. 10).
Mix about 1 Gm. of Storax, purified as described, and accurately weighed,
in a 250 mil flask with 50 mils of purified petroleiun benzin, add 25 mils of half-
normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. and allow the mixture to stand
twenty-four hours, with frequent shaking. Then add 0.5 mil of phenolphthalein
• T.S. and titrate with half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. It shows a saponifica-
tion value of not less than 170 nor more than 230 (see Part II, Test No. 9).
Preparation — Tinctura Benzoini Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
32
418 THH PIL^RMACOPCEIA OF THE
SULPHONETHYLMETHANUM
Sulphonetlij^lmethane
Sulphonethylmeth.— Trional
Diethylsulphonemethylethylmethane [C8H18S2O4 or (CH3)(C2H5)C
(S02C2H5)2 = 242.28]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sulphonethylmethane occurs in colorless, lustrous, odorless, crystalline scales,
which have a bitter taste in aqueous solution.
One Gm. of Sulphonethylmethane dissolves in 200 mils of water at 25° C;
more soluble in boiling water; soluble in alcohol or ether.
Its saturated aqueous solution is neutral to litmus.
It melts between 74° and 76° C. ; at a higher temperature it is decomposed with
the evolution of sulphur dioxide.
Heat about 0.1 Gm. of Sulphonethylmethane with an equal weight of powdered
charcoal in a dry test tube; the characteristic, unpleasant odor of mercaptaa
is developed.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Sulphonethylmethane; not more than 0.05 per cent,
of ash remains.
About 1 Gm. of Sulphonethylmethane dissolved in 50 mils of boiling distilled
water develops no odor. Ten mil jjortions of this solution, after cooling and
filtering, when tested separately, show no turbidity at once on the addition of a
few drops of barium chloride T.S. {sulphate) or a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.
{chloride).
Twenty mils of the cold filtrate from the preceding test does not at once
decolorize 0.05 mil of tenth-normal potassium i)ermanganate V.S. {readily oxi-
dizable impurilies) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.75 Gm. — Apothecaries, 12 grains.
1
SULPHONMETHANUM
Sulphonmethane
Sulphonmeth.— Sulphonal
Diethylsulphonedimethylmethane [C7H16S2O4 or (CH3)2C(S02C2H5)2
■- 228.27]. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Sulphonmethane occurs in colorless, inodorous, and nearly tasteless prismatic
crystals, or as a crystalline powder.
One Gm. of Sulphonmethane dissolves in 305 mils of water, 00 mils of alcoliol,
11 mils of cliloroform. and in 04 mils of ether at 25° C; also iu IG mils of boiling
water and 3 mils of boiling alcohol; soluble in benzene.
it melts between 124° and 120° C.
In other respects it responds to the tests for identity and purity under Sulphon-
ethylmcthanum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.75 Gm. — Apothecaries, 12 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 419
SULPHUR LOTUM
Washed Sulphur
Sulphur Lot.
Washed Sulphur, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over
sulphuric acid, contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of S (32.07).
Sublimed Sulphur, 07ie hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Ammonia Water, ten milliliters 10 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity.
Pass the sublimed sulphur through a No. 30 sieve, mix it thoroughly
with one hundred mils of water, add the ammonia water and set the mix-
ture aside for three days in a closed vessel, agitating occasionally. Then
add one hundred mils of water, transfer the mixture to a strainer, and
wash the sulphur with water until the washings cease to impart a blue
color to red litmus paper. Then allow it to drain, press the residue
strongly, dry it rapidly at a moderate heat in a drying closet, pass it
through a No. 30 sieve, and keep it in well-closed containers.
Washed Sulphur is a fine, yellow powder, without odor or taste.
It responds to the solubility and identity tests under Sulphur Sublimalum.
Agitate 2 Gm. of Washed Sulphur with 10 mils of distilled water and filter; the
filtrate is neutral to litmus {acid or alkali).
The amount of residue left after volatilizing or igniting a weighed portion of
dried Washed Sulphur does not exceed 0.5 per cent.
Digest 0.5 Gm. of Washed Sulphur for three hours with 10 mils of ammonia
water, filter the liquid, and evaporate the clear filtrate to dryness on a water
bath. Then add 1 mil of nitric acid, and again evaporate to dryness. This
residue meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — When dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid
and assayed by the method under Sulphur Sublimatum, it shows, in the dried
product, not less than 99.5 per cent, of S.
Each gramme of Washed Sulphur, previously dried, corresponds to not less
than 7.243 Gm. of barium sulphate.
Preparation — Pulvis Glycyrrhizae Corapositus.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachm.
SULPHUR PR.ECIPITATUM
Precipitated Sulphur
Sulphur Praec— Lac Sulphuris Milk of Sulphur
Precipitated Sulphur, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator
»ver sulphuric acid, contains not less than 99.5 per cent, of S (32.07') .
Sublimed Sulphur, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Calcium Oxide, fifty grammes $0 Gm,
Hydrochloric Acid,
Water, each, o sufficient quantity.
420 THE PHAEMACOPCEIA OF THE
Slake the calcium oxide, and mix it thoroughly with jive "hundred
mils of water. Add the sublimed sulphur, previously sifted, and, after
thorough mixing, add one thousand mils of water and boil the mixture in
a porcelain or glass vessel during one hour, stirring or agitating the mix-
ture very frequently, and replacing the water lost by evaporation. Then
cover the vessel, and permit the contents to cool and become clear by
subsidence. Carefully draw off the clear solution, and filter the remain-
der. To the united liquids add gradually and with constant stirring
hydrochloric acid previously diluted with an equal volume of water,
until the liquid is nearly neutralized but still retains an alkaline reaction
and a yellow color. Collect the precipitate on a strainer, and wash it
until the washings are neutral to litmus and cease to give a precipitate
upon the addition of ammonium oxalate T.S. Then dry the product
rapidly, and keep it in well-closed containers.
Precipitated Sulphur is a fine, amorphous powder, of a pale yellow color,
without odor or taste.
Agitate 2 Gm. of Precipitated Sulphur with 10 mils of distilled water and
filter; the filtrate ia neutral to litmus (ncid or alkali).
It resjjonds to the solubility and identity tests under Sulpliur Sublimutwn.
It is more readily and completely soluble in carbon disulphide than other
forms of sulphur.
The amount of residue left after volatilizing or igniting a weighed portion
of dried Precipitated Sulphur does not exceed 0.3 per cent.
Digest 1 Gm. of Precijjitated Sulphur for three hours with 10 mils of ammonia
water and filter the liquid. Evaporate the clear filtrate to dryness on a water
bath, add 1 mil of nitric acid, and again evaporate to dryness. This residue
meets the re(iuirements of the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Wlien dried to constant weiglit in a desiccator over sulphuric acid
and assayed by the method under AS'^/Z/.'/n/r SahliiiKiluin, it shows, in the dried
product, not less than 1)0.5 j)er cent, of S.
Each grannne of Precipitated Sulphur, previously dried, corresponds to not
less than 7.243 Gm. of barium .sulphate.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachm.
SULPHUR SUBLIMATUM
Sublimed Sulpliur
Sulphur Sublim. — Flowers of Sulphur
It contains, when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sul-
phuric acid, not less than 99.5 per cent, of S (32.07).
Sublimed Suljjhur is a fine, yellow powder, having a slight, characteristic
odor, and a faintly acid taste.
Sublimed Sulphur is practically insoluble in water and nearly insoluble in
alcohol; it is slightly soluble in ether; soluble or partially soluble in carbon
disulphide, chloroform, or olive oil.
At about 115° C. it fuses to a yellow, mobile fluid, which upon further heating
becomes dark and viscid. In the air it burns to sulphur dioxide, characteria<;d
by its odor.
«
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 421
The amount of residue left after volatilizing or igniting a weighed portion of
well-dried Sublimed Sulphur does not exceed 0.5 per cent.
Assay — Transfer about 1 Gm. of Sublimed Sulphur, previously dried to con-
stant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, to a
flask containing 50 mils of a 10 per cent, solution of potassium hydroxide. Boil
the mixture until the liquid is of a transparent, golden-yellow color and then
dilute it with di.stilled water to make a volume of exactly 250 mils. O.xidize
25 mils of this diluted solution by the addition of .solution of hydrogen dioxide
in excess (using about 50 mils), and heat on a water bath for thirtj' minutes.
Then acidulate theliciuid with hydrochloric acid, and dilute it with 100 mils of
distilled water. Now heat it to boiling and add hot barium chloridcT.S., in small
portions, to the resulting Ucjuid until no further i)recipitation takes place. Heat
this mLxtureon a water bath for thirty minutes, collect the resulting precipitate
on a filter, wash, dry, ignite, and weigh the barium .sulphate. Carry out a blank
determination, using the same amount of all of the reagents but omitting the
Sulphur, and before making the final calculation deduct the amount of barium
sulphate thus obtained from that obtained in the a.ssay. It shows, in the dried
product, not less than 99.5 per cent, of S.
Each gramme of Sublimed Sulphur, previously dried, corresponds to not less
than 7.243 Gm. of barium sulphate.
Preparation — Unguentum Sulphuris.
Average dose — Metric, 4 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 drachD[i.
sraiBUL
Sumbul
Musk-root
The rhizome and roots of Ferula Sumhul (Kauffmaim) Hooker filius
(Fam. UmheUiferoi).
In transverse segments, attaining a length of 10 cm. and a diameter of 7 cm.;
externally light brown to dark brown, longitudinally WTinkled and showing in
the upper portions a smooth, grayish, epidermal layer, occa.sionally with the
short stem-bases attached; fractin-e short, fibrous, spongy; internally light
yellow or bro\\'nish-yeriow, arrangement of wood irregular and with yellowish-
brown or blackish resinous patches frequently extending over the entire ends
of the segments; odor peculiar, musk-like; taste bitter and somewhat aromatic.
The powder is grayish-brown ; when examined under the microscope it exhibits
numerous, irregular, brownish-black fragments and well-defined isolated tracheae,
the latter with distinct end- walls, and mostly with reticulate thickenings and from
0.03 to 0.1 mm. in width; occasional fragments of polygonal ej^idermal cells with
yellowish-brown walls; numerous, nearly colorless, yellowish-brown and reddish-
brown fragments consisting of a granular substance in which the cellular structure
is not well defined; long, narrow fragments consisting of more or less collapsed
leptome or sieve tissue; occasional fragments of well-defined parenchyma with a
few, nearly spherical starch grains, from 0.003 to 0.012 mm. in diameter.
Preparations — Extractum Sumbul Fluidextractum Sumbul,
Average dose — ^Metric, 2 Gm. — ^Apothecaries, 30 grains.
4^^ THE I-iHARMACOPffilA OP *1!^B
,„ : . .— ■ .■■■■ir ■ -. ... I \
SUPPOSITORIA
Suppositories
Suppositories are solid bodies of various weights and shapes, adapted
for introduction into the different orifices of the human body, and melt-
ing or softening at body heat. The vehicles usually employed are oil of
theobroma, glj'cerinated gelatin, or sodium stearate.
For suppositories made with oil of 'theobroma the following general
processes may be employed:
Take of
The Medicinal Substance, the prescribed quantity.
Oil of Theobroma, grated, a sufficient quantity.
Reduce the medicinal substance, if dry, to a very fine powder, or, if an
extract, soften it with an appropriate liquid, then mix it thoroughly in a
mortar with about an equal weight of grated oil of theobroma, and incorpo-
rate the remainder of the oil of theobroma until a homogeneous, plastic
mass is obtained, adding, if necessary, a small quantity of expressed oil of
almond. Roll the mass on a graduated tile until a cylinder of the proper
length is formed, divide this into the required number of equal parts, and
with a spatula, or other mechanical aid, form them into the desired shape.
If the process of cold compression is preferred, mix the medicinal
substance in a suitable mortar with about an equal weight of grated
oil of theobroma, as above directed, then thoroughly incorporate it with
the remainder of the oil of theobroma, previously finely grated, chilling
the mortar, if necessary, to preserve the pulverulent form of the mixture.
Transfer the powdered mass to the cylinder of an appropriate supposi-
tory compresser and by the use of this apparatus prepare the desired
number of compressed suppositories.
If the process of fusion is preferred, mix the medicinal substance with
about an equal weight of grated oil of theobroma, as above directed,
then thoroughly incorporate it with the remainder of the oil of theo-
broma, previously melted by a gentle heat, in a suitable vessel provided
with a lip; then allow it to cool to about 38° C, and, when the mixture
begins to congeal, pour it immediately into suitable well-cooled moulds.
Keep the moulds at a freezing temperature until the suppositories have
hardened and are ready to be removed.
For suppositories containing hydrated chloral, phenol, or other sub-
stances which soften the vehicle, raise the melting point of the oil of
theobroma by the addition of from 10 to 15 per cent, of spermaceti, but
the melting point must not be raised above 37° C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 423
For suppositories made with glycerinated gelatin the following process
may be used:
Take of
The Medicinal Substance, the prescribed quantity.
Glycerinated Gelatin,
Glycerin,
Water, each, o sufficient quantity.
Mix the medicinal substance, if solid and soluble in water or glycerin,
or if a miscible liquid, with a little water, and add sufficient glycerin
to make the weight of the mixture one-half that of the finished mass.
Then thoroughly incorporate it with an equal weight of melted glyc-
erinated gelatin, and pour it at once into suitable moulds which have
been greased with a small quantit}' of petrolatum. Cool the moulds thor-
oughly before removing the suppositories. Moulds for urethral supposi-
tories should be warmed sufficiently before pouring the mass to facilitate
the proper filling of the mould. Suppositories having a firmer consistence
may be prepared by substituting mucilage of acacia for a portion of the
water or glycerin.
If the medicinal substance is insoluble in water or glycerin, thoroughly
levigate it in a warm mortar with a sufficient quantity of glycerin to
make the weight of the mixture one-half that of the finished mass. Then
thoroughly incorporate it with an equal weight of melted glycerinated
gelatin, and pour it into suitable moulds as above directed. With bulky
powders about one-half of the glj^erin may be replaced with water
before levigation.
Glycerinated gelatin suppositories should be protected against the
effects of heat, moisture and dry air by keeping them in tightly-closed
containers in a cool place.
Rectal Suppositories should be cone-shaped, and when made from oil
of theobroma should weigh about two gram7i2es.
Urethral Suppositories (Bougies) should be pencil-shaped, pointed
at one extremity, and either seven centimeters in length, weighing
about two grammes, or fourteen centimeters in length, weighing
about four grammes, when made with glycerinated gelatin. If pre-
pared with oil of theobroma they should weigh about one-half the
above quantities.
Vaginal Suppositories should be globular or oviform in shape, and
weigh about ten grammes if made with glycerinated gelatin, and about
four grammes if made with oil of theobroma.
i24 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
SUPPOSITORIA GLYCERINI
Suppositories of Glycerin
Supp. Glycerin.
Glycerin, thirty grammes 30.0 Gm.
MoNOHYDRATED Sodium CARBONATE,^ye-ieri^/iso/a gramme 0.5 Gm.
Stearic Acid, two grammes 2.0 Gm.
Water, five milliliters 5.0 mils
To make ten rectal suppositories 10
Dissolve the monohydrated sodium carbonate in the water and add
it to the glycerin contained in a suitable vessel placed in a water bath
in such a way that the vessel is well down in the boiling water and its
contents protected as much as possible from the steam of the bath. Add
the stearic acid and heat the mixture for fifteen minutes or until the
carbon dioxide ceases to be evolved, and the liquid is clear. Then pour
the melted mass into suitable moulds, remove the suppositories when
they are completely cold, and preserve them in tightly-stoppered glass
vessels in a cool place.
SUPRARENALUM SICCUM
Dried Suprarenals
Supraren. Sice. — Glandulse Suprarenales Siccse U.S. P. VIII
Desiccated Suprarenal Glands
The suprarenal glands of animals which are used for food by man,
cleaned, dried, freed from fat, and powdered, and containing not less
than 0.4 per cent, nor more than 0.6 per cent, of epinephrine, the active
principle of the suprarenal gland. One part of Dried Suprarenals repre-
sents approximately 6 parts of fresh glands, free from fat. If assayed
biologically 07ie gramme of Dried Suprarenals contains the equivalent
of ten milligrammes of laevo-methylamino-ethanol-catechol.
A light yellowish-brown, amorphous powder, having a slight, characteristic
odor; partially soluble in water.
Dried Suprarenals contain not more than 7 per cent, of moisture, and the
yield of ash does not exceed 7 per cent.
Assay — Add 0.00.5 Gm. of finely powdered manganese dioxide and 10 mils of
distilled water to 0.01 Gm. of Dried Suprarenals; thoroughly shake the mixture
several times during one hour and filter. Compare the color of the filtrate in
a test tube or in any convenient manner, with the color of cobaltous chloride
T.S. and diluted gold chloride T.S. (see Reagents, Part II) combined as follows:
Mix l.S.'i mils of cobaltous chloride T.S. with 0.95 mil of diluted gold chloride
T.S. and 7.2 mils of distilled water; the color corresponds to 0.2 per cent, ot
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 425
epinephrine in the filtrate obtained above 2.95 mils of cobaltous chloride T.S.
with 1.25 mils of diluted gold chloride T.S. and 5.8 mils of distilled water corre-
sponds in color to 0.4 per cent, of epinephrine; 4.05 mils of cobaltous chloride
T.S. with 1.35 mils of diluted gold chloride T.S. and 4.0 mils of distilled water
corresponds in color to O.G per cent, of epinephrine; 5.15 mils of cobaltous
chloride T.S. with 1.55 mils of diluted gold chloride T.S. and 3.3 mils of distilled
water corresponds in color to O.S per cent, of e|)inei)hrine.
The percentages of epinephrine indicated by the above color standards are
based upon the maceration of 0.01 Gm. of the Dried Suprarenals in 10 mils of
distilled water, as directed above, and filtering. In samples containing more
than 0.8 per cent, of epinephrine, 0.005 Gm. of the Dried Suprarenals may be
taken, in which case the percentage stated above, as indicated by the color
standards, should be doubled. The standard color solutions keep unchanged,
if sealed in glass tubes.
For a method of assaying Dried Suprarenals see Biological Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
SYRUPUS
Syrup
Sirup Simple Syrup
Sugar, in drj'-, crystalline granules, eight hundred and
fifty grammes 850 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Place at the bottom of a glass percolator of suitable size, a layer of
purified cotton about one-half inch in thickness, well fitted to the sides
of the percolator, and moisten it with a little distilled water. Introduce
the sugar into the percolator, make its surface level without shaking
or jarring, then carefully pour upon it four hundred and fifty mils
of distilled water and regulate the flow of the liquid, if necessary, so that
it passes out in rapid drops. Return the first portion of the perco-
late until it runs through clear and, when all of the liquid has passed,
follow it by distilled water, added in portions, so that all of the sugar
may be dissolved and the product measure one thousand mils. Mix
thoroughly.
Syrup may also be prepared in the following manner:
Dissolve the sugar with the aid of heat in four hundred and fifty
mils of distilled water, raise the temperature to the boiling point,
strain the liquid, and pass enough distilled water through the strainer
to make the product, when cold, measure one thousand mils. Mix
thoroughly.
SjTup thus prepared has a specific gravity of about 1.313 at 25° C,
Preparation — Elixir Aromaticu|n. Ajgo used in other preparationa.
426 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
SYRUPUS ACACIiE
Syrup of Acacia
Syr. Acac.
Acacia, in selected pieces, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Sugar, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Place the acacia in an enameled or porcelain dish, add four hundred
and thirty mils of distilled water, and stir occasionally until the acacia
is dissolved; then, having added the sugar, place the dish on a water
bath and apply heat, gradually increasing the temperature until the
water in the water bath boils. Maintain this temperature for fifteen
minutes, and stir the syrup from time to time until the sugar is dissolved.
Strain the Syrup while hot, add sufficient distilled water, recently boiled,
to make the product measure one thousand mils, and transfer it,
while yet hot, into small bottles W'hich have been rinsed with boiling
water and heated in an oven at 160° C. for from fifteen to thirty minutes.
Close the bottles tightly with rubber stoppers which have been just
previously boiled in water for thirty minutes and cap them with paper.
SYRUPUS ACIDI CITRICI
Syrup of Citric Acid
Syr. Acid. Cit.
Citric Acid, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Distilled Watkr, ten milliliters 10 mils
Tincture of Lemon Peel, ten milliliters 10 mils
Syrup, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the citric acid in the distilled water and add the solution to
nine hundred and fifty mils of syrup, mixing it wtII. Then add the
tincture of lemon peel, shake the mixture, and add enough syrup to make
the product measure one thousand mils. Mix thoroughly and preserve
it in containers which have been previously washed with boiling water.
This preparation must not be dispensed unless it is free from moulds
and fermentation products.
tJNITEb StATES OF AMERICA 427
SYRUPUS ACIDI HYDRIODICI
Syrup of Hydriodic Acid
Syr. Acid. Hydriodw
One hundred 7nils of Syrup of Hydriodic Acid contains not less than
1.3 Gm. nor more than 1.45 Gm. of HI (127.93).
Diluted Hydriodic Acid, one hundred and twenty-five
milliliters 125 mils
Distilled Water, three hundred milliliters 300 mils
Syrup, five hundred and seventy-five milliliters 575 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix them.
A transparent, colorless, or not naore than pale straw-colored, syrupy liquid;
odorless, and having a sweet and acidulous taste.
Specific gravity: about 1.215 at 25° C.
Mix 5 mils of Syrup of Hydriodic Acid with a few drops of starch T.S. and ada
three drops of chlorine water; the liquid acquires a deep blue color. No blue
color is produced in the Syrup by starch T.S. alone {free iodine).
Assay — Introduce exactly 25 mils of Syrup of Hydriodic Acid into a flask,
dilute it with 100 mils of distilled water, add 40 mils of tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S., agitate the mixture, add 5 mils of diluted nitric acid and 2 mils
of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and titrate with tenth-normal potassium
sulphocyanate V.S. It shows, in each 100 mils, not less than 1.3 Gm. nor
more than 1.45 Gm. of HI.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.012793
Gm. of HI.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
SYRUPUS AURANTII
Syrup of Orange
Syr. Aurant.
Tincture of Sweet Orange Febi., fifty milliliters 50 mils
Citric Acid, five grammes : 5 Gm.
Purified Talc, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Sugar, eight hundred and tiventy grammes 820 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Triturate the purified talc in a mortar with the tincture, add
gradually four hundred mils of distilled water, filter, and add sufficient
distilled water through the filter to obtain four hundred and fifty mils of
filtrate; in this filtrate dissolve the citric acid and sugar by agitation
without heat, and add sufficient distilled water to make the producic
measure one thousand mils. Mix thoroughly.
428 THE PHARMACOP(EIA OF THE
SYRUPUS AURANTII FLORUM
Syrup of Orange Flowers
Syr. Aurant. Flor.
Sugar, eight hundred and fifty grammes 850 Gm.
Orange Flower Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand ?nilliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the sugar in four hundred and fifty mils of orange flower water
by agitation, without heat, add enough orange flower water to make the
product measure one thousand mils, mix thoroughly and strain.
Syrup of Orange Flowers maj'' also be made in the following manner:
Prepare a percolator in the manner described under Syrupiis. Pour
four hundred and fifty mils of orange flower water upon the sugar,
return the first portions of the percolate until it runs through clear and,
when all of the liquid has passed, follow it by orange flower water, until
the sugar is all dissolved and the product measures one thousatid mils.
Mix thoroughly.
SYRUPUS CALCII LACTOPHOSPIIATIS
Syrup of Calcium Lactophospliate
Syr. Calc. Lactophos.
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate, twenty-five grammes 25 Gm.
JjActic Acid, sixty milliliters GO mils
Phosphoric Acid, thirty-six milliliters 36 mils
Stronger Orange Flower Water, fifty milliliters. ... 50 mils
Sugar, six hundred and fifty grammes 650 Gm.
Glycerin, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Distilled Water^ a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
To the lactic acid, mixed with one hundred mils of distilled water,
gradually add the calcium carbonate, stirring until solution is effected.
Then add the phosphoric acid, previously diluted with fifty mils of
distilled water, and stir until the precipitate first formed is dissolved.
Add one hundred mils of distilled water, filter the solution, mix the stronger
orange flower water with the filtrate, add the glycerin, and dissolve the
sugar in the mixed liquids by agitation; then add enough distilled water
to make the product measure one thousand mils and strain.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^^ fluidrachms.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 429
SYRUPUS FERRI lODIDI
Syrup of Ferrous Iodide
Syr. Ferr. lod.— Ferri iodidi syrupus P. I.
A syrupy liquid containing not less than 4.75 per cent, nor more than
5.25 per cent, of Fcia (309.(38). Preserve it in completely filled, tightly-
stoppered bottles.
Iron, in the form of fine, bright wire and cut into small
pieces, twelve and Jive-tenths ijianunes 12.5 Gm.
Iodine, forty-one and Jive-tenths grammes 41.5 Gm.
Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid, twenty milliliters .... 20.0 mils
Sugar, Jive hundred and seventy-Jive grammes 575.0 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousa)id grammes 1000 Gm.
Introduce the iron and iodine into a flask of thin glass, having a
capacity of al)out Jive hundred tnih, and add to it one hundred and Jifty
viils of distilled water. Shake the mixture occasionally, checking the
reaction, if necessary, by placing the flask in cold water, and, when
the solution has acquired a greenish color and has lost the odor of
iodine, heat it to boiling and add at once Jifty grammes of the sugar;
when this has tlissolved, filter the solution into the remainder of the
sugar contained in a porcelain dish. Rinse the flask and iron wire with
one hundred and twenly-Jive mils of distilled water and pass the washings
through tiie filter into the sugar. Stir the mixture with a glass rod or a
porcelain spatula, heating the liquid on a water bath until complete solu-
tion is effected, and, having passed the syrup through a clean muslin
strainer into a tared bottle, add the diluted hypophosphorous acid and
sufficient distilled water to make the product weigh 07ie thousand grammes.
A tranisparcnt, pale yellowish-green, syrupy liquid, having a sweet, strongly
ferruginous taste and a slightly acid reaction.
Specific gravity; about 1.35 at 25° C.
Add a few drops of potassium ferricyanide to 5 mils of Syrup of Ferrous
Iodide; a blue i)recipitate is produced.
Mix 5 mils of Sjauji of Ferrous Iodide with a few drops of starch T.S. and
add three drops of chlorine water; the liquid acquires a deep blue color. No
blue color is produced in the Syrup by starch T.S. alone (free iodine).
Assay — Dilute about 10 Gm. of Syrup of Ferrous Iodide, accurately weighed,
with 30 mils of distilled water, add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S., and
5 mils of nitric acid and heat on a water bath until the precipitate of silver iodide
is yellow. Cool, add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S., and determine the
residual silver nitrate by titration with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate
V.S. It shows not less than 4.75 per cent, nor more than 5.25 per cent, of Fela.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.015484 Gra.
of Fel2. Each gramme of Syrup of Ferrous Iodide corresponds to not less than
3.07 mils nor more than 3.4 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrite V..S.
Average dose — Metric, I mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
430 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
SYRUPUS HYPOPHOSPHITUM
Syrup of Hypophosphltes
Syr. Hypophos.
Calcium Hypophosphite, forty-five grammes 45 Gm.
Potassium Hypophosphite, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Sodium Hypophosphite, fifteen grammes 15 Gm.
Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid, two milliliters 2 mils
Glycerin, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Sugar, six hundred grammes 600 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Triturate the hypophosphites with five hundred mils of distilled water,
until they are dissolved. Add the diluted hypophosphorous acid, filter
the liquid and pass enough distilled water through the filter to make the
filtrate measure ^it^e hundred and forty mils. To this add the glycerin and
sugar, dissolve the latter by agitation without heat, and finally add enough
distilled water, through the filter, to make the product measure one
thousand mils. Strain if necessary.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 2],^ fluidrachms.
SYRUPUS IPECACUANHA
Syrup of Ipecac
Syr. Ipecac.
Fluidextract of Ipecac, seventy milliliters 70 mils
Acetic Acid, ten milliliters 10 mils
Glycerin, one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Sugar, seven hundred grammes 700 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dilute the fluidextract of ipecac with three hundred mils of water to
which the acetic acid has previously been added, and mix them thoroughly
by shaking and set the liquid aside in a cool place for twenty-four hours.
Then filter, and pass enough water through the filter to make the filtrate
measure four hundred and fifty mils. To this filtrate add the glycerin,
dissolve the sugar in the mixed hquids, and add enough water to make
the product measure ouq (kousand mils. Mix thoroughly and strain, if
necessary.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 431
Syrup of Ipecac may also be made in the following manner:
Prepare a percolator in the manner described under Syrupus. Mix the
filtrate obtained as directed in the preceding formula with the glycerin,
pour the mixture upon the sugar, return the first portions of the perco-
late until it runs through clear, and, when all the liquid has passed,
follow it with water until the sugar is all dissolved and the product
measures one thousand mils. Mix thoroughly.
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — Expectorant, 1 mil — 15 minims.
Emetic, 15 mils — 4 fluidrachms.
SYRUPUS LACTUCARII
Syrup of Lactucarium
Syr. Lactucar.
Tincture of Lactucarium, one hundred milliliiers 100 mils
Glycerin, two hundred milliliters 200 mils
Citric Acid, one gramme 1 Gm.
Orange Flower Water, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Syrup, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the tincture of lactucarium with the glycerin, add the orange
flower water in which the citric acid has been previously dissolved, and
filter, if necessary. Finally, add a sufficient quantity of syrup to make
the product measure one thousand mils. Mix thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 23^^ fluidrachms.
SYRUPUS PICIS LIQUIDiE
Syrup of Tar
Syr. PIc. Liq.
Tar, five grammes 5 Gm.
Alcohol, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Magnesium Carbonate, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar, eight hundred and fifty grammes 850 Gm..,
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
432 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
Dissolve the tar in the alcohol, add the magnesium carbonate and
fifty grammes of sugar, and after thorough trituration add four hundred
and ten mils of water. Stir the mixture occasionally during two
hours and then filter it, returning the filtrate to the filter until the
liquid is clear.
Dissolve the remainder of the sugar in the clear filtrate obtained from
the treatment of the tar, and strain the syrup, adding sufficient water
through the strainer to make the product measure one thousai^d mils.
Syrup of Tar may also be made in the following manner:
Prepare a percolator in the manner described under Syrupus. Pour
the clear filtered liquid obtained from the treatment of the tar as
directed above upon the remainder of the sugar, return the first portions
of the percolate until it runs through clear, and, when all the percolate
has passed, follow it with water until the sugar is all tlissolved ami the
product measures one thousand 7nils. Mix thorouglily.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
SYRUPUS PRUNI VIRGIXIAN.E
Syrup of Wild Cherry
Syr. Prun. Virg.
Wild Cherry Bark, in No. 20 powder, otie hundred and
fifty grammes 150 Gm.
Sugar, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
Glycerin, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the glycerin with tivo hundred mils of water, moisten the
wild cherry bark with one hundred mils of this mixture, pack it
firmly in a cylindrical percolator and pour the remaining one hundred
and fifty mils of the menstruum upon it. When the glj'cerin-
water menstruum has disappeared from the surface of the drug, add
sufficient water to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it.
Close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the percolator, allow
the drug to macerate for twenty-four hours. Then allow the perco-
lation to proceed slowly, gradually adding water as a menstruum until
the percolate measures five hundred mils. Dissolve the sugar in
the percolate by agitation without heat, strain and pass enough water
through the strainer to make the product measure one thousand mils.
Mix thoroughly.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 433
Syrup of Wild Cherry may also be made in the following manner:
Prepare a percolator in the manner described under Syrupus. Pour the
percolate obtained as directed in the preceding formula upon the sugar,
return the first portions of the percolate until it runs through clear, and,
when all the liquid has passed, follow it with water, until the sugar is all
dissolved and the product measures one thousand mils. Mix thoroughly.
This Syrup sliould be stored in non-metallic, tightly-closed containers,
in a cool place, as it rapidly loses hydrocyanic acid even under the most
favorable conditions.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
SYRUPUS RIIEI
Syrup of Rhubarb
Syr. Rhei
Fluidextract of Rhubarb, one hundred milliliters .... 100 mils
Spirit of Cinnamon, /oi/r milliliters 4 mils
Potassium Carbonate, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Water, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Syrup, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the spirit of cinnamon with the fluidextract of rhubarb, add the
potassium carbonate previously dissolved in the water, and gradually
add this mixture to enough syrup to make the product measure one
thousand mils.
Average DOSE — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 2}/^ fluidrachms.
SYRUPUS RHEI AROMATICUS '
Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarb
Syr. Rhei Arom.— Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb
Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb, one hundred and fifty
milliliters 150 mils
Potassium Carbonate, one gramme 1 Gm.
Syrup, a sufficient quantity^
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the potassium carbonate in the tincture and add this to
sufficient syrup to make the product measure one thousand mils. Mix
thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 10 mils — Apothecaries, 2)^ fluidrachms.
33
434 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
SYRUPUS SARSAPARILL^ COMPOSITUS
Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla
Syr. Sarsap. Co.
Fluidextract of Sarsaparilla, two hundred milliliters 200.0 mils
Fluidextract of Glycyrrhiza, fifteen milliliters 15,0 mils
Fluidextract of Senna, fifteen milliliters 15.0 mils
Oil of Sassafras, two-tenths of a milliliter 0.2 mil
Oil of Anise, two-tenths of a milliliter 0.2 mil
Methyl Salicylate, two-tenths of a milliliter 0.2 mil
Alcohol, nineteen and four-tenths milliliters 19.4 mils
Syrup, seven hundred and fifty milliliters 750.0 mils
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the fluidextracts and add the alcohol, in which the methyl salicylate
and the oils have been dissolved. Gradually add this solution to the
syrup and mix thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
SYRUPUS SCILL^
Syrup of Squill
Syr. Scill.
Vinegar of Squill, four hundred and fifty milliliters. . . . 450 mils
Sugar, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Dissolve the sugar in the vinegar of squill with the aid of a gentle
heat, then strain the syrup, and, when the liquid is cold, add enough water,
through the strainer, to make the product measure one thousand mils. Mix
thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SYRUPUS SCILL.E COMPOSITUS
Compound Syrup of Squill
Syr. Scill. Co.— Hive Syrup
Fluidextract of Squill, eighty milliliters 80 mils
Fluidextract of Senega, eighty milliliters 80 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
435
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, two grammes 2 Gm.
Distilled Water, ten milliliters 10 mils
Syrup, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand inillililers 1000 mils
Dissolve the antimony and potassium tartrate in the distilled water
with the aid of heat, add this solution to seve7i hundred and fifty mils
of syruj) and mix tlioroughly. Then gradually add the fluidcxtracts,
previously mixed, and, finally, sufficient syrup to make the product
measure one thousand mils.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
SYRUPUS SENEG/E
Syrup of Senega
Syr. Seneg.
Fluidextract op Senega, two hundred milliliters 200 mils
Syrup, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
^lix the fluidextract with sufficient syrup to make the product meas-
ure one thousand mils.
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
SYRUPUS SENN^
Syrup of Senna
Syr. Senn.
Fluidextract of Senna, two hundred and fifty milliliters. 250 mils
Oil of Coriander, jive milliliters 5 mils
Syrup, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the oil of coriander with the fluidextract of senna and add sufficient
syrup to make the product measure one thousand mils. Mix thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
436 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
SYRUPUS TOLUTANUS
Syrup of Tolu
Syr. Tolu.
Tincture of Tolu, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Magnesium Carbonate, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar, eight hundred and twenty grammes 820 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Rub the tincture of tolu in a mortar with the magnesium carbonate
and sixty grammes of the sugar. Then gradually add four hundred and
thirty mils of wat^r, with constant trituration, and filter. Dissolve the
remainder of the sugar in the clear filtrate, with the aid of a gentle
heat, strain the syrup while hot, and add sufficient water to make the
product measure one thousand mils.
Syrup of Tolu may also be made in the following manner:
Prepare a percolator in the manner described under Syrupus. Pour
the filtrate obtained as directed in the preceding formula upon the
remainder of the sugar, return the first portions of the percolate until it
runs through clear, and, when all of the liquid has passed, follow it with
water, until all of the sugar is dissolved and the product measures 07ie
thousand mils. Mix thoroughly.
Average dose — IVIetric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
SYRUPUS ZIXGIBERIS
Syrup of Ginger
Syr. Zingib.
Fluidextract of Ginger, thirty milliliters 30 mils
Alcohol, twenty milliliters 20 mils
Magnesium Carbonate, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar, eight hundred and twenty grammes 820 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the fluidextract of ginger and the alcohol, then triturate the liquid
in a mortar with the magnesium carbonate and sixty grammes of the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 437
sugar. Then gradually add four hundred and thirty mils of water,
with constant trituration, and filter. Dissolve the remainder of the
sugar in the clear filtrate, with the aid of a gentle heat, strain the syrup
while hot, and add sufficient water to make the product measure one
thousand mils.
Syrup of Ginger may also be made in the following manner:
Prepare a percolator in the manner described under Syrupus. Pour
the filtrate obtained as directed in the preceding formula upon the
remainder of the sugar, return the first portions of the percolate until
it runs through clear, and, when all the liquid has passed, follow it with
water, until all of the sugar is dissolved and the product measures one
thousand mils. Mix thoroughly.
Average dose — Metric, 15 mils — Apothecaries, 4 fluidrachms.
TALCUM PURIFICATUM
Purified Talc
Talc. Purif.
A purified, native, hydrous magnesium silicate sometimes containing
a small amount of aluminum silicate.
Purified Talc is a very fine, white or grayish-white powder, which adheres to
the skin, is quite free from grittiness and is shppery to the touch; it is odorless
and tasteless.
Mix 0.5 Gm. of Purified Talc with about 2 Gm. each of anhydrous sodium
and potassium carbonates, heat the mixture in a platinum crucible until fusion
is complete, and treat the resulting fused mass with hot distilled water. Then
neutralize the liquid with diluted sulphuric acid, add 10 mils more of the
diluted acid and evaporate the mixture until white fumes of t^ulphuric acid
anhydride are evolved. Add 20 mils of distilled water, boil the mixture
and filter; an insoluble residue of silica remains. The addition of ammonia
water and ammonium chloride to the filtrate may produce a white gelatinous
precipitate of aluminum hydroxide, and the filtrate from this mixture on the
addition of sodium phosphate T.S. j-ields a white crystalline precipitate of
magnesium ammonium phosphate.
Purified Talc, when subjected to ignition at red heat, loses not more than
5 per cent, of its weight.
Boil 10 Gm. of Purified Talc with 50 mils of distilled water for one-half hour,
adding water from time to time to maintain approximately the original volume.
It yields a filtrate which is neutral to htmus, and one-half of this filtrate, when
evaporated and dried at 110° C., yields not more than 0.005 Gm. of residue
{soluble substances). The remaining half of this filtrate, after slightly acidulat-
ing with hydrochloric acid, does not yield a blue color upon the addition of
potassium ferrocyanide T.S. (iron).
Note — Purified Talc, when used as a filtering medium, should not be finer
than a No. 100 powder.
438 THE PHARMACOL CELA. OP THE
TARAXACUM
Taraxacum
Tarax — Dandelion
The dried rhizome and roots of Taraxacum officinale Weber (Fam.
Compositoe). Preserve the thoroughly dried drug in tightly-closed
containers, adding a few drops of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride,
from time to time, to prevent attack by insects.
Cylindrical or somewhat flattened, gradually tapering, usually in broken
pieces, from 6 to 15 cm. in length and from 5 to 15 mm. in thickness; externally
brown or blackish-brown, longitudinally wrinkled, having numerous root and
rootlet-scars; crown simple or branched with numerous leaf -bases showing
annulate markings; odor slight or inodorous; taste bitter.
Under the microscope, transver.se sections of the root of Taraxacum show a
porous, pale yellow wood from 1 to 4 mm. in diameter, surrounded by a light
browTi bark from 2 to 6 mm. in thickness, the latter composed of concentric
layers of laticiferous vessels and sieve tissues, alternating with whitish iuulin-
bearing parenchyma. The rhizome j)ortions show a small pith.
The powder is light brown; when examined under the microscope it exhibits
parenchyma cells which are large, thin-walled and contain irregular masses of
inulin; fragments with yellowash-brown laticiferous vessels; tracheai reticulate;
intermediate hbers non-lignified, with irregular, simple and oblique pores.
Taraxacum yields not more than 10 per cent, of a.sh.
Preparations — Extractum Taraxaci Fluidextractum Taraxaci.
A\'ERAGE DOSE — Metric, 10 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2}.^ drachms.
TEREBENUM
Terebene
Tereben.
A liquid consisting of dipentene and other hydrocarbons, obtained by
the action of concentrated sulphuric acid on oil of turpentine. Preserve
It in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Terebene is a colorless, thin liquid, having a rather agreeable, thyme-Hke odor,
and an aromatic, somewhat terebinthinate taste.
One mil of Terebene dissolves in 3 mils of alcohol at 25° C; slightly soluble
In water.
On exposure to light and air Terebene gradually becomes resinified, and
accjuires an acid reaction.
►Specific gravity: 0.860 to 0.865 at 25° C.
It boils between 160° and 172° C.
Terebene does not redden blue litmus paper which has been moistened with
alcohol. Its (Ji)tical rotation does not exceed -}-0.3° in a 100 nun. tube at 25° C.
{unalUrcil oil of liirpenlini'.).
After the determination of the boiling point, transfer the residue remaining in
the distilling flask to a dish, by means of ether, and cvajjor.ate the liquid on a
water bath; any residue remaining does not exceed 1 per cent, of the origiaal
weight of Terebene taken {rosin).
Average dose — Metric, 0.2r) mil — Apothecaries, 4 minims.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 439
TERPINI HYDRAS
Terpin Hydrate
Terpin. Hyd.
The hydrate [CiJIi8(0II)2+H20 = 190.18] of the dihydric alcohol
terpin. Preserve it in well-closed containers, in a cool place.
Terpin Hydrate occurs as colorless, lustrous, rhombic prisms, nearly odorless,
and having a slightly aromatic and somewhat bitter taste. Efflorescent in dry
air.
One Gm. of Terpin Hydrate dissolves in about 200 mils of water, 13 mils
of alcohol, 135 mils of chloroform and in 140 mils of ether at 25° C. ; also in about
34 mils of boiling water, 3 mils of boiling alcohol, and in about 1 mil of boiling
glacial acetic acid.
Heated slowly to about 100° C. it sublimes in fine needles. WTien quickly
heated, it melts between 115° C. and 117° C. with the loss of water. It also
loses its water of crystallization slowly over sulphuric acid.
Add a few drops of sulphuric acid to a hot aqueous solution of Terpin Hydrate;
the liquid becomes turbid and develops a strongly aromatic odor.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Terpin Hydrate; not more than 0.05 per cent, of
ash remains.
Terpin Hydrate has no odor of turpentine, and its saturated, hot, aqueous
solution is not acid to litmus.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
TERRA SILICEA PURIFICATA
Purified Siliceous Earth
Ter. Sil. Purif.— Purified Kieselguhr Purified Infusorial Earth
A form of silica (SiOa = 60.30) consisting of the frustules and fragments
of diatoms, purified by boiling with diluted hydrochloric acid, washing
and calcining. It does not contain more than 10 per cent, of moisture.
Preserve it in tightly-closed containers.
Purified Siliceous Earth is a very bulky and very fine powder, white or of a
pale light gray or pale buff color, without odor or taste. It readily absorbs
moisture and will retain about four times its weight of water without the mixture
becoming fluid.
It is insoluble in water, acids or dilute alkaline solutions.
Boil 10 Gm. of Purified Siliceous Earth with 50 mils of distilled water and
filter the mixture; the filtrate is colorless and neutral to litmus.
When ignited its color is not darkened (organic impurities) nor does it lose
more than 10 per cent, of its weight (moisture).
Add 1 Gm. of I'urified Siliceous Earth to 25 mils of diluted hydrochloric
acid; no effervescence occurs {carbonate) and, after boiling and filtering, the
filtrate is colorless, and separate portions, when tested, yield no precipitate
with barium chloride T.S. {sulphate) and no blue color with potassium ferro-
cyanide T.S. {iron).
Digest 1 Gm. of Purified Sihceous Earth, for fifteen minutes, with 20 mils of
diluted hydrochloric acid and filter. Ten mils of the filtrate, when evapo-
rated to drvness and ignited, does not leave a residue weighing more
than 0.005 Gm.
440 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OP THE
THEOBROMINE SODIO-SALICYLAS
Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate
Theobrom. Sodio-Sal.
Sodium theobromine [C7H702N4Na = 202.10] and sodium salicylate,
[NaC7H503= 160.04] in approximately molecular proportions. It yields,
when dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, not
less than 40. 5 per cent, of theobromine [C7H802N4 = 180.10]. Preserve
it in well-closed containers.
Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate is a white, odorless powder, of a sweetish,
saline, and somewhat alkaUne taste. It gradually absorbs carbon dioxide from
the air with the liberation of theobromine, becoming partially insoluble in water.
One Gm. of Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate dissolves in 1 mil of water at 25° C.;
slightly soluble in alcohol.
An aqueous solution of Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate (1 in 20) is colorless
and clear or at most opalescent, and is strongly alkaline to litmus and phenol-
phthalein T.S.
When ignited Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate yields a residue which colors
a non-liuninous flame intensely yellow and effervesces with acids.
An aqueous solution of Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate (1 in 100), slightly
acidulated with acetic acid, becomes violet on the addition of ferric chloride T.S.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate in 10 mils of distilled water
in a separator, add a few mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. and shake the mixture
with 10 mils of chloroform. The residue obtained after the evaporation of the
separated chloroform layer, when dried to constant weight at 80° C, does not
exceed 0.005 Gm. (caffeine).
About 0.1 Gm. of Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate dissolves in 2 mils of sul-
phuric acid without effervescing (sodium carbonate) and without producing
more than a slight color (organic impurities).
Assay — Dissolve about 2 Gm. of Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate, previously dried
to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, and accurately weighed,
in 10 mils of warm distilled water, and titrate the solution with normal hydro-
chloric acid V.S., phenolphthalein T.S. being used as indicator. Not more than
5.5 mils of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. is required to neutralize 2 Gm. of
Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate. The solution should now be slightly alkaline to
litmus or be made so by the addition of one or two droj)s of very dilute ammonia
•water. Allow it to stand at from 20° to 25° C. for three hours, stirring occ.-usion-
ally, then transfer the precipitate of theobromine obtained to a dried and weighed
filter of 9 (^m. diameter, and wash the precipitate and filter with four successive
])ortionH of 5 mils each of ice-cold distilled water, afterwards dry the filter and
contents at 100° C. and weigh. To the weight of i)recipitate thus obtained
add for each 2 Gm. of salt, 0.13 Gm. (the api)roximate quantity of theobro-
mine remaining in the liquid and washings). The sum corresponds to not less
than 46.5 per cent, of the weight of dried Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate taken.
About 0.05 Gm. of the precipitate obtained in the preceding assay, when
evaporated to dryness on a water bath with 1 mil of hydrochloric acid and
about 0.1 (im. of potassium chlorate, leaves a reddish-yellow residue, which
becomes j)urj)le on moistening with a droj) of ammonia water. Another portion
of about 0.2 Gm. of the precipitate, when slowly heated, volatilizes without
melting and without leaving a weighable residue.
Average dose — JVIetric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 441
THEOPHYLLINA
Theophylline
Theophyll. — Dimethylxanthine
An organic base [C7H8O2N4+H2O or 1:3 C5H2(CH3)2.02N4+H20 =
198.12], isomeric with theobromine. It is found in small amounts in
the leaves of Thea sinensis Linne (Fam. TernstroemiaceoB) and is also
prepared synthetically.
Theophylline occurs as a white, crystalline powder; odorless and hav'ing a
bitter taste. It is permanent in the air.
One Gm. of Theophylline dissolves in 100 mils of water and 80 rails of alcohol
at 25° C. It is more readily soluble in hot water; sparingly soluble in ether.
It is readily soluble in solutions of the alkali hydroxides. and in ammonia water.
A saturated aqueous solution of Theophylline is neutral to litmus.
It melts between 269° and 272° C.
Dissolve about 0.01 Gm. of Theophylline in 1 mil of hydrochloric acid in
a porcelain dish, add 0.1 Gm. of potassium chlorate, evaporate the solution
to dryness on a water bath and invert the dish over a vessel containing a few
drops of ammonia water; the residue acquires a purple color which is destroyed
by fixed alkalies.
An acjueous solution of Theophylline yields a precipitate with tannic acid T.S.
which is soluble in an excess of the reagent.
Dissolve about 0.5 Gm. of Theophylline in 5 mils of potassium hydroxide
T.S. and add 15 mils of a solution containing 0.5 Gm. of sulphanilic acid and
5 mils of hydrochloric acid in 100 mils of distilled water and then add 5 mils of
an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite (1 in 200). When this mixture is
brought nearly to boiling and sodium hydroxide T.S. is added, drop by drop, a
blood red color is produced (distinction from caffeine or theobromine).
A clear solution is produced when about 0.2 Gm. of Theophylline is dissolved
in 5 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. or in 5 mils of ammonia water (distinction
from caffeine, theobromine, or paraxanthine) .
Theophylline loses not more than 9.5 per cent, of its weight when dried to
constant weight at 100° C.
Incinerate about 0.1 Gm. of Theophylline; no weighable ash remains.
About 0.2 Gm. of Theophylline dis.solves in 5 mils of sulphuric acid without
producing more than a faint yellow color {organic impurities).
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 Gm. — Apothecaries, 4 grains.
THYMOL
Thymol
A phenol [C10H14O or C6H3(CH3)(OH)(C3H7) 1:3:4 = 150.11]
occurring in the volatile oil of Thymus vulgaris Linne (Fam. Labiatce) and
in some other volatile oils. Preserve it in well-closed containers.
Thymol occurs in large, colorless, tran.'^luceijt, rhombic prisms, having an
aromatic, thj'me-like odor, and a pungent, aromatic taste, with a very slight
caustic effect upon the lips.
One Gm. of Thymol dissolves in 1010 mils of water, about 1 mil of alcohol,
0.7 mil of chloroform, 1.5 mils of ether, and in 1.7 mils of oUve oil at 25° C;
soluble in glacial acetic acid or in fixed or volatile oils.
Its alcoliolic solution (1 in 20) is neutral to litmus and is optically inactive.
442 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
As a solid it is heavier than water, but when liquefied by fusion it is lighter
than water.
It melts between 48° and 51° C, remaining liquid at a considerably lower
temperature.
When it is triturated with about an equal weight of camphor or menthol,
the mixture liquefies.
When a very .small crystal of Thymol is dissolved in 1 mil of glacial acetic
acid, and then 6 drops of sulphuric acid and 1 drop of nitric acid are added,
the liquid assumes a deep bluish-grccn color by reflected light.
Heat about 1 Gm. of Thymol in a test tube in a water bath with 5 mils of a
10 per cent, solution of sodium hydroxide; a clear, colorless, or pale red solu-
tion is formed, which becomes darker on standing, without the separation of
oily drops. Upon the addition of a few drops of chloroform to this eolution and
agitating the mixture, a violet color is produced.
Volatilize about 2 Gm. of Thymol on a water bath; not more than 0.05 per
cent, of residue remains.
An alcoholic solution of Thymol (1 in 20) is not colored violet by ferric chloride
T.S. (phenol).
Metric Apothecaries
Average dose — Antiseptic, 0.125 Gm. — 2 grains.
Antiielmintic, 1 Gm. — 15 grains, per day.
THYMOLIS lODIDUM
Thymol Iodide
Thymol. lod.
Chiefly dithymol-diiodide [C20H24O2I2 or (C6H2.CH3.C3H7.0I)2 =
550.03]. It contains, when dried to constant \veight in a desiccator
over sulphuric acid, not less than 43 per cent, of iodine (1 = 126.92).
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Thymol Iodide is a reddish-brown or reddish-yellow bulky i)owder with a
very slight, aromatic odor.
Thymol Iodide is insoluble in water or glycerin; slightly soluble in alcohol at
25° C. ; readily .soluble in chloroform, ether, collodion or in fixed or volatile oils,
leaving a slight residue.
It is not soluble in solution of sodium hydroxide, cither cold or warm. When
heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, it is decompo.scd with the separation
of iodine.
Dried to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid, it loses not more
than 5 per cent, of its weight.
Incinerate about 0.5 Gm. of Thymol Iodide in a porcelain crucible at a tem-
perature not exceeding a low red heat; not more than 1.5 per cent, of ash remains.
Shake about 0.1 Gm. of Thymol Iodide for one minute with 20 mils of distilled
water and filter. The filtrate does not become more than of)alesccnt on the
addition of a few drops of nitric acid and silver nitrate T.S. (halogen salts).
Shake about 0.5 Gm. of Thymol Iodide with 10 mils of distilled \vater and
filter the mixture; the filtrate is not alkaline to litmus (alkalies), nor is it colored
blue upon the addition of a few drops of starch T.S. (free iodine).
Assay— Mix tlioroughly about 0.25 Gm. of Thymol Iodide, previou.sly dried to
constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and accurately weighed, with
about '6 Gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate. Cover tiie mixture with about 1 (im.
more of anhydrous .sodium carbonate and heat it moderately, in a crucible,
gradually increa.sing the heat, but not exceeding a dull redness, until the mass
is completely carbonized. When sufficiently cooled, extract the residue with
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 443
boiling distilled water and wash it on a filter with l)()iliiig distilled water until
the wasliings cease to }iro(hice an opalescence with silver nitrate T.S. Heat the
combined washings, which measure about 150 mils, on a water bath and add an
aqueous solution of potassium i)ermanganate (I in 20) in small portions, until
the hot liquid remains i)erm:uientiy pink. Then add just enough alcohol to
remove the i)ink tint, cool the liquid to room temperature, and dilute it to
200 mils. Mix it well and then filter through a dry filter, rejecting the first
50 mils of filtrate. To 1(K) mils of the subsequent clear filtrate add about 1 Gm.
of potassium iodide (free from iodate) and an excess of diluted sulphuric acid,
and titrate the liberated iodine with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.,
adding starch T.S. near the end of the titration. It shows, in the dried Thymol
Iodide, not less than 43 per cent, of I.
Each mil of the tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.002115 Gm. of I. Each granmie of Thymol Iodide corresponds to not less
than 203.3 mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
THYROIDEUM SICCUM
Dried Thyroids
Thyroid. Sice— Glandulse ThyroideK SiccJE, U.S.P.Vm
Desiccated Tlij'roid Glands
The thyroid glands of animals which are used for food by man, freed
from connective tissue and fat, dried and powdered, and containing not
less than 0.17 per cent, nor more than 0.23 per cent, of iodine (I = 126.92)
in thyroid combination. One part of Dried TlijToids corresponds to
approximately 5 parts of the fresh glands.
- A yellowish, amorphous powder, having a slight, characteristic odor.
Dried Thyroids must be free from iodine in inorganic or any other form of
combination than that peculiar to the thyroid.
Dried Thyroids contain not more than 6 per cent, of moisture and the yield
of ash does not exceed 5 per cent.
Assay — Mix 1 Gm. of Dried Thyroids in a nickel crucible of about 125 mils
capacity, with 15 Gm. of a mixture composed of 138 parts by weight of anhy-
drous potassium carbonate, 106 parts of anhydrous sodium carbonate and 75
parts of potassium nitrate. Spread an additional 5 Gm. of this fusion mixture
evenlj- over the surface. Heat the crucible over a free Bunsen flame until no
further carbonization is observed, cool it and dissolve the residue in about 150
mils of distilled water, warming to hasten solution. Transfer tliis solution to an
Erlenme3'er flask of about 500 mils capacity and add approximately 50 mils,
or its equivalent, of a fresh solution of chlorinated soda (containing 2.4 per cent,
of chlorine by weight). Now treat the mixture with enough phosphoric acid,
diluted with an equal volume of distilled water, to produce an appreciable yellow
tint of free chlorine, then add 10 mils more of the phosphoric acid diluted with
an equal volume of distilled water, and boil the contents of the flask for one-half
hour or until the volume has been reduced to about 150 mils. Cool the liquitl,
add 10 mils of an aqueous solution of potassium iodide (1 in 100) and titrate
the liberated iodine with freshly prepared two-hundredth-normal sodium thio-
sulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator just l)erore the end of the
reaction. It shows not less than 0.17 per cent, nor more than 0.23 per cent, of 1.
Each mil of two-hundredth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds
to 0.1058 milligrammes of I derived from the Thyroid Glands used. Each
gramme of Dried Thyroids corresponds to not less than 16.07 mils nor more
than 21.74 mils of two-hundredth-normal sodium thiosulpliate V.S.
A\t:rage dose — IMetric, 0.1 Cm. — Apothecaries, ll<^ grains.
444 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
TINCTURE
Tinctures
Tinctures are alcoholic preparations made by extracting the valuable
principles from drugs by the use of appropriate menstrua or solvents.
Tincture of ferric chloride and tincture of iodine are exceptional,
not being made by extraction; they are alcoholic solutions of chemical
substances.
Tinctures of potent drugs are made of the strength of ten grammes
of drug in one hundred mils of tincture. The other tinctures vary in
the proportion of drug in the finished tincture.
Tinctures are made by percolation with few exceptions. Maceration
or solution is preferred when from its physical character the drug is not
suitable for percolation.
The majority of official tinctures are prepared under one or the other
of the two type processes described, and in each formula directions are
given as to the process to be followed with such modification as may be
necessary. A number of drugs require special manipulation for the
preparation of satisfactory tinctures, and for these the formulas in full
will be found in the text.
Where it has been found possible and desirable to standardize the
tinctures a rubric and assay have been added.
Tinctures should be stored in tightly-stoppered bottles, kept in a cool
place, and protected from light.
Type Process P — Percolation
Moisten the powdered drug or mixed drugs designated in the formula
with a sufficient quantity of the prescribed menstruum to render it
evenly and distinctly damp, transfer it to a percolator, and, without
pressing the powder, allow it to stand well-covered for six hours; then
pack it firmly, unless otherwise directed, and pour on enough of the
menstruum to saturate the powder and leave a stratum above it. When
the liquid begins to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice,
and, having closely covered the percolator, macerate for twenty-four
hours. Then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, gradually adding
sufficient of the menstruum to make one thousand mils of finished
tincture.
Modification for Assayed Tinctures — In Tinctures that are directed
to be assayed, allow the percolation to proceed until the percolate
measures nine hundred and fifty mils. Assay a sample of this percolate
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 445
as clirectotl iiiid from the alkaloidal content thus determined, ascertain
by calculation the amount of alkaloids in the remainder of the liquid
and ;idd to this enough of the menstruum to make the finished Tincture
conform to the required alkaloidal standard.
Type Process M — Maceration
Macerate the drug or mixed drugs designated in the formula in a
stoppered container, in a moderately warm place, with seven hundred
and fifty 7)iils of the prescribed solvent (unless a different amount
is specified in the formula). Continue the maceration with frequent
agitation during three days or until the drug is practically extracted,
transfer the mixture to a filter and, when the liquid has drained off
completely, gradually wash the residue on the filter with enough of the
solvent to make one thousand mils of finished tincture.
TIXCTURA ACONITI
Tincture of Aconite
Tr. Aconit.— Aconiti tinctura P.I.
One hundred mils of Tincture of Aconite yields not less than 0.045
Gm. nor more than 0.055 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be greater
than 0.0004 mil for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig.
Aconite, in No. 60 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed tinc-
tures (see page 444), using a mixture of seven volumes of alcohol and
three volumes of water as the menstruum and adjusting the volume of
the finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils contains 0.05 Gm.
of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
Assay — Evaporate 150 mils of Tincture of Aconite at a temperature not
exceeding 75° C., until it measures about 20 mils. Add 10 Gm. of purified saw-
dust (see Reagents, Part II) to this liquid, incorporate it thoroughly and then
continue the evaporation until the sawdust is dry. Transfer the impregnated
sawdust to a 250 mil flask, add 150 mils of ether and proceed as directed in
the assay under BelladomuB Radix, page 73, third line of the Assay, modifying
the process there given by using the ammonia water with a small quantity of
446 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
distilled water to rinse out the dish in which the mixture was evaporated, and
use ether only in the final extraction of the alkaloids.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to 64.539
milligrammes of the ether-soluble alkaloids of aconite.
P'or an alternative method of assaying Tincture of Aconite, see Biological
Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.3 mil — Apothecaries, 5 minims.
TINCTURA ALOES
Tincture of Aloes
Tr. Aloes
Aloes, in No. 40 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Glycyrrhiza, in No. 40 powder, two hundred grammes. . . 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), using diluted
alcohol as the solvent.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA ARNICiE
Tincture of Arnica
Tr. Arnic.
Arnica, in No. 20 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Moisten the drug with jive hundred mils of diluted alcohol, transfer
it to a percolator, and, without pressing the powder, allow it to stand
well covered for twenty-four hours, then pack it with moderate pres-
sure and allow the percolation to proceed slowly, pouring on additional
diluted alcohol as needed. When the percolate measures two hundred
and fifty mils, stop the flow, macerate the drug for an additional twenty-
four hours, and then continue the percolation until the total percolate
measures five hundred mils. Again interrupt the percolation, macerate
the drug for another twelve hours and afterwards collect an additional
two hundred and fifty mils of percolate. Again macerate the drug for
twelve hours and then allow the percolation to proceed slowly, pouring
on sufl&cient diluted alcohol to make one thousand mils of Tincture.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 447
TINCTURA ASAFCETID^
Tincture of Asafetida
Tr. Asafcet.
Asafetida, bruised, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), using alcohol
as the solvent.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
TINCTURA AURANTII AMARI
Tincture of Bitter Orange Peel
Tr. Aurant. Amar.
Bitter Orange Peel, in No. 40 powder, two hundred
grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using a mixture
of three volumes of alcohol and two volumes of water as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA AURANTII DULCIS
Tincture of Sweet Orange Peel
Tr. Aurant. Dulc.
Sweet Orange Peel, grated from the fresh fruit, five
hundred grammes 500 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), macerating
the drug in one thousand mils of alcohol and completing the preparation
with alcohol. Use purified cotton as the filtering medium.
Preparation — Syrupus Aurantii.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
448 THE PHARMACOPOSIA OP THE
TINCTURA BELLADONNA FOLIORUM
Tincture of Belladonna Leaves
Tr. Bellad. Fol.— Belladonnae tinctura P.I.
One hundred mils of Tincture of Belladonna Leave.s yields not less
than 0.027 Gm. nor more than 0.033 Gm. of the total alkaloids of
belladonna leaves.
Belladonna Leaves, in No. 60 powder, one hundred
grammes 100 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed tinc-
tures (see page 444), using diluted alcohol as the menstruum and adjust-
ing the volume of the finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils
contains 0.03 Gm. of the total alkaloids of belladonna leaves.
Assay — E\'aporate 100 mils of Tincture of Belladonna Leaves on a water
bath until it measures about 10 mils, transfer the evaporated liquid to a separa-
tor, and proceed as directed in the assay under Fluidex tract um Belladonnce
Radicis, page 178, second line of the Assay, beginning with the words "add 10
mils," modifying the process there given by increasing the ammonia water to
5 mils which, with about 5 mils of distilled water, is to be used in divided
portions to rinse out the dish in which the mixture was evaporated; before titrat-
ing treat the residue twice with 5 mils of ether, evaporating to dr3^ness each time.
Average dose — Metric, 0.75 mil — Apothecaries, 12 minims.
TINCTURA BENZOINI
Tincture of Benzoin
' Tr. Benz.
Benzoin, in No. 40 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), using alcohol
as the solvent.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
TINCTURA BENZOINI COMPOSITA
Compound Tincture of Benzoin
Tr. Benz. Co.
Benzoin, in No. 40 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Aloes, in No. 40 powder, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 449
Storax, eightij grammes 80 Gm.
Balsam op Tolu, forty grammes 40 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), using alcohol
as the solvent.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA CALUMB.E
Tincture of Calumba
Tr. Calumb.
Calumba, in No. 20 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), packing the
moistened drug moderately, and using a mixture of three volumes of
alcohol and two volumes of water as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA CANNABIS
Tincture of Cannabis
Tr. Cannab.— Tinctura Cannabis Indies, U.S.P. VIII
When assayed biologically Tincture of Cannabis produces incoor-
dination when administered to dogs in a dose of not more than
0.3 mil per kilogramme of body weight.
Cannabis, in No. 40 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed tinc-
tures (see page 444), using alcohol as the menstruum, and adjusting the
volume of the finished Tincture to conform with the above biological
standard.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Biological Assays (Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.75 mil — Apothecaries, 12 minims.
34
450 THE PHAR1VLA.C0PCEIA OF THE
TINCTURA CANTHARIDIS
Tincture of Cantharides
Tr. Canthar.— Cantharldia tinctura P. I.
Cantharides, in No. GO powder, one hundred grammes.. . 100 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one iKousand milliliters 1000 mils
Place the cantharides in a strong tin container, which has a capacity
of not less than two thousand mils. Add 07ie thousand mils of alcohol,
agitate the mixture thoroughly, and insert in the opening of the can a
tightly fitting cork through which passes a glass tube, not less than
G.4 mm. in diameter and 75 cm. in length. Place the can in a water
bath and maintain a temperature of from 50° to 55° C. for twenty-four
hours with frequent agitation. Then remove it from the water bath,
pour the contents into a cylindrical pei'('olat(jr, hi the neck of which
has been placed a pledget of purified cotton, allow the percolation to
proceed, and, after the liquid has disappeared from the surface and
ceased to drop from the percolator, gradually pour on sufficient alcohol
to make one thousand mils of Tincture.
Average dose — ^Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries, IJ^ minims.
TINCTURA CAPSICI
Tincture of Capsicum
Tr. Capsic.
Capsicum, in No. 50 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using a mix-
ture of ninety-five volumes of alcohol and five volumes of water as the
menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
TINCTURA CARDAMOMI
Tincture of Cardamom
Tr. Cardam.
Cardamom Seed, in No. 40 powder, one hundred and fifty
grammes 150 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 451
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using diluted
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA CARDAMOMI COMrOSITA
Compound Tincture of Cardamom
Tr..Cardani. Co.
Cardamom Seed, in No. 40 powder, twenty grammes .... 20 Gm.
Saigon Cinnamon, in No. 60 powder, twenty-five grammes 25 Gm.
Caraway, in No. 40 powder, twelve grammes 12 Gm.
Cochineal, in No. 60 powder, five grammes 5 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), macerating
the mixed powders in seven hundred and fifty wiVs of a mixture of fifty
mils of glycerin and ?iine hundred and fifty mils of diluted alcohol and
completing the preparation by using first the remainder of the mix-
ture prepared as directed above and then diluted alcohol.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA CINCHON.E
Tincture of Cinchona
Tr. Cinch.
One hundred mils of Tincture of Cinchona yields not less than
0.8 Gm. nor more than 1 Gm. of the alkaloids of cinchona.
Cinchona, in No. 40 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Tj-pe Process P, as modified for assayed
tinctures (see page 444), using as the first menstruum a mixture of
seventy-five mils of glycerin, six hundred and seventy-five mils of alcohol
and two hundred and fifty mils of water and completing the percolation
with a mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one volume of water. Then
adjust the volume of the finished Tincture so that each one hundred
mils contains 0.9 Gm. of the alkaloids of cinchona.
Assay — Evaporate 25 mils of Tincture of Cinchona on a water bath until
it measures about 15 mils, add 10 Gm. of purified sawdust (see Reagents, Part
II), incorporate this thoroughly and then continue the evaporation at a tem-
452 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
perature not exceeding 80° C. until it is dry. Transfer the impregnated saw-
dust to a 500 mil flask, and proceed as directed in the assay under Cinchona,
page 112, second line of the Assay, beginning with the words "and add," modify-
ing the process there given by increasing the ammonia water to 10 mils and using
this in divided portions to rinse the dish in which the mixture was evaporated;
then add the rinsings to the flask.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA CINCHONA COMPOSITA
Compound Tincture of Cinchona
Tr. Cinch. Co.
One hundred mils of Compound Tincture of Cinchona yields not less
than 0.4 Gm. nor more than 0.5 Gm. of the alkaloids of cinchona.
Red Cinchona, in No, 40 powder, one hundred grammes. 100 Gm.
Bitter Orange Peel, in No. 40 powder, eighty grainmes 80 Gm.
Serpentaria, in No. 60 powder, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed
tinctures (see page 444), using as the first menstruum a mixture of
seventy-five ynils of glycerin, six hundred and seventy-five mils of alcohol
and two hundred and fifty mils of water and completing the percolation
with a mixture of two volumss of alcohol and one volume of water. Then
adjust the volume of the finished Tincture so that each one hundred
mils contains 0.45 Gm. of the alkaloids of cinchona.
Assay — Proceed as directed in the assay unjier Tindura Cinchonoe, page 451,
modifying the process there given by using 50 mils of the Compound Tincture
instead of 25 mils of the tincture there directed.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA CINNAMOMI
Tincture of Cinnamon
Tr. Cinnam.
Saigon Cinnamon, in No. 50 powder, two hundred
grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using a mixture
of seventy-five volumes of glycerin, six hundred and seventy-five volumes of
alcohol, and two hundred and fifty volumes of water as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 453
TINCTURA COLCHICI SEMINIS
Tincture of Colchicum Seed
Tr. Colch. Sem. — Colchici tinctura P. I.
One hundred mils of Tincture of Colchicum Seed yields not less than
0.03G Gm. nor more than 0.044 Gm. of colchicine.
Colchicum Seed, in No. 50 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed tinc-
tures (see page 444), using a mixture of three volumes of alcohol and
two volumes of water as the menstruum and adjusting the volume of the
finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils contains 0.04 Gm. of
colchicine.
Assay — Evaporate 150 mils of Tincture of Colchicum Seed on a water bath
to about 20 mils, transfer it to a 50 mil graduated flask and rinse the evaporat-
ing dish with about 10 mils of distilled water, in divided portions. Then
add 10 mils of solution of lead subacetate, shake the mixture thoroughly, add
enough distilled water to make 50 mils and jwur this into a 500 mil flask.
Now add 250 mils of recently boiled distilled water, using part of the water
to rinse the 50 mil flask, and proceed as directed in the assay under Colchici
Semen, page 120, fifth line of the Assay, beginning with the words "filter off
200 mils."
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA DIGITALIS
Tincture of Digitalis
Tr. Digit — Digitalis tinctura P. I.
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be
greater than 0.006 mil of the Tincture, or the equivalent in Tincture
of 0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight of frog.
DiGid?ALis, in No. 60 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using a mixture
of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the menstruum.
Assay — For a method of assaying Tincture of Digitalis see Biological Assays
(Part II).
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
454 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
TINCTURA FERRI CHLORIDI
Tincturs of Ferric Chloride
Tr. Ferr. Chlor.
A hydro-alcoholic solution containing ferric chloride [FeCl3 = 162.22]
(about 13 per cent.), corresponding to not less than 4.48 per cent.
of Fe. Protect Tincture of Ferric Chloride from light.
Solution op Ferric Chloride, three hundred and fifty
milliliters 350 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity ,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix the solution with enough alcohol to make one thousand mils,
then transfer the Tincture to an amber-colored, glass-stoppered bottle
and keep it for at least three months before dispensing.
A bright, amber-colored liquid, having a slightly ethereal odor, a very astrin-
gent, styptic taste, and an acid reaction.
Specific gravity: about 1.00 at 25° C.
The Tincture yields a brownish red precipitate with ammonia water, a blue
precipitate with pota.ssium ferrocyanide T.S., and a white precipitate, insoluble
in nitric acid, with silver nitrate T.S.
After the Tincture has been exposed for some time to daylight, it yields a
greenish or greenish-blue color with potassium ferricyauide T.S. (presence of
some ferrous salt, due to reduction).
Add a clear crystal of ferrous sulphate to a cooled mixture of equal volumes
of concentrated sulphuric acid and a diluted portion of the Tincture (1 in 10);
the crystal does not become brown, nor is a brownish-black zone developed
around it (nitric acid).
Assay — Evaporate to dryness in a porcelain dish on a water bath about
5 mils of Tincture of Ferric Chloride, accurately weighed in a tared weighing-
bottle. Add 2 mils of hydrochloric acid and 5 mils of solution of hydrogen
dioxide to the residue and again evaporate the mixture to dryness. Dissolve
this residue in 25 mils of distilled water, transfer the solution to a 250 mil glass-
stoppered flask, mix it with 3 mils of hydrochloric acid and about 1 Gm. of
potassium iodide, and allow the mixture to stand for thirty minutes at a
temperature of 40° C. Cool the solution, add 100 mils of distilled water and
titrate the Uberated iodine with tenth-normal sodiuiu thiosulphate V.S. It
shows not less tjian 4.48 per cent, of Fe.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. used corresponds to
0.005584 Gm. of Fe. Each gramme of Tincture of Ferric Chloride correspouda
to not less than b mils of tenth-normal sodium tliiosulphate V.S.
Preparation— Liquor Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 455
TINCTURA GAMBIR COMPOSITA
Compound Tincture of Gambir
Tr. Qambir Co. — Compound Tincture of Pale Catechu
Gambir, in No. 50 powder, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Saigon Cinnamon, in No. 50 powder, twenty-five grammes 25 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (sec page 445), using diluted
alcohol as the solvent.
Average dose — Alctric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA GELSEMII
Tincture of Gelsemium
Tr. Qelsem.
Gelsemium. in No. 60 powder, one hundred grammes. . . . 100 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (sec page 444), using a mixture
of sixty-five volumes of alcohol and thirty-five volumes of water as the
menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.25 mil — Apothecaries, 4 minims.
TINCTURA GENTIANS COMPOSITA
Compound Tincture of Gentian
Tr. Gentian. Co.
Gentian, in No. 40 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Bitter Orange Peel, in No. 40 powder, /or^?/ grammes. 40 Gm.
Cardamom Seed, in No. 40 powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), packing it
moderately and using as the first menstruum a mixture of one hundred
mils of glycerin, five hundred mils of alcohol and four hundred mils of
water and completing the percolation with diluted alcohol.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
456 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
TINCTURA GUAIACI
Tincture of Guaiac
Tr. Guaiac.
Guaiac, in No. 40 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), using alcohol
as the solvent.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA GUAIACI AMMONIATA
Ammoniated Tincture of Guaiac
Tr. Guaiac. Ammon.
Guaiac, in No. 40 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445) , using aromatic
spirit of ammonia as the solvent.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA HYDRASTIS
Tincture of Hydrastis
Tr. Hydrast. — Tincture of Golden Seal
One hundred mils of Tincture of Hydrastis yields not less than 0.36
Gm. nor more than 0.44 Gm. of the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis.
Hydrastis, in No. 60 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed tinc-
tures (see page 444), using a mixture of two volumes of alcohol and one
volume of water as the menstruum and adjusting the volume of the
finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils contains 0.4 Gm. of
the ether-soluble alkaloids of hydrastis.
Assay — Evaporate 50 mils of Tincture of Hydrastis on a water bath until it
mea-suros about 10 mils, transfer the evaporated liciuid to a .separator, and
proceed as directed in the assay under Fluulcxlraclum Belladonim Radicis,
page 178, second line of the Assay, beginning with the words "add 10 mils,"
modifying the process there given by using the ammonia water with about
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 457
5 mils of distilled water, in divided porlious, to rinse out the dish in which the
Tincture waa evaporated. Use only ether as the immiscible solvent tlirouRhout
the assay and dry the residue at 100° CI. to (ionstant weight, iiisfoiul of
titrating it. The weight of the residue represents the amount of ether-soluble
alkaloids in oO mils of Tincture of Hydrastis.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidraclim.
TINCTURA HYOSCYAMI
Tincture of Ilyoscyamus
Tr. Hyosc. — Tincture of Henbane Hyoscyami tinctura P. L
One hundred mils of Tincture of Hyoscyamus jaelds not less than
0.0055 Gm. nor more than 0.0075 Gm. of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
Hyoscyamus, in No. 60 powder, one hundred grammes. . . 100 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed tinc-
tures (see page 444), using diluted alcohol as the menstruum and adjust-
ing the volume of the finished Tincture so that each 07ie hundred mils
contains 0.0065 Gm. of the alkaloids of hyoscyamus.
Assay — Evaporate 250 mils of Tincture of Hyoscyamus on a water bath to
about 10 mils, transfer the evaporated liquid to a separator, and proceed as
directed in the assay under Fluidexlr actum Belladnnna; Rndicis, page 178, second
line of the Assay, beginning with the words " add 10 mils," modifying the process
there given by increasing the ammonia water to 5 mils which, with 5 mils of
distilled water, is to be used, in divided portions, to rinse the dish in whi('li the
Tincture was evaporated; before titrating treat the residue twice with 5 mils
of ether, evaporating to dryness each time.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA lODI
Tincture of Iodine
Tr. lodi
An alcoholic solution of iodine and potassium iodide. One hundred
mils contains not less than 6.5 Gm. nor more than 7.5 Gm. of I (126.92)
and not less than 4.5 Gm. nor more than 5.5 Gm. of KI (166.02).
Iodine, seventy grammes 70 Gm.
Potassium Iodide, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Distilled Water, fifty milliliters 50 mils
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
458 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Dissolve the potassium iodide in the distilled water contained in a
bottle graduated to one thousand mils; add the iodine and agitate the
mixture until solution is effected. Then add sufficient alcohol to make
one thousand mils of Tincture, and mix thoroughly.
Assay for Potassium lodldc^Evaporate 10 mils of Tincture of Iodine in a
tared porcelain dish on a water bath and gently heat the residue over a Bunsen
flame to volatilize the iodine; it leaves a residue weighing not less then 0.45 Gm.
nor more than 0.55 Gm., wliich corresponds to the identity tests under Polassii
lodidum.
.Assay for Iodine — Mix 5 mils of the Tincture with 25 mils of distilled water
and titrate the solution with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.; it requires
not less than 25.6 mils nor more than 29.6 mils of tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S. for complete decoloration.
Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. corresponds to 0.012692
Gm. of I.
, Average dose — Metric, 0.1 mil — Apothecaries V/'i minims.
TINCTUUA KINO
Tincture of Kino
Tr. Kino
Kino, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Place the kino in a capacious flask and pour on it jive hundred mils
of boiling Avater. Agitate the mixture thoroughly, then heat it on a
water bath, containing boiling water, for one hour, shaking it frequently.
Allow the liquid to cool, add enough recently boiled water to make the
product measure five hundred mils and then add five hundred mils of
alcohol. Stopper the flask, set it aside in a cool place for twenty-four
hours and then decant the mixture through cheese cloth. Preserve it
in a cool and dark place, in small bottles, tightly corked.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA LACTUCARII
Tincture of Lactucarium
Tr. Lactucar.
Lactucarium, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Glycerin, two hundred and fifty milliliters 250 mils
Alcohol,
Purified Petroleum Benzin,
Diluted Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
I
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 459
Beat the lactucarium with clean sand, in an iron mortar, to a coarse
powder, and then transfer it to a bottle; add two thousand mils of puri-
fied petroleum benzin, cork the bottle tightly, and set it aside for
forty-eight hours, frequently agitating the mixture. Pour the mixture
on a double filter, cover the funnel, and, when the liquid has passed
through the filter, wash the residue gradually with fifteen hundred mils
of purified petroleum benzin, and then allow the lactucarium to dry
by exposing it to a current of air. When it is dry and free from the
odor of benzin, reduce it to a powder, using more sand, if necessary, and
pack it moderately in a conical percolator. Mix the glycerin with two
hundred and fifty mils of water and five hundred mils of alcohol, and
gradually pour this mixture on the powder. When the liquid begins
to drop from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely
covered the percolator, macerate for twenty-four hours. Then allow
the percolation to proceed slowly, graduall}" adding first the remainder
of the menstruum and then diluted alcohol, until the drug is exhausted.
Reserve the first seven hundred and fifty mils of the percolate, evaporate
the remainder on a water bath at a temperature not exceeding 70° C.
until it measures two hundred and fifty mils, and mix this with the
reserved portion. Filter the mixed liquids and wash the filter with
sufficient diluted alcohol to make one thousand mils of Tincture.
Preparation — Syrupus Lactucarii.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA LAVANDULAE COMPOSITA
Compound Tincture of Lavender
Tr. Lavand. Co. — Compound Spirit of Lavender
Oil of Lavender, eight milliliters 8 mils
Oil of Rosemary, two milliliters 2 mils
Saigon Cinnamon, in No. 50 powder, twenty grammes. . . 20 Gm.
Clove, in No. 50 powder, five grammes 5 Gm.
Myristica, in No. 50 powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Red Saunders, in No. 50 powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), macerating
the powders in a mixture of seven hundred and fifty mils of alcohol, m
460 infi PHARMACOPcEiA or" THE
which the oils have been dissolved, and two hundred and fifty mils of
water. Complete the preparation with a mixture of three volumes of
alcohol and one volume of water.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA LIMONIS CORTICIS
Tincture of Lemon Peel
Tr. Limon. Cort.
Lemon Peel, grated from the fresh fruit, five hundred
grammes 500 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), macerating
the drug in one thousand mils of alcohol and completing the preparation
with alcohol. Use purified cotton as the filtering medium.
TINCTURA LOBELLE
Tincture of Lobelia
Tr. Lobel.— Lobellse tinctura P.I.
Lobelia, in No. 50 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using diluted
alcohol as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
TINCTURA MOSCHI
Tincture of INIusk
Tr. Mosch.
Musk, five grammes 5 Gm.
Alcohol, forty-five milliliters 45 mils
Water, forty-five milliliters 45 mils
Diluted Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred milliliters 100 mils
Triturate the musk with the water gradually added until a smooth
mixture is obtained; transfer this to a bottle and allow the mixture to
macerate for twenty-four hours; then add the alcohol and macerate the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 461
mixture for six days, with occasional agitation. Transfer this mixture
to a plain paper filter, and, when the liquid has drained off completely,
wash the residue on the filter with sufficient diluted alcohol to make one
hundred mils of Tincture.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA MYRRHiE
Tincture of INIyrrh
Tr. Myrrh.
Myrrh, in moderately coarse powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand ynilliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process ]\I (see page 445), using alcohol
as the solvent.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
TINCTURA NUCIS \'OMIC^
Tincture of Nux Vomica
Tr. Nuc. Vom. — Strychni tinctura P.I.
One hundred mils of Tincture of Nux Vomica yields not less than
0.237 Gm. nor more than 0.263 Gm. of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Nux Vomica, in No. 40 powder, one hundred grammes . . . 100 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed tinc-
tures (see page 444), using a mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one
volume of water as the menstruum and adjusting the volume of the
finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils contains 0.25 Gm. of
the alkaloids of nux vomica. The rate of flow for the percolate should
not exceed ten drops per minute.
Assay — Evaporate 100 mils of Tincture of Nux Vomica on a water bath until
it measures about 10 mils, transfer the evaporated liquid to a separator, and
proceed as directed in the assay under Fluidextractum Belladonnce Radicis,
page 17S, second line of the Assay, beginning with the words "add 10 mils,"
modifying the process there given by using 5 mils of ammonia water with a
little distilled water, in divided portions, to rinse the dish in w^hich the Tincture
was evaporated and by dissolving the residue in 10 mils of tenth-normal
sulphuric acid V.S. instead of 5 rails.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed corresponds to
36.4 milligrammes of the alkaloids of nux vomica.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
462 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
TINCTURA OPII
Tincture of Opium
Tr. Opii — Laudanum Opii tinctura P.I.
One hundred mils of Tincture of Opium yields not less than 0.95 Gm.
nor more than 1.05 Gm. of anhydrous morphine.
Granulated Opium, one hundred grammes '100 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water,
Diluted Alcohol, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Heat four hundred mils of water to boiling, and pour it on the granu-
lated opium contained in a tared vessel, and weigh; then stir the mixture
occasionally during twelve hours, restore the original weight by the
addition of water, add four hundred mils of alcohol, pour the mixture
into a bottle, and continue the maceration for forty-eight hours,
occasionally shaking the mixture. Then transfer the mixture to a
percolator, return the first portion of the percolate until it runs through
clear, and, when the original menstruum has ceased to drop, continue
the percolation slowly, gradually adding sufficient diluted alcohol to
make the percolate measure nine hundred and fifty mils.
Assay a portion of this percolate, as directed below, and, from the
morphine content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of anhydrous morphine in the remainder of the liquid and adjust the
volume of the finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils contains
1 Gm. of anhydrous morphine.
Assay — Evaporate 80 mils of Tincture of Opium on a water bath xmtil the
alcohol is all removed. Then proceed as directed in the assay under Opium,
page 306, thirteenth line of the Assaj', beginning with the word " Transfer. " The
result of the assay indicates the amount of morphine obtained from 40 mils
of the Tincture of Opium.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
TINCTURA OPII CAMPHORATA
Camphorated Tincture of Opium
Tr. Opii Camph. — Paregoric Opii tinctura benzoici P.I.
Pow^DERED Opium, four grammes 4 Gm.
Benzoic Acid, four grammes 4 Gm.
Camphor, four grammes 4 Gm.
Oil of Anise, four milliliters 4 mils
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 463
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), macerating
the above ingredients in a mixture of forty mils of glycerin and mne
himdred and fifty milfi of diluted alcohol. Complete the preparation
with diluted alcohol.
Preparation — Mistura Glycyrrhizac Composita.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm.
TINCTURA OPII DEODORATI
Tincture of Deodorized Opium
Tr: Opli Deod.
One hundred mils of Tincture of Deodorized Opium yields not less
than 0.95 Gm. nor more than 1.05 Gm. of anhydrous morphine.
Granulated Opium, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Purified Petroleum Benzin, seventy-five milliliters .... 75 mils
Alcohol, two hundred milliliters 200 mils
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Heat five hundred mils of water to boiling, and pour it on the granu-
lated opium contained in a suitable vessel, stirring the mixture frequently
during twenty-four hours. Then transfer the mixture to a percolator,
return the first portion of the percolate until it runs through clear,
and, when the original menstruum has ceased to drop, continue the
percolation slowly, gradually adding water until the opium is practically
exhausted.
Concentrate the percolate, by evaporation on a water bath, until it
measures one hundred and fifty mils; cool, transfer it to a bottle, add
sixty-five mils of purified petroleum benzin, stopper, and shake the
mixture frequently during ten minutes. Separate the benzin layer and
repeat the shaking out with the remainder of the purified petroleum
benzin, carefully and completely separating the benzin layer each
time. Allow the aqueous liquid to evaporate spontaneously in a warm
place until the odor of benzin has almost disappeared, remove the last
traces by cautiously heating on a water bath and then add six hundred
mils of water. Filter the liquid, add the alcohol and wash the residue
on the filter with sufficient water to make the product measure nine
hundred and fifty mils.
464 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay a portion of this filtrate as directed below, and, from the
morphine content thus determined, ascertain by calculation the amount
of anhydrous morphine in the remainder of the liquid and adjust the
volume of the finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils contains
1 Gm. of anhydrous morphine.
Assay — Proceed as directed in the assay under Tindura Opii.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
TINCTURA PHYSOSTIGMATIS
Tincture of Physostlgma
Tr. Physostig.— Tincture of Calabar Bean
One hundred mils of Tincture of Physostigma j'ields not less than
0.013 Gm. nor more than 0.017 Gm. of the alkaloids of physostigma.
Physostigma, in No. 50 powder, one hundred grammes. . . 100 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P, as modified for assayed
tinctures (see page 444), using alcohol as the menstruum and adjusting
the volume of the finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils con-
tains 0.015 Gm. of the alkaloids of physostigma.
Assay — Evaporate 150 mils of Tincture of Physostigma on a water bath until
it measures about 20 mils, add 10 Gm. of sawdust purified (see Reagents, Part II)
to the liquid and incorporate it thoroughly. Continue the evaporation on a
water bath until the mixture is dry, then transfer the impregnated sawdust
to a 250 mil flask, and proceed as directed in the assay under Phijsostigvia,
page 320, second line of the Assay, Vjegiiming with the words " and add 150 mils
of ether," modifying the process there given by using the solution of sodium
bicarbonate, in divided portions, to rinse the evaporating dish.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
TINCTURA PYRETHRI
Tincture of Pyrethrum
Tr. Pyreth — Tincture of Pellitory
Pyrethrum, in No. 50 powder, two hundred grammes .... 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using alcohol
as the menstruima.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 465
TINCTURA QUASSIA
Tincture of Quassia
Tr. Quas.
Quassia, in No. 50 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using a mixture
of one volume of alcohol and two volumes of water as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA RHEI
Tincture of Rhubarb
Tr. Rhei
Rhubarb, in No. 40 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Cardamom Seed, in No. 40 powder, thirtij grammes 30 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using a mixture
of one hundred mils of glycerin, five hundred mils of alcohol and four
hundred mils of water as the first menstruum and completing the perco-
lation with diluted alcohol.
Average dose — Metric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fiuidrachm.
TINCTURA RHEI AROMATICA
Aromatic Tincture of Rhubarb
Tr. Rhei Arom.
Rhubarb, in No. 40 powder, tivo hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Saigon Cinnamon, in No. 40 powder, forty grammes .... 40 Gm.
Clove, in No. 40 powder, forty grammes ; 40 Gm.
Myristica, in No. 40 powder, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using a mixture
of one hundred mils of glycerin, five hundred 7nils of alcohol and four
hundred mils of water as the first menstruum and completing the perco-
lation with diluted alcohol.
Preparation — Syrupus Rhei Aromaticus.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
36
466 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
TINCTURA SANGUINARIiE
Tincture of Sanguinaria
Tr. Sanguin. — Tincture of Bloodroot
Sanguinaria, in No. 60 powder, one hundred grammes. . . 100 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, ten milliliters 10 mils
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Mix six hundred mils of alcohol with four hundred mils of water.
Moisten the drug with a mixture of the hydrochloric acid and thirty
mils of this menstruum, transfer it to a percolator, and, without pressing
the powder, allow it to stand, well covered, for six hours; then pack
it firmly and pour on enough menstruum to saturate the powder and
leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop from the
percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered the perco-
lator, macerate for twenty-four hours. Then allow the percolation to
proceed slowly, pouring on sufficient menstruum, made of alcohol and
water, in the same proportion as before, to make one thousand mils of
Tincture.
Average dose — Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 mmims.
TINCTURA SCILL^
Tincture of Squill
Tr. Scill.
If assayed biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be
greater than 0.006 mil of Tincture, or the equivalent in Tmcture of
0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight of frog.
Squill, in No. 20 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Alcohol,
Water, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Moisten the drug with sufficient menstruum, prepared by mixing
three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water, and macerate it in a
closed vessel in a moderately warm place for twenty-four hours, stirring
occasionally. Then transfer it to a percolator, shake it down evenly
without packing and pour on enough of the menstnuim to saturate the
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 467
powder and leave a stratum above it. When the liquid begins to drop
from the percolator, close the lower orifice, and, having closely covered
the percolator, macerate for twenty-four hours. Then allow the per-
colation to proceed slowly, gradually adding sufficient of the same
menstruum to make one thousand mils of Tincture.
Assay— For a method of assaying Tincture of Squill, sec Biological Assays
(Part 11).
Average dose — ^Metric, 1 mil — Apothecaries, 15 minims.
TINCTURA STRAMONII
Tincture of Stramonium
Tr. Stramon.
One hundred mils of Tincture of Stramonium yields not less
than 0.0225 Gm. nor more than 0.0275 Gm. of the total alkaloids of
stramonium.
Stramonium, in No. 60 powder, one hundred grammes . . . 100 Gm.
To make about one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by T3T)e Process P, as modified for assayed tinc-
tures (see page 444), using diluted alcohol as the menstruum and adjust-
ing the volume of the finished Tincture so that each one hundred mils
contains 0.025 Gm. of the total alkaloids of stramonium.
Assay — Evaporate 100 mils of Tincture of Stramonium on a water bath until
it measures about 10 rails, transfer the evaporated liquid to a separator, and
proceed as directed in the assay under Fluidextractum Belladonnas Radicis,
page 178, second line of the Assay, beginning with the words "add 10 mils,"
and modifying the process there given by using the ammonia water and about
5 mils of distilled water in addition to rinse the dish in which the Tincture
was evaporated ; before titrating treat the residue twice with 5 mils of ether,
evaporating to dryness each time.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
TINCTURA STROPHANTHI
Tincture of Strophantlius
Tr. Strophanth.— Strophanthi tinclura P.I.
If assaj^d biologically the minimum lethal dose should not be
greater than 0.00006 mil of Tincture, or the equivalent in Tincture of
0.0000005 Gm. of ouabain, for each gramme of body weight of frog.
Strophanthus, in No. 40 powder, one hundred grammes. 100 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
i68 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Pack the drug in a cylindrical percolator and slowly percolate it
with purified petroleum benzin until a few drops of the percolate, evap-
orated from filter paper, no longer leaves a greasy stain; then remove
the strophanthus from the percolator and expose it to the air until it is
dry and the odor of benzin has disappeared. Prepare a Tincture from
this dried drug by Type Process P (see page 444), using alcohol as the
menstruum, but allow the moistened drug to macerate for forty-eight
hours before starting the percolation, instead of twenty-four hours as
directed in Type Process P.
Assay — For a method of assaj-ing Tincture of Strophanthus, see Biological
Assays (Part II).
Average dose — ]\Ietric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
TINCTURA TOLUTANA
Tincture of Tolu
Tr. Tolu.— Tolu Tmcture
Balsam of Tolu, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process M (see page 445), using alcohol
as the solvent.
Preparation — Syrupus Tolutanus.
Average dose — IVIetric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA VALERIANA
Tincture of Valerian
Tr. Valer.
Valerian, in No. 40 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using
a mixture of three volumes of alcohol and one volume of water as the
menstruum.
Average dose — IVIetric, 4 mils — Apothecaries, 1 fluidrachm,
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 469
TINCTURA VALERIANiE AMMONIATA
Ammoniated Tincture of Valerian
Tr. Valer. Ammon.
Valerian, in No. 40 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using aromatic
spirit of ammonia as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TINCTURA VERATRI VIRIDIS
Tincture of Veratrum Viride
Tr. Verat. Vir.
Veratrum Viride, in No. 60 powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
To make one thousayid milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using alcohol
as the menstruum.
Average dose — Metric, 0.5 mil — Apothecaries, 8 minims.
TINCTURA ZINGIBERIS
Tincture of Ginger
Tr. Zingib. — Tincture of Jamaica Ginger
Jamaica Ginger, in No. 30 powder, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
To make one thousand milliliters 1000 mils
Prepare a Tincture by Type Process P (see page 444), using alcohol
as the menstruum.
Evaporate 10 Gm. of Tincture of Ginger to dryness in a tared dish on a
water bath; the yield of residue does not exceed 2 per cent. When treated
with 20 mils of cold distilled water, not more than 15 per cent, of this residue
dissolves.
Evaporate 10 mils of Tincture of Ginger to dryness in a small flask. Add
5 mils of half-normal alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. and boil the mixture
gently for thirty minutes under a reflux condenser. Remove the condenser
and evaporate the alcohol on a water bath. Then add 50 mils of distilled
water to the residue, agitate the mixture, filter it and transfer the aqueous
470 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
filtrate to a separatory funnel and shake it out with 25 mils of ether. Evap-
orate the separated ether solution spontaneously by adding it , a few drops at
a time, to the center of a watch glass. Cautiously apply the tip of the tongue
to the dry residue; the taste should be slightly camphoraceous but not sharp
or bitingly-pungent (capsicum or similar fningent substitute).
It contains about 90 per cent, of C2H5.OH by volume.
Preparation — Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum.
AvERA-GB DOSE — Metric, 2 mils — Apothecaries, 30 minims.
TOXITABELL.E HYDRARGYRI CHLORIDI
CORROSIVI
Poison Tablets of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride
Toxitabel. Hydrarg. Chlor. Corr.— Corrosive Sublimate Tablets Bichloride Tablets
Tablets of an angular shape (not discoid), each having the word
"POISON" and the skull and cross bones design distinctly stamped
upon it. Each tablet weighs about 1 Gm. and contains not less than
0.45 Gm. nor more than 0,55 Gm. of corrosive mercuric chloride (HgCl2) ;
the remainder consisting chiefly of sodium chloride (NaCl). The
tablets are to be colored blue, preferably with sodium indigotindisul-
phonate. Poison Tablets of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride are to be
dispensed in securely stoppered glass containers on the exterior of which
is placed a red label bearing the word "POISON" and a statement
indicating that the Tablets contain the required amount of corrosive
mercuric chloride.
Assay — Proceed as directed under Hydrargyri Chlnridi Corrosivum, using one
tablet and washing the sulphide with distilled water until the filtrate is color-
less and 5 mils of the washings, acidulated with nitric acid, yields no turbidity
on the addition of a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.
The weight of the mercuric sulphide obtained, multiplied by 1.167, indicates
its equivalent in corrosive mercuric chloride.
Tablets of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride may also be assayed as directed
under the Electrolytic Method (see Part II, Test No. 4).
Each tablet shows not less than 0.45 Gm. nor more than 0.55 Gm. of HgCIj.
TRAGACANTHA
Tragacanth
Trag. — Gum Tragacanth
The spontaneously dried gummy exudation from the stems of Astrag-
alus gummifer Labillardiere, or from other Asiatic species of Astragalus
(Fam. Leguminosce) .
In flattened, lamellated fragments varying from ribbon-shaped bands to
long and linear pieces, which may be either straight or spirally twisted, and
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 471
from 0.5 to 2.5 mm. in thickness; whitish to light brown in color, translucent
and horny; fracture short; rendered more easily pulverizable by heating to 50° C;
inodorous; taste insipid, mucilaginous.
Under the microscope, sections made from Tragacanth, previously softened
in water, and mounted in glycerin, show the lamellaj of mucilaginous walls and
a few starch grains, the latter being mostly spherical and single, occasionally
2- to 3-compound, the individual grains from 0.003 to 0.025 mm. in diameter
and colored blue with iodine. Indian Gum, derived from plants of uncertain
origin, upon similar treatment and examination, shows numerous threads of a
granular substance, sometimes the hj-jilue of a fungus and chains of bacteria,
and occassional fragments of a j-ellowish-brown or reddi.sh-brown color, con-
taining lignified wood-fibers, a few rosette aggregates of calcium oxalate, from
0.02 to 0.03 mm. in diameter, and a few spherical starch grains, from 0.003 to
0.007 mm. in diameter.
Add 1 Gm. of Tragacanth to 50 mils of distilled water; it swells and forms a
smooth, nearly uniform, stiff, opalescent mucilage free from cellular fragments.
Indian Gum upon similar treatment forms an uneven mucilage containing a
few reddish-bro^vn fragments, and on stirring separates in the form of coarse,
imeven strings.
Shake 2 Gm. of Tragacanth with 100 mils of water until fully swollen and
free from lumps, and then add 2 Gm. of powdered sodium borate and shake the
mixture thoroughly until the salt is dissolved; the mucilage does not lose its
transparency, nor exhibit any change in consistence, and on pouring is not
Blimy or string}^ even after standing twenty-four hours {foreign gums).
Boil 1 Gm. of Tragacanth mth 20 mils of water until a mucilage is formed,
then add 5 mils of hj-drochloric acid and again boil the mixture for five minutes;
it develops no pink or red color (Indian Gum).
The powder is whitish; forming with water a translucent mucilage and under
the microscope exliibiting numerous starch grains, from 0.003 to 0.025 mm. in
diameter, varying from spherical to elliptical, with occasional 2- to 4-compound
grains, many of the grains being swollen and more or less altered, due to the
drying of the Tragacanth before powdering. Powdered Indian Gum shows
numerous fragments of lignified vegetable tissue.
Tragacanth yields not more than 3.5 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Mucilage Tragacanthse.
TRINITROPHENOL
Trinitrophenol
Trinitrophen. — ^Picric Acid
Trinitrophenol [CeHgCNaor C6H2(OH)(NO2)3l:2:4:6 = 229.05]. Pre-
serve it in well-stoppered bottles, in a cool place, remote from fire.
Caution — For safety in transportation it is usually mixed with about
20 per cent, of water. Before applying the tests described below, dry the
Trinitrophenol to constant weight in a desiccator over sulphuric acid.
Trinitrophenol occurs in pale' yellow, rhombic prisms or scales; odorless, and
having an intensely bitter taste. It explodes when heated rapidly and when
subjected to percussion.
One Gm. of Trinitrophenol dissolves in 78 mils of water, 12 mils of alcohol, 35
mils of cliloroform, 65 mils of ether, and in 10 mils of benzene at 25° C; also
in 15 mils of boiling water.
An aqueous solution of Trinitrophenol is acid to litmus.
It melts between 121° and 123° C.
472 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
An aqueous solution of Trinitrophenol (1 in 100) has a yellow color, which
becomes darker on the addition of alkalies, and red on the addition of ammonium
sulphide T.S. or a solution of an alkaline cyanide.
Add a few drops of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
Trinitrophenol (1 in 100); the hquid does not at once become opalescent
{sulphate).
Dissolve 2 Gm. of Trinitrophenol in 50 mils of benzene, collect the insoluble
residue, if any, on a small filter which has been dried at 100° C. and weighed.
Wash the residue and filter with benzene until the washings are colorless. The
residue, diied at 100"^ C, does not exceed 0.2 per cent.
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, 3^^ grain.
TRITICUM
Triticum
Tritic. — Couch Grass Dog Grass
The dried rhizome and roots of Agropyron repens (Linn^) Beauvois
(Fam. Granmiece) , gathered in the spring.
Usually in pieces from 4 to 12 mm. in length and from 1 to 2.5 mm. in diameter;
externally hght yellow or yellowish-brown, longitudinally furrowed, smooth,
lustrous, nodes with circular leaf-scars, a few root-scars and occasional slender
roots; fracture tough, fibrous; internally lemon-yellow and with a large, hollow
pith; odor slight, aromatic; taste sweetish.
Roots filiform, irregularly branching, attaining a length of about 5 cm. and
not more than 0.5 mm. in thickness, Ught brown or yellowish-brown, frequently
covered with long root hairs.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Triticum show a single layer of
strongly lignified epidermal cells; a hypodermis of from 3 to 6 rows of more or
less polygonal cells with strongly lignified walls; a cortex of from 10 to 16 rows
of thin-walled parenchyma cells, occasionally with nearly spherical starch
grains about 0.005 mm. in diameter, or with irregular masses of a more or less
soluble carbohydrate; among the parenchyma cells and near the hypodermis
occur small, widely separated fibro-vascular bundles, each with a closed sheath
of sclerenchymatous fibers; an endodermis, the lateral and inner walls of the
cells moderately thickened, strongly lignified and somewhat porous; several
layers of sclerenchymatous fibers immediately inside the endodermal ring, in
which are imbedded an interrupted circle of collateral fibro-vascular bundles
having large trachea' ; adjoining these are usually 8 to 10 rows of parenchyma
cells with a few fibro-vascular bundles and a pith in which the parenchyma cells
are more or less broken or absent.
The powder is light yellowish; consisting of irregular, lignified fragments;
numerous fragments .showing trache£e with annular or spiral thickenings or
marked with simple pores and associated with long, narrow, rather thin-walled,
strongly lignified sclerenchymatous fibers; fragments of epidermis made up of
cells rectangular in outline, the longer walls considerably thickened, strongly
lignified and marked with numerous transverse pores; ends of epidermal cells
usually separated from each other by a very narrow cell with thin walls and few
pores; numerous fragments of parenchyma rectangular in outline and with thin,
porous walls.
Triticum yields not more than 3 per cent, of ash.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Tritici.
Average dose — ^Metric, 8 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 drachms.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 473
TRITURATIONES
Triturations
Unless otherwise directed, Triturations are to be prepared according
to the following formula:
Take of
The Substance, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar of Milk, in moderately fine powder, ninety
grammes 90 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Weigh the substance and the sugar of milk separately ; then place the
substance, previously reduced, if necessary, to a moderately fine powder,
in a mortar; add about an equal measure of sugar of milk, mix well by
means of a spatula, and triturate the powders thoroughly together.
Then add fresh portions of the sugar of milk, from time to time, until
the whole is added, and continue the trituration after each addition
until the substance is intimately mixed with the sugar of milk and
reduced to a fine powder.
TRITURATIO ELATERINI
Trituration of Elaterin
Trit. Elaterin.
Elaterin, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Sugar of Milk, in moderately fine powder, ninety grammes 90 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Mix them thoroughly by trituration (see Triturationes) .
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, ^^ grain.
TROCHISCI ACIDI TANNICI
Troches of Tannic Acid
Troch. Acid. Tann.
Tannic Acid, six grammes 6 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder, sixty-five grammes 65 Gm.
Tragacanth, in fine powder, two grammes 2 Gm.
Stronger Orange Flower Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred troches 100
Rub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed; then
form a mass with stronger orange flower water and divide it into one
hundred troches.
474 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
TROCHISCI AMMONII CHLORIDI
Troches of Ammonium Chloride
Troch. Ammon. Chlor.
Ammonium Chloride, in fine powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Extract of Glycyrrhiza, in fine powder, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Tragacanth, in fine powder, two grammes 2 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder, forty grammes 40 Gm.
Syrup of Tolu, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred troches 100
Rub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed; then
form a mass with syrup of tolu and divide it into one hundred troches.
TROCHISCI CUBEBiE
Troches of Cubeb
Troch. Cubeb.
Oleoresin of Cubeb, two grammes 2 Gm.
Oil of Sassafras, one milliliter 1 mil
Extract of Glycyrrhiza, in fine powder, twentrj-five
grammes 25 Gm.
Acacia, in fine powder, twelve grammes 12 Gm.
Syrup of Tolu, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred troches 100
Rub the powders together until they are thoroughly mixed ; then add
the oleoresin and the oil, and incorporate them with the mixture. Lastly
form a mass with syrup of tolu and divide it into one hundred troches.
TROCHISCI POTASSII CHLORATIS
Troches of Potassium Chlorate
Troch. Pot. Chlorat.
Potassium Chlorate, in fine powder, fifteen grammes. . . 15 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
Tragacanth, in fine powder, three grammes 3 Gm.
Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred troches 100
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 475
Mix the sugar with the tragaeanth by trituration in a mortar; then
transfer the mixture to a sheet of paper, and by means of a bone or
wooden spatuhi mix it with the potassium chlorate, being careful to
avoid unnecessary trituration or pressure, which might cause the mix-
ture to ignite or explode. Lastly form a mass with water and divide into
one hundred troches.
TROCHISCI SODII BICARBONATIS
Troches of Sodium Bicarbonate
Troch. Sod. Bicarb.
Sodium Bicarbonate, eighteen grammes 18 Gm.
Sugar, in fine powder, fifty-four grammes 54 Gm,
Myristica, freshly grated, one gramme 1 Gm.
Mucilage of Tragacanth, a sufficient quantity,
To make one hundred troches 100
Triturate the myristica with the sugar, gradually added, until they
are reduced to a fine powder, and mix this intimately with the sodium
bicarbonate; then form a mass with the mucilage of tragacanth and
divide it into one hundred troches.
ULMUS
Elm
Elm Bark Slippery Elm
The bark of Ulmus fulva Michaux (Fam. Ulmaceoe), deprived of the
outer corky layer and dried.
Usually in bundles consisting of flat, oblong pieces, about 30 cm. in length
and from 10 to 15 cm. in width; outer surface of a light brown or buff color with
occasional dark brown patches of adhering cork, longitudinally striate and
with detachable bundles of bast-fibers, and colored blackish upon the addition
of a very diluted iodine T.S.; inner surface light yellowish-brown, nearly smooth
and finely striate, only slightly darkened upon the addition of a very diluted
iodine T.S.; fracture fibrous with projecting bast-fibers, the broken surface
porous, due to the large mucilage cells; odor distinct; taste mucilaginous.
The powder is very light brown; under the microscope it shows mostly fibrous
fragments, and a finely granular portion made up of small starch grains, the latter
being immediately colored bluish-black upon the addition of iodine T.S.; starch
grains mostly spherical or more or less polygonal, usually about 0.003 mm. in diam-
eter, but also attaining a diameter of 0.025 mm. ; bast-fibers very long, about 0.02
mm. in diameter, with rather thin, slightly lignified walls; calcium oxalate in
monoclinic prisms, mostly in crystal fibers, the individual crystals from 0.01 to
0.025 mm. in diameter; fragments of large mucilage cells with adhering starch
grains.
Macerate 1 Gm. of powdered Elm with 40 mils of distilled water for an hour
and forciblv strain; the solution is of a mucilaginous consistence.
476 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
UNGUENTUM
Ointment
Ung. — Simple Ointment
White Wax, two hundred grammes 200 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, eight hundred grammes 800 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the white wax, add the benzoinated lard, and heat gently until
liquefied; then stir the mixture until it congeals. For use in southern
latitudes and during the warm season in other localities, 50 Gm. of
the benzoinated lard (or more if necessary) may be replaced by an equal
quantity of white wax,
UNGUENTUM ACIDI BORICI
Ointment of Boric Acid
Ung. Acid. Bor.
Boric Acid, in fine powder, one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Paraffin, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
White Petrolatum, eight hundred and fifty grammes. . . 850 Gm.
To make about one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the paraffin, add the white petrolatum, and heat gently until
liquefied. Then gradually add the hot liquid to the boric acid, con-
tained in a warm mortar, triturating thoroughly, and stir the mixture
until it congeals.
UNGUENTUM ACIDI TANNICI
Ointment of Tannic Acid
Ung. Acid. Tann.
Tannic Acid, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Glycerin, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Ointment, sixty grammes 60 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Dissolve the tannic acid in the glycerin with the aid of a gentle heat,
and mix the solution thoroughly with the ointment, avoiding the use of
iron utensils.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 477
UNGUENTUM AQU^ ROS.E
Ointment of Rose Water
Ung. Aq. Ros.
Spermaceti, one hundred and twenty-five grammes 125 Gm.
White Wax, one hundred and twenty grammes 120 Gm.
Expressed Oil op Almond, five hundred and sixty
grammes 560 Gm.
Sodium Borate, in fine powder, five grammes 5 Gm.
Stronger Rose Water, one hundred and ninety grammes 190 Gm.
To make about one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Reduce the spermaceti and the white wax to fine pieces and melt
them on a water bath, add the expressed oil of almond and stir, con-
tinuing the heat until the mixture is uniform. Dissolve the sodium
borate in the stronger rose water warmed on a water bath to the
temperature of the melted wax and fat, and add the warm solution
gradualh^ to the melted mixture, stirring it rapidly and continuously
until it congeals and becomes of uniform consistence.
Ointment of Rose Water must be free from rancidity. If the Oint-
ment has been chilled, warm it slightly before attempting to incorporate
other ingredients with it.,
UNGUENTTOI BELLADONNA
Belladonna Ointment
Ung. Bellad.
PiLULAR Extract of Belladonna Leaves, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Diluted Alcohol, five milUUters 5 mils
Hydrous Wool Fat, thirty grammes 30 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, fifty-five grammes 55 Gm.
To make about one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate the extract with the diluted alcohol until a smooth mixture
is obtained; with this incorporate the hydrous wool fat; then add the
benzoinated lard and mix thoroughly.
478 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
UNGUENTUM CHRYSAROBINI
Chrysarobin Ointment
Ung. Chrysarobin.
Chrysarobin, six grammes 6 Gm.
Benzoin ATED Lard, ninety-Jour grammes 94 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate the chrysarobin with the bcnzoinated lard previously
melted, and heat the mixture on a water bath for twenty minutes, with
occasional stirrhig; then strain and stir until it congeals.
UNGUENTUM DIACHYLON
Diachylon Ointment
Ung. Diachyl.
Lead Plaster, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Oil of Lavender, one gramme 1 Gm.
White Petrolatum, forty-nine grammes 49 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Melt together the lead plaster and the white petrolatum by applying
a gentle heat, strain the mixture, allow it to cool but not congeal, add the
oil of lavender, and stir the Ointment until it is cold.
UNGUENTUM GALLiE
Nutgall Ointment
Ung. Gall.
Nutgall, in very fine powder, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
Ointment, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Rub the nutgall with the ointment, gradually added, until they are
thoroughly mixed. Avoid the use of metallic utensils.
UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI
Mercurial Ointment
Ung. Hydrarg.
Mercury, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Oleate of Mercury, twenty grammes 20 Gm.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 479
Prepared Suet, two hundred and ihirttj grammes 230 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, two hundred and fifty grammes 250 Gm,
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Triturate the oleate of mercury in a warm mortar, with the mercury-
added gradually, and when the globules are completely divided and dis-
tributed, set it aside for about fifteen minutes. Melt the lard and suet,
allow the mixture to partially cool, add about twenty-five grammes of it
to the mercurial mixture, and continue the trituration until globules of
mercury are no longer visible under a lens magnifying ten diameters.
Then add the remainder of the lard and suet and mix thoroughly.
Assa> — Weigh 10 Gm. of Mercurial Ointment in a tared dish, melt it, then
remove it from the fire and add 50 mils of warm purified petroleum benzin. Stir
the mixture well, allow the mercury to settle completely, and decant the benzin.
Wash the residue with successive portions of 10 mils each of warm purified
petroleum benzin until it is entirely free from fatty matter, carefullj' retaining
all of the separated Mercury in the dish, and allowing all traces of the benzin to
evaporate. Add to the residue 10 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid, heat it
gently and stir with a glass rod until the mercury collects in a globule. Pour off
the acid, warm the mercury with a little distilled water, dry the globule on
bibulous paper, and weigh. The separated mercury weighs not less than 4.9 Gm.
nor more than 5.1 Gm.
Preparation — Unguentum Hydiargyri Dilutum.
UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI AMMONIATI
Ointment of Ammoniated Mercury
Ung. Hydrarg. Ammon. — White Precipitate Ointment
Ammoniated Mercury, in very fine powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
White Petrolatum, fifty grammes 50 Gm.
Hydrous Wool Fat, forty grammes 40 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Rub the ammoniated mercury with an equal weight of the melted
white petrolatum, then add the remainder of the melted white petro-
latum, mix thoroughly with the hydrous wool fat, and stir the mixture
until it congeals.
UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI DILUTUM
Diluted Mercurial Ointment
Ung. Hydrarg. Dil. — Blue Ointment Hydrargyri unguentum P.I.
Mercurial Ointment, six hundred grammes 600 Gm.
Petrolatum, four hundred grammes 400 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
480 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
I
Mix them thoroughly. For use in southern latitudes or during the
warm season in other localities, 50 Gm. of the petrolatum (or more, if
necessary) may be replaced by an equal quantity of yellow wax.
Assay — Proceed as directed in the assay under Unguentum Hydrargyri. The
separated mercury weighs not less than 2.9 Gm. nor more than 3.1 Gm.
UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI NITRATIS
Ointment of Mercuric Nitrate
Ung. Hydrarg. Nit. — Citrine Ointment
Mercury, seven grammes 7.0 Gm.
Nitric Acid, seventeen and five-tenths grammes 17.5 Gm.
Lard, free from water, seventy-six grammes 7G.0 Gm.
To make about one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Warm the lard in a capacious porcelain dish until it has just melted,
or to about 45° C. Add seven grammes of the nitric acid all at once and
continue the heat until the characteristic reaction is complete. Hold
an inverted glass funnel over the dish to protect the operator from any
lard spurting from the dish during the reaction. Withdraw the heat
immediately after the rapid rise of froth which accompanies the end
reaction and cool the treated lard, stirring it until it assumes a bright
citrine color. Dissolve the mercury in the remainder of the nitric acid,
warming it if necessary to prevent crystallizing, and mix the solution
with the previously prepared lard. All contact with metallic utensils
or containers must be avoided.
UNGUENTUM HYDRARGYRI OXIDI FLAVI
Ointment of Yellow Mercuric Oxide
Ung. Hydrarg. Oxid. Flav.
Yellow Mercuric Oxide, in very fine powder, ten
grammes 10 Gm.
Water, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Hydrous Wool Fat, forty grammes 40 Gm.
PetrolatuiI, forty gramm,es 40 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate the yellow mercuric oxide with the water until the mixture
is perfectly smooth, then add the hydrous wool fat in divided portions,
and incorporate thoroughly with the petrolatum. All contact with
metallic utensils or containers must be avoided.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 481
UNGUENTUM lOD);
Iodine Ointment
ling. lodi •
Iodine, four grammes 4 Gm.
Potassium Iodide, four grammes 4 Gm.
Glycerin, twelve grammes 12 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, eighty grammes 80 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate the iodine and potassium iodide in a glass mortar with the
glycerin until dissolved, then gradually incorporate the benzoinated
lard and mix thoroughly. All contact with metallic utensils or containers
must be avoided. This Ointment must not be dispensed unless it has
been recently prepared.
UNGUENTUM lODOFORMI
Iodoform Ointment
Ung. lodof.
Iodoform, in very fine powder, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, ninety grammes 90 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate the iodoform thoroughly with about twice its weight of the
benzoinated lard, then incorporate the remainder of the benzoinated
lard.
UNGUENTUM PHENOLIS
Ointment of Phenol
Ung. Phenol. — Ointment of Carbolic Acid
Liquefied Phenol, two and twenty-five hundredths grammes 2.25 Gm.
Ointment, ninety-seven and seventy-five hundredths grammes 97.75 Gm.
To make one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Add the liquefied phenol to the melted ointment and stir the mixture
until it begins to congeal.
36
482 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
UNGUENTUM PICIS LIQUIDiE
Tar Ointment
Ung. Pic. Liq.
Tar, five hundred grammes 500 Gm.
Yellow Wax, one hundred and fifty grammes 150 Gm.
Lard, three hundred and fifty grammes 350 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Melt the yellow wax, add the lard, and to the melted mixture add the
tar, previously warmed, and incorporate thoroughly; strain through
muslin, and stir the mixture until it congeals.
UNGUENTUM STRAMONII
Stramonium Ointment
Ung. Stramon.
PiLULAR Extract of Stramonium, ten grammes 10 Gm.
Diluted Alcohol, five milliliters 5 mils
Hydrous Wool Fat, tivciity grammes 20 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, sixty-five grammes 65 Gm.
To make about one hundred grammes 100 Gm.
Triturate the extract with the diluted alcohol until a smooth mixture
is obtained; with this incorporate the hydrous wool fat, then add the
benzoinated lard, and mix thoroughly.
UNGUENTUM SULPHURIS
Sulphur Ointment
Ung. Sulphur.
Sublimed Sulphur, one hundred and fifty grammes 150 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, eight hundred and fifty grammes. . . . 850 Gm.
To make one thousand grammes 1000 Gm.
Rub the .<?ublimed sulphur with the benzoinated lard, gradually added,
until they are thoroughly mixed.
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 483
UNGUENTUM ZINCI OXIDI
Ointment of Zinc Oxide
Ung. Zinc. Ox.— Zinc Ointmeut
Zinc Oxide, in very (ine powder, two hundred (jrammes. . 200 Gm.
Benzoinated Lard, cighL hundred (jranuncn 800 Gm.
To make unc thousand (jranimea 1000 Gm.
Rub the zinc oxide, which must be free from gritty particles, with
about one-fourth of the melted benzoinated lard, in a i)reviously warmed
container, and with this incorporate the remainder of the benzoinated
lard, previously melted. If necessary, strain the Ointment while warm,
and stir it thoroughly until it congeals.
URANII NITRAS
Uranium Nitrate
Uran. Nit.
It contains not less than 98 per cent, of U02(N03)2+6H20 (502.62)
(uranyl nitrate). Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected
from light.
Uranium Nitrate occurs in the form of light j-ellow prisms; odorless and
having a bitter, astringent taste; somewhat efflorescent: radio-active.
One Gm. of Uranium Nitrate dissolves in 1.2 mils of water at 25° C; freely
soluble in alcohol or ether.
Aqueous solutions of Uranium Nitrate are yellow and acid to litmus.
Separate portions of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yield, with sodium
hj-droxide T.S. or ammonia water, a 3-ellow precipitate insoluble in an excess
of the reagent but soluble in ammonium carbonate T.S.; with ammonium
sulphide T.S. a dark brown precipitate; and with sodium phosphate T.S. a yellow
precipitate. Mix 2 mils of the aqueous solution with an equal volume of
sulphuric acid, cool the mixture, and add a crystal of ferrous sulphate; a dark
brown color appears around the crystal.
An aqueous solution of the salt does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) remains clear after the addition of
an equal volume of ammonium cai'bonate T.S. {alkaline earths). Dilute 3 mils
of this mixture to 10 mils with distilled water and add 10 mils of hydrogen
sulphide T.S.; no color or precipitate is produced {iron, manganese, or zinc).
A solution of 1 Gm. of Uranium Nitrate in 20 mils of distilled water, acidulated
with 1 mil of diluted sulphuric acid, does not completely decolorize 0.1 mil of
tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. {uranoiis compounds).
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 100) does not at once produce a turbidity
with barium chloride T.S. {sulphate).
Assay — Dissolve about 0.4 Gm. of the salt, accurately weighed, in 100 mils of
distilled water, heat the solution to boiling, add ammonia water until no further
precipitate is produced, and allow the precipitate to settle. Then wash the
precipitate well on a filter with an aqueous solution of ammonium nitrate (1 ia
484 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
100), aiid afterwards moderately ignite it in a platinum rrufibic, with free arcess
of air, until the weight is constant. The urano-uranic oxide (UaOg) so obtained
rorresjiondts to not less than 54.8 per cent, of the weight of the salt taken, which
is equivalent to not less than 98 per cent, of rC)2(NO3)2+6H20.
Average dose — Metric, 0.01 Gm. — Apothecaries, }^^ grain.
Use with caution.
UVA URSI
Uva Ursi
Bearberry
The dried leaves of Ardostaphylos Uva-ursi (Linn^) Sprengel (Fam.
Ericacece), without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent,
of stems or other foreign matter.
Usually more or less entire, lamina' obovate or oblong-spatulate, from 12 to 30
mm. in length and from 5 to 13 mm. in breadth ; summits obtuse or rounded ; margins
entire, slightly revolute; bases cuneate, tapering into short, stout petioles;
upper surfaces dark green, glabrous and shiny, finely reticulate; under surfaces
yellowish-green and slightly pubes(;ent, especially on the midribs; coriaceous,
fracture short; odor aromatic, tea-like; taste astringent and somewhat bitter.
The powder is olive green; under the microscope it shows irregular fragments;
ci)idernial cells polygonal, those of the lower surface showing broadly elliptical
stomata about 0.035 mm. in length, surrounded by from 5 to 8 neighboring cells;
cells of mesophyll with chloroplastids and frequently irregular masses of a carbo-
hydrate; fragments of fibro-vascular bundles with spiral trachea; associated with
narrow, strongly lignified sclerenchymatous fibers and frequently also with crystal
fibers with monoclinic prisms, from 0.00(3 to 0.015 mm. in diameter; numerous
fragments made up of cells having a yellowish-brown content which are colored
a bluish-black upon the addition of ferric chloride T.S.
Place 0.1 Gm. of powdered Uva Ursi on a watch crystal and cover with another
watch crystal and gently heat the powder; a crystalline sublimate forms, consist-
ing of long rods and feather-like aggregates wliich polarize light with a brilliant
play of colors.
Macerate 1 Gm. of powdered Uva Ursi with 10 mils of boiling water, shake
the mixture occasionally until cold and then filter it; the filtrate yields a grayish-
purple precipitate upon the addition of a few drops of ferrous sulphate T.S.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Uvae Ursi.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
VALERIANA
Valerian
Valer.
The dried rhizome and roots of Valeriana officinalis Linn6 (Fam.
Valerianacece) .
Rhizome upright, from 2 to 4 cm. in length and from 1 to 2 cm. in diameter,
.usually cut longitudinally into 2 to 4 pieces; externally yellowish-brown or dark
brown, upper portion with stem-bases and fre(|uently with a short horizontal
branch or stolon, and from the outer surface ari.se numerous, slender, brittle
roots; fracture of rhizome short and horny, internally light brown, with a thick
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 485
bark and narrow central cylinder; odor pronounced, of valeric acid, hocoming
stronger uj)on aginp;; taste sweetish, cainphoraceous and somewhat hitter.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of the root of \'alerian show a
single epidermal layer of papillose cells, some being modified to root hairs; a
hypodermal layer containing some secretion cells with suberized walls, and in
which are usually numerous small, oily globules and occasionally small prismatic
crystals; cortical parenchyma, the cells filled with starch, some of the cells near
the hypodermis containing a few oil globules; an endodermis of thin-walled
cells enclosing a central cylincler with usually 3 to 5 fibro-vascular bundles;
trachea^ with simple and bordered pores. Older roots show a large pith of starch-
bearing parenchyma, a secondary thickening in the fibro-vascular bundles and a
periderm of a few layers of cells.
Sections of the rhizome show a thin periderm, a cortical parenchyma with
scattered fibro-vascular bundles, a layer of altered cells of the endodermis,
numerous, more or less twisted, collateral fibro-vascular bundles and a large pith.
The powder is light brown to grayisli-brown ; under the microscope it exhibits
numerous starch grains, from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in diameter, spherical, plano-
convex, polygonal, 2- to 4-compound and each usually with a central cleft;
tracheal fragments, the walls having simple and bordered pores or scalariform
and reticulate thickenings, accompanied by narrow sclerenchymatous fibers,
the walls being thin, porous, and strongly lignified: occasional fragments of
epidermis with root hairs, and fragments of cork.
Valerian jnelds not more than 20 per cent, of a.sh.
Preparations — Tinctura Valerianse Tinctura Valerianae .\mmoniata.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
VANILLINUM
Vanillin
Vanillin.
Methylprotocatechuic aldehyde [CsHsOg or CeHa.OH.OCHg.COH
4:3:1 = 152.06] occurring naturally in vanilla, or prepared synthetically.
Preserve it in well-closed containers, protected from light.
Vanillin occurs in fine, white, or only very slightly yellowish, crystalline
needles, ha\'ing the odor and taste of vanilla.
One Gm. of Vanillin dissolves in 100 mils of water at 25° C; also in 10 mils of
water at 80° C; freely soluble in alcohol, glycerin, chloroform, or ether.
Its aqueous solution is acid to litmus and is opticallv inactive.
It melts between S0° and 82° C.
It is easilj- dissolved by aqueous solutions of the alkali hydroxides, and from the
combinations thus formed it is precipitated at once by the addition of acids.
An aqueous solution of Vanillin gives a blue color with ferric chloride T.S.; if
the mixture is boiled, the blue color changes to brown, and on cooling a white, or
nearly wliite, precipitate of dihydrodivanillin separates.
VaniUin is extracted completely from its solution in ether by shaking with a
saturated, aqueous solution of sodium bisulphite, from which it is precipitated
by the addition of sulphuric acid.
A cold aqueous solution of Vanillin gives, on the addition of lead acetate T.S.,
a white precipitate of a lead compoimd of vanillin, soluble in hot water.
Incinerate about 2 Gm. of Vanillin ; not more than 0.05 per cent, of ash remains.
Warm about 0.1 Gm. of Vanillin with a concentrated alcoholic solution of
sodium hydroxide, add a drop of chloroform and again warm; the odor of phenyl-
isocyanide is not perceptible {acetanilid).
Average dose — Metric, 0.03 Gm. — Apothecaries, }>^ grain.
4S6
THfi PHARMACOPOJlA OF fHfi
VERATRINA
Veratrine
Veratrin. — Veratria
A mixture of alkaloids obtained from the seed of Asagroea officinalis
(Chamisso and Schlechtendal) Lindley (Fam. Liliacect). Preserve it in
well-closed containers, protected from light.
Veratrine is a wliite, or grayish-white, amorphous powder, odorless, but
causing intense irritation and sneezing when even a minute quantity reaches
the nasal mucous membrane. Great caution must be used in tasting it. It is
slightly hygroscopic.
One' Gin. of Veratrine dissolves in 1760 mils of water, 2.8 mils of alcohol,
0.7 mil of chloroform, and m 4.2 mils of ether at 25° C; also in 1345 mils of water
at 80° C; insoluble in petroleum benzin.
Its alcoholic solution is alkaline to moistened Utmus paper.
Triturate about 0.05 Gm. of Veratrine with 2 mils of sulphuric acid in a glass
mortar; the yellow or orange-red solution exhibits by reflected light a greenish
fluorescence, which becomes more intense upon the addition of an equal volume
of sulphuric acid. Upon standing, the solution gradually assumes a deep red
color.
Sulphuric acid, when heated with Veratrine, gives a cherry-red color. Sul-
phuric acid added to a mixture of one part of Veratrine and six parts of sugar
produces a green color which changes to blue, and finally the mixture becomes
colorless.
No weighable ash remains on incinerating 0.1 Gm. of Veratrine.
An alcoholic solution of Veratrine (1 in 20) remains clear after the addition
of platinic chloride T.S. {various foreign alkaloids).
VERATRUM VIRIDE
Veratrum Viride
Verat. Vir. — Green Hellebore American Hellebore
The dried rhizome and roots of Veratrum viride Alton (Fam, Liliacece),
without the presence or admixture of more than 5 per cent, of stems or
other foreign matter.
Rhizome upright, obconical, usually cut longitudinally into 2 to 4 pieces,
from 2 to 7 cm. in length and from 1.5 to 3 cm. in diameter, externally light
brown to dark brown or brownish-black, frequently bearing at the summit
numerous, closely arranged, thin leaf-bases, otherwise rough and wrinkled,
somewhat annulate from scars of l)ud-scales and bearing in the outer portion
numerous roots, the lower part more or loss decayed; fracture hard and horny;
internally yellowish or grayish-white, marked with munerous, irregular fibro-
vascular bundles; inodorous but sternutatory; taste bitter and acrid.
Roots nearly cylindrical, from 3 to 8 cm. in length and from 1 to 3 mm. in
diameter, externally light brown to yellowish-brown, deeply transversely
wrinkled; fracture .short, bark whitish, very thick, enclosing a porous central
cylinder.
The powder is grayish-brown to dark brown, strongly sternutatory; under
the microscope it exhibits numerous starch grains from 0.003 to 0.02 mm. in
diameter, spherical or ellipsoidal, single or 2- to 3-compound, the individual
grains being often swollen or otherwise more or less altered; calcium oxalate
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 487
in raphides, from 0.015 to 0.15 mm. in length; fragments with trachea;, the
walls being more or less strongly lignified and marked with scalariform or
reticulate thickenings, frequently containing a lemon-yellow substance and
associated with narrow, slightly lignified, porous, sclerenchymatous fibers:
reddish-brown or brownish-black cork fragments occasional.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Vcratri Viridis Tinctura Veratri Viridis.
Average dose — Metric, 0.06 Gm. — Apothecaries, 1 grain.
VIBURNUM PRUNIFOLIUM
Viburnum Prunifolium
Viburn. Prun. — Black Haw Viburnum
The dried bark of Viburnum prunifolium Linne or of Viburnum Len-
<afifo Linne (Fam. Caprifoliacecb) , without the presence or admixture of
more than 5 per cent, of wood or other foreign matter.
In irregular, transversely curved or quilled pieces, from 1.5 to 6 cm. in length,
and from 0.5 to 1.5 mm. in thickness; otiter surface grayish-brown, or, where the
outer cork has scaled off, brownish-red, longitudinally wrinkled; inner surface
reddish-brown, longitudinally striated; fracture short but uneven, showing in
bark which is young or of medium thickness, a dark brown cork, a brownish-red
outer cortex, and a whitish inner cortex in which are numerous light yellow
groups of sclerenchymatous tissues; odor slight; taste distinctly bitter and
somewhat astringent.
The powder is dark brown; under the microscope it exhibits numerous large
stone cells, which are often elongated, thick-walled and strongly lignified ; bast-
fibers few, crystals of calcium oxalate from 0.015 to 0.035 mm. in diameter,
occurring mostly in rosette aggregat&s, occasionally in crystal fibers; monoclinic
prisms of calcium oxalate few.
Preparations — Extractum Vibiu-ni Prunifolii Fluidextractum Viburni Prunifolii.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
VIRUS VACCINICUM
Vaccine Virus
Virus Vaccin. — Glycerinatcd Vaccine Virus Smallpox Vaccine Jennerian Vaccine
The pustules of vaccinia or cowpox from healthy vaccinated animals
of the bovine species, removed and prepared under aseptic conditions.
The vaccine pulp should be thoroughly rubbed up in a mortar or
passed through a special grinder, strained to remove coarse particles,
and made into a smooth emulsion with a glycerin solution. Vaccine
Virus gradually loses in potency, the loss being more rapid at high than
at low temperatures. Preserve it at a temperature between 4.5° and
15° C., protected from light.
Only such Vaccine Virus may be sold as has been prepared in estab-
lishments licensed by the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States.
488 IHE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
The law and the regulations demand that the following requirements be
observed: No Vaccine shall be used from any animal having a com-
municable disease, or suspected of having a communicable disease, other
than vaccinia; animals used for propagating ^^accine Virus must be
under daily veterinary examination for a period of not less than seven
days before vaccination, and as soon as the vaccine pulp is removed a
necropsy shall be made on each animal and permanent records kept.
Each lot of Vaccine Virus shall be examined to determine its freedom
from pathogenic micro-organisms and a special examination must be
made of each lot to determine the absence of tetanus spores or toxin,
and permanent records must be kept of these examinations. The
\'irus must be marketed in sterile containers that comply with the
requirements of the law and the regulations established by the United
States Public Health Service.
Each package of Vaccine Virus shall bear upon the label the name,
address, and license number of the manufacturer and the date beyond
which the contents cannot be expected to yield their specific results.
The label should also contain the laboratory number of the Virus.
XANTHOXYLUM
Xanthoxylum
Xanthox. — Prickly Ash Bark
The dried bark of Xanthoxylum aviericanum Miller, known in commerce
as Northern Prickly Ash Bark, or Xanthoxylum Clava-Hcrculis Linnc,
known in commerce as Southern Prickly Ash Bark (Fam. Rutaccw).
Northern Prickly Ash Bark — In transversely curved fragments or quills, from
2 to 15 cni. in length; bark from 0.5 to 2 mm. in thickness; outer surface light
gray to brownish-gray with grayish patches of foliaceous lichens bearing numer-
ous small black ajjothecia; longitudinally wrinkled and with numerous whitish
lenticels; the cork occasionally abraded, showing the yellowish or orange inner
bark; irmer surface yellowish-white, finely longitudinally striate and usually
with numerous, bright, shining crystals; fracture short, uneven; odor slight;
taste bitter, acrid, becoming pungent. » , n , i.
Under the microscope, transverse sections of Northern Prickly Ash Bark show
an outer corky layer consisting of from 4 to 20 rows of cells, the tangential walls
being more or less thickened and lignificd ; a wide strata of collenchyma inside of
the cork cambium composed of from 8 to 10 rows of tangent ially elongated
cells, with very thick walls and containing i)lastids; a more or less indistinct
row of endodermal cells beneath which occur small groups of primary bast-
fibers; the inner bark consists of numerous parenchyma cells among which are
included large oil-secretion reservoirs, separated by medullary rays whi(;h are
mostly one cell in width; the i)arenchyma cells as well as the oil-secretion reser-
voirs contain numerous colorless oily glo))ules. Scrajniigs from either the inner
or outer surface show numerous rod-shaj)e crystals and Hat i)risms, from 0.015
to 0.25 mm. in length, which polarize light with a display of bright colors.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 489
Southern Prickly Ash Bark — In transversely curved or irregular, oblong,
flattened pieces, or in quills from 2 to 40 cm. in length, bark from 1 to 4 mm. in
thickness; outer surface light gray to brownish-gray, marked by numerous large,
barnacle-shaped projections of cork, from 0.5 to 3.5 cm. in thickness, otherwi.se
with numerous gi-ayish patches of foliaceous lichens, bearing blacki.sh apothecia,
and numerous, elliptical lenticels; inner surface light j'ellowi.sh-brown to olive
brown, obscurely longitudinally striate and free from crj'stals; odor and taste
as in Northern Prickly Ash Hark.
Under the microscoije, transverse .sections of Southern Prickly Ash Bark show
a strong development of lignified cork occurring in the form of rings, the suc-
cessive layers being separated by .several rows of narrow tabular cells strongly
thickened on the tangential walls; beneath the cork cambium occurs a thin
layer of collenchyma followed by the outer tissues of the primary cortex and
consisting of small groujxs of rather large stone cells and occasional, scattered
groups of bast-fibers and parenchyma; the inner bark consists of parenchyma,
a more or less indistinct leptome or sieve tissue among which are numerous,
large, light yellowish oil-.secretion re.servoirs, medullary raj's from 1 to 2 cells in
width and occasional groups of stone cells and bast-fibers; starch grains numerous,
nearly spheri(!al, from 0.002 to 0.01 mm. in diameter, and occurring in the
parenchyma cells and medullary rays; calcium oxalate chiefly in monoclinic
prisms from 0.01 to 0.025 mm. in diameter, occurring in crystal fibers and in
parenchyma cells of the primary cortex.
Powdered Xanthoxylum is light grayish-brown, under the microscope it
shows mostly irregular fragments of cork cells, nearly colorless and strongly
lignified, fragments of parenchyma containing either small starch grains, oily
globules or monoclinic prisms of calcium oxalate; stone cells in small groups with
thick, colorless walls and containing frecjuently a reddish-brown substance; bast-
fibers few and non-lignified. In the Northern Prickly Ash, the stone cells are
usually absent, and the calcium oxalate crystals and the fragments of cork are
relatively few.
Preparation — Fluidextractum Xanthoxyli.
Average dose — Metric, 2 Gm. — Apothecaries, 30 grains.
ZINCI ACETAS
Zinc Acetate
Zinc. Acet.
It contains not less than 83.16 per cent, nor more than 87.32 per cent,
of anhydrous zinc acetate, corresponding to not less than 99.5 per cent,
of the cry.stallized salt [Zn(C2H302)2+2H20 = 219.45]. Preserve it in
well-closed containers.
Zinc Acetate occurs as soft, white, six-sided, monoclinic plates, of a pearly
luster, having a faintly acetous odor, and, in dilute solutions, an astringent,
metallic; taste. When exposed to the air, the salt gradually effloresces and loses
some of its acid.
One Gm. of Zinc Acetate dissolves in 2.3 mils of water and in 30 mils of alcohol
at 25° C; also in 1.6 mils of boiling water and about 1 mil of boiling alcohol.
Its aqueous solution is neutral or slightly acid to litmus.
When heated, the salt is partially fused, losing water and acid. At a higher
temperature it is decomposed, with evolution of inflammable and empyreumatic
vapors, and leaving a residue consisting chiefly of zinc oxide.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields a w^hite, gelatinous precipitate
with potassium ferrocyanide T.S. and a white precipitate with ammonium
sulphide T.S,
490 THE PHARMACOP(EIA OF THE
Add 0.1 Gm. of the salt to 1 mil of sulphuric acid and 1 mil of alcohol and
warm the mixture; ethyl acetate is formed, recognizable by its odor.
Ammonium carbonate T.S., when added in small portions to an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 20), produces at first a white precipitate, which re-
dissolves completely' upon the addition of an excess of the reagent.
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), to which 1 mil of hydro-
chloric acid has been added, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
As.say — Dis.solve about 1 Gm. of Zinc Acetate, accurately weighed, in 100 mils
of distilled water, render the solution slightly alkaline with ammonia water and
warm it to 80° C. Completely precipitate the zinc as zinc sulphide by the
addition of ammonium sulphide T.S. and warm the liquid on a water bath
until the precipitate settles. Collect the latter on a filter, wash it with distilled
water containing a few drops of ammonium sulphide T.S., then dis.solve it in hot,
dilute nitric acid (1 in 3), evaporate the solution to dryness in a tared platinum
dish, ignite th'e residue and weigh it as zinc oxide. The amount of zinc oxide
obtained corresponds to not less than 83.16 per cent, nor more than 87.32 per
cent, of Zn(C2H3<^^2)2-
Each gramme of Zinc Acetate corresponds to not less than 0.369 Gm. nor more
than 0.387 Gm. of zinc oxide.
Zinc Acetate may also be assaved by the Electrolytic method (see Part II,
Test No. 4). ■
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
ZINCI CARBONAS PR.ECIPITATUS
Precipitated Zinc Carbonate
Zinc. Carb. Prac.
Precipitated Zinc Carbonate is of somewhat variable chemical
comix)sition, corresponding to not less than 68 per cent, of ZnO (81.37).
Precipitated Zinc Carbonate is an impalpable, white powder without odor
or taste. It is permanent in the air.
Precipitated Zinc Carbonate is insoluble in water or in alcohol; completely
dissolved by diluted acids with copious effervescence; soluble in ammonia water
and in ammonium carbonate T.S.
When strongly heated, the salt loses water and carbon dioxide, and leaves a
re.'^idue, which is yellow while hot, but becomes white on cooling.
For making the following tests for identity, make a solution by adding 10 mils
of diluted sulphuric acid and 10 mils of distilled water to 1.5 Gm. of Precipitated
Zinc Carbonate, and, after effervescence has ceased, remove the undissolved
excess by filtration.
In portioas of this solution a white gelatinous precipitate is produced by
potassium fcrrocyanide T.S., and a white precipitate by ammonium sulphide T.S.
Another portion of this solution yields with ammonium carbonate T.S. a
white precipitate, which redis.solves (;ompletc]y in an excess of the reagent.
Ten mils of a solution of the salt (1 in 50) made with the aid of a slight excess
of hydrochloric acid does not respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Part II,
Test No. 3).
Mix 1 Gm. of the salt in a flask with 10 mils of boiling distilled water and
add 2 drops of phenolphtlialein T.S.; not more than 1 mil of tenth-normal
hydrochloric acid V.S. is required to discharge any red color that may be pro-
duced (alkali).
tTNlTRD STATES Of AMERICA 4dl
Assay — Digest about 2 Gm. of Precipitated Zinc Carbonate, accnrafely
weighed, with 50 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S. until solution is complete;
then titrate tlie excess of sulphuric acid with normal potassium hydroxide V.iS.,
using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than G8 per cent,
of ZnO.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresjionds to 0.040f5S5 Gm. of
ZnO. Each gramme of I'recipitated Zinc Carbonate corresponds to not less
than 1G.8 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
ZINCI CHLORIDUM
Zinc Chloride
Zinc. Chlor.
It contains not less than 95 per cent, of ZnClo (136.29). Preserve
it in small, glass-stoppered bottles.
Zinc Chloride occurs as a white, or nearly white, granular powder, or in
porcelain-like masses, or moulded into pencils; odorless; it is so i/ilenscli/ amtilic
as to make tasting dangerous, unless the salt is dissolved in a large quantity of
water. It is very deliquescent.
One Gm. of Zinc Chloride dissolves in 0.25 mil of water, and in about 1.3 mils
of alcohol at 25° C; freely soluble in glycerin.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) is acid to litmus.
When heated to 115° C, Zinc Chloride fuses to a clear liciuid. At a higher
temperature it is partly volatilized in dense, wliite fumes, and partly decom])osed,
leaving a residue of zinc oxide.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields a white, gelatinous jirecipi-
tate, with potassium ferrocyanide T.S. and a white })recipitate with anuuonimn
sulphide T.S.
With silver nitrate T.S. an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields a
white, curdy precipitate insoluble in nitric acid but readily soluble ui ammonia
water.
Mix an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) with an equal volume of alcohol;
a single drop of hydrochloric acid is sufficient to render 10 mils of the mixture
perfectly clear {ox ychloride) .
Completely i)recipitate the zinc from a solution of 1 Gm. of the salt in 50
mils of distilled water, by means of ammonium sulphide, filter, eva))orate the
filtrate, and gently ignite; not more than 0.004 Gm. of residue remains.
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in .50) to which 1 mil of diluted
hydrochloric acid has been added does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II, Test No. 3).
Add ammonium carbonate T.S., in small portions, to an aqueous .solution
of Zinc Chloride (1 in 20); the precipitate produced is white, and redissolves
completely in an excess of the reagent.
Add sufficient potassium hj-droxide T.S. to 5 mils of an aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 10) to redissolve the precipitate whicli first forms, and then warm
the solution; the odor of ammonia is not percejjtible (anunoniuni salts).
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), acidulated with 1 mil
of hydrochloric acid, is not rendered more than slightly tm-bid by the addition
of 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. (sulphate).
Assay — Proceed as directed under the Assay for chlorides (see Part II, Test
No. 5), using about 0.3 Gm. of Zinc Chloride, accurately weighed, in a stoppered
weighing-bottle. It shows not less than 95 per cent, of ZnCl2.
Each mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. used corresponds to 0.006S145
Gm. of ZnClg. Each gramme of Zinc Chloride corresponds to not less than
139.4 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
492 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
ZINCI OXIDUM
Zinc Oxide
Zinc. Oxid.
It contains, when freshly ignited, not less than 99 per cent, of ZnO
(81.37).
Zinc Oxide is a very fine, amorphous, white or yellowish-white powder, free
from gritty particles, without odor or taste; it gradually absorbs carbon dioxide
from the air.
Zinc Oxide is insoluble in water or in alcohol; it dissolves without effervescence
in dilute acids, also in ammonia water and in ammonium carbonate T.iS.
When strongly heated, it assumes a yellow color which disappears on cooling.
For making the following tests for identity, digest 1.3 Gm. of Zinc Oxide,
with occasional agitation, in a mixture of 10 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid and
10 mils of distilled water until the solution is saturated, then remove the un-
dissolved Zinc Oxide by filtration.
In portions of this filtrate a white, gelatinous precipitate is produced bj'
potassium ferrocyanide T.S., and a white precipitate by ammonium sulijhide T.8.
Ten mils of a solution of Zinc Oxide (1 in 50), made with the aid of a sligiit
excess of hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for lieavy metals (see
Part II, Test No. 3).
Mix 1 Gm. of Zinc Oxide in a flask with 10 mils of boiling distilled water
and add 2 drops of phenolphthalein T.S.; not more than 1 mil of tenth-normal
hydrochloric acid V.S. is required to discharge any red color that may be pro-
duced (alkali).
Assay — Digest about 1.5 Gm. of freshly ignited Zinc Oxide, accurately
weighed, with 50 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S. until solution is complete.
Then titrate the excess of sulphuric acid with normal potassium hydroxide \'.S.,
using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 99 per cent, of ZnO.
Each mil of normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.04()G!S5 Gm. of
ZnO. Each gramme of freshly ignited Zinc Oxide corresjjonds to not less than
24.3 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
Preparation — Unguentum Zinci Oxidi.
ZINCI PHENOLSULPHONAS
Zinc Phenolsiilphonate
Zinc. Phenolsulph. — Zinc Sulphocarbolate
It contains not less than 73.7 per cent, nor more than 77.4 per cent.
of anhydrous zinc phenolsiilphonate, corresponding to not less than
99.5 percent, of the crystallized salt [(C6H50.S03)2Zn+8H20 = 555.72].
Pre.serve it in small, well-closed containers.
Zinc Phenolsulphonate occurs as colorless, transparent, rhombic prisms or
tabular crystals or in granular form; odorless, and having an astringent, metallic
taste. When exposed to the air the salt efl^oresces, and uj)on exposure to liglit
and air may become slightly pink.
One Gm. of Zinc Phenolsulphonate dissolves in 1.6 mils of water, and in
1.8 mils of alcohol at 25° C.; also in 0.4 mil of boiling water.
Its aqueous solution (1 in lOj is acid to litmus.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 493
When heated to 125° C, the salt loses all of its water of crystallization.
At a higher temperature it chars, emitting inflammable vapors having the odor of
phenol, and hnally leaves an incombustible residue.
An aciucoiis solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields a white, gelatinous precipitate
witli potassium ferrocyanide T.S., and a white precipitate with ammoniiiin
suli)hide T.S.
Ammonium carbonate T.S., when added in small portions to an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 20), j)rodu(!es a white precipitate wliich redissolves com-
pletely ujwn the adilition of an excess of the reagent.
A dilute.solutionof thesalt (1 in 100; is colored pale violet by ferric chloride T.S.
The atldition of a few drops of barium chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of tlie salt (1 in 20), previously acidulated with 3 drojjs of hydrochloric
acid, produces not more than a slight turbidity [sulphale).
Tea mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 50), to which 1 mil of diluted
hj'drochloric acid has been added, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Part II. Test Xo. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(sec Part II, Test No. 1).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gtn. of Zinc Phenolsulphonate, accurately weighed,
in 100 mils of distilled water and proceed as directed in the assay under Zinci
Accias. 1lie amoimt of zinc oxide obtained corresponds to not less than 73.7
per cent, nor more than 77.4 per cent, of Zn(C6H5804)2.
Each gi'anmic of Zinc Phcnolsuljihonate corresponds to not less than 0.146
Gm. nor more than 0.153 Gm. of ZnO.
Zinc Phenolsuljihonate mav also be assaied by the Electrolytic method
(sec Part II, Test Xo. 4). '
Average dose — ^JMetric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
ZINCI STEARAS
Zinc Stearate
Zinc. Stear.
A compound of zinc with, stearic acid and small, but variable pro-
portions of palmitic acid, containing an amount of zinc corresponding
to not less than 13 per cent, nor more than 15.5 per cent, of ZnO.
Zinc Stearate is a fine, white, bulky powder, tasteless and having a faint,
characteristic odor.
Zinc Stearate is insoluble in water, alcohol or ether.
The salt is neutral to moistened litmus jnxper.
When heated, the salt fuses. At a higher temperature it is decomposed,
giving off inflammable vapors and the odor of burning fat, and finally leaves
a residue consisting chiefly of zinc oxide.
Heat 1 Gm. of Zinc Stearate with a mixture of 25 mils of distilled water and
5 rails of hydrochloric acid; stearic acid is Uberated and floats as an oily layer on
the surface of the liquid.
Boil 1 Gm. of Zinc Stearate with 25 mils of distilled water and 5 mils of hydro-
chloric acid, filter wliile hot and wash the filter with 25 mils of hot water. Render
the filtrate alkaline with ammonia water, warm it to 80° C, and add ammonium
sulphide T.S. in excess, filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, and ignite the
residue. Dissolve this residue in 10 mils of hot distilled water, filter, again
evaporate, ignite, and weigh; not more than 1 per cent, of residue remains
{alkalies and alkali earths).
The insoluble residue of fatty acids obtained in the preceding test, when
well washed, melts at a temperature not below 56° C.
494 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Assay — Boil about 1 Gm. of Zinc Stearate, accurately weighed, with 50 mils
of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. for ten minutes and cool. Then titrate the
excess of sulphuric acid with tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., using
methyl orange T.S. as indicator. It shows not less than 13 per cent, nor more
than 15.5 per cent, of ZnO.
Each mil of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. used corresponds to 0.0040685
Gm. of ZnO. Each gramme of Zinc Stearate corresponds to not less than
32 mils nor more than 38.1 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.
ZINCI SULPHAS
Zinc Sulphate
Zinc. Sulph.
It contains not less than 55.86 per cent, nor more than 58.65 per cent,
of anhydrous zinc sulphate, corresponding to not less than 99.5 per cent,
of the crystallized salt [ZnS04+7H20 = 287.55]. Preserve it in well-
closed, containers.
Zinc Sulphate occurs as colorless, transparent, rhombic crystals, or as a granu-
lar, crystalline powder, without odor, and having an astringent, metallic taste.
It is efflorescent in dry air.
One Gm. of Zinc Sulphate dissolves in 0.6 mil of water, and in 2.5 mils of
glycerin at 25° C; in,soluble in alcohol.
Its aqueous solution (1 in 10) is acid to litmus.
When rapidly heated, the salt melts. When strongly ignited it is partly
decomposed, losing both water and sulphuric acid.
An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) yields a white, gelatinous precipitate
with potassium ferroc3'anide T.S., and a white precipitate with ammonium
sulphide T.S-. and with barium chloride T.S.
■ An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) yields with ammonium carbonate
T.S. a white precipitate, which redi.ssolves completely in an excess of the reagent.
Ten mils of an aqueous solution of Zinc Sulphate (1 in 50), after being
acidulated with 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the
Test for heavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
An aqueous solution of the salt meets the requirements of the Test for arsenic
(see Part II, Test No. 1).
An aqueous solution of Zinc Sulphate (1 in 20) is not colored pink by methyl
orange T.S. {free acid).
Add 2 drops of nitric acid to a solution of 1 Gm. of Zinc Sulphate in 20 mils
of distilled water, follow with 0.2 mil of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. and
filter the mixture. The subsequent addition of a few drops of tenth-normal
silver nitrate V.S. to the filtrate produces no cloudiness or opalescence (chloride).
Dissolve 1 Gm. of Zinc Sulphate in 50 mils of distilled water, precipitate the
zinc completely with ammonium sulphide T.S., filter, evaporate the filtrate to
dryness, and ignite; not more than 0.5 per cent, of residue remains {alkali and
alkali earth salts) .
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Zinc Sulphate, accurately weighed, in 100
mils of distilled water and estimate the salt as zinc oxide by the method given
in the assay under Zinci Acetas. The salt yields an amount of zinc oxide
corresponding to not less than 55.86 per cent, nor more than 58.65 per cent,
of ZnS04.
Each gramme of Zinc Sulphate corresponds to not less than 0.2815 Gm. nor
more than 0.2955 Gm. of ZnO.
Zinc Sulphate may also be assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II,
Test No. 4).
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 495
ZINCI VALERAS
Zinc Valerate
Zinc. Valer. — ^Zinc Valerianate
It contains not less than 99 per cent, of the crj^stallized salt
[Zn(C5H902)2+2H20 = 303.55]. Preserve it in small, well-closed
containers.
Zinc Valerate occurs as white, pearly scales, or as a white powder having the
odor of valeric acid, and a sweetish, astringent, and naetallic taste. On exposure
to the air, it slowly loses valeric acid and becomes {)artially insoluble in water.
One Gm. of Zinc Valerate dissolves in 70 mils of water at 25° C, usually
leaving an insoluble residue of basic salt ; soluble in 22 mils of alcohol at 25° C
Its aqueous solution (1 in 100) is acid to litmus.
When gently heated, the salt melts. At a higher temperature it is decom-
posed, giving off inflammable vapors, and finally leaving a residue consisting
chiefly of zinc oxide.
Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of Zinc Valerate in a mixture of 0.5 mil of hydrochloric
acid and 9 mils of distilled water; the valeric (isovaleric) acid is liberated and
floats as an oily layer on the surface of the liquid.
Filter the rnixture just prepared through a small, wetted filter; the clear
filtrate diluted with distilled water to 25 mils does not respond to the Test for
lieavy metals (see Part II, Test No. 3).
Heat 0.5 Gm. of Zinc Valerate with a mixture of 7.5 mils of distilled water
and 5 mils of diluted sulphuric acid and filter; 5 mils of the filtrate meets the
requirements for the Test for arsenic (see Part II, Test No. 1).
Zinc Valerate dissolves in ammonium carbonate T.S. without leaving a residue.
Triturate 0.5 Gm. of Zinc Valerate with 3 mils of distilled water and 0.2 mil
of ferric chloride T.S., and filter; the filtrate does not show a red color {acetate).
Add a concentrated, aqueous solution of copper acetate to a concentrated
aqueous solution of Zinc Valerate; the mixture remains perfectly clear {hutyrate).
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Zinc Valerate, accurately weighed, in 100
mils of distilled water, with the aid of a few drops of hydrochloric acid, if
necessary, and estimate the zinc as zinc oxide by the method given in the
assay under Zinci Acetas. The salt yields an amount of zinc oxide corresponding
to not less than 99 per cent, of Zn(C5n902)2+2H20.
Each granune of Zinc Valerate corresponds to not less than 0.265 Gm. of
ZnO.
Zinc Valerate may also be assayed by the Electrolytic method (see Part II,
Test No. 4).
Average dose — Metric, 0.125 Gm. — Apothecaries, 2 grains.
ZINCUM
Zinc
Zinc.
It contains not less than 99 per cent, of Zn (65.37).
Zinc is a bluish-white metal, showing a crystalline fracture. Tt occurs in
the form of thin sheets, or in irregular, granulated pieces, or moulded into thin
pencils, or in powder, and having a specific gravity nmging from 0.9 when it is
cast to 7.2 after it is rolled.
496 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
It is dissolved by diluted sulphuric or hydrochloric acid with the evolution of
hydrogen, usually leaving some insoluble residue.
When heated above 100° C. and not above 150° C, the metal becomes malle-
able and ductile; above 200° C, it becomes sufficiently brittle to be powdered
in an iron mortar; at from 412° to 415° C. it melts, and at 940° C. it boils and
may be readily distilled.
Add 1 Gm. of Zinc to 25 mils of diluted sulphuric acid; the liberated hydrogen
does not have a disagreeable odor, nor does it color a strip of paper moistened
with lead acetate T.S. (sulphur), or with silver nitrate T.S. (arsenic, aidiinony,
and phosphorus). The filtered solution is colorless, and yields a white, gela-
tinous precipitate with potassium ferrocyanide T.S., and a wliite precipitate
with ammonium sulphide T.S.
Assay — Dissolve about 1 Gm. of Zinc, accurately weighed, in a slight excess
of hydrochloric acid and add sufficient distilled water to make 100 mils. Dilute
10 mils of the clear solution with distilled water to make 100 mils, render it
slightly alkaline with ammonia water and sulisoquentl}' treat it as directed in
the assay for Zittci Acetas for the determination of zinc oxide. The metal yields
an amount of zinc oxide corresponding to not less than 99 i)er cent, of Zn.
Each granune of Zinc eorresjjond.'^to not less than 1.232 Gm. of ZnO.
Zinc may also be assajed bj' the Electrolytic method (see Part II, Test
No. 4).
ZINGIBER
Ginger
Zingib.
The dried rhizomes of Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Fam. Zingiberacece) ,
the outer cortical layers of which are often either partially or completely
removed. Preserve it in tightly-closed containers, adding a few drops
of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride, from time to time, to prevent
attack by insects.
Jamaica Ginger — Rhizomes free from the outer corky layers, in horizontal,
laterally compressed, irregularly branched pieces, from 4 to 16 cm. in length;
and from 4 to 20 nnn. in thickness; externally light brown, longitudinally striate,
ends of the branches with depressed stem-scars; fracture short-fibrous, mealy
and resinous; internally yellowish to light brown, cortex thin, endodermis a
thin yellow layer enclosing a large central cylinder with numerous groups of
fibro-vascular bundles and yellowish oil cells; odor agreeably aromatic; taste
aromatic and pungent.
African Ginger — Rhizomes with cork partly removed on the flattened sides,
the patc^hes without cork smooth and of a light .brown color, the portions with
cork longitudinally or reticulately wrinkled and grayish-brown; fracture short
or short-fibrous, internally lemon-yellow or dark bluish with yellowish oil-
secretion cells and light yellow to reddish-brown resin cells; odor strongly
aromatic; taste intensely i)ungent.
Calcutta Ginger — Rlijzomes resembUng the African Ginger, the branches
or "fingers" being somewhat larger, and with a considerable proportion of
shriveled pieces, externally grayish-brown or grayish-blue; fracture short and
mealy, or horny; internally light yellow or light brownish-yellow with numerous
yellowish oil cells and yellowish-brown resin cells; odor aromatic; taste starchy
and strongly pungent.
Calicut Ginger — Rhizomes resembling African Ginger, more of the periderm
being usually removed; externally more or less uniformly light brown; fracture
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 497
short or short-fibrous, and incaly; iiitcrnully li^lit-yollow or brownish-yellow
with numerous ycllowisli oil and resin colls; odor aromatic; taste very pungent.
Cochin (linger — Rliizomes with most of the corky layer removed on the
flattened sides; externally li^ht brown to grayish-yellow, fracture short and
mealy; internally yellowish-white with numerous yellowish oil cells and brown-
ish-re(l or blackish resin cells; odor aromatic; taste pungent but not so persist-
ent as in the African variety.
Japanese Ginger — Rhizome somewhat resembling Cochin Ginger but usually
with a thin coating of lime; externally nearly smooth or sliglitly wrinkled and of
a whitish color; fracture short and very mealy; internally varj-ing from a
yellowish-white to light brown and with numerous brownish-red resin cells;
odor aromatic; taste pungent.
Powdered Ginger is light yellow, or light brown to dark brown; under the
microscope it exliibits numerous starch grains varying greatly in form and size
in the different varieties, being nearly spherical, ovoid, ellijjsoidal or i)ear-
shaped and frequently with a cliaracteristic beak, u.sually from 0.005 to 0.04
mm., occasionally from 0.045 to O.OG mm. in the longtliameter; sclerenchymatous
fibers long, thin-walled, non-lignifieil, with obli(iue pores and distinctly undulate
on one si(ie; oil-secretion cells with suberized walls and containing a light
yellowish or yellowish-brown, oily substance; cork celLs absent in the Jamaica
variety.
Introduce 4 Gm. of ground Ginger into a 200 mil fla.sk, fill to the mark with
distilled water, and agitate at half-hour intervals during eight hours. Then
allow the mixture to stand for .sixteen hours, and filter. Evaporate 50 mils of the
filtrate, representing 1 Gm. of the drug, on a water bath, dry to constant weight
at 100° C, and weigh; it yields not less than 8 per cent, of residue.
Ginger yields not le.ss than 2 per cent, of a non-volatile extract soluble in
ether and not less than 4 per cent, of an extract soluble in alcohol.
Ginger yields not more than 8 per cent, of ash.
Preparations — Fluidextractum Aromaticum (from Aromatic Powder) Fluid-
extractum Zingiberis Oleoresina Zingiberis Pulvis .\romaticum Pulvis
Rhei Compositus Syrupus Zingiberis (from P'luidextract) Tinctura
Zingiberis.
Average dose — Metric, 1 Gm. — Apothecaries, 15 grains.
37
PART II
I
I
PART II
Contents
PAOB
Atomic Weights . . . ." 503
Elements and Pharmacopceial Chemicals 504
Multiples of Some Atomic and Molecular Weights 520
Reagents 521
Test Solutions 521
Volumetric Solutions 555
Indicators for Acidimetry and Alkalimetry 579
General Tests 584
1. Arsenic Test 584
2. Arsenic Test, Bettendorf's 586
3. Heavy Metals Test 586
4. Electrolytic Determinations 587
5. Assay for Clilorides, Bromides and Iodides 588
6. Assay for Allcali Salts of Organic Acids 589
7. Determination of Ash or Non- volatile Matter 589
8. Iodine Absorption Value 590
9. Saponification Value 590
10. Acid Number for Resins 591
11. Determination of Crude Fiber 591
12. Determination of Volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether 591
13. Determination of Non-volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether 592
14. Determination of Alcohol in Official Preparations with List of Alcoholic
Percentages 592
15. Proximate Assays (General Directions) 593
16. Melting Points 596
17. Boiling Points 598
18. Congealing Points 599
19. Solubilities 599
20. Gasometric Estimations 600
21. Optical Rotation 602
22. Refractive Index 603
23. Biological Assays 604
Standard Thermometers 610
Powders 612
Percolation . 613
Sterilization 616
Diagnostical Reagents and Clinical Tests 618
Tables ("^28
Thermometric Equivalents 628
Alcoholometric Table 633
Temperature Corrections for Alcoholometric Table 636
501
502
THE pharmacopcf:ia of the;
Acid and Alkali Tables 638
Acetic Acid 639
Hydrochloric Acid 642
Nitric Acid 643
Sulphuric Acid 646
Ammonia 649
Reduction of Apparent to True Specific Gravity 6o0
Reduction of Apparent Weight in Air to Weight in Vacuum 651
Calibration of Pycnometers 652
Calibration of Glass Measuring Apparatus 653
Metric Equivalents 654
Weight and Volume Relations 658
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities in
the Avoirdupois System 660
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities in
Apothecaries Measures 661
Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical Processes to Quantities in
Apothecaries Weights 662
Index o ..»..,» 663
1
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
503
Atomic Weights
Adopted by the Internatlooal Committee on Atomic WelghtA (t9l0)
Oxygen = 16
Name.
Symbol.
Atomic
Weight.
Name.
Symbol.
Atomic
Weigh:.
Aluminum
Antimony
Argon
Al
Sb
A
As
Ba
Bi
B
Br
Cd
Cs
Ca
0
Ce
CI
Cr
Co
Cb
Cu
T)J
Er
Eu
F
Gd
Ga
Ge
Gl
Au
He
Ho
H
In
I
Ir
Fe
Kr
La
Pb
Li
Lu
Mg
Mu
Hg
Mo
27.1
120.2
39.88
74.96
137.37
208.0
11.0
79.92
112.40
132.81
40.07
12.00
140.25
35.46
52.0
58.97
93.5
63.57
162.5
167.7
152.0
19.0
157.3
69.9
72.5
9.1
197.2
3.99
163.5
1.008
114.8
126.92
193.1
55.84
82.92
139.0
207.10
6.94
174.0
24.32
54.93
200.6
96.0
Neodymium
Neon
Nd
Ne
Ni
Nt
N
Os
O
Pd
P
Pt
K
Pr
Ea
Eh
Eb
Eu
Sa
So
Se
Si
Ag
Na
Sr
S
Ta
Te
Tb
Tl
Th
Tm
Su
Ti
W
U
V
Xe
Yb
Yt
Zn
Zr
144.3
20.2
Nickel
58.68
Arsenic
Niton (radium
emanation) . . .
Nitrogen
Osmium
Oxveen
Barium
Bismuth
Boron
Bromine
222.4
14.01
190.9
16.00
Cadmium
Caesium
Palladium
Phosphorus
Platinum
Potassium
Praseodymium . .
Radium
106.7
31.04
Calcium
Carbon
Cerium
Chlorine
195.2
39.10
140.6
226.4
Chromiuiu
Cobalt
Ehodium
Rubidium
Ruthenium
Samarium
Scandium
Selenium
Silicon
102.9
85.45
Columbium
Copper
Dysprosium
Erbium
101.7
150.4
44.1
79.2
Europium
Fluorine
28.3
Silver
107.88
Gadolinium
Sodium
23.00
Gallium
Germanium
Glucinum
Gold
Strontium
Sulphur
Tantalum
Tellurium
Terbium
Thallium
Thorium
Thulium
Tin
87.63
32.07
181.5
127.5
Helium
159.2
Holmium
Hydrogen
Indium
204.0
232.4
168.5
Iodine
119.0
Iridium
Titaniuni
Tungsten
Uranium
Vanadium
Xenon
Ytterbium (Neo-
ytterbium). . . .
Yttrium
Zinc
48.1
Iron
184.0
Krypton
Lanthanum
Lead
238.5
51.0
130 2
Lithium
Lutecium
Magnesium
Mau^'anese
172.0
89.0
65.37
90.6
Mercury
Molybdenum ....
Zirconium
504 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Elements and Pharmacopceial Chemicals
With their Atomic or Molecular Weights and a Table of Multiples
This list contains the official chemicals and reagents of a definite composition,
and also some that are not official, but which are likely to be required in stoichio-
metrical calculations. The figures in the list given below are based upon the
Table of International Atomic Weights (1915), with Oxygen taken as 16. The
elementary substances are also given in a separate list {see page 503). In the case
of a few salts, for which this Pharmacopoeia has given no formula on account of the
difficulty of securing an absolutely uniform composition, the theoretical formula
has been inserted merely for information. In the case of many hydrated com-
pounds the formula and molecular weight of the corresponding anhydrous salt
have also been given, to save time in making calculations.
0=16
Acetaldehyde (Acetic Aldehyde) CH3CHO 44.03
Acetanilid (Phenylacetamide) CsHgON 135.08
Acetic Anhydride (CHsCOaO 102.05
Acetone CsHeO 58.05
Acetphenetidin (Acetparaphenetidin) C10H13O2N 179.11
Acid, Acetic HC2H3O2 60.03
" Anhydride (CH3C0)20 102.05
" Acetylsalicylic HC7H4O2C2H3O2 180.06
" Arsenic H3As04+J^H20 150.99
" Aurochloric (Chlorauric) HAUCI4+4H2O 412.11
" Benzoic HC7H5O2 122.05
" Boric H3BO3 02.02
" Bromauric (Aurobromhydric) HAuBr4+5Il20 607.97
" Camphoric H2C10H14O4 200.13
" Carbolic (sec Phenol)
" Chlorauric (Aurochloric) HAUCI4+4H2O 412.11
" Chloroplatinic H2PtCle+6H20 518.07
" Cinnamic (Cinnamylic) HC9H7O2 148.06
" Citric II3C6H6O7+H2O 210.08
" " Anhydrous H3C6H5O7 192.06
" Diethyl-barbituric C8ni203N2 184.12
" Formic HCHO2 46.02
" Galhc HC7H5O5+H2O 188.06
" " Anhydrous HC7H5O6 .' 170.05
" Glyceroi)h()sphoric Il2C3H5(OII)2r04 172.11
" Hydriodic HI 127.93
" Hydrobromic HBr 80.93
" Hydrochloric HCl 36.47
" Hydrocyanic HCN 27.02
" Hydrofluoric HF 20.01
" Hydrosulphuric (Hydrogen Sulphide) . . . H2S 34.09
" Hypophosphorous HPIi202 66.06
" Lactic HC3H6O3 90.05
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 505
0 = 16
Acid, Molybdic H2M0O4 162.02
" Nitric HNO3 63.02
" Nitrous HNO9 47.02
" Oleic HC18H33O3 282.27
" Oxalic HaC204+2HaO 126.05
" " Anhydrous HaCaO* 90.02
" Phenolsulphonic (Phenoldisulplionic) . . . HCeH3(HS03)20 254.19
" Phenylcinchoninic HCieHioOaN 249.10
" Phosphoric H3PO4 98.06
" Phosphorous HaPOs 82.06
" Picric (see Trinitrophenol)
" Pyroboric (Tetraboric) HaB407 158.02
" PyrogaUic (see Pyrogallol)
" Rosolic (see Methylaurin)
" SaUcylic HC7H6O3 138.05
" Stearic HCisHssOa 284.29
" Succinic H2C4H4O4 118.05
" Sulphanilic HCeH4(NH2)S03+2H20.. . . 209.17
" " Anhydrous HCeH4(NHa)S03 173.14
" Sulphuric H2SO4 98.09
" Sulphurous H2SO3 82.09
" Tannic (variable) HC14H9O0 322.08
" Tartaric H2C4H4O6 150.05
" Tetraboric (Pyroboric) H2B4O7 158.02
" Trichloracetic HC2O2CI3 163.39
" Tungstic H2WO4 250.02
" Valeric (Valerianic) HC5He02 102.08
Aconitine C34H47O11N 645.39
Alcohol, Amyl (Amyl Hydroxide) CeHnOH 88.10
Ethyl (Ethyl Hydroxide) C2H6OH 46.05
Methyl (Methyl Hydroxide) CH3OH 32.03
Aldehyde, Acetic (Acctaldehyde) CH3CHO 44.03
Benzoic (Benzaldehyde) C7HeO 106.05
" • Cinnamic C8H7CHO 132.06
Formic (Formaldehyde) CHaO 30.02
Allyl-isothiocyanate C3H6SCN 99.12
Allyl-sulphocarbamide (Thiosinamine) C3H5SCN2H3 116.15
Alum (see Aluminum and Potassium Sulphate and Aluminum and Ammonium
Sulphate)
Aluminum Al 27.1
Aluminum and Ammonium Sulphate (Alum). .A1NH4(S04)2+12H20 453.47
" Anhydrous. A1NH4(S04) 2 237.28
" " Potassium Sulphate (Alum).. . .AlK (804)2 + I2H2O 474.53
Anhydrous. AlK(S()4)a 258.34
Hydroxide A1(0H^3 78.12
" Oxide AI2O3 102.20
" Silicate (Kaolin) (approximately) . .HaAla(Si04)a+HaO 258.83
506 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Aluminum Sulphate. Al2(S04)3 + 18H20 666.70
Anhydrous Al2(S04)3 342.41
Ammonia XH3 17.03
Ammonium Acetate NH4C2H3O2 77.07
" Arsenite (Mctarseuite) NH4ASO2 125.00
" Benzoate NH4C7H5O2 139.08
" Bromide NH4Br 97.96
" Carbamate NH4NH2CO2 78.07
" Carbonate (Add) NH4HCO3 79.05
" " (Normal) (NH4)2C03 96.08
" " (U.S.P.) (ai)i)roxi-
mately) NH4HCO3NH4NH2CO2 .... 157.12
" Chloride NH4CI 53.50
" Chloroplatinate (NH4)2PtCl6 444.04
" Citrate (NH4)3C6H507 243.17
" Hydrogen Fluoride NH4FHF 57.05
Hydrogen Sulphide NH4HS 51.12
" Hypophosphite NH4PH2O2 83.10
" Iodide NH4I 144.96
" Lactate NH4C3H5O3 107.08
" Molybdate (NH4)6Mo7024+4H20 1236.32
" Nitrate NH4NO3 80.05
Oxalate (NH4)2C204+H20 142.10
" " Anhydrous (NH4)2C204 124.08
Phosphate (NH4)2HP04 132.13
" Salicylate NH4C7H5O3 155.08
" and Sodium Phosphate NH4NaHP04+4H20 209.15
Sulphate (NH4)2S04 132.15
Sulphide (NH4)2S 68.15
Tartrate (NH4)2C4H40e 184.12
Valerate (not U.S.P.) NH4C5H9O2 119.11
" Vanadate (Mctavanadate) NH4VO3 117.04
Amyl Nitrite C6H11NO2 117.10
Amylene Hydrate C6H12O. 88.10
Anethol C10H12O 148.10
Aniline (Phenylamine) CbHsNHg 93.07
" Sulphate (C6H5NH2)2H2S04 284.22
Antimony Sb 120.2
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate K(SbO)C4H40e+>2H20. . . . 332.34
Anhydrous K(SbO)C4H406 323.33
Antimonic Sulphide Sb2S5 400.75
Antimonous Oxide Sb203 288.40
Sulphide Sb2S3 336.61
Antipyrine C11H12ON2 188.12
Apomorpliine Hydrochloride C17H17O2NHCI -1->2H20 .... 312.62
Argon. A 39.88
Arsenic As 74.96
United states of* America 507
O =16
Arsenic Sulphide AS2S5 310.27
" Trioxide (see Arsenous Oxide) AS2O3 197.92
Arsenous Iodide (Arsenic Triiodide) Asis 455.72
" Oxide (Arsenic Trioxide) AS2O3 197.92
" Sulphide AS2S3 246.13
Aspidospermine C22H30O2N2 354.26
Atropine C17H23O3N 289.19
Sulphate (Ci7H2303N)2H2S04+H20.. 694.49
Auric Chloride AuCb 303.58
Barium Ba i 37.37
Barium Carbonate BaC03 197.37
" Chloride BaCl2+2H20 244.32
" " Anhydrous Ba.Ch 208.29
" Chromate BaCr04 253.37
" Dioxide Ba02 169.37
" Hydroxide Ba(OH)2+8H20 315.51
" Nitrate Ba(N03)2 261.39
" Sulphate BaSOi 233.44
" Sulphide BaS 169.44
Benzaldehyde (Benzoic Aldehyde) CeHsCHO 106.05
Benzene (Benzol) CeHe 78.05
Benzosulphinide (Saccharin, Benzoyl-sulphonic-
imide) C7H5O3NS 183.12
Benzoyl-acetyldioxide C6H5CO.C2H3O.O2 180.06
Betaeucaine Hydrochloride C15H21O2NHCI 283.65
Betanaphthol (Naphthol) CioHsO 144.06
Bismuth B! 208.0
Bismuth Betanaphthol (approximately) (BiO)20HCioH70 608.06
" Citrate BiC6H507 397.04
" Nitrate (normal) Bi(N03)3+5H20 484.11
Subcarbonate (approxunately) [(BiO)2C03]2+H20 1034.02
" Subgallate (approximately) Bi(0H)2C7H505 411.06
" Subnitrate (approxunately) Bi(0H)2N03 304.03
" Subsahcylate (approximately) Bi(0H)2C7H503 379.06
" Sulphide BiaSs 512.21
" Trioxide BiaOs 464.00
Borneol C10H17OH 154.14
Bomyl Acetate C10H17C2H3O2 196.16
Boron B 11.0
Boron Trioxide B2O3 70.0
Bromine Br 79.92
Bromoform CHBra 252.77
Brucine C23H26O4N2+4H2O 466.29
Anhydrous C23H2e04N2 394.23
Cadmium Cd 1 12.40
Cadmium Chloride CdCb + 2HoO 219.35
" " Anhydrous CdCk 183.32
508 THE PHARMACOPCETA OF THE
0 = 16
Cadmium Iodide Cdl2 3G6.24
Sulphate 3CdS04+8H20 769.54
Anhydrous CdS04 208.47
Sulphide CdS 144.47
Caesium Cs 132.81
Caffeine C8H10O2N4+H2O 212.14
Anhydrous C8H10O2N4 194.12
Citrated C8H10O2X4C6H8O7 386.18
Calcium Ca 40.07
Calcium Bromide CaBr2+2H20 235.94
Anhydrous CaBr2 . 199.91
" Carbonate CaCOa 100.07
Cliloride CaCl2+2H20 147.02
Anhydrous CaCb 110.99
Fluoride CaF2 78.07
Glycerophosphate CaC3H7P06+H20 228.18
Anhydrous CaCsHvPOe 210.17
Hydroxide Ca(0H)2 74.09
Hypophosphite Ca(PH202)2 170.18
Lactate Ca(C3H503)2+5IT20 308.23
Anhydrous Ca(C3H503)2 218.15
0.xalate CaC204+H20 140.09
Oxide (Lime) CaO 56.07
Phosphate Ca3(P04)2 310.2S
Pyrophosphate Ca2P207 254.22
Sulphate (Gypsum) CaS04+2n20 172.17
Anhydrous CaS04 136.14
Sulphide (Monosulphide) CaS 72.14
Camphor CioHieO 1.^)2.13
Monobromated CioHieOBr 231.04
Carbon C 1 2.00
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.00
" Bisulphide CS2 76.14
" Tetrachloride CCU 153.84
Carvone C10H14O 150.11
Cephaeline Ci4Hi902N 233.16
Cerium Ce 1 40.25
Cerium O.xalate (not U.S.P.) Ce2(C2O4)3 + 10H2O 724.66
Anhydrous Ce2(C204)3 544.50
Chloral, Anhydrous C2HCI3O 147.39
Hydrated C2HCl30+n20 165.40
Chloral formamide C3H4CI3O2N 192.42
Chlorine CI 35.46
Chloroform CHCI3 119.39
Chromium Cr 52.0
Chromium Oxide Cr203 152.0
Trioxide (Chromic Anhydride) . . . .CrOs 100.00
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 509
0=16
Cinchoiiidinc CigHaaONa 291.20
Salirylatc Cioll220N2C7He03 432.24
" Sulphate (CioIl220N2)2n2.S04+31l20. 740.53
" Anhydrous (Ci9ll220N2)2H2S04 086.48
Cinrhoniuc C19H22ON2 294.20
Sulphate (CieH220N2)2H2S04 +21120. 722.51
" .Vnhydrous (Ci9H220N2)aH2S04 686.48
Cineol (Eucalyptol) CioHisO 154.14
Cinnamic Aldehyde CsHsO 132.06
Citral CioHieO 152.13
Cobalt Co 58.97
Cobaltous Chloride C0CI2+6H2O 237.99
Anhydrous C0CI2 129.89
Nitrate Co(NO3)2+0n2O 291.09
Anhydrous Co(NO.i)2 1S2.09
Sulphate CoS()4+7n2() 281.15
Cocaine Ci7H2i()4X 303.18
Hydrochloride Ci7n2i(>4XIICl 3.39.65
Codeine (Methyl Morphine) Ci8ll2if)3X+ll20 317.19
Anhydrous Ci8n2i03X 299.18
Phosphate C18H21O3XH3PO4 +2H2O . . . 433.27
.Vnhydrous C18H21O3XH3PO4 397.24
Sulphate (Ci8H2i03X)2H2S04+5H20. 786.52
Anhydrous (Ci8H2i03N)2H2S04 696.44
Colchicine C22H25O6N. ! 399.21
Columbium Cb 93.5
Coniine CsHitN 127.15
Copper Cu 63.57
Cotamine C12H15O4X 237.13
Hydi-ochloride C12H14O3XCI 255.58
Phthalate (Ci2Hi504X)2C6H4C2H204. . 640.31
Cresol CeH4(CH3)0H 108.06
Cupric-ammonium Sulphate Cu(XH3)4S04+H20 245.79
Cupric Acetate Cu(C2H302)2+H20 199.63
" Sulphate ; .CUSO4+5H2O 249.72
" " Anhydrous CuS04 159.64
" Sulphide CuS 95.64
" Tartrate CuC4H406+3HaO 265.65
" " Anhydrous CUC4H4O6 211.60
Diacetyl-morphine C21H23O5N 369.19
Hydrochloride C21H23O5NHCI+H2O 423.68
" " " Anhydrous. C21H23O5XHCI 405.66
Diethyl-barbituric Acid C8H12O3N2 184.12
Diethjdsulphone-dimethyl-methane C7H16O4S2 228.27
Diethylsulphone-methyl-ethyl-methane C8II18O4S2 242.28
Dipentene CioHie 136.13
Diphenylamine (C6H5)2NH 169.10
510 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
Dithymol Diiodide (Thymol Iodide) (CioHi20)2l3 550.03
Dysprosium Dy ! 62. 5
Emetine C1GH22O2N 248.19
" Hydrochloride, Anhydrous C30H44O4X2 .2HC1 569.31
Epinephrine, Hydrated C9H13O3N+ HH2O 192.12
Erbium Er 167.7
Erythrol Tetranitrate C4H6(N03)4 302.09
Ether (Ethyl Oxide) (C2H5)20 74.08
Ethyl Acetate C2H5C2H3O2 88.06
" Carbamate CO(OC2H5)XH2 89.07
" Chloride C2H5CI 64.50
" Hydroxide (Ethyl Alcohol) C2H5OH 46.05
Ethylmorphine Hydrochloride C19H23O3NHCI+2H2O 385.69
" " Anhydrou.s....Ci9H2303NHCl 349.66
Ethyl Nitrite C2H5NO2 75.05
" Oxide (Ether) (C2H5)20 74.08
Eucaine (Beta) C15H21O2NHCI+H2O 301.66
Eucalyptol (Cineol) CioHisO 154.14
Eugenol C10H12O2 164.10
Europium Eu 1 52.0
Ferric Acetate Fe(C2H302)3 232.91
" Ammonium Sulphate FeNH4 (804)2 +I2H2O 482.21
" " " Anhydrous FeNH4(S04)a 266.02
" Chloride FeCl3+6H20 270.32
Anhydrous FeCl3 162.22
" Hydroxide Fe(0H)3 106.86
" Hypophosphite Fe(PH202)3 251.01
" Nitrate Fe(N03)3 241.87
" Oxide FeaOs 159.68
" Phosphate (normal, not U.S.P.) FeP04 150.88
" PjTophosphate (normal, not U.S.P.) . . .Fe4(P207)3 745.60
" Subsulphate (variable)
" Sulphate (Tersulphate) Fe2(S04)3 399.89
Ferrous Bromide FeBr2+6HaO 323.78
" Anhydrous FeBr2 215.68
Carbonate FeCOs 115.84
Iodide Fel2 309.68
Lactate Fe(C3H603)a+3HaO 287.97
" Anhydrous Fe(C3H503)2 233.92
Oxide FeO 71.84
Sulphate FeS04+7HaO 278.02
Anhydrous FeS04 151.91
Exsiccated (approximately) .2FeS04+3HaO 357.87
Sulphide FeS 87.91
Ferrum Fe 55.84
Fluorescein (Resorcinolphthalein) CaoHiaOe 332.10
Fluorine F 1 9.0
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 511
0= >6
Formaldehyde IICIIO 30.02
Fuchsin C2oHieN3HCl 337.74
Gadolinium Qd 157.3
Qallium Qa 69.9
Qermanium Qe 72.5
Glucinum Gl 9. 1
Glucose (Grape Sugar) C6H12O6 180.10
Glycerin (Glycerol) C3H5(OH)3 92.06
Glyceryl Trinitrate (Nitroglycerin) C3H6(N03)3 227.07
Gold Au 197.2
Gold Chloride (Gold Trichloride) AuCb 303.58
Guaiacol CvHsOa 124.06
Carbonate (C7H70)2C03 274.11
Helium He 3.99
Hematein CieHiaOe 300.10
HematoxyUn C16H14O8+3H2O 356.16
Hexamethylenamine (Hexamethylene Tetra-
mine) C6H12N4 140.14
Holmium Ho 163.5
Holocaine C18H22O2N2 298.20
Hydrochloride C18H22O2X2HCI 334.66
Homatropme C16H21O3N 275.18
Hydrobromide Ci6H2i03NHBr 356.11
Hydrastine C21H21O6N 383.18
Hydrochloride C21H21O6NHCI 419.65
Hydrastinine Hydrochloride C11H11O2NHCI 225.57
Hydrogen H 1.008
Hydrogen Dioxide H2O2 34.02
Sulphide (Hydrosulphunc Acid) . . . . H2S 34.09
Hyoscine (see Scopolamine)
Hyoscyamine C17H23O3N 289.19
Hydrobromide Ci7H2303NHBr 370.12
Sulphate (Ci7H2303N)2H2S04 676.47
Indigo Carmine (see Sodium indigotindisul-
phonate)
Indium In 1 14.8
lodeosin (Tetraiodo-fluorescein) C20H8O6I4 835.74
iodine ^ I 1 26.92
Iodoform CHI3 393.77
lodol (Tetraiodopyrrol) C4HNI4 570.70
Iridium Ir 1 93.1
Iron Fe 55.84
Iron Salts (see under Ferric and Ferrous)
Kaolin (Aluminum Silicate) (approximately) . .H2Al2(Si04)2 + H2O 258.83
Krypton Kr 82.92
Lanthanum La 139.0
Lead Pb 207.10
512 THE PHARMACOPffilA OF THE
0 = 16
Lead Acetate Pb(C2ll302)2+3H20 379.20
Anhydrous Pb(C2H302)2 325.15
" " Basic (see Lead Subacetate)
" Carbonate, Basic (PbC03)2Pb(0H)2 775.32
" Chloride PbCb 278.02
" Chromate PbCrO* 323.10
" Dioxide Pb02 239.10
" Iodide Pbl2 460.94
" Nitrate Pb(X03)2 331.12
" O.xide PbO 223.10
" Peroxide Pb02 239.10
" Subacetate (approximately) Pb20(C2n302)2 548.25
" Sulphate PbS04 303.17
" Sulphide PbS 239.17
Lime (Calcium Oxide) CaO 50.07
Limonene CioHie 130.13
Linalyl Acetate CioHi7C2n302 19G.1G
Lithium Li 6.94
Lithium Benzoate LiC7H502 127.98
" Bromide LiBr 86.86
" Carbonate Li2C03 73.88
Citrate LisCeHsO? +41120 281.92
" Phosphate, Anhydrous LisPO* 115.86
SaUcylate LiCvH^Os 143.98
" Sulphate, Anhydrous Li2S04 109.95
Lutecium Lu 1 74.0
Magnesia (Magnesiimi Oxide) MgO 40.32
Magnesium Mg 2 4.32
Magnesium Carbonate, Basic (approximately). (MgC03)4Mg(0H)2+5n20. 485.70
" Chloride MgCl2+6H20 203.34
" " Anhydrous MgCla 95.24
Hydroxide Mg(0H)2 58.34
" Oxide (Magnesia) MgO 40.32
" Pyroarsenate Mg2As207 310.56
" Pyrophosphate Mg2P207 222.72
" Sulphate MgS04+7H20 246.50
" " .\nhydrous MgS04 120.39
Manganese Mn 54.93
Manganese Dioxide MnOa 86.93
Hypophosphite Mn(PH20a)2+HaO 203.06
" Anhydrous Mn(PH202)2 185.04
Manganous Oxide MnO 70.93
Sulphate MnS04+4H20 223.06
" Anhydrous MnS04 151.00
Mannitol Hexanitrate C6H8(N03)e 452.12
Menthol C10H19OH 156.16
Menthyl Acetate CioHieCaHsOa 198.18
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 513
0=16
Mercurammonium Chloride HgNUaCl 252.09
Mercuric Bromide HgBra 360.44
Chloride HgCl2 271.52
Cyanide Hg(CX)2 252.62
Iodide Hgia .• . . . 454.44
Nitrate Hg(X03)2+4H20 39G.6S
Anhydrous Hg(X03)2 324.62
Oxide HgO 216.60
Potassium Iodide Hgl2+2KI 786.48
" Subsalicylate (approximately) HgC7H403 336.63
Subsulphate Hg(HgO)2S04 729.87
Sulphate HgS04 296.67
Sulphide HgS 232.67
Mercurous Chloride HgCl 236.06
Iodide Ilgl 327.52
Nitrate HgXOs + HaO 280.63
" " Anhydrous HgXOs 262.61
Sulphate Hg2S04 497.27
Mercury Hg 200.6
Mercury, Ammoniated IIgXH2CI 252.09
Methylacetanilid C6H5X(CH3)C2H30 149.10
Methylaurin (Rosolic Acid) C20H16O3 304.13
Methylene Blue (Methylthionine Chloride) . .CieHisXsClS + 3H2O 373.75
Methyl Orange (Sodium dimethylaminoazo-
benzene-sulphonate) X^aCi4Hi4X3S03 327.21
Methyl Red C14H14X3CO2H 269.15
" Sahcylate CH3C7n503 152.06
Methyltliionme Chloride (Methylene Blue) . . .C16H18X3CIS+3H2O 373.75
Molybdenum Mo 96.0
Morphme C17H19O3X+H2O 303.18
Anhydrous C17HX9O3X 285.16
Acetate (variable) C17H19O3XC2H4O2+3H2O. . 399.24
Hydrochloride C17H19O3XHCI +3H2O 375.68
.\nhydrous C17H19O3XHCI 321.63
Sulphate (Ci7Hi903X)2H2S04+5H20. 758.49
Anhydrous (C17H19O3X '2H2SO4 668.41
Xaphthalene CioHs 128.06
Xaphthol (Betanaphthol) CioHsO 144.06
Xaphthylamine Acetate C10H7XH2HC2H3O2 203.11
Hydrochloride C10H7XH2HCI 179.55
Neodymium Nd 144.3
Neon Ne 20.2
Nickel Ni 58.68
Nickelous Oxide XiO % 74.68
" Sulphate NiS04+7H20 280.86
" " Anhj-drous NiS04 154.75
Niton (radium emanation) Nt 222.4
38 •
51 i THE PHARMACOP(EIA OF THE
0=I6
Nitrogen N 14.01
Nitric Oxide NO 30.01
Nitrogen Monoxide N2O 44.02
Nitrous Oxide (Nitrogen Monoxide) N2O 44.02
Nitroglycerin (Glyceryl Trinitrate) C3H5(N03)3 227.07
Novocaine C13H20O2N2HCI 272.65
Orthoform CsHaOsN 167.08
Osmium Os 190.9
Ouabain C30H46O12 760.51
Oxygen O 16.00
Palladium Pd 106.7
PaUadous Chloride PdClg 177.62
Paraformaldehyde (Trioxymethylene) (CH20)3 90.05
Paraldehyde C6H12O3 132.10
Phenol (Carbolic Acid) CeHsOH 94.05
Phenolphthalein C20H14O4 318.11
Phenylacetamide (Acetanilid) CsHsON 135.08
Phenylhydrazine CeH5NHNH2 108.08
Hydrochloride CeH5NHNH2HCl 144.55
Phenyl SaUcylate (Salol) C6H5C7H5O3 214.08
Phloroglucinol C6H3(0H)3 126.05
Phosphorus P 31.04
Physostigmine CisHgiOgNs 275.20
Salicylate Ci6H2i02N3C7He03 413.25
" Sulphate (Ci5H2i02N3)2H2S04 648.49
Picrotoxin C30H34O13 602.27
PUocarpine CuHie02N2 208.15
Hydrochloride CiiHie02N2HCl 244.62
Nitrate CiiHieOgNgHNOs 271.17
Piperine C17H19O3N 285.16
Platinic Chloride (in solution) PtCU 337.04
(Chloroplatinic Acid) H2PtCl6+6H20 518.07
Platinum Pt 195.2
Potassa (Potas.sium Hydroxide) KOH 56.11
Potassium K 39. 1 0
Potassium Acetate KC2H3O2 98.12
" Arsenite (Metarsenite) KAsOg 146.06
" Benzoate KC7H5O2+3H2O 214.19
" " Anhydrous KC7H6O2 100.14
" Bicarbonate KHCO3 100.11
" Bichromate (Dichromate) K2Cr207 294.20
Bisulphate KHSO4 130.18
Bitartrate '. KHC4H40e 188.14
Bromate KBrOs 167.02
Bromide KBr 119.02
Carbonate K2CO3 138.20
Chlorate KCIO3 122.56
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 515
0=16
Potassium Chloride KCl 74.56
" Chloroplatinatc KgPtCle 486.16
Chromatc K2Cr04 104.20
Citrate K3CeH507 + Il20 324.36
" Anhydrous KaCeHsO? 306.34
Cyanide KCN 65.11
Dichromate (Bichromate) K2Cr207 294.20
" Fcrrieyanide K3Fe(CN)6 329.20
" Fcrrocyanide K4Fe(CN)6+3H20 422.35
Anhydrous K4Fe(CN)6 368.30
Hydroxide (Potassa) KOH 56.11
Hypophosphite KPH2O2 104.16
Iodide KI 166.02
'.' Lactate KC3H5O3 128.14
Nitrate KNO3 : 101.11
" Permanganate KMn04 158.03
" Phosphate, Dibasic K2HPO4 174.25
" SaUcylate KC7H5O3 176.14
" and Sodium Tartrate KNaC4H406+4H20 282.20
" " " " Anhydrous... KNaCiHiOe 210.13
Sulphate K2SO4 174.27
Sulphite K2SO3+2H2O 194.30
" " Anhydrous K2SO3 158.27
" Sulphocyanate (Sulphocyanide) KCNS 97.18
" Tartrate K2C4H406+,^H20 235.24
Anhydrous K2C4H4O6 226.23
Praseodymium Pr 140.6
Pyrogallol (Pyrogallic Acid) C6H3(OH)3 126.05
Quinidine C20H24O2N2 324.21
Sulphate (C2oH2402X2)2H2S04+2H20 782.54
Anhydrous (C2oH2402X2)2H2S04 746.51
Quinine C2oH2402Ne +3H2O 378.26
Anhydrous C20H24O2N2 324.21
Bisulphate C20H24O2N2H2SO4 :- 7H2O. . . 548.41
Anhydrous C20H24O2N2H2SO4 422.30
Dihydrochloride C20H24O2X2.2HCI 397.15
Hydrobromide C2oH2402N2HBr+H20 423.16
Anhydrous C2oH2402N2HBr 405.14
Hydrochloride C20H24O2X2HCI+2H2O 396.71
Anhydrous C20H24O2X2HCI 360.68
Salicylate C20H24O2X2HC7H5O3 +H2O 480.28
Anhydrous C20H24O2X2HC7H5O3 462.26
Sulphate (C2oH2402X2)2H2S04+7H20 872.62
Anhydrous (C2oH2402X2)2H2S04 746.51
and Urea Hydrochloride C20H24 O2X2HCI.CO (XH2)a
HCI+5H2O 547.28
Valerate (Valerianate) (variable) C20H24O2N2HC5H9O2 + HaO 444.31
516 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
0=1 6
Radium Ra 226.4
Resorcinol (Resorrin) C6H4(0H)2 110.05
Resorcinolphthalcin (Fluorescein) C20H12O5 332.10
Rhodium Rh 102.9
Rosanilino Acetate Ci9Hi8X3C2H402 348.21
Rubidium Rb 85.45
Ruttienium Ru 101.7
Saccharin (Benzosulphinide) C7H5O3NS 183.12
Safrol C10H10O2 162.08
Salicin CigHisO, 286.14
Salol (Phenyl Salicylate) C6H5C7II5O3 214.08
Samarium Sa 1 50.4
Santalol Ci5n260 222.21
Santonin CisHigOa 246.14
Scandium Sc '44.1
Scopolamine (Hyoscinc) C17H21O4N 303.18
Hydrobromide Ci7H2i04XIIBr+3H20 438.15
Anhydrous Ci7H2i04NIIBr 384.11
Selenium Se 79.2
Silicon Si 28.3
Silicon Oxide (SUica) SiOg 60.30
Silver Ag 107.88
Silver Chloride AgCl 143.34
Cyanide AgCN 133.89
Iodide Agl 234.80
Nitrate AgNOg 169.89
Nitrite AgN02 153.89
Oxide Ag20 231.76
Sulphate Ag2S04 311.83
Sulphide AgaS 247.83
Soda (Sodium Hydroxide) NaOH 40.01
Sodium Na 23.00
Sodium Acetate NaC2H302+3Il20 136.07
" " Anhydrous NaC2H302 82.02
" Arsenate Na2HAs04+7H20 312.08
" " Anhydrous Na2HAs04 185.97
" Arsenite (Metarsenite) NaAsOg 129.96
Benzoate NaC7H502 144.04
" Benzosulphinide (Soluble Saccharin) . . NaC7H4SN03+2H20 241.14
" Bicarbonate NaHCOs 84.01
Bisulphite NaHSOa 104.08
Bitartrate NaHC4n40e+Il20 190.06
" Borate (Tetraborate) Na2B407 + 101120 382.16
" " Anhydrous Na2B407 202.00
" Bromate NaBrOg 150.92
" Bromide NaBr 102.92
" Cacodylate Na(CH3)2As02+3H20 214.06
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 517
0= 16
Sodium Cacodylatc, Anhydrous Na(Cn3)2As02 160.01
Carbonate NaaCOa + lOIIaO 286.16
Anhydrous NaaCOg 106.00
" " Monohydrated NaaCOg+IIaO 124.02
Chlorate NaClOg 106.46
Chloride NaCl 58.46
Citrate Na3C6ll507+2H20 294.07
Anhydrous NagCeHsO, 258.04
Cobaltic Nitrite Co2(N02)66NaN02+H20. . . 826.08
Cyanide., NaCN 49.01
" Dimethylaminoazo-benzene-sulphonate
(Methyl Orange) NaCi4Hi4N3S03 327.21
" Glycerophosphate, Anhydrous Na2C3H7P06 216.10
Hydroxide (Soda) NaOH 40.01
Hypophospliite XaPH202+n20 100.07
Anhydrous NaPH202 8,8.06
" Hyposulphite (Thiosulphate) Na2S203+5H20 248.22
" " Anhydrous Na2S203 158.14
Indigotindisulphonate Na2Ci6H802N2(S03)2 460.22
Iodide Nal 149.92
Lactate NaCgHsOa 112.04
Monosulphide Xa2S+9H20 240.21
Anhydrous Na2S 78.07
Nitrate NaNOs 85.01
Nitrite NaN02 69.01
Nitroprusside Na2Fe(NO)(CN)5+2H20.. . . 297.93
" Oxalate Na2C204 134.00
Perborate NaB03+4H20 154.06
Anhydrous NaBOs 82.00
Phenolsulphonate (Sulphocarbolate) . . . NaC6H5S04+2H20 232.14
Anhydrous NaC6H5S04 196.11
" Phosphate, Anliydrous Na2HP04 142.05
Dibasic Na2HP04 + 12H20 358.24
Pyrophosphate Na4P2O7 + 10H2O 446.24
" ' " Anhydrous Na4P207 266.08
" Salicylate NaC7H503 160.04
" Sulphate Na2SO4 + 10H2O 322.23
" " Anhydrous Na2S04 142.07
" Sulphide Na2S+9H20 240.21
" Sulphite Na2S03+7H20 252.18
" " Anhydrous Xa2S03 126.07
Sulphocarbolate (Phenolsulphonate) . . NaC6H5S04+2H20 232.14
« Tartrate Na2C4H406+2H20 230.06
Anhydrous Xa2C4H406 194.03
" Theobromine NaC7H702N4 202.10
Thiosulphate (Hyposulphite) Na2S203+5H20 248.22
« " Anhydrous Na2S203 158.14
518 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
0=16
Sodium Tungstate Na2W04+2H20 330.03
Sparteine C15H26N2 234.23
Sulphate C15H26N2H2SO4+5H2O. .... 422.39
Anhydrous C15H26N2H2SO4 332.31
Stannic Chloride SnCU 260.84
Stannous Chloride SnCl2+2H20 225.95
" Anhydrous SnC^ 189.92
Strontium Sr 87.63
Strontium Bromide SrBr2+6H20 355.57
" " Anhydrous SrBr2 247.47
Carbonate SrCOg 147.63
Iodide Srl2+6H20 449.57
" " Anhydrous Srlg 341.74
Lactate Sr(C3H503)2+3H20 319.76
" Anhydrous Sr(C3H503)2 •' • 265.71
SaUcylate Sr(C7H503)2+2H20 397.74
Anhydrous Sr(C7H503)2 361.71
Sulphate SrS04 183.70
Strychnine C21H22O2N2 334.20
Nitrate C21H22O2N2HNO3 397.21
Sulphate (C2iH2202N2)2H2SC)4+5H20 856.56
Anliydrous (C2iH2202N2)2H2S04 766.48
Sugar, Cane (Sucrose) C12H22O11 342.18
" Grape (Glucose) CeHiaOe 180.10
" Milk (Lactose) Ci2H220xi+n20 360.19
Sulphonethylmet hane (Diethylsulphonemethyl-
ethylmethane) C8H18O4S2 242.28
Sulphonmethane (Diethylsulphone-dimethyl-
methane) C7H16O4S2 228.27
Sulphur S 32.07
Sulphur Dioxide SOg 64.07
Tantalum Ta 181.5
Tellurium Te 127.5
Terbium Tb 159.2
Terebene CioHis 136. 13
Terpin Hydrate CioHi8(OH)2+n20 190.18
Tetraiodo-fluorcscein (lodeosin) C20II8O6 14 835.74
Tetraiodopyrrol (lodol) C4HNI4 570.70
Tetramethylthionine C'hloride (Methylthionine
Chloride, Methylene Blue) C18H18N3CIS+3II2O 373.75
Thallium Tl 204.0
Theobromine C7n802N4 180.10
Theophylline C7H802N4+H2() 198.12
Thiosinarnine (Allyl-sulphocarbamide) (C3n5)SCN2H3 116.15
Thorium Th 232.4
Thulium Tm 1 68.5
Thymol C10H14O 150.11
UNITICD STATKS OK AMKUKA -"il'l
0 = 16
Thymol Iodide (Dithymol-diiodide) (Cioni20)2l2 5oO.O:5
Tin Sn 119.0
Tin Salts (See under Stannic and Slannom)
Titanium Ti 48.1
Toluene (Methyl Benzene, Toluol) CelbCIIa 92.00
Trinitrophenol (Picric Acid) C6H3O7N3 229.05
Trioxymethylene (Paraform) (CH20)3 90.0.5
Tungsten W 184.0
Uranium U 238.5
Uranium Nitrate (Uranyl Nitrate) U02(N03)2+6H2() 502.G2
" Anhydrous U02(N03)2 394.52
Vanadium V 51.0
Vanillin CsHsOa 152.06
Water H2O 18.016
Xenon Xe 130.2
Xylene (Xylol, Dimethyl-benzem) C6H4(CH3)2 106.08
Ytterbium (Ncoyttcrbium) Yb 1 72.0
Yttrium ' Yt 89.0
Zinc Zn 65.37
Zinc Acetate Zn(C2H302)2+2H20 219.45
" Anhydrous Zn(C2H302)2 183.42
" Bromide ZnBra 225.21
" Carbonate (Normal, not U.S.P.) ZnCOa 125.37
" Chloride ZnCla 136.29
" Iodide Znl2 319.21
" Oxide ZnO 81.37
" Perborate, Anhydrous (ZnB03)2 183.37
" Phenolsulphonate (Sulphocarbolate) Zn(C6H5S04)2+8H20 555.72
Anhydrous Zn(C6H5S04)2 411.59
" Phosphide Zn3P2 258.19
" Sulphate ZnS04+7H20 287.55
Anhydrous ZnS04 161.44
" Sulphide ZnS 97.44
" Sulphocarbolate (Phenolsulphonate) Zn(C6H5S04)2+8H20 555.72
" Valerate (Valerianate) Zn(C5H902)2+2H20 303.55
Zirconium Zr 90.6
520
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Multiples of Some Atomic and Molecular Weights
Oxygen = 16
'
1 1
2
3
4 1
5
6
7 '
8
9 1
H !
1.01 1
2.02
3.02
4.03
5.04
6.05
7.00
8.00
9.07
H
0 1
16.00
32.00
48.00
64.00
80.00
96.00
112 00
128.00
144.00
0
OH 1
17.01
34.02
51.02
68.03
85.04
102.05
119.06
136.06
153.07
OH
H2O
18.02
36.03
54.05
72.06
90.08
108.10
126.11
144.13
102.14
H2O
N 1
14.01
28.02
42.03
56.04
70.05
84.06
98.07
112.08
126.09
N
NHa 1
16.03 1
32.05
48.08
64.10
80.13
96.16
112.18
128.21
144.23 t
NHa
NH3 1
17.03
34.07
51.10
68.14
85.17
102.20
119.24
136.27
153.31 1
NH3
NH4 1
18.04
36.08
54.13
72.17
90.21
108.25
126.29
144.34
162.38 1
NH4
NO
30.01
60.02
90.03
120.04
150.05
180.06
210.07
240.08
270.09
NO
NO2 1
46.01
92.02
138.03
184.04
230.05
276.06
322.07
368.08
414.09 1
NO3
NO3 1
62.01
124.02
186.03
248.04
310.05
372.06
434.07
496.08
558.09
NO3
c
12.00
24.00
36.00
48.00
60.00
72.00
84.00
96.00
108.00
C
CH3 1
15.02
30.05
45.07
60.10
75.12
90.14
105.17
120.19
135.22
CHs
CO -1
28.00
56.00
84.00
112.00
140.00
168.00
196.00
224.00
252.00
CO
C03
60.00
120.00
180.00
240.00
300.00
360.00
420.00
4;so.oo
540.00
CO3
ex !
26.01
52.02
78.03
104.04
130.05
156.06
182.07
208.08
234.09
cx
CI 1
35.46
70.92
106.38
141.84
177.30
212.76
248.22
283.68
319.14}
CI
Br 1
79.92
159.84
239.76
319.68
399.60
479.52
559.44
639.36
719.28
Br
I
126.92
253.84
380.76
507.68
634.60
761.52
888.44
1015.36 1142.28
I
s 1
32.07
64.14
96.21
128.28
160.35
192.42
224.49
256.56
288.63
S
SOs 1
80.07
160.14
240.21
320.28
400.35
480.42
560.49
640.56
720.63
SO3
SO4 !
96.07
192.14
288.21
384.28
480.35
576.42
672.49
768.56
864.03
SO4
PO4 '
05.04
190.08
285.12
3S0.16
475.20
570.24
665.28
760.32
855.36 1
PO4
PH2O2
65.00
130.11
195.17
260.22
325.28
390.34
455.39
520.45
585.50 PH20a
Na 1
23.00
46.00
69.00
92.00
115.00
138.00
161.00
184.00
207.00
Na
K 1
39.10
78.20
117.30
156.40
195.50
234.60
273.70
312.80
351.90
K
1
1 i
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 521
Reagents, Test Solutions and Volumetric Solutions
Introductory
Official Substances as Reagents. — Latin official names are not used as titles in the
following list, the English names being i^referred. Some official substances (chemicals,
chemical solutions, etc.) are sufficiently pure to be used as reagents, if they comply
with the tests of purity prescribed by the Pharmac()j)(ria. In the case of other official
substances, the jiresence of certain impurities, though immaterial for their use as
medicines, renders them unsuitable for cm})loyment as reagents, ^^'hencver a greater
degree of purity is required than is provided for by the text of the Pharmacopa-ia, it
will be spcciallj^ mentioned in the following list.
Abbreviations and Signs Used:
T.S.= Test Solution.
V.S.= Volumetric Solution.
— = Normal (see under " Volumetric Solutions," page 555).
-^ = Half-normal; ^ = Tenth-normal; -^ = Fiftieth-normal; j',,, =Hundredth-
normal; .7— , = Two-hundredth-normal.
•j- = Double-normal (sometmies written: 2N).
Keeping of Reagents. — Preserve reagents in bottles made of glass as free as
possible from lead or arsenic and closed by well-ground glass stoppers or, in certain
ca^es, rubber sto{)pers. Ground glass stoppers of bottles containing alkali hydroxides,
ammoniiun sulphide, ammonia water, and other substances of alkaline reaction,
which ra])i(lly attack ground glass surfaces, are to be coated \\ith a tliin film of
petrolatum.
Keep reagents which are easily affected by light, such as hydrogen sulphide
T.S., ammonium sulphide T.S., chlorine water, silver nitrate T.S., etc., in bottles
made of dark amber-colored glass.
Note. — As some of the following test solutions are in certain cases directed to
be used in definite quantities, it is important that they always be prepared of the
exact strength prescribed and measured at the standard temperature of 25° C.
Water, whenever required or mentioned as a solvent in the tests given in the
Pharmacopoeia, or in the preparation of any reagent, is always understood to be
distilled water.
Reagents and Test Solutions
The reagents are arranged in alphabetical order and the test solutions are
usually mentioned in connection with the principal chemical or other substance
from which they are prepared.
Acetic Acid. — Use the official acetic acid (see page 6).
Acetic Anhydride (Acetic Acid Anhydride), (CH3CO)20. — A colorless, mobile,
refractive hquid of pungent acetic odor, boiUng at about 137° C. Specific gravity
about 1.07 at 25° C. \Mien poured into water it sinks at first, but gradually dis-
solves, forming acetic acid. Dilute 1 mil with about 50 mils of distilled water, add
5 mils of nitric acid, and mix well; the solution gives no reaction upon the addition
of silver nitrate T.S. (hydrochloric acid). Evaporate 10 mils of acetic anhydride to
522 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
dryness, completing the drying at 110° C; the residue weighs not more than 0.5
milligrammes (non-volatile matter).
Dissolve 10 mils of acetic anhydride accurately weighed in sufficient distilled
water to measure 100 mils and titrate 10 mils of this with normal potassium hy-
droxide V.S., using phenolphthalein T.S. as indicator; not less than 19.3 mils is required
to neutralize 1 Gm. of acetic anhydride. Preserve acetic anhydride in glass-stop-
pered vials in a cool place.
Acetone. — Use the official acetone (see page 4).
Albumen Test Solution. — Carefully separate the white of a strictly fresh hen's
egg from the yolk, shake it thoroughly with 100 mils of distilled water, and filter.
This solution must be freshly made when required.
Alcohol, 94.9 per cent. — Use the official alcohol (see page 35) containing not less
than 94.9 per cent., by volume, of C2H5OH at 15.6° C. Alcohol of lower strength is
prepared as follows:
Alcohol, 90 per cent. — Mix 51 mils of alcohol (see page 35) with 3 mils of dis-
tilled water. The specific gravity of the mixture is 0.834 at 15.6° C, corresponding
to 90 per cent., by volume, of C2H5OH.
Alcohol, 80 per cent. — Mix 45.5 mils of alcohol (see page 35) with 9.5 mils of
distilled water. The specific gravity of the mixture is0.864at 15.6° C, corresponding
to 80 per cent., by volume, of C2H5OH.
Alcohol, 70 per cent. — Mix 38.6 mils of alcohol (see page 35) with 15 mils of
distilled water. The specific gravity of the mixture is 0.890 at 15.6° C, corresponding
to 70 per cent., by volume, of C2H5OH.
Alcohol, Dehydrated, C2H5OH. — Use the official dehydrated alcohol (see page
36), containing not less than 99 per cent., by volume, of C2H5OH.
Ammonia, Spirit of. — An alcoholic solution of ammonia (NH3) containing 10
per cent., by weight, of the gas. It responds to the tests for purity given under
ammonia water (see page 53).
Ammonia Test Solution. — Use the official ammonia water (see page 53).
Ammonium Carbonate Test Solution. — Dissolve 20 Gm. of ammonium car-
bonate (see page 44) in a mixture of 20 mils of ammonia water and 65 mils of
distilled water, and add sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Ammonium Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of ammonium chloride,
NH4CI (see page 44), in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils. In addition
to the tests prescribed for this salt under ammonium chloride (see page 45), the follow-
ing must be comphed with when employed in the test for lead under citric acid, tartaric
acid, potassium bitartrate, or potassium and sodium tartrate. Dissolve 3 Gm. of
the salt in 10 mils of distilled water acidified with 1 drop of diluted hydrochloric acid
in a test tube of colorless glass having an internal diameter of 2 cm., add 10 mils
of hydrogen sulphide T.S., which must be perfectly clear and colorless, and mix
well. The liquid must show no discoloration when viewed downward against a
white .surface.
Ammonium Molybdate Test Solution. — Mix 6.5 Gm. of finely powdered molyb-
dic acid (see page 539) with 14 mils of distilled water and 14.5 mils of stronger am-
monia water to effect solution. Cool and slowly add the solution, in small portions
with agitation, to a well cooled mixture of 32 mils of nitric acid and 40 mils of dis-
tilled water. Allow the solution to stand for twenty-four hours and then filter through
asbestos.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA
523
Preserve the test solution in the dark, and, if a sediment should form in it after
some days, carefully decant the clear solution. This solution should be tested at
frequent intervals. Add 2 mils of sodium phosphate T.S. to 5 mils of the reagent; an
abundant yellow precipitate forms either at once or upon sUght warming. If only a
slight precipitation or yellow opalescence results, the reagent must be rejected. When
employed as a reagent, ammonium molybdate T.S. is always added in large excess to
the solution being tested, the latter having previously been strongly acidified with
nitric acid.
Ammonium Nitrate, NH4NO3. — Colorless crystals, soluble in less than their
own weight of water, and in about 10 parts of alcohol. This salt when used as
a reagent conforms to the tests for i)urity given luider ammonium chloride (see
page 44) and in addition responds to the following tests: Ten mil portions taken
separately of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10), acidulated with a few
drops of nitric acid, yield no turbidity on the addition of a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S. (chloride) or a few drops of barium nitrate T.S. (sulphate). Dissolve
1 Gm. of ammonium nitrate in 10 mils of distilled water, add a few drops of
potassium iodide T.S., 1 mil of acetic acid and a few drops of starch T.S.; no blue
color is produced (tiitrite).
Ammonium Oxalate Test Solution. — Dissolve 4 Gm. of crystallized ammonium
oxalate, (NH4)2C204+H20, in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils, or dis-
solve 3.548 Gm. of pm-ified oxahc acid (see i>age 541) in 90 mils of distilled water,
add 13 mils of ammonia water, boil to expel any excess of ammonia, and dilute with
distilled water to make 100 mils.
Evaporate SOmilsof the test solution and ignite the residue, or ignite 2 Gm. of the
salt; it leaves not more than 0.02 Gm. of residue [fixed impurUies). The precipitate
produced by the addition of silver nitrate T.S. or by barium chloride T.S., when
added to 25 mils of the test solution, dissolves without residue upon the addition of
nitric acid (chloride and sulphate).
Ammonium Polysulphide Test Solution. — A yellow liquid, made by dissolving
a small quantity of the official precipitated sulphur (see page 419) in colorless ammo-
nium sulphide T.S.
Ammonium Sulphate, (XH4)2S04. — This salt must respond to the following
tests for purity: Two Gm. yields not more than 0.002 Gm. of residue on ignition
(fixed impurities). Five mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) does not
respond to the Test for heavy metals (see Test No. 3). Five mils of a similar solution
shows no turbidity upon the addition of nitric acid and silver nitrate T.S. (chloride).
Another 5 mils of the solution (1 in 10) is not colored red upon the addition of 1 mil of
hydrochloric acid and 1 drop of ferric chloride T.S. (sulphocyanate) . This salt may be
prepared by cautiously neutralizing ammonia water with sulphuric acid, which has
been previously diluted with about two volumes of distilled water, evaporating and
crystallizing. During the evai)orati(m, the solution should be tested with litmus
paper, from time to time adding more anunonia if necessary to keep the licjuid alkal ine.
Ammonium Sulphide Test Solution. — Saturate 3 parts of anunonia water
(see page 53) with hydrogen sulphide, prepared as directed on page 535, and add
to the solution (which now contains ammonium hydrogen sulphide, NH4HS)
2 parts of ammonia water, which converts the greater portion of the ammonium
hydrogen sulphide into ammonium sulphide, (NH4)2S. Ten mils of the clear
ammonium sulphide T.S., when evaporated to dryness and then gently ignited,
S24 THE I'HARMACOPCEIA OF THE
leaves a residue weighing not more than 0.005 Gin. {non-volalile matter). It is not
rendered turbid either by magnesium sulphate T.S. (free ammonia), or by calcium
chloride T.S. {ammonium carbonate). Protect it from air and light by keeping it
in small, dark amber-colored bottles, in a cool, dark place. As soon as a notable
deposit of sulphur has made its appearance in the solution reject it.
Ammonium Vanadate (Ammonium Metavanadate), NH4VO3. — A white crys-
talline powder, soluble in about 100 parts of cold water and readily .soluble in
boiling water, forming a yellow liquid. Tliis color is due to partial decomposition
through loss of ammonia. When heated the salt assumes a yellow color which
changes to brown, then reddish-brown, as the temperature rises.
Amyl Alcohol, C5H11OH. ^ — ^A colorless, oily liquid having a penetrating
characteristic odor, boiling between 128° and 132° C; soluble in 40 parts of water
at 25° C; miscible vnth. alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disulphide, petroleum
benzin, benzene, or fixed or volatile oils. Ten mils of amyl alcohol, when evaporated
to dryness on a water bath, yields not more than 0.0005 Gm. of residue.
Aniline (Phenylamine), C6H5NH2. — When freshly distilled, aniline is a
colorless, strongly refractive, oily liquid, having a peculiar, aromatic odor and a
pungent, burning taste. Upon exposure to the light and air, it rajjidly assumes a
reddish-brown color. Specific gravity, about 1.02 at 25° C. Aniline distils com-
pletely between 182° and 184° C. It is soluble in alcohol, ether, or the fixed or volatile
oils. With acids, it forms soluble crystalline salts. When added to an atiueous
solution of calcium or sodium hypochlorite, a blue or purple color Ls produced. Pre-
serve it ia amber-colored bottles.
Aniline Sulphate, (C6H5NH2)2H2S04. — Add gradually 10 Gm. of aniline,
C6H5NH2, to about 7 Gm, of sulphuric acid, stirring constantly. Di-ssolve the
resulting solid mass in sufficient boiling diluted alcohol and set it aside for crystal-
lization. Collect the ciystuls upon a filter, and, after draining them, recrystalUze
the salt from diluted alcohol. CoUect the crystals on a filter and finally dry them in
a desiccator. Aniline suljihate forms white crystals very soluble in water, h^ss soluble
in diluted alcohol, and slightly soluble in alcohol.
Aniline Sulphate Test Solution. — Dissolve 5 Gm. of aniline sulphate in 40
mils of distilled water, add 51 mils of diluted alcohol (see page 37) and sufficient
distilled water to make 100 mils.
Arsenic Acid (Ortho-arsenic Acid), H3As04+3^2H20. — In white crystals or as a
crystalline mass, very hygroscopic, readily soluble in water tmd alcohol. It fuses at
about 100° C, becoming anhydrous at 110° C. At higher temperatures, it is con-
verted into the pyro-acid and, finally, at 200° C. into the meta-acid. The addition of
silver nitrate T.S. to an aqueous solution of arsenic acid, followed by the gradual
addition of ammonia water, drop by drop, produces a red-brown precipitate which is
readily soluble in a slight excess of ammonia water. With magnesia mixture T.S.,
arsenic acid solutions give a white crystalline ])recipitate. Gne mil of an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 10) after neutralizing with sodium carbonate does not
decolorize 1 drop of iodine T.S. {arsenous oxide). To 10 mils of a solution of ferrous
sulphate (1 to 10) add 0.5 mil of an aqueous solution of arsenic acid (1 in 10) and
float thus over concentrated suli)huric acid contained in a test tube; no brown ring
is formed at the zone of contact {nitric acid).
Arsenic Acid Test Solution, Concentrated. — For use in the a.ssay for eucalyptol
prepare this solution by dissolving 85 Gm. of crystalline arsenic acid (see above) in
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 525
sufficient distilled water to make the produ(!t weigh 100 Gm. This solution has a
specific gravity of about 2.173 at 25° C. The test scHution may also be prepared by
adding 56 Crm. of arsenic trioxide, in small portions, to 60 mils of nitric acid contained
in a porcelain evaporating dish, stirring continuously and warming gently to assist
the evolution of nitrous vapors. When all of the arsenic trioxide has been added,
evaporate to a syrupy consistence, add about 25 mils of distilled water and again
evaporate, and then rejieat this operation once more. Finally dilute with distilled
water until the solution weighs 100 Gm. This solution must comjily with the tests for
identityand])urity given under Arsenic Ac'd (i)age524). If the tests indicate the pres-
ence of arsenous oxide, more nitric acid must be added and the evaporation repeated.
If nitric acid is present, the solution should be repeatedly diluted and evaporated.
Arsenic Trioxide (Arsenous Oxide), AsgOa. — For use in the Arsenic Test use
arsenic trioxide which complies with the description and tests given in Part I
(see page 64).
Asbestos. — The anhydrous, eilky, well-matted variety (not serpentine), com-
mercially known as " Asbestos Wool," which when moistened readily wads when
rolled between the fingers. For use a.s a filtering medium for the " Gooch " crucible,
remove the soluble matter by boiling it for one hour with diluted hj-drochloric acid,
and washing it with boiling water, by decantation, until free from arid. Finally
transfer it to a wide-mouthed bottle containing distilled water. When desired for
use, shake the mixture and pour it into a Gooch crucible wliich is attached to a suc-
tion pump, distributing the asbestos uniformly over the bottom in a layer sufficiently
thick to retain a precipitate.
Azolitmin. — See under Indicators (page 579) .
Azolitmin Test Solution. — r>ee under Indicators (page 579).
Azur II (AzurBluc II, Methylene-Azur II). — A mixture of equal parts of the
chlorides of methylene blue (tetramethylthionine) and methylene-azur (methy-
lene blue sulphonate) . A dark green powder, ent irely soluble in water with a deep blue
color, less soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in chloroform; insoluble in ether.
The addition of tannic acid T.S. to an aqueous solution of azur II (1 in 1000) produces
a blue precipitate. The addition of a few drops of hydrochloric acid to a mixture of 5
mils of an aqueous solution of this dye (.1 in 1000) and 0.5 Gm. of zinc dust causes
decolorization. When the decolorized mixture is filtered, and solution of hydrogen
dioxide is added, the deep blue color is restored (reduction to leuco base and reoxida-
tion). The addition of either hydrochloric acid or ammonia water to an aqueous
solution of azur II (1 in 1000) produces no change. The addition of sodium hydroxide
T.S. to an aqueous solution of azur II (1 in 1000) produces a violet coloration; upon
heating the solution a violet precipitate is formed. The addition of potassium iodide
T.S. to an aqueous solution of the dye (1 in 1000) produces a violet precipitate; the
addition of potassium dichromate T.S. produces a red- violet precipitate. Azur II
dis.solves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a bright green color [distinction from
7Hd/;;/Zr/?e yiViici (dimcthyltliionoUn)]; upon cautiously diluting with distilled water
the solution assumes a blue color, remaining clear. Acidulate an aqueous solution of
azur II (1 in 1000) with a few drops of hydrochloric acid, then shake it with ether,
remove the ethereal layer, and shake it with a diluted solution of sodium hydroxide
T.S.; the latter remains uncolored (distinction from azur Il-eosin).
Azur II-Eosin. — A mixture of methylene blue eosin (methylene blue eosinate)
and methylene-azur-eosin (methylene blue sulphone-eosinate). A dark green
526 THE PHARMACOPOSIA OF THE
powder only very slightly soluble in water, more readily soluble in alcohol
or glycerin. A warm saturated aqueous solution of azur Il-eosin (about 1 in
2000) possesses a blue color with intense shading into A^olet. Highly dilute
solutions possess a slight, greenish opalescence. Its solutions in alcohol or
glycerin possess the same color with a strong yellowish-green fluorescence. A
saturated aqueous solution of azur Il-eosin is precipitated ujion the addition of
tannic acid T.S. The addition of zinc dust and ammonia water to an aqueous
solution of this Jye causes decolorization. When filtered, the colorless filtrate, upon
standing in the air, quickly assumes a blue color (reduction to a leuco base and
reoxidation to original color). A hot, saturated and filtered, aqueous solution of
azur Il-eosin assumes a pale blue color upon the addition of hydrochloric acid, and
the dye separates in blue floccules. If this acid solution is agitated with ether and
the ethereal layer removed and shaken with diluted sodium hydroxide T.S., the latter
assumes an eosin color (distinction from azur II). The addition of sodium hydroxide
T.S. to a saturated aqueous solution of azur Il-eosin intensifies its violet color.
Azur Il-eosin dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a deep green color which,
upon dilution with water, changes to a blue, a portion of the dye (eosin) separating
in floccules (distinction from azur II).
Barium Chloride, BaCl2+H20. — ^Transparent crystals, easily soluble in water,
almost insoluble in alcohol or concentrated hydrochloric acid. An aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 20) is neutral and does not respond to the Test for heavy
metals (see Test No. 3). Dissolve 2 Gm. of barium chloride in 100 mils of distilled
water, add 2 mils of hydrochloric acid, heat to boUing, then add a sUght excess
(about 10 mils) of diluted sulphuric acid, set it aside for twelve hours, and filter. The
clear filtrate, on evaporating and igniting, yields a residue weighing not more than
0.002 Gm. {other fixed bases). Shake 1 Gm. of the finely powdered salt with 20 mils
of dehydrated alcohol during five minutes and filter; the filtrate on evaporation and
ignition yields not more than 0.002 Gm. of residue {strontium and calcium).
Barium Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of barium chloride in suffi-
cient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Barium Hydroxide, Ba(OH)2+8H20. — White crystals, soluble in about 20
parts of cold water and 3 parts of boiling water. The salt readily absorbs carbon
dioxide from the air, forming an insoluble carbonate, hence aqueous solutions are
morie or less turbid. A solution of 1 Gm. of barium hydroxide in 50 mils of distilled
water and 5 mils of nitric acid shows no opalescence upon the addition of silver nitrate
T.S. {chloride). Dissolve 2 Gm. of the salt in 100 mils of distilled water, add 5 mils
of hydrochloric acid, heat to boiling, then add a slight excess pf diluted sulphuric
acid, set it aside for twelve hours, and filter; the clear filtrate, on evaporating and
igniting, yields a residue weighing not over 0.003 Gm. {other fixed bases). The solution
of 1 Gm. of barhim hydroxide in 20 mils of distilled water rendered acid with hydro-
chloric acid, does not respond to the Teat for heavy metals (see Test No. 3). One
Gm. of barium hydroxide dissolved in 100 mils of distilled water requires not less than
6.3 mils of normal hydro(!hloric acid V.S. for neutralization, using methyl orange T.S.
or meth3'l red T.S. as indicator. Each mil of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. corre-
sponds to 0.157755 Gm. of barium hydroxide [Ba(OH)2+8H20].
Barium Hydroxide Test Solution. — A .saturated solution of barium hydroxide,
(see above) in recently boiled distilled water. This solution rapidly absorbs carbon
dioxide from the air. Prepare a fresh solution when required for u.se.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 527
Barium Nitrate, Ba(N03)a. — Colorless crystals, soluble in 20 parts of cold
water and 2.8 parts of boiling water; its solution is neutral to litmus. The addition
of silver nitrate T.S. to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) produces no change
(chloride). Barium nitrate meets the requirements of the tests for "other fixed bases"
and "heavy metals" given under Barium Chlonde (see above).
Barium Nitrate Test Solution. — Dissolve 5 Gm. of barium nitrate in sufficient
distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Beef Extract (Meat Extract). — Use extract of beef complying with the tests of
the U. S. Department of Agriculture, preferably the kind known as "Liebig's."
Benzene (Benzol or Benzole). — Benzene, CeHe, is a colorless, transparent, in-
flammable liquid of a peeuUar, aromatic odor; specific gravity about 0.876 at 25° C;
congeahng at about 5.2° C; boiling between 79° and 80.4° C. It is insoluble in water,
but soluble in 4 parts of alcohol and also in ether. When equal volumes of benzene
and concentrated sulphuric acid are shaken together, the latter is not colored. Shake
2 mils of benzene with 0.5 mil of sulphuric acid and 1 drop of fuming nitric acid; no
green or blue tint is produced {Ihiophene).
Benzidine (Paradiaminodiphenyl), (C6H4)2(NH2^2. — A white or slightly reddish
crystalline powder. It is very slowly soluble in cold water, more readily in
boiling water; soluble in alcohol and in ether. It melts at about 128° C. On adding
a few drops of barium chloride T.S. to a solution of 1 Gm. of benzidine in 50 mils
of distilled water acidulated with 5 mils of hydrochloric acid, no turbidity is produced
(sulphate). One Gm. of benzidine upon ignition leaves no weighable residue.
Benzin (Petroleum Benzin). — Use the official purified petroleum benzin.
Beta-iminazolyl-ethylamine Hydrochloride. — Used in standardizing solution
of the pituitary body (see page 247).
Blood Serum. — The serum filtered from the clotted blood of the horse or ox.
Bromine, Br. — Preserve it in a glass-stoppered bottle in a cool place, the bottle
being enclosed in a larger vessel with the space between filled with some substance
(as calcium hydroxide) capable of absorbing and combining with any vapors which
might be given off. A heavy, dark brownish-red, mobile liquid, evolving, even at
ordinary temperatures, reddish fumes, highly irritating to the eyes and lungs, and
having a peculiar, suffocating odor, resembling that of chlorine. Specific gravity
about 3.1 at 25° C. Boiling point, about 63° C. Bromine is soluble in 90 times its
volume of water at 25° C. ; freely soluble in alcohol or ether (with gradual decomposi-
tion of these solvents) ; also soluble in chloroform, carbon disulphide, or carbon
tetrachloride with a deep reddish-yellow color. On exposure to air or to heat, it is
volatilized. Bromine destroys the color of solutions of litmus or indigo, and imparts
a yellow color to starch T.S. Add 5 mils of bromine to an excess of potassium hydrox-
ide T.S.; it combines to form a permanently clear Hquid, without the separation of
oily drops (organic bromine compounds). Shake 10 mils of a saturated aqueous solution
of bromine with a shght excess of reduced iron until it becomes nearly colorless, the
filtered hquid, on the addition of 5 drops of ferric chloride T.S. and of 5 drops of starch
T.S., does not assume a blue color (iodine).
Bromine Test Solution (Bromine Water). — A saturated aqueous solution of
bromine prepared by adding 3 mils of bromine to 100 mils of cold distilled water con-
tained in a glass-stoppered bottle, the stopper of which should be lubricated with
petrolatum. Keep this reagent in a cool place, protected from light, and shake it
well, allowing the excess of bromine to settle, before using.
528 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
Cadmium and Potassium Iodide. — A mixture of equal weights of cadmium
iodide and potassium iodide (see page 340) may be employed. A white powder
readil}' soluble in water or alcohol. Upon keeping, it acquires a yellowish color.
Dissolve 1 Gm. of the powder in 20 mils of distilled water, add 5 mils of potassium
hydroxide T.S., and filter the solution; the filtrate yields no precipitate with
hydrogen sulphide T.S. either before or after acidulating with hydrochloric acid
(foreign metals) . An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) prepared with distilled
water, which has been previously boiled and cooled, gives no blue color upon the
addition of starch T.S. {free iodine).
Cadmium Chloride, CdCl2+2H20. — Small white crj-stals which effloresce in
dry air and are soluble in about 0.7 part of cold or hot water. An aqueous solution
of the salt gives a yellow precipitate with ammonium sulphide T.S. wliich is insoluble
in an excess of the reagent.
Cadmium Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 parts of cadmium chloride
in sufficient distilled water to make 100 parts.
Cadmium Iodide, Cdl2. — Colorless to yellowish, glossy scales, soluble in 1.1 parts
of cold water and in 0.75 part of boiling water, readily soluble in alcohol. Solutions
of this salt, upon the addition of alkali hydroxides, yield a white precipitate of cad-
mium hydroxide insoluble in an excess of the reagent; the precipitate produced by the
addition of ammonia water is soluble in an excess of the reagent. Hydrogen sulphide
T.S. or ammonium sulphide T.S. added to an aqueous solution of the salt yields
yellow cadmium sulphide which is insoluble in an excess of the latter reagent. Add
10 mils of potassium hydroxide T.S. to a solution of 1 Gm. of cadmium iodide in 20
mils of distilled water, and filter; the filtrate yields no precipitate with hydrogen
sulphide T.S. either before or after acidulating with hydrochloric acid (foreign
metals) .
Calcium Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of calcium chloride (see
page 90) in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Calcium Hydroxide Test Solution (Lime Water), a nearly saturated, aqueous
solution of calcium hydroxide, Ca(0H)2. — -Use lime water (see page 239).
Calcium Sulphate Test Solution.— Introduce pulverized transparent crystals of
native gypsum (selenite), (CaS04+2H20), into a bottle nearly filled with distilled
water, agitate it at intervals for twelve hours, and decant the clear, saturated solu-
tion when required. One part of gj-psum requires about 400 parts of water for solu-
tion at 25° C. The test solution may also be made by shaking together 1 Gm. of
calcixmi carbonate and 200 mils of distilled water, containing 5 mils of diluted sulphuric
acid. When the acid is completely neutraUzed filter the mixture.
Canada Turpentine. — A Uquid oleoresin obtained from Abies balsamea (Linnd)
Miller (Fam. Coniferce). Viscid, pale yellowish or greenish-yellow, transparent;
odor agreeable, taste terebinthinate, bitter, and sUghtly acrid; it is completely soluble
in ether, chloroform, or benzene. When ex-po.sed to the air, Canada turpentine
gradually dries and fonns a transparent varnish; it sohdifies on being mixed with 20
per cent, of its weight of magnesium oxide previously moistened with water.
Carbon Disulphide, CS2(Carbon Bisulphide). — Preserve in partially filled, well-
stoppered bottles, or in tin cans, in a cool place, remote from flame or fire. A clear,
colorless, highly refractive litjuid, very volatile, having a strong, characteristic but not
fetid odor, and a sharp, aromatic taste. Specific gravity between 1.25G and 1.257 at
25° C. Soluble in about 530 parts of water at 25° C; very soluble in alcohol, ether,
■UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 529
chloroform, or fixed or volatile oils. Carbon disulphide vaporizes rapidly at the
ordinary temperature, is highly inflammable, boils between 46° and 49° C, and when
ignited, bums with a bluish-white flame, prothicing carbon dioxide and sulphur
dioxide. It does not affect the color of blue litmus' paper moistened with water
(sulphur dioxide). Twenty mils when allowed to evaporate spontaneously in a glass
dish and finally on a water bath leaves not more thun 0.001 Gm. of residue {dissolved
sidphur). No discoloration is produced in 10 mils of lead acetate T.S. after agitating
with 25 mils of carbon disuli:)hide, when \'iewed from above m a test tube of about
2 cm. in diameter (hydrogen sulphide).
Carbon Tetrachloride, CCI4. — A colorless, heavy liquid, of. characteristic
odor; non-inflammable; specific gravity about 1.5S at 25" C; boiling point between
76° and 77° C. It is immiscible with water, but miscible with dehydrated alcohol,
ether, or fixed or volatile oils. Shake 10 mils with 20 mils of distiUed water and allow
the hquids to separate completelj'; the water remains neutral to litmus, and becomes
not more than slightly opalescent on the addition of silver nitrate T.S. (chloride), and is
not colored by pota.ssium iodide T.S. (chlorine). Twenty-five mils when evaporated
on a water bath leaves not more than 0.0005 Gm. of residue (non-volatile matter).
To 10 mils of a solution of potassiiun hydroxide in dehyilrated alcohol (1 in 10), add 10
mils of carbon tetrachloride; after standing for one hour, acidify with acetic acid and
add 1 mil of copper sulphate T.S.; no yellow precipitate appears within two hours
(carbon disulphide).
Carmine — A lake color obtained from cochineal by the precipitation of its aqueous
infusion with inorganic salts and albumen. Bright red, hght and friable lumps,
insoluble in cold water and acids, partiaUy soluble in hot water, soluble in ammonia
water with a dark red color. Wlien dried at 100° C, 1 Gm. of carmine loses not more
than 0.25 Gm. in weight; the residue ignited cautiously in a porcelain crucible, leaves
not more than 0.12 Gm.of ash. During the ignition no odor like that of phenol or
bromine is perceptible (aniline colors). Excepting for a few floccules, 0.15 Gm. of
carmine dissolves completely in a mixture of 5 mils of ammonia water and 20 mils
of distilled water.
Chlorine Test Solution (Chlorine Water). — Place 10 Gm. of manganese dioxide
(see page 266) in a flask connected by a suitable tube with a small wash bottle con-
taining 50 mils of water, and connect this with a bottle having a capacity of 1000 mils
and containing 400 mils of distilled .water which has previously been boiled and
allowed to cool. Add to the dioxide in the generating flask 25 mils of hydrochloric
acid, previously diluted with 25 mils of water, and apply a gentle heat by means of a
sand bath. Conduct the generated chlorme tlirough the water contained in the
wash bottle into the bottle containing the distilled water, which should be loosely
stopped with cotton and kept, during the operation, at a temperature of about 10° C.
Wlien the air has been entirely displaced by the gas, disconnect the bottle from the
apparatus, and, having inserted the stopper, shake the bottle, loosening the stopper
from time to time, until the gas ceases to be absorbed. If necessarj^, reconnect the
bottle with the apparatus, and continue passing the gas and agitating, until the dis-
tilled water is saturated. Finally, pom- the chlorine water into smaU, dark amber-
colored, glass-stoppered bottles, which should be completely fiUed, and ijre&erve
them in a dark and cool place
Chlorine \\'ater, even when kept from light and air, is apt to deteriorate. When
it is required of full strength, it should be freshly prepared.
3d
530 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
Chloroform, CHCI3. — Use chloroform (see page 108).
Cobaltous Chloride, C0CI2+6H2O. — Rose-colored, monoclinic crystals, non-
hygroscopic, soluble in water or alcohol. Dissolve 2 Gm. of the salt in about
100 mils of distilled water, completely precipitate the cobalt by the addition of an
excess of ammonia water followed by ammonium sulphide T.S., and filter; the filtrate,
after evaporation and ignition, leaves not more than 0.008 Gm. of residue {alkali
salts). Add 3 Gm. of sodium cyanide to a solution of 1 Gm. of cobaltous chloride, in
about 20 mils of distilled water, boil until the .solution acquires a yellow color and filter
it; on the addition of about 1 mil of bromine followed by sufficient potassium hydrox-
ide T.S. to render the solution strongly alkaline no brown color develops (nickel).
No coloration is produced in a solution of 2 Gm. of the salt in 100 mils of distilled
water, to which 2 mils of nitric acid has been added, upon the addition of hydrogen
sulphide T.S. {lead and copper).
Cobaltous Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 2 Gm. of cobaltous chloride
with the aid of 1 mil of hydrochloric acid in sufficient distilled water to measure
100 mils.
Cochineal Test Solution. — See under Indicators (page 579).
Congo Red. — See under Indicators (page 579).
Congo Red Test Solution. — See under Indicators (page 580).
Copper, Metallic, Cu. — In the form of wire, foil, or turnings.
Cupric Acetate, Cu(C2H302)2+H20. — Bluish-green crystals, having an acetous
odor, soluble in water or alcohol. An aqueous solution of the salt (l in 20), mixed
with a few drops of hydrochloric acid, is not rendered more than slightly turbid
at once, upon the addition of a few drops of barium chloride T.S. {sulphate). In
other respects it meets the tests for purity directed under Cupri Sulphas (see page
128).
Cupric Acetate Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 part of cupric acetate in sufficient
distilled water to make 1000 parts. Should the solution become cloudy, add acetic
acid, drop by drop, until it becomes clear.
Cupric Ammonium Sulphate Test Solution. — A solution of cupri-tetrammonium
sulphate, Cu(NH3)4S04+H20. To copper sulphate T.S. add ammonia water, drop
by drop, until the precipitate at first formed is nearly, but not completely redis-
Bolved, then filter. This solution should be freshly made when required.
Cupric Sulphate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of copper sulphate (see page
128) in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Cupric Tartrate Test Solution. — See Volumetric Solutions (page 557).
Curare. — Curare is an impure vegetable extract prepared by the Indians of South
America and used by them as an arrow poison. Its composition is not entirely known,
and different specimens of curare vary, depending upon the special variety of plant
used in its manufacture. The most important source of curare is the bark of several
varieties of Strychnos, the species most commonly employed being S. Castelna;i,W edd.,
S. Toxifera, or S. Crevauxii. In addition to the extract of these barks other sub-
stances are added to impart consistence, to mislead, or perhaps from superstitious
considerations. Conunercial curare is a brownish or black, shining resinoid mass,
pos.sessing a very bitter taste. About 75 per cent, is soluble in cold water and
it is almo-st completely soluble in diluted alcohol.
Dimethylaminoazobenzene (Butter Yellow), CellsN : N.C6H4N(CH3)2. — It
forms yellow plates melting between 1 15° and 1 17° C. It is insoluble in water, soluble
UNITED STATRS OF AMERICA 531
in alcohol; soluble in hydrochloric acid with a red color from which solution sodium
hydroxide T.S. in excess precipitates the orange-yellow base. The solution of this
dye in sulphuric acid is yellow and changes to red on dilution with water.
Diphenylamine, (C6ll5)2NH. — In the form of grayish-white or colorless
crystals, of a peculiar, aromatic odor, melting between 53° and 54° C; slightly sol-
uble in water, more soluble in acids. It is used either in the dry state, or in solution in
sulphuric acid, as a test for nitric acid (in sulphuric acid, water, etc.), or for chlorine
(in hydrochloric acid). To test a solution for the presence of nitric acid, a small
portion of it is carefully poured down the .side of a test tube, slightly inclined and
containing a few mils of diphenylamine T.S. so as to form a layer over the latter.
The presence of nitric acid is shown by a deep blue color at the zone of contact. A
similar reaction is also produced by the presence of hypochlorites, chlorates, chrom-
ium trioxide, ferric salts, and similar oxidizing agents.
Diphenylamine Test Solution. — Dis.solveO.5 Gm. of diphenylamine in 100 mils
of concentrated sulphuric acid (see page 552) diluted with 20 mils of distilled water.
The solution should be colorless.
Eosin A (Yellowish Eosin), 0[C6H(Br20)2Na]C.C6H4C00Na.— The sodium
salt of tetra-brom-fluorescein. Fine red crystals of bluish, glossy luster, or a brown-
ish-red powder; readily soluble in water, less soluble in alcohol and insoluble in ether.
A concentrated aqueous solution of eosin A has a deep brownish-red color while
a dilute solution (1 in 500) is j^ello wish-red with a greenish fluorescence. The
alcoholic solutions show a yellowish-green fluorescence. The addition of tannic
acid T.S. to an aqueous solution of eosin A (1 in 500), produces no change. When
about 0.5 Gm. of zinc dust, followed by 5 mils of ammonia water, is added to 5 mils
of an aqueous solution of eosin A (1 in 500) and the mixture agitated, rapid decoloriza-
tion takes place. ^Tien this mixture is filtered, the addition of solution of hydrogen
dioxide to the filtrate restores the pink color of the solution. The addition of h5'dro-
chloric acid to an aqueous solution (1 in 500) causes an orange precipitate which,
upon agitating with ether, j-ields a yellow solution. This solution is decolorized upon
agitating it with a dilute solution of an alkaU. The addition of sodium hydrox-
ide T.S. intensifies the color of an aqueous solution of eosin A (1 in 500). Eosin A
dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid (see page 552) with a yellow color and,
when this solution is cautiously diluted with distilled water, a yellowish-red precip-
itate is produced.
Ether. — Use ether (see page 32). It should be neutral to moistened litmus paper.
Ether, Dehydrated, (C2H5)20. — Specific gravity not greater than 0.7115 at
25" C; it distils between 34° and 36° C. Add a very small quantity of powdered
rosaniline acetate (see page 516), dried at 100° C, to 10 mils of dehydrated ether, con-
tained in a dry glass cyhnder, stopper and shake it. No coloration results {water or
alcohol). Add some dry tannic acid to 10 mils of dehydrated ether, contained in a dry
glass cylinder, stopper and shake it; the tannin does not agglutinate or form a syrupy
deposit ( irater or alcohol). Twenty mils of dehydrated ether, when permitted to evapo-
rate spontaneously, leaves no perceptible residue, and upon rinsing the vessel with dis-
tilled water, the latter does not distinctly affect litmus paper. If the ether shows the
presence of traces of moisture it should be shaken with pieces of anhydrous calcium
chloride.
Ethyl Acetate (Acetic Ether), CH3.COOC2H5. — \ transparent, colorless liquid,
of fragrant, acetous odor; inflammable; soluble in about 10 parts of water at 25°C.;
532 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
miscible in all proportions with alcohol, ether, or volatile oils. Specific gravity:
0.893 to 0.898 at 25° C; boiling point from 72° to 77° C. On evaporating 10 mils
of ethyl acetate on a water bath no weighable residue remains {rion-volatile matter).
Ethyl acetate does not immediately redden blue litmus paper. Evaporate
a portion of ethyl acetate spontaneously from clean, odorless blotting paper; the
final odor, after that of the ester ceases to be noticeable, is not that of foreign esters
{butylic or amylic ester). Agitate 25 mils of ethyl acetate with 25 mils of a satu-
rated aqueous solution of calcium chloride and permit it to stand for complete
s'eparation; the volume of the latter does not increase more than 0.5 mil (alcohol
or water). Mix 20 mils of ethyl acetate with a solution of 20 Gm. of sodium
hydroxide in 50 mils of distilled water, allow the mixture to stand, agitating occa-
sionally, or heat it gently under a reflux condenser, until a homogeneous liquid
results, and then distil about 25 mils. This distillate complies with the test for
absence of methyl alcohol under Alcohol. When 5 mils of ethyl acetate is poured
over 5 mils of sulphuric acid, no coloration is produced at the zone of contact of
the two laj'ors {nmyl alcohol or other carbonizable impurities).
Ferric Ammonium Sulphate, FeNH4(S04)2 + I2H2O. — Pale violet, octahedral
crystals, without odor, and having an acid, styptic taste; efflorescent on expo-
sure to the air. Soluble in 2.7 parts of water at 25° C. and in 0.8 part of boiling water;
insoluble in alcohol. The addition of 0.5 mil of nitric acid to 10 mils of a solution of
the salt (1 in 20), followed by a few drops of silver nitrate T.S., produces no turbid-
ity (chloride). The addition of a few drops of a freshly prepared solution of potas-
sium ferricyanide T.S. to a solution of the salt (1 in 20) docs not produce a blue
or green color (ferrous salt).
Ferric Ammonium Sulphate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of ferric am-
monium sulphate in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Ferric Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm of ferric chloride (see page 166)
in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Ferrous Sulphate Test Solution. — Dissolve a clear crystal of ferrous sulphate
(see page 170) in about 10 parts of distilled water which has been previously boiled
to expel air. This solution is to be freshly prepared immediately before use.
Ferrous Sulphate (Acid) Test Solution. — Dissolve 7.5 Gm. of clear crystals
of ferrous sulphate (see page 170) in 90 mils of distilled water which has been pre-
viously boiled to expel air, and then add sufficient sulphuric acid (see page 24) to
measure 100 mils. This solution is to be freshly prepared immediately before use.
Ferrous Sulphide, FeS. — A heavy solid, in the form of black or brownish-
black irregular masses, or cast into sticks, soluble in diluted sulphuric or diluted
hydrochloric acid, with copious evolution of hydrogen sulphide.
Filter Paper, Quantitative — For the Mercuric Bromide Test Paper of the Arsenic
Test use Schleicher and Schiill's No. 589 (Blue Ribbon), or Swedish O. filter paper
or other makes of like surface, quality and ash (see Arsenic Test, page 584).
Fluorescein (Resorcinolj)hthalein). — A derivative [C20H12O5 or 0(C6H30H)2C.
CeH4C00] of resorcinol obtained by the condensation of resorciuol and phthahc
anhydride. Fluorescein occurs as a yeUo wish-red to dark-red powder; odorless and
tasteless. It is very slightly soluble in water or ether, soluble in alcohol. Fluorescein
dissolves in sohitions of alkali hydroxides or carbonates, forming a liquid which
appears red when observed in transmitted light and fluorescent bright-green in
reflected light. An alkaline solution of fluorescein, even when highly diluted, shows
trNlTED STATES OF AMERICA o33
a greenish-yellow fluorescence, which Ls discharged by the addition of a slight
excess of acid. Incinerate 1 Gm. of fluorescein; the ash does not exceed 0.0025 Gm.
Heat about 1 Gm. of fluorescein at a temperature h(>low a red heat mitil it is com-
pletely carbonized, then boil the powdered residue with 10 mils of diluted hydrochloric
acid for five minutes, filter and wash the residue with 10 mils of distilled water. The
combined filtrate, when boiled with a few droi)s of nitric acid, and supersaturated
with ammonia and filtered, if necessary, remains clear upon the aildition of an equal
volume of hydrogen sulphide T.S. (zinc). Shake about 1 Gm. of fluorescehi with 20
mils of distilled water and filter; one drop of tenth-normal sodium hydroxide V.S.
imparts to 10 mils of the filtrate a bright green fluorescence. The addition of a drop
of ferric cliloride T.S. to the remaining ])ortion of the filtrate does not produce a
bluish coloration {resorcinol and various other phenolic compounds).
Fuchsin (Basic Fuchsin, Magenta, Rubin, Rosaniline). — ^I'he hydrochloride or
acetate of rosaniline (.triamido-diphenyl-tolyl-carbinol) frequently with the same
salts of para-rosaniline (triamido-triphenyl-carbinol). Ib well-developed crystals or
irregular crystalline fragments of a glossy, greenish-bronze luster. Soluble in water,
alcohol, or amyl alcohol. An aqueous solution (1 in 500), upon the addition of tannic
acid T.S., yields a red precipitate. The addition of about 0.5 Gm. of zinc dust (see
page 554), and 10 mils of ammonia water to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of fuchsin
(1 in 500) produces decolorization when the mixture is well shaken. Place a few drops
of this decolorized solution on filter paper, and then add near by a few drops of
hydrochloric acid; the zone where the two neutralizing fluids meet assumes a red
color. Sulphurous acid (see page 553), when added slowly, with agitation, to an
aqueous solution of fuchsin (1 in 500) causes decolorization. The original color is
restored upon the subsequent addition of a solution of formaldehyde. Upon slowly
adding hydrochloric acid, to an aqueous solution of fuchsin (1 in 500), the red color
gradually changes to a brownish-red wliich subse(iuently changes to a yellow when
the reagent is in excess. The addition of sodium hydroxide T.S. to an aqueous
solution of fuchsin (1 in 500) precipitates the red colored free base. Finely pulver-
ized fuchsia dissolves in concentrated sulphuric acid (see page 552) with a yellow
to yello^vish-brown color, which solution, upon the cautious addition of distilled
water, becomes yellow to colorless.
Fuchsin, Acid (Acid Magenta, Acid Rubin, Fuchsin S). — Chiefly the acid
sodium salt of fuchsin di- and tri-sulphonic acids. Acid fuchsin occurs as metallic,
greenish, glistening granules or as a greenish-brown crj'staUine powder; soluble
in water, forming a cherry-red solution, very slightly soluble in alcohol; insolu-
ble in ether. The addition of tannic acid T.S. to an aqueous solution of acid
fuchsin (1 in 500) produces no precipitation (add color). The addition of about 0.5
Gm. of zinc dust and 5 mils of ammonia water to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of
acid fuclisin (1 in 500) produces decolorization when the mixture is well shaken.
When tills mixture is filtered, the addition of hydrochloric acid to the colorless filtrate
restores its original red color. This solution, when agitated wath ether, imparts no
color to the latter {phthalcins). The addition of sodium hydroxide T.S. to an aqueous
solution of the salt (1 in 500) almost decolorizes the solution. The addition of
hydrochloric acid to an aqueous solution (1 in 500) produces no change. It dis-
solves in concentrated sulphuric acid with a yeUow to browiiish-red color and this
solution, upon the cautious addition of distilled water, changes to its original fuchsin-
red color.
534 THE PHARMACOPtEIA OF THE
Fuchsin-Sulphurous Acid Test Solution. — To a solution of 0.5 Gm. of fuchsin
and 9 Gm. of sodium bisulphite (see page 547) in 500 mils of distilled water, add 10 mils
of hydrochloric acid. The quantitj'' of sulphurous acid present should be about
5 Gm. Preserve the solution in well-stoppered bottles protected from light.
Gelatin Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of gelatin (see page 199) in 50 mils
of distilled water, with the aid of a gentle heat, and filter if necessary. This solution
is to be freshly made when wanted for use.
Glass Wool (Spun Glass). — Fine threads of spun glass. .Two Gm. of glass
wool when digested on a bath of boiling water for one-half hour with 100 mils of
diluted hydrochloric acid, the mixture filtered and the filtrate evaporated to dryness
and then dried at 110° C, leaves not more than 0.01 Gm. of residue (soluble matter).
Boil 1 Gm. of glass wool for a few minutes with a mixture of 25 mils each of diluted
nitric acid and distilled water; filter, evaporate the filtrate to dryness, and treat
the residue with 10 mils of distilled water and again filter it; the filtrate is not affected
by the addition of hydrogen sulphide T.S. (lead).
Glucose, Dry (Dextrose, d-glucose), C6H12O6. — A white, anhydrous powder which
comphes with the tests for identity and purity given under " Glucosum."
Gold Chloride (Chlorauric Acid), AUCI3HCI+4H2O.— Yellow, very hygroscopic
crystals which contain about 48 per cent, of metallic gold, when assayed by moistening
a weighed portion of the crystals with a shght excess of ammonium oxalate T.S.,
evaporating to dryness, igniting and weighing the residue. The metallic gold thus
obtained does not give a positive reaction upon heating with diluted hydrochloric
acid, filtering and testing the solution with either hydrogen sulphide T.S., dry glucose,
or ammonium sulphide T.S.
Gold Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of gold chloride in 30 mils of
distilled water.
Gold Chloride Test Solution, Diluted. — This solution is used as a standard for
the assay of Dried Suprarenals (see page 424), and must contain 0.1 Gm. of
metalHc gold in each 100 mils. Accurately measure 10 mils of gold chloride test
solution (see above) into a weighed porcelain crucible, add about 1 Gm. of am-
monium oxalate T.S. and evaporate it to dryness; then cautiously ignite the
residue until no further loss in weight occurs, and weigh. Calculate the exact
amount of metallic gold present in the solution which has been assayed and then
dilute the remainder with a sufficient quantity of distilled water to make each
100 mils contain 0.1 Gm. of metallic gold.
Hematein, C16H12O6. — A product of the oxidation of hematoxylin, occurring in
reddish-brown plates of a greenish metallic luster; very sUghtly soluble in cold water,
alcohol or ether, insoluble in chloroform. It is soluble in ammonia water with a
brownish-violet color and in diluted solutions of the caustic alkalies with a bright red
color.
Hematoxylin and Hematoxylin Test Solution. — See under Indicators (page 5S0).
Hydrated Chloral Test Solution. — ^A concentrated aqueous solution prepared
by dissolving 3 parts of hydrated chloral (see i)age 107) in 2 parts of distilled
water.
Hydrochloric Acid, Concentrated, for Tests, HCl. — An acid of specific gravity
between 1.170 and 1.184 at 25° C. (35 to 38 per cent.), which must respond to the
following tests of purity: Evay)orate 100 mils of the acid to about 5 inils, dilute it
with 10 mils of distilled water, and add a few drops of iKiriuin chloride T.S.; no
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 535
precipitate occurs within twelve hours {sulphuric acid). Evaporate 50 mils of the
acid to dryness on a water bath; not more than 0.002 Gm. of non-volatile residue
remains {non-volatile solids). Add 5 mils of the concentrated acid, diluted with 50
mils of distilled water, to a solution of 1 drop of tenth-normal iodine V.S. in 50 mils
of distilled water to which a few drops of starch T.S. have been added; no decoloriza-
tion occurs {sulphurous acid). Dilute 10 mils of the acid with about 100 mils of warm
distilled water (at about 50° C.) and thoroughly saturate it with hydrogen sulphide;
no dark coloration or precipitate forms either before or after neutralizing with
ammonia water and adding a few drops of ammonium sulphide T.S. {heavy metals).
Two mils of the acid, diluted with 10 mils of distilled water, when subjected to the
Arsenic Test (Xo. 1) produces a stain not greater than that produced by the zinc.
Hydrogen Sulphide, H2S. — A gas generated by treating ferrous sulphide
(see page 532) with diluted sulphuric acid, and washing the gas as directed below under
the Test Solution.
Hydrogen Sulphide Test Solution (Hydrosulphuric Acid). — A saturated,
aqueous solution of hydrogen siilphide. To prepare about 1000 mils of the solution,
treat 20 Gm. of ferrous sulphide in a suitable apparatus with a mixture of 20 mils
of sulphuric acid (see page 24) and 250 mils of distilled water, pass the gas through a
drying tube filled with granulated calcium chloride, then from this through a tube of
about 8 millimeters diameter and 40 centimeters in length, which contains about
5 Gm.of coarsely pulverized iodine mixed with glass wool (see page 534), and finally
through a wash bottle which contains a small quantity of potassium iodide T.S. The
gas thus purified is conducted nearly to the bottom of a bottle of the capacity of about
1500 mils containing 1000 mils of cold distilled water. Shake the bottle occasionally
to faciUtate the solution of the gas. ^Vhen the gas is no longer absorbed, transfer the
solution to small, dark amber-colored bottles, fill nearly to the top; pass a stream
of purified hydrogen sulphide for a few minutes through each, and then at once
stopper them tightly, and preserve them afterwards in a cool and dark place. Do not
use this solution unless it retains a strong odor of hydrogen sulphide, and, when
added to an equal volume of ferric chloride T.S. produces at once a copious precipitate
of sulphur.
Indicators. — See special list, page 579.
Indigo Carmine Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of sodium indigotindisulphon-
ate (see page 391) in 150 mils of distilled water.
lodeosinand lodeosin Test Solution. — See under Indicators (page 580).
Iodine, Purified — Heat powdered iodine (see page 228) in a porcelain dish placed
on a water bath for twenty minutes, and stir it constantly with a glass rod, so that
adhering moisture, cj'anogen iodide, and most of the iodine bromide and iodine
chloride, if present, may be vaporized, then transfer the iodine to a porcelain or
other non-metallic mortar, and triturate it with about 5 per cent, of its weight of
dry potassium iodide, so as to decompose any remaining iodine bromide and iodine
chloride. Then return the mixture to the dish, cover it with a glass funnel, and
heat the dish carefully on a sand bath. Detach the sublimed iodine, powder it and
then dry for twenty-four hours over calcium chloride. Keep the product in weU-
stoppered bottles, in a cool place. One Gm. of iodine, thus purified, leaves no
weighablc residue when sublimed.
Iodine Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of iodine (see page 228) and 3 Gm. of
potassium iodide (see page 340) in 50 mils of distilled water.
536 THE PHARMACOrCEIA OF THE
Iodo=bromide Test Solution. — (See Iodine Absorption Value Test No. 8.)
Dissolve 13.2 Gm. of powdered iodine (see page 228) in 1000 mils of glacial
acetic arid {.see page 7) with the aid of a gentle heat, if necessary to facilitate solu-
tion. Cool the solution to 25° C. and determine the iodine content in 20 mils
of the solution by means of tenth-normal sodium tlnosulphate V.S. ; then add to the
solution a quantity of bromine (see page 527) molecularly equivalent to that of
the iodme present (3 mils being the usual approximate amount). Keep the solution
in glass-stoppered bottles, protected from Ught.
Iron, Metallic, Fe. — Bright and perfectly clean iron in the form of wire, sheet,
filings, or powder (electro lytically reduced). For making solutions of pure iron
salts, fine, thin, bright wire (so-caUed " florist's " or " piano wire ") is used. For
detecting copper use bright pieces of sheet iron or steel needles.
Lasvo-methylamino-ethanol=catechol, C9H13O3X. — A nearly white to hght brown
micro-crystalline powder. Veryslightly soluble in water; almost insoluble in alcohol
(90 per cent.), in ether, and in chloroform. Combines with acids to form salts which
are readily soluble in water and in alcohol (90 per cent.). Melts, with partial de-
composition, between 205° and 212° C. Alkahne to moistened htmus paper. A
dilute, slightly acidified solution gives with a trace of ferric chloride an emerald-green
color wliich is changed to purple or carmine by the cautious addition of a dilute
solution of sodium hydroxide. It readily reduces solution of gold chloride and
gradually develops a characteristic, unpleasant odor when a small quantity is
mixed with five times its volume of sodium hydroxide T.S. It yields no precipitate
with potassio-mercuric iodide T.S. {absence of viost alkaloids). No weighable ash
is obtained on ignition of 0.2 Gm.
Lead Acetate Glass Wool — Immerse glass wool (see page 534) in a mixture of
equal parts of lead acetate T.S. and distilled water and remove the excess of Uquid
by pressing it between filter paper. Prepare the glass wool, as just described, imme-
diately before it is required in the test.
Lead Acetate Test Paper. — Immerse strips of heavy white filter paper, 6 era. in
width and 8 cm. in length, in a mixture of equal parts of lead acetate T.S. and
distilled water, drain off the excess of liquid and dry the paj)er on glass in an oven
at 100° C, avoiding contact wuth metal.
Lead Acetate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of clear, transparent crystals of
lead acetate (see page 32S), free from adhering lead carbonate, in sufficient distilled
water to measure 100 mils. Preserve the solution in well-stoppered bottles.
Lead Acetate Test Solution, Alcoholic. — Dissolve 3 Gm. of clear transparent
crystals of lead acetate (see page 32S), free from adhering lead carbonate, in suffi-
cient alcohol to mea.sure 100 nuh. Preserve the solution in well-stoppered bottles.
Lead Acetate Test Solution, Basic. — Use the official solution of lead subacetate
(see ])agc 249).
Lead Nitrate, Pb(N03)2. — Colorless, octahedral crystals, transparent or opaque.
Soluble in 1.85 parts of water at 25° C, in 0.75 part of boiling water, and almost
insoluble in alcohol. Lead nitrate responds to the tests of identity for lead and
freedom from foreign metals directed under Plunibi Acctas (see page 328).
Lead Peroxide (Lead Dioxide), Pb02. — A dark brown powder containing not
less than 90 per cent, of lead peroxide. Insoluble in nitric acid; when warmed with
hydrochloric ac'id, it is converted into lead chloride with the evolution of clilorine;
when heated alone or with sulphuric acid, lead peroxide gives off oxygen. It is
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 537
dissolved by concentrated solutions of potassium or sodium hydroxide. Dissolve by
agitation about 0.5 Gm. of finely powdered lead peroxide, previously dried to
constant weight at 100° C. and accurately weighed, in a solution of 1.5 Gm.
of potassium iodide (see page 340) and 12 Gm. of sodium acetate (see page 380),
in 8 mils of glacial acetic acid (see page 7) diluted with an equal volume of
distilled water. Should the resulting solution be turbid, add further small portions
of sodium acetate until clear. Then determine the liberated iodine by titrating
with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S., starch T.S. being used as indicator.
It shows not less than 90 per cent, of PbOa. Each mil of tenth-normal sodium thio-
sulphate V.S. is equivalent to 0.01195 Gm. of Pb02
Lime, Freshly Slaked. — To prepare freshly slaked hme for the Opium Assay,
drop upon a convenient quantity of lime one-third of its weight of water, cover it
and allow it to stand until the lime is slaked and cooled.
Litmus Paper and Test Solution. — See under Indicators (page 5S1).
Magnesia Mixture Test Solution. — Dissolve 5.5 Gm. of magnesium chloride, and
7 Gm. of amimonium chloride (see page 44) in 65 mils of distilled water, add 35 mils
of ammonia water (see page 53), set the mixture aside for a few days in a well-
stoppered vessel, and filter. If not perfectly clear, filter the solution before using.
Magnesium Chloride, MgCl2+6H20. — Wliite, deliquescent crystals, soluble in
about 0.6 per cent, of cold water and about 5 parts of alcohol, leaving no insoluble
residue. Ten mils of an aqueous solution (1 in 20) shows no precipitate upon the
addition of a few drojjs of diluted sulphuric acid {barium), nor after the addition
of 10 mils of ammonium chloride T.S. followed by a few drops of ammonia water
and 5 mils of ammonium oxalate T.S. {calcium), nor after the addition of ammonium
sulphide T.S. {heavy metals).
Magnesium Sulphate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of magnesium sulphate
(see page 265) in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Manganese Sulphate, ]\InS04. — Containing from 4 to 5 molecules of water of
crystaUization (depending on the temperature at wiiich it is crystallized), forming
pale rose-red crystals, slightly efflorescent in the air, soluble in about 1 part of water,
insoluble in alcohol. Its aqueous solution (1 in 20) j-ields with barium chloride T.S. a
white precipitate insoluble in hydrochloric acid, and with ammonium sulphide T.S. a
salmon colored precipitate. Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 50 mils of distilled water,
add 0.5 mil of hydrochloric acid (see page 13) and a few drops of clilorine water
(see page 529), boil for a few minutes and cool. On now adding 1 mil of potassium
sulphocyanate T.S. to tliis solution no red color is produced. Dissolve 1 Gm. of
the salt in 50 mils of distilled water, add about 10 mils of ammonium cliloride T.S.,
heat to boiling, and precipitate the manganese with ammonium sulphide T.S.,
continuing the heating until the precipitate acquires a greenish color, then filter,
evaporate the filtrate to dryness and ignite; not more than 0.5 per cent, of residue
remains {cnlciu>n, magnesium, or alkali metals).
Manganese Sulphate Test Solution.- — Dissolve 10 Gm. of manganese sulphate in
50 mils of cUstillcd water, and add sufficient diluted sulphuric acid to make 100 mils.
Mercuric Bromide, HgBr2. — "^^Tite rhombic needles or prisms or lustrous scales
or a granular, crystalline powder, fusing at about 325° C. and subliming without
decomposition. Soluble in 200 parts of water at 25° C. and in 25 parts of boiling
water; readily soluble in boiling alcohol.
Mercuric Bromide Test Paper. — Cut stiff, heavy quantitative filter paper (see
Filter Paper. Quantitative, page 532) into strips 3 mm. in width and about 12 cm.
538 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
in length. Immerse these strips for five minutes in alcoholic mercuric bromide T.S.
(see below). Remove the excess of solution by pressing the strips between filter
paper and then dry them quickly on glass in an oven heated to 100° C. Place the
strips at once in a wide-mouthed bottle and stopper it securely.
Mercuric Bromide Test Solution, Alcohoh'c. — Dissolve 5 Gm. of mercuric bro-
mide in 100 mils of alcohol, employing a gentle heat to facilitate solution. Keep it
in glass-stoppered bottles protected from the light.
Mercuric Chloride Test Solution. — DissolveSGm. of corrosive mercuric chloride
(see page 214) in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Mercuric Nitrate Test Solution, Hg(N03)2. — Mix 4.5 Gm. of nitric acid (see
page 18) with 15 mils of distilled water and dissolve 40 Gm. of red mercuric oxide
(see page 218) in the mixture. Keep the solution in glass-stoppered bottles.
Mercuric Potassium Iodide Test Solution (Mayer's Reagent). — Dissolve 1.3.58 Gm.
of corrosive mercuric chloride (see page 214) in 60 mils of distilled water, and 5 Gm.
of potassium iodide (see page 340) in 10 mils of distilled water. Mix the two solu-
tions, and then add sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Mercuric Potassium lodideTest Solution, Alkaline (Nessler's Reagent). — Dissolve
10 Gm. of potassium iodide (see page 340) in 10 mils of distilled water, and add
gradually in portions a saturated aqueous solution of corrosive mercuric chloride
(see page 214) with constant agitation, until a slight red precipitate remains undis-
solved; to this mixture add 30 Gm. of potassium hydroxide (see page 338) and, when
solution has taken place, 1 mil more of the saturated aqueous solution of mercuric
chloride. Dilute this solution with distilled water until it measures 200 mils. Allow
the precipitate to subside, and draw off the clear fluid. Two mils of this reagent,
when added to 50 mils of distilled water containing 0.05 milligramme of ammonia,
produces at once a yellowish-brown coloration.
Mercurous NitrateTest Solution, HgNOa. — Mix 10 Gm. of pure mercury (see
page 219) with 5 mils of nitric acid (see page 18) and 5 mils of distilled water, in a
porcelain evaporating dish and set it aside for twenty-four hours in a cool, dark
room. Separate and drain the crystals of mercurous nitrate, and dissolve them in
100 mils of distilled water. Preserve the solution in a dark amber-colored bottle
in which a small quantity of mercury has been placed.
Methyl Orange and Methyl Orange Test Solution. — Sec under Indicators
(page 581).
Methyl Red and Methyl Red Test Solution. — Sec under Indicators (page 582).
Methyl Violet 6B (Paris Violet 6B). — A mixture of penta- and hexa-methyl-para-
rosaniUne chlorides. A very dark greenish powder which dissolves readily in water or
alcohol, yielding a deep violet .solution. Its solution in alcohol or chloroform has
a deeper blue color than the aqueous solution. Insoluble in ether. An aqueous
solution of methyl violet (1 in 500) when added drop by drop to tannic acid T.S.
forms a deep blue precipitate {basic color). The addition of a few drops of hydro-
chloric acid to a mixture of about 0.5 Gm. of zinc dust and 5 mils of an aqueous
solution of methyl violet (1 in 500) causes rapid decolorization. Place a few drops
of this decolorized solution near a few drops of ammonia water on filter paper; the
zone of contact assumes a blue color. Add hydrochloric acid slowly, drop by drop,
with agitation, to an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 500); the violet color gradually
changes to blue-green, green, and finally to brownish- yellow, the solution remaining
clear. Upon gradually diluting this solution with distilled water, the color changes
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 539
take ]ilaio ia the reverse order. Add 5 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. to 5 mils of
an aqueous sohition of methyl violet (1 in 500); a blue precipitate gradually forma
and upon heating, the mixtiu-e becomes colorless and deposits white floccules.
Concentrated suljjhuric acid dissolves methyl violet with an orange to brownish-red
color; upon slowly diluting tliis sohition with distilled water, the sohition assumes
a brown, then green, and finally a blue color. Incinerate 1 Gm. of methyl violet;
not more than 0.01 Gni. of ash remains.
Methylene Green (jMono-nitro-methylene blue, Tetra-methyl-mono-nitro-thionin-
chloride), '(Cn3)2.X.C6H3:N(S)C6H2(N02).N.(CH3)2Cl.— .\ very dtu-k brown to
gray-black powder; sohible in water and shghtly soluble in alcohol, yielding greenish-
blue solutions. An aqueous sohition of methylene green (1 in 500) yields a precipitate
upon the addition of tannic acid T.S. The addition of 0.5 Gm. of zinc dust and 5 mils
of ammonia water to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (l in 500) and
warming the resulting mixture causes decolorization. Add a few drops of solution
of hydrogen dioxide to the decolorized liquid, keeping the solution alkaUne; a violet
color is produced. The addition of hj-drochloric acid to an aqueous solution of
methylene green (1 in 500) produces no change; sodium hydroxide T.S. produces a
violet precipitate which dissolves upon heating (di.stinction from viethyhne blue).
Methylene green dissolves in sulphuric acid with a green color and on cautiously
diluting tliis solution with distilled water it changes to greenish-blue.
Molybdic Acid, H2M0O4. — A white to yellowi.sh-white powder, containing
about 85 per cent, of molybdic anhydride (M0O3). One Gm. of molybdic acid yields
a clear solution with 10 mils of ammonia water; the addition of an equal volume
of hydrogen sulphide T.S. produces a greenish-yellow color but no browTiish-j'ellow
cok)r or precipitate {hccwy meials). Pour a solution of 10 Gm. of molybdic acid in
about 25 mils of ammonia water into a mixture of 75 parts of nitric acid (.see page
18), and 75 parts of distilled water and set it aside for twelve hours at about 40° C. ; no
yellow precipitate appears (phosphoric acid). Prepare a sohition of about 0.5 Gm. of
molybdic acid, accurately weighed, in 50 mils of distilled water by the aid of about
3 mils of ammonia water, warming it to facilitate solution. Make this solution
acid with acetic acid, dilute it further with 200 mils of distilled water, and heat to
boihng; then add 30 mils of an aqueous solution (l in 20), containing lead acetate
(see page 328), cover the beaker and boil the liquid for several minutes, stirring
occasionally to facihtate granulation of the precipitate. Wash the precipitate by de-
cantation ten times, using 50 mils of boiling distilled water each time; collect the pre-
cipitate in a previously ignited and tared Gooch crucible containing a layer of asbestos
(see page 525), again wash the precipitate with boiling distilled water until the
washings cease to react with hydrogen sulphide T.S., and ignite to constant weight.
The amoimt of lead molybdate (PbMo04) obtained, multiplied by 0.39220, gives the
amount of molybdic anhydride (M0O3) present.
Naphthylamine (Alpha) Hydrochloride, C10H7.NH2.HCI. — A white crystalline
powder which turns bluish on exposure. Soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. For
tests of identity see below, under Betanaphthylamine.
Naphthylamine (Alpha) Hydrochloride Test Solution. — Boil 0.5 Gm. of alpha-
naphthylamine hydrochloride with 100 mils of distilled w^ater, for ten minutes, keep-
ing the volume constant and finally filter it through cotton. Employ only freshly
distilled water in preparing this reagent, which must be kept in well-stoppered
bottles, protected from light.
540 THE PHARMACOPCEtA OF THfi
Naphthylamine (Beta) Hydrochloride, C10H7.NH2.HCl.— TMiite to yellowish,
glossy scales, or flakes, soluble in about 50 parts of water and readily soluble in
alcohol. The addition of one drop of ferric chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of betanaphthylamine hj^drochloride (1 in 100) does not produce a violet
color (alpha-naphthylamine); the addition of a small crj-stal of sodiimi nitrite to
an aqueous solution of betanaphthylamine hydrochloride (1 in 100) produces an
orange precipitate, not a dark red precipitate (distinction from alpha-naplilltijlamint) .
Nitric Acid, HNO3. — Use the official nitric acid (see page 18).
Nitric Acid, Diluted. — Add 50 Gm. of nitric acid (see page 18) to 290 Gm. of
distilled water. It contains not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent,
of HXO3. Diluted nitric acid to which an equal volume of distilled water has been
added is not affected upon the addition of barium nitrate T.S. {sulphuric acid),
or of silver nitrate T.S. {hydrochloric acid). Dilute about 20 mils of diluted nitric
acid, accurately weighed, with 10 mils of distilled water and titrate with normal
potassium hydroxide V.S., methyl orange T.S. being used as indicator. It shows
not less than 9.5 per cent, nor more than 10.5 per cent, of HNO3.
Nitric Acid, Fuming. — Use the commercial red fuming acid, if it is of a specific
gravity between 1.48 and 1.52 at 25° C. Preserve it carefully in glass-stoppered
bottles, in a cool place. It should conform to the tests for purity given under Acidum
Nilricum.
Oil of Cedarwood (for use with the microscope). — For clearing microscopic sec-
tions, a selected commercial distilled oil from the wood of the Red Cedar, Juniperiis
Virginiana Linne (Fam. Pinacece) should be used. Such oil should have a refractive
index of about 1.504 at 20° C For use with homogeneous immersion lenses, a
specially prepared oil is required, having a refractive index of exactly 1.515 at 18° C.
Orange G (The sodium salt of azo-benzene-beta-naphthol disulphonic acid),
CeHs.N : N.CioH4(OH)(S03Na)2(2.6.8).— Orange to brick-red powder, or dark red
crystals; readily soluble m water, yielding an orange-yellow solution, slightly solu-
ble in alcohol, insoluble in ether or chloroform. The addition of tannic acid T.S.
to an aqueous solution of orange G (1 in 500) causes no precipitation {acid color).
The addition of hydrochloric acid to a mixture of 0.5 Gm. of zinc dust and 10 mils
of an aqueous solution of the color (1 in 500) produces decolorization. When filtered,
the colorless filtrate, on standing exposed to the air, does not regain its original
color (presence of azo-yroup). When heated, orange G does not deflagrate (distinc-
tion from nitro colors). The addition of barium or calcium chloride T.S. to a concen-
trated aqueous solution of orange G produces a colored, crystalhne precipitate. The
addition of hydrochloric acid to an aqueous solution of the dye (1 in 500) produces
no change; the addition of sodium hydroxide T.S. to a similar solution produces a
yellowish-rod to a bordeaux color but no precipitation. Orange G dissolves in con-
centrated suli)huric acid with an orange to yollowish-rod color; no change in color
results upon diluting the solution cautiously with distilled water.
Orcin (Orcinol; Dihydroxy- methyl-benzene 1.3.5.), C6H3(CH3).(0H).(0n).-H
H2O.— In the form of monoclinic pri.sms, white with a reddish tint, which fuse at
about 58° to 60° C. Orcin has an intensely sweet and astringent taste; very soluble
in hot water, less soluble in cold water, readily sohible in alcohol or ether. The
anhydrous substance fuses between 106° and 108° C. Anhytlrous crystals are de-
posited from an ether solution. \Micn exposed to hght or air the crystals assume a
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 541
reddish-brown color. The addition of a few drops of ferric chloride T.S. to an aqueous
solution of orcin (1 in 20) produces a deep blue color. Warm 10 mils of an aqueous
solution of orcin (1 in 10) with 10 mils of sodium hydroxide T.S. and add a few drops
of chloroform; the solution assumes a {)urple-red color then bright red, and, after
diluting with distilled water, shows an intense, greenish-yellow fluorescence. Aque-
ous solutions of orcin (1 in 20) tested separately do not yield precipitates ujion the
addition of test solutions of either mercuric chlornle, cupric sulphate, tannic acid or
lead acetate; with ba.si(; lead acetate T.S. , a white i)recipitate is obtained (character-
istic of r<'Nr;/Y77/«i r/trira^iccs). Dissolve about ].:] Gm. of orcin, accurately weighed,
in sufficient distilled water to measure 1000 mils. Introduce 2.') mils of this solution,
25 mils of tenth-normal bromine V.S. and 50 mils of distilled water into a glass-
stopi)cred flask of about 300 mils capacity, and then add 25 mils of dilute sulphuric
acid T.S. After thorouglily agitating the mixture, set it aside for ten minutes,
then cautiously lift the stopper, quickh^ introduce 2 Gm. of potassium iodide and
close the flask at once. Agitate the solution and, after five minutes, determine the
liberated iodine by means of tenth-normal sodiinn thiosulphatc V.S.; conduct a
blank experiment, omitting the addition of the solution of orcin and note the number
of mils of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphatc V.S. consumed. The difference in
mils of tenth-normal sodium tliio.suli)hate V.S. required in the original titration
and the blank test, when multiplied by 0.0020(iS, gives the quantity of anhydrous
orcin j)rescnt, wliich corresponds to not Icf^s than 85 per cent.
Ouabain. — Crystallized ouabain, freciuently, though crroneousl}-, referred to as
crystallized stroi)hanthin, or g-stroi)hantliin Thoms. Ouabain is a glucoside,
C30H46O12+OII2O, obtained from the wood of Acocanthcra Ouabaio Cathelineau,
or from the seed of Strophantlitis grains Franchet. It occurs as colorless, quadratic
crystals of bitter taste. It is easily soluble in hot water, soluble in 100 parts of cold
water and in about 30 parts of dehydrated alcohol and in 30 parts of amyl alco-
hol; slightly soluble in acetic ether, ether or chloroform. A solution of 0.01 Gm. of
ouabain in 1 mil of distilled water, poured over a layer of concentrated sulphuric
acid colors the latter from pink to red and the aqueous layer is colored green.
Heated to 105° C. it loses about 20 per cent, of water. The ouabain thus dried
melts between 187° and 188° C. On igniting 0.2 Gm. no weighable ash remains.
Heating with diluted hydrocliloric or sulphuric acid produces hydrolytic cleavage,
yielding a body which is identical with rhamnose.
Oxah'c Acid, Purified, H2C2O4+2H2O. — Colorless, uneffloresced crystals, soluble
in 10 parts of cold water, in about 3 parts of boihng water and in 2.5 parts of alcohol.
Ten Gm. when ignited leaves not more than 0.005 Gm. of residue (non-volatile
matter). Dissolve 2 Gm. of oxalic acid and about 3 Gm. of potassium hydroxide in
30 mils of distilled water, add to this solution about 15 drops of Nessler's Reagent (see
page 538), no brownish-red coloration develops when compared with a blank test, omit-
ting the oxalic acid {ammonium compound). Preserve it in wcll-stojipered bottles.
Oxalic Acid Test Solution. — Dissolve 5 Gm. of purified oxaUc acid (see above)
in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Palladous Chloride, PdCl2. — A dark brown, hygroscopic mass, readilj' soluble
in water.
Palladous Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of palladous chloride
in sufficient di.stilled water to measure 10 mils. Preserve the solution in a glass-
stoppered bottle.
542 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
Paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde (Dimethyl-p-amino-benzaldehyde), (CH3)aN.
C6H4.CHO. — Colorless scales fusing at 73° C; soluble in hot water. The addition
of an alcoholic solution of benzidine (1 in 100) to a slightly acidified solution of
paradimethj'laminobenzaldehyde produces a brick-red precipitate after standing.
Peptone (Beef Peptone). — The dried product of the pancreatic digestion
of meat. A yellow powder of a slightly bitter but not disagreeable taste and an odor
resembling that of meat extract. Soluble in all proportions in water, yielding a
yellowish-brown liquid of faintly acid reaction. Slightly soluble in diluted alcohol,
insoluble in alcohol or ether. An aqueous solution of peptone (1 in 20), upon the
addition of tannic acid T.S. or mercuric chloride T.S., yields a precipitate. On the
addition of 0.5 mil of potassium hjdroxide T.S. to an aqueous solution of peptone
(1 in 20), followed by a solution of copper sulphate (1 in 50), added drop by drop
with agitation, an intense, red-violet color is produced (biuret reaction). Pour an
aqueous solution of peptone (1 in 20) into an excess of alcohol, allow the resulting
precipitate to settle and decant the clear supernatant liquid; the residue left on
evaporating this liquid is completely soluble in alcohol and no coagulation occurs.
One Gm. of peptone dissolves in 20 parts of water with but slight turbidity. When
an aqueous solution of peptone (1 in 200) is heated to boiling, no precipitation occurs;
the addition of nitric acid does not cause turbidity (coagulable albumin). Saturate
an aqueous solution of peptone (0.5 Gm. in 20 mils) with powdered zinc sulphate;
not more than a slight flocculent precipitate appears (proteoses). Dry 1 Gm, of
peptone at 100° C; it loses not more than 7 per cent, in weight; ignite this dried
product; not more than 0.005 Gm. of ash remains. Peptone contains not less than
12.5 per cent, of nitrogen when determined by the Kjeldahl method, corresponding
to about 78 per cent, of pure peptone.
Phenoldisulphonic Acid Test Solution (Phenol-disul phonic acid), C6H3(0H)
(S03H)2. — Mix 37 parts of sulphuric acid (see page 24) with 3 parts of phenol (see
page 316) in a flask of suitable capacity and heat in a bath of boiling water for
.six hours. Transfer the product to a glass-stoppered bottle while still fluid, and
when desired for use, warm on a water bath until liquefied.
Phenolphthalein Test Solution. — See under Indicators (page 582).
Phenylhydrazine, C6H5.NH.NH2.— A colorless, or sUghtly yellowish, highly
refractive liquid, boiling between 241° and 243° C; congealing, when cold, to
monoclinic plates fusing at about 19° C. Phenylhydrazine is slightly soluble
in cold water, more soluble in hot water and readily soluble in alcohol or
ether. Its solutions rapidly absorb oxygen from the air, becoming brown. Shake
2 mils of phenylhydrazine with 20 mils of 5 per cent, acetic acid; a clear
solution results.
Phenylhydrazine Dihydrochloride, C6H5NH.NH2.2HCI. — A white crystalline
powder, readily soluble in water, but slowly soluble in alcohol. It melts at about
200° C Add to an acjueous solution of phenylhydrazine dihydrochloride
(1 in 10) sufficient sodium hydroxide T.S. until the reaction is alkaline; upon
the addition of copper sulphate T.S., a dense red precipitate is formed. An
aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) has an acid reaction and is clear and
colorless. One Gm. of the salt when ignited leaves no weighable residue.
Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride, CeHs.NH.NHa.HCl. — Silky scales melting at
about 225° C. Reachly soluble in water or alcohol. Its aqueous solution is dear
and free from suspended particles.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 543
Phloroglucinol, C6H3(0H)3+2H20. — A white to cream colored crystalline powder,
readily soluble in water, alcohol, or ether. When rapidly heated, it melts between
217° and 219° C, or when slowly heated, between 200° and 209° C. Introduce a
few crystals of phloroj^lucinol in 4i test tul)e with about 1 mil e:ich of sulphuric acid
and acetic anhydride and heat in boiling water for from five to ten minutes;
no blue color develops {diresorcinol) .
Phloroglucinol Test Solution. — Prepare a 3 per cent, solution of phloroglucinol
in alcohol. Keep the solution protected from Ught.
Phosphotungstic Acid, P2O5.24W03 + xHgO. — White to yellowish-green crys-
tals efflorescing slightly in air. Readily soluble in water or alcohol and slightly
soluble in ether. To a solution of 1 Gm. of phosphotungstic acid in 10 mils of dis-
tilled water, add 0.1 Gm. of sodium chloride and about 3 drops of indigo T.S.
followed by about 10 mils of sulphuric acid, cautiously added; then allow flie liquid
to stand for ten minutes, the blue color does not disappear {nitrate). Wlien 1 Gm.
of phosphotungstic acid is dissolved in 10 mils of distilled water and boiled, and a
email piece of sodium hydroxide added (about 2 Gm.) and the solution warmed,
ammonia is not evolved (ammonium salts).
Picric Acid Test Solution. — See page .553.
Platinic Chloride (Chloroplatinic Acid), HaPtCle+BHaO. — A brownish-red,
hygroscopic, crystalline mass, soluble in water, alcohol, or ether, with a yellow color.
One Gm. is completely soluble in 10 mils of dehydrated alcohol. Its aqueous solu-
tion should be yellow and not brownish. When platinic chloride is strongly ignited
in a porcelain crucible, not less than 37.6 per cent, of residue remains. Digest
this residue with about ten times its weight of a mixture of five volumes of nitric
acid and ten volumes of distilled water on a water bath for fifteen minutes,
filter, evaporate to dryness and ignite to constant weight; a residue not exceeding
0.15 per cent, of the platinic chloride taken remains (other jnetals).
Platinic Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 2.6 Gm. of platinic chloride in
20 mils of distilled water.
Potassio-Mercuric Iodide Test Solution. — See page 538.
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6. — Purify potassium bitartrate ("see page
332), to render it suitable for standardizing volumetric solutions of potassium and
sodium hydroxide, as follows: To 100 Gm. of the salt, contained in a beaker,
add a mixture of 85 mils of distilled water and 25 mils of diluted hydrochloric acid;
place the covered beaker on a water bath and digest the mixture, with occasional
Btirring for three hours. Quickly cool the mixture, drain the solution from the pre-
cipitate, wash the latter by affusion and decantation with two successive portions
of 100 mils each of distilled water, collect the precipitate on a plain filter, and
continue the washing with cold distilled water until the filtrate, after adding a few
drops of nitric acid, ceases to become opalescent upon the addition of silver
nitrate T.S. Then dissolve the precipitate of potassium bitartrate in the smallest
possible volume of boiling distilled water (about 1500 mils), filter, and constantly
stir the filtrate while being rapidly cooled. When the mixture is cold, collect
the crystalline precijntate on a plain filter, wash it with 300 mils of cold distilled
water, and, after thoroughly draining, dry it at 120° C. until of constant weight.
Preserve it in dry, securely stoppered bottles. Purified potassium bitartrate
is emplojed for standardizing normal and tenth-normal potassium and sodium
hydroxide V.S.
544 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Potassium Bromate, KBrOa. — White cubical crystals or a granular crystalline
powder, having a pungent, saline taste. Solul)le in 15.5 parts of water at 25° C,
and in 2 parts of boiling water, slightly solul:)le in alcohol. An aqueous solution
has a neutral reaction, and does not at once produce a yellow color upon the addition
of diluted sulphuric acid (bromide). When heated to 350° C, the salt undergoes
decomposition with the evolution of oxygen. Potassium bromate should not l^e
triturated or heated with organic or easily oxidizable substances. The addition of
nitric acid or sulphuric acid to the salt causes decomposition with the evolution
of bromine. Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of potassium bromate, dried at 100° C, and 3 Gm. of
potassium iodide, in about 25 mils of distilled water contained in a glass-stoppered
bottle of suitable size, and, after the addition of 5 mils of hydrochloric acid, stopper
the bottle securely, and set it a.sideforten minutes. Not less than 35.85 mils of tenth-
normal Sodium thiosulphate V.S. is required to discharge the color, corresponding
to 99.8 per cent, of KBrOg.
Potassium Carbonate Test Solution. — Heat about 15 Gm. of potassium carbo-
nate (see page 334) in a crucible, gradually raising the temperature to 130° C, cool
it in a desiccator, weigh off 10 Gm. of the residue, and dissolve it in sufficient dis-
tilled water to measure 100 mils.
Potassium Chromate, K2Cr04. — Yellow rhombic crystals, soluble in 1.0 parts
of water, insoluble in alcohol. Add a few drops of silver nitrate T.S. to 10 mils of
an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 10) followed by 10 mils of nitric acid, and warm
to about 50° C; no turbidity appears [chloride). Another 10 mils of a solution of
the same strength when mixed with an equal volume of diluted h\'drochloric acid
does not become turbid after the addition of barium chloride T.S. (sulpha(c). Ten
mils of an aqueous solution of salt (1 in 10) does not become turbid upon the
addition of 5 mils of ammonia water, followed by 2 mils of ammonium oxalate T.S.
(alkali earths). A solution of 0.1 Gm. of the salt in 20 mils of distilled water does
not become red upon the addition of a few drops of phenolphthalein T.S. (free alkali).
Potassium Chromate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of potassium chromate
in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Potassium Dichromate, Purified (Potassium Bichromate), KaCraO?. — This salt
must conform to the following tests before it can be used in the preparation of the
tenth-normal volumetric solution: To a solution of 5 Gm. of the salt in 100 mils of
distilled water, add 30 mils of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534), followed
by 5 mils of barium chloride T.S.; no turbidity appears after standing twelve hours
(sulphate). To a solution of 5 Gm. of the salt in 60 mils of distilled water add 1
mil of ammonium chloride T.S. followed by ammonia water until alkaline (about 10
mils) and boil the Uquid;no precipitation takes place after standing twelve hours
(aluminum). The further addition of ammonium oxalate T.S. to the solution, which
should still be alkaline, produces neither turbidity nor the slightest precipitation
after standing twelve hours (alkali earths). Add 10 mils of nitric acid to a solu-
tion of 1 Gm. of the salt in 20 mils of distilled water and heat it to about 50° C;
no turl)idity develops within five minutes after the addition of a few drops of silver
nitrate T.S. (chloride).
Potassium Dichromate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of purified potassium
dichromate in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Potassium Ferricyanide, K3Fe(CN)6. — Dark red crjstals soluble in about 2.5
parts of cold water and in 1.5 parts of boiling water. Its aqueous solution under*
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 545
goes decomposition upon standing, hence its solutions must be freshly made when
required for use. Potassium ferricyanide when added to ferrous salts yields a blue
precipitate (TurnbuU's Blue) ; when added to solutions of ferric salts it yields clear
brown solutions.
Potassium Ferricyanide Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 part of potassium ferricya-
nide in about 10 parts of distilled water. This solution should be freshly made
when required, as it undergoes decomposition with formation of ferrocyanide on
standing. A freshly prepared aqueous solution mixed with ferric chloride T.S.
which has been well diluted with distilled water shows a brown tint, free from tur-
bidity or a shade of green.
Potassium Ferrocyanide, K4re(CN)6 + 3H2O. — Yellow, soft, transparent crystals
which are slightly efflorescent on exposure to air. Readily soluble in hot or cold water,
insoluble in alcohol. A freshly prepared aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) is
neutral to litmus; such a solution yields a blue precipitate with solutions of ferric
salts, a reddish-brown precipitate with copper sulphate T.S., and a white precipitate
with lead acetate T.S. or silver nitrate T.S.
Potassium Ferrocyanide Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of potassium ferro-
cyanide in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Potassium Hydroxide Test Solution. — Use the official solution of potassium
hydroxide (see page 252).
Potassium Hydroxide Test Solution, Alcoholic. — Use the half-normal alcoholic
potassium hydroxide V.S. (see page 587).
Potassium Hydroxide Test Solution, Special. — This solution is to be prepared
of the same strength as Liquor Potassii Hydroxidi, employing potassium hydroxid*"
which, in addition to the tests prescribed under Potassii Hydroxidi, complies with
the following: Dissolve 1 Gm. of the potassium hydroxide in 20 mils of distilled
water, in a test tube about 2 cm. in diameter, add 5 mils of nitric acid, followed by
a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.; not more than a sUght opalescence is produced
Potassium Iodide Test Solution. — Dissolve 20 Gm. of potassium iodide (see
page 340) in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils, and preserve the solution
in dark, amber-colored, well-stoppered bottles. The solution should be frequently
renewed.
Potassium Nitrate, KNO3. — In addition to the tests prescribed for Potassii
Nitras (see page 341), this salt, for use as a reagent, must conform to the following
tests: To a solution of 1 Gm. of potassium nitrate in 20 mils of distilled water,
add 1 mil of nitric acid followed by a few drops of silver nitrate T.S.; no opalescence
Tpsults (chloride). To a solution of 2 Gm. of the salt in 50 mils of distilled water,
add 1 mil of hydrochloric acid, followed by barium chloride T.S.; no precipitate
forms after standing for several hours {sulphate).
Potassium Permanganate Test Solution, KMn04. — Use the tenth-normal potas-
sium permanganate V.S. (see page 568).
Potassium Sulphate, K2SO4. — Hard, colorless, transparent prisms, or a white
powder, odorless and having a somewhat bitter saline taste; permanent in the air.
Soluble in about 9 parts of water at 25° C, and in 4 parts of boiling water. A sat-
urated aqueous solution of the salt, which is neutral to Utmus, yields a white, crystal-
line precipitate with an excess of sodimn bitartrate T.S. An aqueous solution of
the salt (1 in 20) yields with barium chloride T.S. a heavy white precipitate, insoluble
in hydrochloric acid. An aqueous solution of potassium sulphate (1 in 20), shghtly
"40
546 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
acidulated with hydrochloric acid, does not respond to the Test for heavy metals
(see Test No. 3). Five mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 30) does not
exceed the Umit for arsenic when subjected to the Test for arsenic (see Test No. 1).
Potassium Sulphate Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of potassimn sulphate in
sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Potassium Sulphocyanate (Potassium Thiocyanate), KCNS. — Colorless, hygro-
scopic, prismatic crystals. Readily soluble in less than its own weight of water;
soluljle in 10 parts of boiling dehydrated alcohol, yielding a clear solution. An
aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20) does not become turbid upon the addition of a
few drops of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534), followed by barium
chloride T.S. (sulphate). An aqueous solution of the salt (1 in 20), after the addition
of 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid, remains colorless (iron), and does not respond
to the Test for heavy metals (see Test No. 3).
Potassium Sulphocyanate Test Solution. — Use the tenth-normal potassium sul-
phocj-anate V.S. (see page 570).
Pyrogallol Test Solution, Alkaline. — Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of pyrogallol (see page
348) in 2 mils of distilled water and 12 Gm. of potassium hydroxide (see page 338)
in 8 mils of distilled water. Mix the solutions immediatelj' before using.
Resorcinol Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of resorcinol (see page 360) in suffi-
cient concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534) to make 100 mils.
Rosaniline Acetate, C19H18N3.C2H4O2. — The acetate of rosaniline (see Fuchsin,
page 533). Rosaniline acetate complies with all of the tests of identity and purity
given imder Fuchsin.
Rosolic Acid and Rosolic Acid Test Solution. — See under Indicators (page 582).
Sawdust, Purified. — Moisten 1000 Gm. of oak sawdust, in appro.ximately No. 20
powder, with water, pack in a cylindrical percolator and pour on enough of a 1 per
cent, solution of sodium hydroxide to saturate the powder and leave a stratum
above it.
When the Uquid drops from the percolator, close the lower orifice and macerate
the sawdust during twenty- four hours. Then proceed to percolate slowly until the
alkaline percolate measures 5000 mils. Now continue the percolation with 4000
mils of 1 per cent, hydrochloric acid and then with water until the acid is aU
removed and the percolate is neutral. Finally dry the powder.
Selenous Acid, H2Se03. — Colorless, prismatic or granular crystals, efflorescent in
dry air and hygroscopic in moist air; readily soluble in water or alcohol. Red amor-
phous selenium is precipitated from aqueous solutions of selenous acid upon the
addition of stannous chloride T.S. or sulphurous acid.
Silver Ammonium Nitrate Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of silver nitrate (see
page 61) in 20 mils of distilled water, and add ammonia water, drop by drop, agi-
tating the mixture, until the precipitate first produced is almost, but not entirely,
redissolved. Filter the solution and preserve it in dark amber-colored and well-
stoppered bottles.
Silver, Metallic, Ag. — In the form of foil, wire or powder. Dissolve 2 Gm. of
the metal in the smallest possible quantity of nitric acid (see page 18) previously
mixed with an equal volume of distilled water; no residue remains and the solu-
tion, after warming to remove the oxides of nitrogen, and dilutmg with fifty vol-
umes of distilled water, remains colorless and clear. Add sufficient hydrochloric
acid to tliis solution heated to boiling to precipitate the silver, filter, evaporate the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 547
filtrate to dryness and gently ignite the residue; not more than 0.0005 Gm. of resi-
due remains (Jorcign metals), allowance being made for the non-volatile matter pres-
ent in the water, reagents and extracted from the filter paper.
Silver Nitrate Test Solution. — For ordinary purposes, use the tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S. (see page 571).
Silver Sulphate, Ag2S04. — Small, white, anhydrous, lustrous rhombic crystals
soluble in about 87 parts of cold water. It should correspond to the tests for purity
given under Ar genii Nitras (sec page 61).
Silver Sulphate Test Solution. — Mix 1 Gm. of silver sulphate with 100 mils of
distilled water in a glass-stoppered bottle and shake the mi.xture thoroughly. Decant
the clear hquid when required for use. Alternative process: Dissolve 1 Gm. of
silver nitrate (see page 61) in 0.5 mil of warm distilled water, and add 1.5 mils of
sulphuric acid (see page 24); on cooling, small transparent crystals of silver sulphate,
Ag2S04, separate. Pour off the acid Hquid carefully, wash the crystals repeatedly
by decantation with cold distilled water, transfer them to a bottle, add 100 mils of
distilled water, and shake thoroughly until the liquid is saturated. For use, decant
a sufficient quantity of the solution.
Sodium Acetate, Anhydrous, CHaCOONa. — Heat sodium acetate (see page 380)
gently in a porcelain dish until fusion takes place and the salt becomes a pasty
mass, then gradually increase the temperature, with caution, stirring constantly,
imtil it again fuses, and continue the heat until a dry powder results. Care must
be taken to avoid charring and the salt must be constantly stirred to prevent the
adhesion of the mass to the sides of the dish.
Sodium Acetate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of sodium acetate (see page
380) in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Sodium Bisulphite, NaHSOs. — It contains not less than 90 per cent, of NaHSOs.
Opaque, prismatic crystals, or a granular powder, having the odor of sulphur dioxide,
and a disagreeable, sulphurous taste. Exposed to the air, the salt loses sulphur
dioxide, and is gradually oxidized to sulphate. Soluble in 3.5 parts of water, and
in 70 parts of alcohol at 25° C. Dissolve 1 Gm. of sodiimi bisulphite in 10 mils of
diluted nitric acid and heat the solution sufficiently to expel the gases; the hquid does
not become turbid (thiosulphate) . Dissolve 1 Gm. of the salt in 20 mils of diluted
hydrochloric acid, and heat it sufficiently to expel the sulphur dioxide; the remaining
solution, after being restored to its original volume, does not respond to the Test
for heav>' metals (see Test No. 3). Transfer about 0.2 Gm. of sodium bisulphite,
accurately weighed, to a glass-stoppered flask containing 50 mils of tenth-normal
iodine V.S., and allow to stand with occasional agitation, until the salt is dissolved.
Then titrate the excess of iodine with tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
It shows not less than 90 per cent, of NaHSOs. Each mil of tenth-normal iodine
V.S. corresponds to 0.00520-4 Gm. of NaHSOg.
Sodium Bisulphite Test Solution. — Dissolve 30 Gm. of sodium bisulphite in
sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils. Should the solution possess a strong
odor of sulphur dioxide, add a 20 per cent, aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide,
drop by drop, until the odor becomes scarcely perceptible. The solution must be
freshly prepared when needed.
Sodium Bitartrate, NaHC4H406 + H2O. — White rhombic crystals or powder,
soluble in 9 parts of cold and 1.8 parts of boihng water. When assayed and tested
as directed imder Potassii Bitartras (see page 332), it compUes with the standards
548 THE PHARMACOPCETA OF THE
of purity there required. One mil of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. corresponds
to 0.19006 Gm. of sodium bitartrate (NaHC4H406 +H2O).
Sodium Bitartrate Test Solution. — Dissolve about 9 Gm. of sodium bitartrate
in 100 mils of distilled water. Alternative method: To a solution of 3.5 Gm. of
tartaric acid (see page 27) in about 80 mils of boiling distilled water, add gradually
in small portions monohydrated sodium carbonate (see page 386) until the solution
has a neutral reaction to htmus paper. To the solution add 3.5 Gm. of tartaric
acid, filter, and add sufficient distilled water to make the solution measure 100
mils. This solution must be freshly prepared when required.
Sodium Carbonate. — Use monohydrated sodium carbonate (see page 386).
Sodium Carbonate, Anhydrous, Na2C03. — This is prepared from sodium bicar-
bonate (see page 383) which, in addition to the official requirements for purity,
must conform to the following more rigorous tests before it can be employed for
standardizing volumetric solutions of hydrochloric and sulphuric acids.
To a filtered solution of SGm.of sodium bicarbonate in 100 mils of distilled water
add an excess (5 mils) of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534), heat it to
boiling, and then add 1 mil of barium chloride T.S. No cloudiness or precipitate forms
within twelve hours (sulphate). To a solution of 1 Gm. of the bicarbonate in
30 mils of distilled water add 3 mils of nitric acid (see page 18) ; the solution remains
clear, now heat it to boiling, and add 1 mil of silver nitrate T.S.; no opalescence
appears within fifteen minutes (chloride). To 10 Gm. of sodium bicarbonate and
about 50 mils of distilled water contained in a beaker of about 250 mils capacity,
add slowly with stirring, about 30 mils of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see
page 534), taking care to avoid loss through violent effervescence. Filter, wash the
beaker and filter with distilled water, transfer the filtrate and washings to a platinum
dish, evaporate to dryness on a water bath and dry the residue for four hours at
120° C. Now add to the dried residue about 20 mils of distilled water and about
5 mils of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534), again evaporate to drjmess
and dry as before. Finally dissolve the residue in 3 mils of concentrated hydro-
chloric acid (see page 534) and 50 mils of distilled water; the resulting solution
remains perfectly clear upon standing (silica). To a solution of 1 Gm. of the bicar-
bonate in 15 mils of distilled water, add 2 mils of concentrated hydrochloric acid
(see page 534) followed by 2 drops of nitric acid (see page 18) and boil the solution;
it is not reddened upon the addition of potassium sulphocyanate T.S., a blank test
being carried out at the same time (iron).
Take any suitable quantity of sodium bicarbonate complying with the foregoing
tests, place it in a platinum vessel and heat it in an air or sand bath for one-half
hour at from 270° to 280° C. (not over 300° C). Finally cool the salt in a desic-
cator and l)efore it is quite cold, transfer it to a dry, glass-stoppered bottle.
Sodium Carbonate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of monohydrated sodium
carbonate (see page 386) in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Sodium Chloride, NaCl. — In addition to the requirements and tests prescribed
for this salt under Sodii Chloridum (see page 387), it is required to conform to the
following more rigorous tests before it can be used in the preparation of tenth-normal
sodium chloride V.S. To a solution of 3 Gm. of .sodium chloride in 80 mils of dis-
tilled water, add 1 mil of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534),heat it to
boiling, and add about 5 mils of barium chloride T.S.; no precipitation of barium sul-
phate takes place within twenty-four hours (sulphate) . To a solution of 3 Gm^gt sodium
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 549
chloride in about 10 mils of distilled water, add 5 mils of ammonia water and 5 mils of
sodium phosphate T.S.; no precipitation takes place within twelve hours (magnesium
salts). Dissolve 5 Gm. of the salt in 80 mils of distilled water, heat the solution
to boiling, and add 5 mils of ammonium oxalate T.S.; no precipitate is produced
within twelve hours (calcium) ; nor is this solution affected by the addition of sodium
carbonate T.S.; nor is a freshly prepared solution of the same concentration affected
by the addition of sodium sulphide T.S. (alkali earths and heacij metals). To a solution
of 1 Gm. of sodium chloride in 10 mils of distilled water, add 5 mils of sodium
cobaltic nitrite T.S.; no precipitation occurs after twenty-four hours (potassium).
The addition of Nessler's Reagent (see page 538) to a solution of 3 Gm. of sodium
chloride produces no yellow coloration (ammonium salts) .
Sodium Cobaltic Nitrite Test Solution. — Dissolve 4 Gm. of cobaltous chloride
(see page 530) and 10 Gm. of sodium nitrite (see page 393) in about 50 mils of dis-
tilled water, add 2 mils of acetic acid (see page 6) and dilute with sufficient dis-
tilled water to measure 100 mils. A few drops of acetic acid should be added to
the solution from time to time. The reagent must not be kept longer than three
months. Should any precipitate form on standing, filter the solution.
Sodium Cyanide Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of sodium cyanide (see page
388) in sufficient distilled water to measure 10 mils. This solution must be freshly
prepared when required.
Sodium Hydroxide Test Solution, NaOH. — Use the official solution of sodium
hydroxide (see page 255).
Sodium Hypobromite Test Solution. — To a solution of 40 Gm. of sodium
hydroxide (see page 390) in about 150 mils of distilled water add 10 mils of
bromine (see page 527) and, after solution has taken place, add sufficient distilled
water to measure 200 mils. This solution must be freshly prepared when required
for use.
Sodium Nitroprusside, Na2Fe(N0)(CN)5 +2H2O. — Transparent, dark red rhom-
bic crystals, soluble in about 2.5 parts of water. With soluble sulphides it gives
an intense, violet coloration. Solutions of sodium nitroprusside must be freshly
prepared when required for use.
Sodium Nitroprusside Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 part of sodium nitroprusside
in 19 parts of distilled water immediately before using.
Sodium Oxalate, Na2C204. — A white crystalhne powder, 1 Gm. of which dis-
solves in about 34 mils of water at 25° C., and about 16 mils of boiling water. \\Tien
used for the standardization of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S., sodium
oxalate should comply with the following tests for purity and be dried to constant
weight at 105° C. WTien dried to constant weight at 105° C., sodium oxalate
loses not more than 0.03 per cent, in weight (moisture). Introduce into a conical
Jena or other flask of like quality 2 Gm. of sodium oxalate, add 150 mils of distilled
water and 0.2 mil of phenolphthalein T.S., boil until the volume is reduced to about
100 mils, then cool while passing a current of air free from carbon dioxide through
the solution. If the solution is red, not more than 0.2 mil of fiftieth-normal sulphuric
acid V.S. is required to render it colorless. If the solution is colorless, not more
than 0.2 mil of fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. is required to produce a
pink color. Sodium oxalate yields an almost perfectly clear solution and contains not
more than 0.01 per cent, of matter insoluble in water. Convert 10 Gm. of the salt
into carbonate by ignition in a platinum crucible using an alcohol burner, dissolve
550 THE pharmacopceia of thu
the residue in distilled water by the aid of sufficient nitric acid to impart a
distinctly acid reaction, heat to boiling, filter and divide into two parts. To one
part, add barium nitrate T.S. and set aside for twelve hours; not more than a
barely perceptible cloudiness results (sulphate). The remaining portion, after
the addition of silver nitrate T.S., does not yield more than a faint opalescence
(chloride). Ignite 5 Gm. of the salt to carbonate, dissolve the residue in distilled
water, acidify with acetic acid and filter; after the addition of a few drops of
sodium cobaltic nitrite T.S. to the filtrate it should not jneld more than a faint
trace of precipitate after standing for several hoiu-s (potassium). Ignite 5 Gm. of
the salt, dissolve the residue in distilled water, acidify with hydrochloric acid
and filter; the filtrate does not yield a coloration upon the addition of potassium
sulphocj-anate T.S. (iron). Heat 1 Gm. of the salt in a test tube, which has previ-
ously been rinsed with sulphuric acid, with 10 mils of sulphuric acid untU fumes
of sulphur trioxide appear; no discoloration of the acid is produced (foreign
organic bodies) .
Sodium Phosphate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of sodium phosphate, in
clear crystals (see page 395), in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Sodium Phospho=tungstate Test Solution (Sodium Phospho-wolf ramate) . — To a
solution of 20 Gm. of sodium tungstate in 100 mils of water, add sufficient phosphoric
acid (see page 21) to impart a strong acid reaction, filter and preserve it in an amber-
colored, glass-stoppered bottle. Decant the solution from any sediment which
may form.
Sodium Sulphide, Xa2S + 9H2O. — Colorless, or nearly colorless, transparent
crystals, of sulphm^etted odor, readily soluble in water, yielding a clear solution
which is alkaUne to litmus.
Sodium Sulphide Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of sodium sulphide in suffi-
cient distilled water to measure 100 mils; filter the solution if necessary. Sodium
sulphide T.S. may be used in all instances where ammonium sulphide T.S. is directed,
but must be freshly prepared when required for use.
Sodium Tartrate, Neutral, Xa2C4H406 + 2H2O. — Transparent crystals soluble
in 2.6 parts of water at 25° C.; insoluble in alcohol. It complies with the stand-
ards for pm-ity required imder Potassii et Sodii Tartras (see page 337); each mil
of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. corresponds to 0.057515 Gm. of Na2C4H406 -|-
2H2O.
Sodium Tartrate Test Solution. — Dissolve 10 Gm. of neutral sodium tartrate
(see above) in sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils. Alternative method:
To a hot solution of 6.5 Gm. of tartaric acid (see page 27) in about 80 mils of boiling
distilled water, add gradually, in small portions, monohydrated sodium carbonate
(see page 386) until the solution has a neutral reaction to Htmus paper; after filtering
and coohng, add sufficient distilled water to measure 100 mils.
Sodium Thiosulphate, Xa2S203 + 5H2O. — In addition to the tests prescribed for
this salt under Sodii Thiosulphas (see page 400) it is required to conform to the
following more rigorous tests before it can be used in preparing the standard volu-
metric solution. Add iodine T.S., drop by drop, to a solution of the salt (1 in 20)
in distilled water until it retains a faint but permanent yellow color; no turbidity
is produced upon the addition of barium chloride T.S. (sulphate and sulphite). The
addition of phenolphthalein T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of the salt (1 in
10) produces no pink coloration (free alkalies).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 551
Sodium Thiosulphate Test Solution. — Use tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate
V.S. (see page 574).
Sodium Tungstate (Sodium Wolframate), Na2W04 -i-2H20. — Colorless prisms or
plates, soluble in abou". 4 parts of water, forming a solution which is alkaline to
litmus. Evaporate a solution of 1 Gm. of sodium tungstate in 10 mils of distilled
water and 10 mils of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534) to dryness on
a water bath and then heat it for half an hour at 120° C. Treat the residue with
20 mils more of the hydrochloric acid, evaporate and heat as before, and repeat
the operation three times. After cooling, digest the residue with a solution of am-
monium nitrate (1 in 10) to which a few drops of nitric acid have been added, transfer
it to a filter, wash the insoluble tungstic acid with diluted nitric acid, dry, ignite
and weigh. (It is preferable to moisten this residue with a few drops of nitric acid
and repeat the ignition.) This residue weighs not less than 0.69 Gm.
Stannous Chloride, SnCl2 + 2H2O. — Colorless crystals, readily soluble in water
or alcohol. WTien in contact with the air or excess of water, the salt readily forms
a basic chloride, hence, when dissolved, its solutions should be acidulated with
hydrochloric acid. Wlien tested for arsenic as directed under the Test for arsenic
(see Test No. 1), 0.3 Gm. of stannous chloride produces no stain. A solution of
2 Gm. of stannous chloride, in 1 mil of distilled water and 0.5 mil of hydrochloric
acid, does not become opalescent on diluting with 20 mils of distilled water (Lead),
Alternative method: Heat tin (see page 553) for several days with concentrated
hydrochloric acid (see page 534) upon a water bath, taking care that the metal is
in excess. When the acid has become saturated, pour off the clear fluid from the
undissolved tin or precipitate, filter it while stiU hot through asbestos and set it
aside until crystalUzation takes, place. Break up the crystals, drain, and dissolve
them at once as directed under the Test Solution.
Stannous Chloride Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of stannous chloride crystals
(see above) in 10 mils of distilled water to which a few drops of hydrochloric
acid have been added to prevent the precipitation of basic chloride, and preserve
the solution in a glass-stoppered bottle in which a fragment of tin (see page 553) has
been placed. The solution must be renewed at frequent intervals.
Stannous Chloride Test Solution, Acid. — Dissolve 40 Gm. of stannous chloride
crystals (see above) in 60 mils of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534)
and preserve it in a glass-stoppered bottle.
Stannous Chloride Test Solution, Saturated. — (For Bettendorf's Arsenic Test,
see Test No. 2.) Prepare a saturated solution of stannous chloride crj'stals (see
above) in concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534) or evaporate a solution
prepared from metallic tin by the alternative method under Stannous Chloride (see
above) to a specific gravity of about 2.00 at 25" C. After filtering the solution
through asbestos it is transparent and has not more than a pale yellow color.
Starch (Potato). — The starch grains separated from the tubers of Solanum tuber-
osum, Linne (Fam. Solanacece). In a more or less finely granular powder, consisting of
starch grains varying in shape from somewhat spherical or elHpsoidal to character-
istic, with a few two- or three-compound grains; the individual grains with a circular
point of origin of growth and distinct excentral lamellae, the larger characteristic
grains varying from 0.05 to 0.125 mm. in length, and under the micropolariscope
showing a distinct cross and a strong play of color when a selenite plate is used.
Starch Test Solution. — Triturate 1 Gm. oi corn starch (see page 49) with 10 mils
552 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
of cold distilled water, add sufficient boiling distilled water with constant stirring
to make about 200 mils, then boil the mixture for a few minutes until a thin, trans-
lucent fluid is obtained. This solution must be freshly prepared and filtered when
required.
Succinic Acid, H2C4H4O4. — An organic acid obtained through the destructive
distillation of amber or made synthetically. It forms colorless monocUnic prisms,
soluble in about 20 parts of water, 2 parts of boiUng water, 10 parts of alcohol, or
18 parts of acetone; very shghtly soluble in ether and insoluble in chloroform or
benzene. Succinic acid melts at about 182° C.
Sulphanilic Acid (Para-amidobenzenesulphonic Acid), C6H4(NH2)(S03H)1: 4 +
2H2O. — Colorless, acicular, efflorescent crj-stals. When strongly heated, it carbon-
izes. Soluble in about 150 parts of cold water and insoluble in alcohol or ether.
Sulphanilic Acid Test Solution. — Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of sulphaniUc acid in a mixture
of 15 mils of glacial acetic acid and 135 mils of freshly distilled or recently-boiled
distilled water. This reagent must be kept in well-stoppered bottles.
Sulpho=Salicylic Acid, C6H3(0H)(S03H).C00H.— Colorless, anhydrous needles
very soluble in water and alcohol. It melts at about 120° C.
Sulphuric Acid. — Sulphuric acid of the purity required by the Pharmacopoeia
(see page 24), with a specific gravity of 1.832 at 25° C, will be satisfactory as a reagent
unless otherwise directed.
Sulphuric Acid, Fuming, H2SO4 + SO3.— A heavy, fuming, oily Uquid, sometimes
slightly colored, containing from 14 to 16 per cent, of free sulphur trioxide corre-
sponding to from 84.2 to 84.6 per cent, of total sulphuric anhydride, with a specific
gravity of from 1 .869 to 1 .875 at 25° C. Great caution should be exercised in handling
fuming sulphuric acid. Render the acid homogeneous by shaking vigorously, then
transfer several mils to a glass-stoppered weighing flask and weigh accurately.
Remove about 1 mil of the acid to a dish containing from 30 to 40 mils of distilled
water and again accurately weigh the flask, thus noting the quantity of acid taken
for the assay. Titrate the solution of the acid in the dish with normal potassium
hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. One mil of normal potas-
sium hydroxide V.S. corresponds to 0.040035 Gm. of sulphuric anhydride (SO3).
The percentage of SO3 thus found, when subtracted from 100, represents the water
present, for each 18.02 parts of which, 80.07 parts of SO3 are required for the forma-
tion of H2SO4. After allowing for all of the water in this manner, the remaining
SO3 may be termed free SO3.
Sulphuric Acid, Purified and Concentrated, for Tests, H2SO4.— When concen-
trated sul{)huric acid is specified in a test, it is intended that the strongest
purified acid of a specific gravity of not less than 1.834 at 25° C. be employed.
In addition to the tests prescribed for this acid under Acidum Sulphuricum (see
page 24), it is required to conform to the following more rigorous tests before it
can be employed as a reagent: Dilute 1 part of the acid with 4 parts cf distilled
water; no stain is produced by 25 mils of this diluted acid when subjected to the
Test for arsenic (see Test No. 1). Dilute 1 mil of the acid with 9 mils of distilled
water, cool and pour it so as to form a layer over 5 mils of diphenylamine T.S. (see
page 531); no blue color appears at the zone of contact {nitric acid). Upon carefully
pouring about 2 mils of hydrochloric acid, in which a particle of sodium sulphite
has been dissolved, over about 2 mils of the concentrated sulphuric acid, no reddish
zone appears and no precipitate forms {selenium).
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 553
Sulphurous Acid. — ^An aqueous solution containing not less than 6 per cent, of
sulphur dioxide. Ten mils of this solution, when mixed with 10 mils of dilute
sulphui'ic acid (see under Arsenic Test, page 585) and evaporated on a water bath
imtil free from sulphur dioxide, does not produce a stain when subjected to the
Test for arsenic (see Test No. 1). Introduce about 2 mils of the acid into a flask
containing 10 mils of distilled water, previously tared with its contents, stopper and
weigh accurately. To this add 50 mils of tenth-normal iodine V.S., allow to stand
five minutes, then titrate the excess of iodine with tenth-normal sodium thiosul-
phate V.S. It shows not less than 6 per cent, of SO2. Each mil of tenth-normal
iodine V.S. corresponds to 0.003204 Gm. of SO2.
Tannic Acid Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of tannic acid (see page 26) in
1 mil of alcohol, and add sufficient distilled water to measure 10 mils. This test
solution should be freshly prepared when needed.
Tartaric Acid Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 part of tartaric acid (see page 27) in
3 parts of distilled water. This solution must be frequently renewed.
Tin, Sn. — Metallic tin in the granulated or mossy condition. Digest 5 Gm. of
tin with 40 mils or a sufficient quantity of nitric acid (see page 18) on a bath of
boiling water until entirely converted into a white powder, then evaporate it to
dryness. Stir the residue with 25 mils of diluted nitric acid (see page 540) and
25 mils of distilled water, and filter. To the filtrate add 1 mil of diluted sulphuric
acid and evaporate it as far as possible upon a water bath, and then add 10 mils
of distilled water; no weighable residue remains undissolved {lead). When converted
into stannous chloride (see page 551), it complies with the tests directed imder
that salt.
Toluol (Toluene, IMethyl Benzene), C6H5.CH3. — A colorless, refractive, inflam-
mable liquid of peculiar aromatic odor; specific gravity about 0.865 at 25° C, boiling
between 110° and 112° C. Miscible with alcohol, ether, chloroform, carbon disul-
phide, or petrolemn benzin. It dissolves phosphorus, iodine, fats, or oils.
Trinitrophenol Test Solution (Picric Acid Test Solution), C6H2(N02)3.0H.—
Dissolve 1 Gm. of trinitrophenol (see page 471) in 100 mils of distilled water by the
aid of heat. Cool the solution and filter it if necessary.
Turmeric Paper and Tincture. — See imder Indicators (page 583).
Xylol (Xylene, Dimethyl Benzene), C6H4(CH3)2. — A mixture of ortho-, meta-,
and para-xylene obtained through the distillation of coal tar naphtha. A colorless
Mquid of an odor resembUng benzene. It boils between 136° and 140° C.; specific
gravity about 0.850 at 25° C; insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol, ether, or
chloroform.
Yeast. — Use the commercial compressed yeast cake.
Zinc, Zn. — Pure metaUic zinc (see page 495).
Zinc for the Arsenic Test. — Zinc in mossy or globular form, the latter about 3 to
6 mm. in diameter, known as No. 7 Shot Zinc. This must conform with the tests
for purity as given under Zincum and in addition the following: The stain from
8 Gm. of zinc, when determined by a blank experiment as directed imder the Test for
arsenic (see Test No. 1), should scarcely be perceptible. Introduce 10 Gm. of the zinc
into a flask of about 250 mils capacity, provided with a perforated rubber stopper and
a rubber- valve tube, and containing 60 mils of distilled water, 15 mils of concentrated
sulphuric acid for tests (see page 552) and 1 drop of copper sulphate T.S. When the
reaction slackens, place the flask on a water bath and warm until solution of the
554 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
zinc is complete. At once begin to add tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.,
drop by drop, with agitation, until the solution assumes a faint pink tint which
remains permanent for one-half minute. Not more than 1 .4 mils of tenth-normal
potassium permanganate V.S. is required, indicating not over 0.08 per cent, of oxidiz-
able matter, calculated as metalHc iron (Fe).
Zinc Dust (Powdered Zinc). — Zinc in the form of a fine gray powder.
Zinc Oxide, ZnO. — WTien used in the assay of phosphoric acid, the phosphates or
the hypophosphites, it must comply with the tests given under Zinci Oxidum (see
page 492) and also the following: Dissolve 1 Gm. of zinc oxide in 20 mils of distilled
water and 5 mils of nitric acid in a test tube about 2 cm. in diameter and add a
few drops of silver nitrate T.S. ; not more than a slight opalescence is produced.
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA SSS
Volumetric Solutions
It is absolutely necessary that the measuring vessels employed in the operations
of volumetric analysis, consisting of burettes, flasks, mixing cylinders, pipettes, etc.,
shall agree among themselves accurately in their graduation at the standard tem-
perature selected. All volumetric solutions should be prepared at the standard
temperature of 25° C. and used in titrations, if practicable, at that standard tem-
perature. If titrations are made at any other temperature, a volumetric solution
should be used which has been standardized for such temperature. In case graduated
apparatus calibrated at 25" C. ia not procurable, volumetric solutions may be pre-
pared at the temperature for which the apparatus in hand was graduated (e.^., 15° C.
or 20° C), and all such volumetric solutions should be marked to indicate the
temperature which has been used. Such solutions must be used as above stated at
such standard temperature, care being taken that all graduated apparatus used be
standardized at the same temperature.
Utnts of Capacity. — The units of volume employed by the Pharmacopoeia must
accord with its standard liter at 25° C. which represents the volume occupied by
996.04 Gm. of distilled water, weighed in air with brass weights, at a temperature
of 25° C* and barometer at 760 mm. To secure uniformity among the various forms
of apparatus employed, the standard specifications of the U. S. Bureau of Standards
should be adhered to as closely as possible, excepting that the temperature here
adopted is 25° C. The tables for calibrating graduated apparatus will be found on
page 653.
Measuring Flasks. — Standard measuring flasks are calibrated to contain, when
filled to the mark, 1000, 500, 250, 200 or 100 mils at 25° C. The necks must be of
uniform calibre, and measure in diameter not less than 14 mm. nor more than 20
mm. for 1000 mil capacity; from 12 mm. to 18 mm. for 500 mil capacity; from 10
mm. to 15 mm. for 250 mil capacity and from 8 mm. to 12 mm. for 100 mil capacity.
The capacity mark on any of these flasks should not be less than 6 cm. distant from
the mouth and not less than 2 cm. from the base of the neck.
Cylinders. — These should be graduated to contain their respective volumes at
the standard temperature. Their inside diameter must not be more than one-fifth
the graduated length.
Transfer Pipettes. — These should be graduated to deliver at standard tem-
perature the exact volume of fluid indicated. The suction stem should be at least
16 cm. long, and the delivery tube not less than 3 cm. nor more than 25 cm. long.
The inside diameter at the capacity mark must not be less than 2 mm. and not
exceed 4 mm. for those of 25 mil capacity. The capacity mark should not be more
than 6 cm. from the bulb. The outlet of any transfer pipette should be of such size
that the free outflow shall last not more than 1 minute, nor less than 15 seconds
for 5 mils, 20 seconds for 10 mils and 30 seconds for 50 mils. After filling, the fluid
adhering to the outside should be wiped from the stem; then when draining the
contents, the pipette should be held in a vertical position; finally, to complete the
emptying, the tip of the pipette should be held against the side of the vessel, permit-
ting the last portions of the fluid to flow out by gra\'ity. Pipettes should never be
drained by blowing into them.
* 500 mils would weigh 498.02 Gm.; 250 mils, 249.01 Gm.; 100 mils, 99.604 Gm.
556 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Burettes. — These must be provided with glass stop-cocks and be graduated for
use at the standard temperature. Burettes provided with rubber tubes and pinch-
cocks in place of glass stop-cocks may be used for potassium and sodium
hydroxide V.S. The tips should be gradually tapered from 2 to 3 cm. in length
and slightly bent. The rate of outflow should be regulated so that not less than
2 seconds should be consumed for each mil of the length of the column delivered.
When completing titration, the tip of the dehvery tube should be touched with
the wet surface of the receiving vessel to complete the emptying.
General Directions. — All bottles in which volumetric solutions are to be kept,
as well as the burettes or pipettes in wliich they are to be measured, should, prior
to use, be thoroughly cleaned and rinsed first with distilled water, and then with two
or three small portions of the solution that they are to contain. In all apparatus
where the surface of the fluid is limited by a meniscus, the reading must be made
from the lowest point of the meniscus unless the hquid is too opaque to permit exact
observation of that point. It is of the utmost importance that the inner surface of
all measuring apparatus shall be free from any suggestion of greasiness.
Normal volumetric solutions ( '^ ) are those which contain in 1000 mils, in any stated
reaction, the chemical equivalent of one gramme of hydrogen. If the molecule of
the reagent is univalent, one liter will contain a weight in grammes equal to the
molecular weight of the reagent; if bivalent, a weight in grammes equal to one-half
its molecular weight; if trivalent, a weight in grammes equal to one- third its molecular
weight. Thus, hydrochloric acid, HCl = 36.47, having but one H atom replaceable
by a basic element, has 36.47 Gm. of HCl in 1000 mils of the normal volumetric
solution; while sulphuric acid, H2S04 = 98.09, having two replaceable H atoms,
contains only one-half this number, or 49.045 Gm. of H2SO4 in 1000 mils of its
normal solution. Potassium hydroxide, KOH = 56.11, has but one K to replace one H
in acids, hence its normal solution contains 56.11 Gm. of KOH in one liter. Again,
one molecule of potassium dicliromate (K2Cr207 = 294.20) in oxidation liberates three
atoms of oxygen which are capable of oxidizing six atoms of ferrous to ferric iron.
Therefore, each molecule of the dichromate, yielding three atoms of oxygen, is equiva-
lent to six atoms of hydrogen. Hence, the normal solution should contain -^ — or
49.0333 Gm. in 1000 mils. Two molecules of potassium permanganate, 2KMn04 =
316.06, in oxidation, give off five atoms of O, which are equivalent to ten atoms of
H; hence its normal solution should contain '—^ or 31.606 in 1000 mils. Solution«
containing in 1000 mils one-tenth of the quantity of the active reagent in the normal so-
lution are called tenth-normal ( j^jj Knormality =0.1); those containing one-hundredth,
hundredth-normal (-j^j (normality = 0.01); those containing one-fiftieth, fiftieth-nor-
mal (-5J7) (normality = 0.02) ; those containing twice the amount, double-normal ( — j
(normality = 2); half the amount, half-normal (-,A (normality =0.5). Solutions
containing quantities of the active reagent having no simple relation to the molec-
ular weight are called empirical.
U.se of Empirical Solutions. — All standard volumetric solutions are liable to
deteriorate in time, some very slowly, others rapidly, especially when not properly
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 557
preserved. To restore the titer of such solutions (that is, to make them exactly
normal, tenth-, or hundredth-normal, as the case may be) each time they are to be
used, involves an unnecessary waste of time. If one accurately standardized solution
be always available, it is not necessary that the other volumetric solutions employed
in conjunction witli it be adjusted to exactly corresjjond, mil for mil, so long as the
exact ratio is known at standard temperature. The percentage strength of any
empirical solution as compared with a standard volumetric solution is ascertained by
experiment, then the number of mils of the empirical solution consumed in the titra-
tion of the substance is multiplied by its percentage strength, which product repre-
sents the equivalent volume of the true standard solution.
Example: One gramme of potassium carbonate required for neutralization 22
mils of an empirical solution of hydrochloric acid. In a trial experiment, 16 mils
of this weak solution was required to neutralize 10 mils of a standard normal
potassiiun hydroxide V.S. The former was therefore of G2.5 per cent, strength (for
16 : 10 : : 100 : x. a: = 62.5), hence the 22 mils of empirical solution consumed
represents 13.75 mils (62.5 per cent, of 22) of standard normal hydrochloric acid
V.S. Therefore since 1 mil of ^ hydrochloric acid V.S. =0.0691 Gm. of K2CO3, 13.75
mils would be equivalent to 13.75X0.0691 or 0.9501 + Gm. of potassium carbonate.
Adjustment of tiler of volumetric solutions which are above strength. Titrate
25 mils of the strong solution, with a carefully standardized corresponding solution,
which must be of the same standard temperature. The number of mils of the
latter consumed, divided by 25, will give the factor to be employed in adjusting the
strength of the former.
Example: 25 mils of a "strong " normal solution of hydrochloric acid required
27.25 mils of standard normal potassium hydroxide V.S. for neutraUzation, The
correcting factor is therefore 27.25^25 = 1.09. If the " strong " solution measures
875 mils its volume must be made up with distilled water to 875X1.09 = 953.75 mils.
Add therefore to the " strong " solution 953.75 — 875=78.75 mils of distilled water.
After the solution is thus diluted, its titer should be verified by the titration of 25 mils
with the standard normal potassium hydroxide V.S., the measurements in each case
being made at 25° C. (or at least at the same temperature). It should require
exactly 25 mils of the latter for neutralization. If tliis is not the case, either a new
adjustment must be made, or else the new correction factor must be plainly written
on the label of the bottle, and the required correction made whenever the solution
is used.
Alkaline Cupric Tartrate Volumetric Solution
Feeling's Solution
A. The Copper Solution. — Dissolve 34.66 Gm. of carefully selected, small crystals
of cupric sulphate {Cupri Sulphas, U.S.P.), showing no trace of efflorescence or of
adhering moisture, in a sufficient quantity of distilled water to make the solution
measure exactlj' 500 mils at standard temperature. Keep this solution in small,
well-stoppered bottles.
B. The Alkaline Tartrate Solution.— Dissolve 173 Gm. of crystalUzed potassium
and sodium tartrate {Polassii et Sodii Tartras, U.S.P.) and 50 Gm. of sodium hy-
droxide {Sodii Hydroxidum, U.S.P.) in a sufficient quantity of distilled water to
make the solution measure exactly 500 mils at standard temperature. Keep the
558 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
solution in small, rubber-stoppered bottles. For use, mix exactly equal volumes
of the two solutions at the time required.*
One Mil of the Mixed Solution is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Cupric Sulphate, crystallized, CUSO4+5H2O 0.03466
Cupric Tartrate, CUC4H4O6+3H2O 0.03688
Cane Sugar, C12H22O11 (after inversion) 0.00475
Glucose, anhydrous, CeHiaOe 0.00500
Milk Sugar, anhydrous, C12H22O11 0.00678
Tenth-Normal Barium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution
Ba (OH)2+8H20 = 315.51 15.776 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve about 18 Gm. of crystallized barium hydroxide in 1000 mils of recently
boiled and cooled distilled water, and, if necessary, filter the solution quickly.
Introduce 25 mils of tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. or preferably tenth-normal
hydrochloric acid V.S. into a flask, add 3 drops of phenolphthalein T.S., and run in
the barium hydroxide solution from a burette, provided with a soda-lime tube,
reducing the flow to drops towards the end, until a pale pink color is produced which
no longer disappears on shaking the liquid for about ten seconds. Note the number
of mils of the barium hydroxide solution consumed, and if the solution is too con-
centrated dilute the remainder of the solution with freshly boiled and cooled dis-
tilled water, so that equal volumes of the barium hydroxide solution and of tenth-
normal sulphuric or hydrochloric acid at 25° C. exactly neutralize each other.
Note : This solution absorbs carbon dioxide from the air very rapidly, thereby
changing its titer. It should, therefore, be preserved in rubber-stoppered bottles
provided with a soda-lime tube (see under normal potassium hydroxide V.S.). This
solution must also be standardized each time before using.
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Barium Hydroxide V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Barium Hydroxide, Ba(0H)2+8H20 0.015776
Ammonium Benzoate, NH4C7H5O2 0.013908
Ammonium Salicylate, NH4C7H5O3 0.015508
Benzoic Acid, C7H6O2 0.012205
Hydrochloric Acid, HCl 0.003C47
Salicylic Acid, CvHsOg 0.013805
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 • 0.0049045
Tenth-Normal Bromine Volumetric Solution
[Koppeschaar's Solution]
Br = 79.92 7.992 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve 3 Gm. of potassium bromate (see page 544) and 50 Gm. of potassium
bromide in sufficient distilled water to mea.sure 1000 mils at or near 25° C. Transfer
* The accuracy of this solution when employed in titration may be verified
as follows: To a solution of 0.95 Gm. of pure cane sugar in about 50 mils of distilled
water, add 2 mils of hydrochloric acid and heat at 70° C. for ten minutes. After
neutralizing with sodium carbonate, dilute the sohition to 1000 mils. Fifty mils of
this dilution should reduce the copper in exactly 10 mils of the solution.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 559
20 mils of this solution at standard temperature, by means of a pipette, to a bottle
having a capacity of about 250 mils, and provided with a glass stopper; add 75 mils
of distilled water and 5 mils of hydrochloric acid (see page 13) and immediately
insert the stopper. Shake the bottle a few times, then remove the stopper just
eufficiently to quickly introduce 5 mils of potassium iodide T.S., taking care that no
bromine vapors escape, and immediately stopper the bottle. Agitate the bottle
thoroughly, remove the stopper and rinse it and the neck of the bottle with a little
distilled water so that the washings flow into the bottle, and then add from a'
burette tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. until the solution is only slightly
yellow, then add a few drops of starch T.S. and continue the addition of the tenth-
normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. until the blue color is just discharged. Note the
number of mils of the sodium thiosulphate V.S. thus consumed, and then dilute the
bromine solution so that equal volumes of it and of tenth-normal sodium thiosul-
phate V.S. will e.xactly correspond to each other under the conditions mentioned
above. Keep the solution in dark amber-colored, glass-stoppered bottles.
Ex.\mple: Assuming that the 20 mils of the bromine solution have required
22.5 mils of the sodium thiosulphate V.S. to completely discharge the iodine tint,
then each 20 mils of the bromine solution must be diluted to 22.5 mils. Thus, if 960
mils of the solution remain, it must be diluted with distilled water to measure 1080
mils. After the solution is thus diluted, a new trial should be made in the manner
above described, in w'hich 25 mils of the tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. should
just discharge the tint of the iodine liberated by the bromine set free from 25 mils
of the standard bromine solution.
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Bromine V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Bromine, Br 0.007992
Orcin, C7H6(0H)2 0.002068
Phenol, CeHsOH 0.001568
Resorcinol, C6H4(0H)2 0.001834
Sodium Phenolsulphonate, anhydrous, NaC6H504S 0.004903
Sodium Phenolsulphonate, crystallized, NaC6H504S-l-2H20 0.0058035
Normal Hydrochloric Acid Volumetric Solution
HCl = 36.47 36.47 Gm. in 1000 mils
Mix 110 mils of hydrochloric acid {Acidum Hydrochloricum, U.S. P.) with sufficient
distilled water to measure 1000 mils. Of this liquid (which is still too concentrated)
carefully measure, at standard temperature from a burette, 25 mils into a flask or
porcelain dish, and after diluting with about double its volume of distilled water,
add 2 drops of methyl orange T.S., then gradually add from a burette a freshly
standardized normal potassium hydroxide V.S., at the same temperature, until
the red or pink tint of the solution changes, after continuous shaking or stirring,
to a permanent pale yellow. Note the number of mils of potassium hydroxide V.S.
consumed, and then dilute the acid solution so that equal volumes of this and of the
normal potassium hydroxide V.S. neutrahze each other at 25° C.
Example: Assmning that 25 mils of the acid solution first prepared required
exactly 27.5 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S., each 25 mils of the former must
be diluted to 27.5 mils or the whole of the remaining acid solution in the same pro-
560 THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
portion at standard temperature. Thus, if 950 mils should remain, 95 mils of distilled
water must be added. After the liquid is thus diluted, a new trial should be made
in the manner above described, in which 25 mils of the acid solution should require
for neutralization exactly 25 mils of normal potassium hydroxide V.S. If necessary,
anew adjustment should then be made to render the correspondence perfect at stand-
ard temperature.
Alternative Method. — Normal hydrochloric acid V.S. may be standardized as
directed under normal sulphuric acid V.S., employing the alternative method.
One Mil of Normal Hydrochloric Acid V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Hydrochloric Acid, HCl 0.03647
Barium Hydroxide, Ba(OH)2+8H20 0.15776
Calcium Carbonate, CaCOs 0.050035
Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(0H)2 0.037045
Calcium Oxide, CaO 0.028035
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.05611
Sodium Borate, anhydrous, Na2B407 0.1010
Sodium Borate, crystallized, Na2B4O7+10H2O 0.19108
Sodium Cacodylate, anhydrous, Na(CH3)2.As02 0.1600
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH 0.04001
Note : Normal hydrochloric acid is in every respect equivalent in neutralizing
power to normal sulphuric acid (see page 575), and may be employed, except in special
cases, for the same purposes.
Half-Normal Hydrochloric Acid Volumetric Solution
HCl = 36.47 18.235 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute 500 mils of normal hydrochloric acid V.S. at 25° C. with sufficient distilled
water to measure at the same temperature exactly 1000 mils.
One Mil of Half-Normal Hydrochloric Acid V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Hydrochloric Acid, HCl 0.018235
Benzaldehyde, CtHsO 0.0530
Calcium Lactate, Ca(C3H503)2, anhydrous 0.05454
Cinnamic Aldehyde, CaHaO 0.033015
Citral, CioHieO 0.076
Lithium Salicylate, LiCvHgOa 0.07199
Magnesium Hydroxide, Mg(OH)a 0.01458
Potassium Acetate, KC2H3O2 0.04906
Potassium Bicarbonate, KHCO3 0.050055
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.09407
Potassium Carbonate, anhydrous, K2CO3 0.03455
Potassium Citrate, anhydrous, K3C6H5O7 0.051057
Potassium Citrate, crystallized, K3C6H5O7+H2O 0.05406
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.028055
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate, anhydrous, KNaC4H406 0.052533
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate, crystallized, KNaC4H406+4H20 . . . 0.07055
Sodium Acetate, anhydrous, NaCaHsOa 0.04101
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 561
Gramme.
Sodium Acetate, crystallized, NaC2H3()2+31l20 0.068035
Sodium Benzoate, NaCvHsOa 0.07202
Sodium Bicarbonate, XaHCOa 0.042005
Sodium Carbonate, anhj^drous, Na2C03 0.026500
Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated, Na2C03+n20 0.031005
Sodium Citrate, anliydrous, NasCeHsOv 0.04301
Sodium Citrate, crystallized, Na3C6H507+2H20 0.04901
Sodium Glycerophosphate, Na2C3H7P06 0.10805
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH 0.020005
Sodiima Sahcylate, NaC7H503 0.08002
Sodium Tartrate, neutral, Xa2C4H406+2H20 0.057515
Strontiimi Salicylate, anhydrous, Sr(C7H503)2 0.09043
Strontium Salicylate, crystallized, Sr(C7n503)2+2Il20 0.099435
Tenth=Normal Iodine Volumetric Solution
1 = 126.92 12.692 Gm. in 1000 mils
Tenth-normal iodine V.S. may be i)repared according to either of the following
methods:
I. Dissolve 12.692 Gm. of purified iodine (see page 535) in a solution of 18 Gm.
of potassium iodide in 300 mils of distilled water. Then add sufficient distilled
water to make the solution measure exactly 1000 mils at standard temperature.
Transfer the solution to glass-stoppered bottles. Unless freshly prepared, its
strength should always be determined anew at the time it is used.
II. Tenth-normal iodine V.S. may also be prepared as follows:
Dissolve about 14 Gm. of iodine {lodum, U.S. P.) in a solution of 18 Gm. of
potassium iodide {Potassii lodidum, U.S.?.) in about 300 mils of distilled water,
diluting finally to 1000 mils. Carefully mea^sure from a burette 25 mils of this solution
(which is too concentrated), into a flask, then add gradually and cautiously from a
burette tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. (shaking constantly), until the color
of the solution is but slightly yellow, then add a few drops of starch T.S. and con-
tinue the addition of the tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. until the blue color
is just discharged. Note the number of mils of the sodium thiosulphate V.S. con-
sumed, and then dilute the iodine solution so that 25 mils will require for decoloriza-
tion exactly 25 mils of the tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. at standard
temperature.
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Iodine V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Iodine, 1 0.012692
Acetone, (CH3)2C0 0.0009675
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate, crystallized, K(SbO)C4H406 +
3^H20 0.016617
Arsenic, in arsenous compounds. As 0.003748
Arsenic Iodide, Asis 0.022786
Arsenic Trioxide (Arsenous Acid), AS2O3 0.004948
Calcium Sulphide, crude, CaS 0.003607
Iron, Fe 0.002792
Mercurous Chloride, HgCl 0.023606
41
562 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Gramme.
Mercurous Iodide, Hgl 0.032752
Mercury (in mercurous compounds), Hg 0.02006
Potassium Sulphite, crystallized, K2SO3+2H2O 0.009715
Sodium Bisulphite, NaHSOa , 0.005204
Sodium Sulphite, anhydrous, NaaSOa 0.006304
Sodium Thiosulphate, anhydrous, NaaSaOa 0.015814
Sodium Thiosulphate, crystallized, Na2S203 + 5H2O 0.024822
Sulphur Dioxide, SO2 0.0032035
Tenth-Normal Oxalic Acid Volumetric Solution
H2C2O4+2H2O = 126.05 6.3025 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve 6.45 Gm. of purified oxalic acid (see page 541) in sufficient distilled water
to measure 1000 mils. Into a flask accurately measure from a burette 25 mils of a
freshly standardized tenth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., dilute with about
20 mils of distilled water, add 3 to 5 drops of phenolphthalein T.S. and heat
it to boiling. From a burette gradually add the oxalic acid solution (which is
still too concentrated) until the red tint of the alkali solution fails to reappear after
vigorous shaking and boiling. Note the number of mils of the oxahc acid solution
consumed, and then dilute it so that equal volumes of this and of the tenth-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. neutralize each other at standard temperature. This
volumetric solution deteriorates on standing, hence must be frequently renewed or
restandardized.
Note: Tenth-normal oxalic acid V.S. is in every respect equivalent in neutral-
izing power to any other tenth-normal acid V.S. with either litmus or phenolphthalein
T.S. as indicator. Its specific use, however, is in standardizing or determining an
excess of tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S.
One Mil 0/ Tenth-Normal Oxalic Acid V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Oxalic Acid, crystallized, H2C2O4+2H2O 0.0063025
Ajnmonia Gas, NH3 0.0017034
Calcium Carbonate, CaCOa 0.0050035
Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(0H)2 0.0037045
Calcium Oxide, CaO 0.0028035
Lead, Pb 0.010355
Lead Acetate, Pb(C2H302)2 0.016257
Lead Oxide, PbO 0.011155
Lead Peroxide, Pb02 0.011955
Lead Subacetate, Pb20(C2H302)2 0.013706
Manganese Dioxide, Mn02 0.0043465
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.005611
Potassium Permanganate, KMn04 0.0031606
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH 0.004001
Tenth-Normal Potassium Dichromate Volumetric Solution
K2Cr207 = 294.20 4.9033 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve 4.9033 Gm. of purified potassium dichromate (see page 544), which
has been pulverized and dried to constant weight at 120° C, in sufficient distilled
water to measure exactly 1000 mils at standard temperature. When used as an
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 563
oxidizing agent in titration to convert ferrous into ferric salts, or to liberate iodine
from potassium iodide, the solution just mentioned (containing 14.710 Gm. in 1000
mils) has the effect of a ^ volmnetric solution, and a solution of one-third of this
strength, containing 4.9033 Gm. in 1000 mils, has the value of a tenth-normal solution,
and is the equivalent of an equal volume of tenth-normal pota,ssium permanganate
V.S., or, in the case of iodine liberated from potassium iodide, it is the equivalent of
an equal volume of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. For titrating iron in
ferrous compounds, it is used in the following manner. Introduce the aqueous so-
lution of the ferrous salt into a flask and, if it is not already acid, render it so with
sulphuric acid. Now add gradually tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S. from
a burette with agitation until a drop taken out upon a white surface no longer be-
comes blue when mixed with a drop of freshly prepared potassium ferricyanide T.S.
Tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S. may also be used in conjunction with po-
tassium iodide (from which it liberates iodine) and sulphuric acid, for adjusting the
titer of sodium thiosulphate V.S., and thus that of the iodine V.S.
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Potassium Dichromate V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Potassium Dichromate, K2Cr207 0.0049033
Ferrous Carbonate, FeCOa 0.011584
Ferrous Sulphate, anhydrous, FeS04 0.015191
Ferrous Sulphate, crystalhzed, FeSO^ + rilaO 0.027802
Iron, in ferrous compounds, Fe 0.005584
Sodium Thiosulphate, Na2S203+5H20 0.024822
Normal Potassium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution
KOH =56.11 56.11 Gm. in 1000 mUs
Dissolve 75 Gm. of potassium hydroxide (see page 338) in sufficient recently
boiled distilled water to measure about 1050 mils and fill a burette with a portion
of this liquid. Into a flask of the capacity of about 300 mils, introduce 4.7035 Gm. of
potassium bitartrate (which has been purified and dried as directed on page 543)
followed by 15 mils (accurately measured at 25° C.) of the potassium hydroxide
solution which is being prepared and 80 mils of distilled water. Heat the solution to
boiling, add from 3 to 5 drops of phenolphthalein T.S. and then cautiously, at standard
temperature from a burette, further portions of the potassium hydroxide solution.
Agitate the flask frequently, boil the liquid toward the end of the operation and
reduce the flow of potassium hydroxide solution to drops, until the red color produced
by its influx no longer disappears on shaking, and the liquid is not deeper in color
than a pale pink. Note the total number of mils of the potassium hydroxide
solution consimaed, and then dilute the remainder of the solution so that exactly 25
mils of the diluted liquid, at standard temperature, shall be required to neutrahze
4.7035 Gm. of the purified and dried potassium bitartrate.
Example : Assuming that 20 mils of the stronger solution of potassium hydroxide
first prepared had been consumed in the trial, then each 20 mils must be diluted to
25 mils or the whole of the remaining solution in the same proportion at standard
temperature. Thus, if 1000 mils should be still remaining, this must be diluted with
water to 1250 mils. After the liquid is thus diluted, a new trial should be made in
the manner above described, in which 25 mils of the diluted solution should exactly
564 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
neutralize 4.7035 Gm. of potassium bitartrate at standard temperatiu-e. If neces-
sary, a new adjustment should then be made to render the correspondence perfect.
Alternative Method. — Normal potassiima or sodiima hydroxide V.S. may be
standardized against normal sulphuric acid V.S. which has been standardized by its
alternative method, employing the trial solution directed in the first paragraph.
Measure accurately 25 mils of this solution, at standard temperature, from a burette
into a flask, add 2 drops of methyl orange T.S. or methyl red T.S., and afterwards
from a burette the standard normal sulphuric acid V.S. at the same temperature,
shaking after each addition, and, toward the end of the operation, reducing the flow
to drops, imtil the yellow tint of the solution changes to a permanent rose after
shaking. Note the number of mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S. consumed. Then
dilute the potassium hydroxide solution so that 25 mils of this and 25 mils of the
normal sulphuric acid V.S., at standard temperature, exactly neutrahze each other.
Note: Solutions of caustic alkalies absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere,
and thereby change their titer when used with litmus T.S., or phenolphthalein T.S.
(in cold solution), as indicator (methyl orange T.S. is not affected by the
presence of carbonic acid). Hence the volumetric solutions should be preserved
in bottles provided with well-fitting rubber stoppers, or, better still, these
should be provided with the tubes filled with soda-lime (a mixture of caustic soda
and lime); the tubes pass through a perforation in the rubber stoppers and thus
absorb the carbon dioxide and prevent its access to the solution. If the solution is
kept in a burette for more than a few minutes, the same provision with a soda-lime
tube should be observed. In place of potassium hydroxide V.S., sodium hydroxide
V.S. (see page 573) may be used, in the same manner and in the same quantity.
One Mil of Normal Potassium Hydroxide V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.05611
Acetic Acid, HC2H3O2 0.06003
Acetic Acid Anhydride, (CH3C0)20 0.05102
Ammonia Gas, NH3 0.01703
Ammonium Chloride, NH4CI 0.05350
Boric Acid, H3BO3 0.06202
Citric Acid, crystallized, H3C6H507-hH20 0.07003
Formaldehyde, CHgO 0.03002
Hydrated Chloral, C2HOCI3+H2O 0.1654
Hydriodic Acid, HI 0.12793
Hydrobromic Acid, HBr 0.08093
Hydrochloric Acid, HCl 0.03647
Hypophosphorous Acid, HPH2O2 0.06606
Lactic Acid, HC3H5O3 0.09005
Nitric Acid, HNO3 0.06302
Oxalic Acid, crystallized, H2C2O4+2H2O 0.063025
Paraformaldehyde, (CH20)3 0.03002
Phosphoric Acid, H3PO4 (to form K2HPO4; with phenolphthalein) . . . 0.04903
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.18814
Sodium Bitartrate, NaHC4H406-|-H20 O.lDOOCi
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH 0.04001
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA /^GS
Gramme.
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.049045
Sulphuric Anhydride, SO3 0.040035
Tartaric Acid, H2C4H4O6 0.07503
Trichloracetic Acid, HC2O2CI3 0.16339
Half-Normal Potassium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution
KOH = 56.11 28.055 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute 500 mils of freshly standardized normal potassium hydroxide V.S., at
standard temperature, with sufficient recently boiled distilled water at the same
temperature to measure exactly 1000 mils. This solution may also be prepared
and standardized directly with potassium bitartrate, as directed under normal potas-
sium hydroxide V.S., employing for this purpose 2.3518 Gm. of the former and a
solution of about 35 Gm. of potassium hydroxide (Potassii Hydroxidum, U.S. P.) in
1000 mils of distilled water. Twenty-five mils of half-normal solution, at standard
temperature, should exactly neutralize 2.3518 Gm. of potassium bitartrate (see
page 543). This solution may also be standardized by comparison with half-normal
sulphuric acid V.S., employing methj'l-orange T.S. as indicator.
Note: The same precautions should be taken for protecting this solution from
carbon dioxide of the air as are directed under normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
One Mil of Half-Normal Polassium Hydroxide V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.02806
Acetic Acid, HC2H3O2 0.03002
Boric Acid, H3BO3 0.03101
Citric Acid, crystalUzed, H3C6H5O7+H2O 0.03502
Hydriodic Acid, HI 0.06397
Hydrobromic Acid, HBr 0.04047
Hydrocliloric Acid, HCl 0.01824
Hypophosphorous Acid, HPH2O2 0.03303
Lactic Acid, HC3H5O3 0.04503
Nitric Acid, HNO3 0.03151
Oxahc Acid, crystalHzed, H2C2O4+2H2O 0.03153
Phosphoric Acid, H3PO4 (to form K2HPO4, with phenolphthalein) . . . . 0.02452
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.09407
Sodium Bitartrate, NaHC4H406+H20 0.09503
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH 0.020005
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.024523
Sulphuric Anhydride, SO3 0.02002
Tartaric Acid, crystallized, H2C4H4O6 0.03751
TricMoracetic Acid, HC2O2CI3 0.08170
Tenth-Normal Potassium Hydroxide \dumetric Solution
KOH = 56.11 5.611 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute 100 mils of freshly standardized normal potassium hydroxide V.S., at
standard temperature, with sufficient recently boiled distilled water at the same
temperature to measure exactly 1000 mils. This solution may also be prepared and
standardized directly with potassium bitartrate, as directed under normal potassium
566 THE tHAEiViACOtCElA OF THE
hydroxide V.S., employing for this purpose 0.9407 Gm. of the bitartrate and a solution
of about 7.5 Gm. of potassium hydroxide {Potassii Hydroxidum, U.S. P.) in 1000
mils of distilled water. Fifty mils of tenth-normal solution, at standard tem-
perature, should exactly neutralize 0.9407 Gm. of potassium bitartrate (see
page 543). Tliis solution may also be standardized by comparison with tenth-
normal sulphuric acid V.S., employing methyl orange T.S. as indicator.
Note: The same precautions should be taken for protecting this solution from
carbon dioxide of the air as are directed under normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Potassium Hydroxide V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.005611
Betaeucaine Hydrochloride, C15H21O2N.HCI 0.028365
Lactic Acid, HC3H5O3 0.009005
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.018814
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.0049045
Fiftieth-Normal Potassium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution
KOH = 56.11 1.1222 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute 20 mils of a freshly standardized normal or preferably 200 mils of tenth-
normal potassium hydroxide V.S. at standard temperature, with sufficient recently
boiled distilled water at the same temperature to measure exactly 1000 mils. Verify
the titer of this solution by titrating 0.1881 Gm. of potassium bitartrate (see page
543) which should require for neutrahzation exactly 50 mils of the volumetric solu-
tion. This standard solution is employed in conjunction with the tenth-normal
sulphuric acid V.S. in the titration of alkaloids, with hematoxylin, cochineal, methyl
red, or iodeosin T.S. as indicators. The relative value of these two volumetric
solutions should be determined each time, using the indicator employed in the
alkaloidal assay.
Note: The same precautions should be taken for protecting this solution from
carbon dioxide of the air as are directed under normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
It should be renewed at frequent intervals.
One Mil of Fiftieth-Normal Potassium Hydroxide VJS. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.0011222
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.0037628
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.0009809
Hundredth-Normal Potassium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution
KOH = 56.11 0.5611 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute 10 mils of normal or preferably 100 mils of tenth-normal potassium
hydroxide V.S., at standard temperature, with sufficient recently boiled distilled
water at the same temperature to measure exactly 1000 mils. Verify the titer of
this solution by titrating 0.0941 , Gm. of potassium bitartrate (see page 543),
which should require for neutralization exactly 50 mils of the volumetric solution
at standard temperature. This solution must be frequently renewed.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 567
One Mil of Hundredth-Normal Potassium Hydroxide V.S. is
the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Potassium Hj'droxide, KOH 0.0005611
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.0018814
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.00049045
Half-Normal Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution
KOH = 56.11 28.055 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve from 2 to 3 Gm. of silver nitrate in 5 mils of distilled water and add the
solution to 1200 mils of alcohol (Alcohol, U.S. P.) in a glass-stoppered bottle, and mix
thoroughly. Dissolve about 5 Gm. of potassium hydroxide (see page 338)
in 25 mils of warm alcohol, cool the solution, and pour it slowly without stir-
ring, into the alcoholic solution of silver nitrate. Let the mixture stand until the
precipitated silver oxide has settled, filter and distil. Dissolve about 35 Gm. of
potassium hydroxide (see page 338) in 20 mils of distilled water and add
sufficient alcohol, piu-ified as directed above, to measure 1000 mils. Let the solution
stand in a glass-stoppered or rubber-stoppered bottle for one day, then quickly decant
the clear, supernatant solution into a bottle provided with a well-fitted rubber stopper.
Into a flask of the capacity of about 300 mils introduce 2.3518 Gm. of potassimn bitar-
trate, which has been purified and dried, as directed on page 543, and about 100
mils of distilled water. Heat the solution to the boiling point, add about 5 drops
of phenolphthalein T.S., then run in cautiously at standard temperature from a burette
the potassium hydroxide solution prepared as above, keeping the liquid hot and
frequently agitating the flask, and, toward the end of the operation, reducing the flow
to drops until the red color produced by its influx no longer disappears on shaking,
and the liquid is not deeper than pale pink. Note the number of mils of the alco-
holic potassium hydroxide solution consvuned, and then dilute the remainder of the
solution vriih alcohol purified as directed above, so that exactly 25 mils of the diluted
liquid, at standard temperatiu^e, shall be required to neutralize 2.3518 Gm. of potas-
simn bitartrate.
Half-normal alcoholic potassiima hydroxide V.S. may also be standardized as fol-
lows : Of the above described concentrated alcoholic potassium hydroxide solution,
carefully measure, at standard temperature, from a burette 30 mils into a flask, and,
after diluting vnth about 50 mils of distilled water, add about 5 drops of phenolphtha-
lein T.S., heat to boiling temperature, and add from a burette half-ngrmal hydrochloric
acid V.S., at standard temperature, frequently agitating the flask, and, toward the
end of the operation, reducing the flow to drops until the red color of the liquid is
just discharged. Note the number of mils of the half-normal hydrocliloric acid V.S.
consumed, and then dilute the remainder of the solution with the purified alcohol
so that 25 mils of this and 25 mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S., at standard
temperature, neutralize each other. Should half-normal hj-drochloric acid V.S. not
be available, standardization can be carried out in the same manner with normal
hj^drochloric acid V.S., two volumes of the alcoholic potassium hydroxide being made
to correspond with one volume of the normal acid.
Note: This solution should be kept in bottles provided with well-fitted rubber
stoppers and protected from the light. Owing to the readiness with which this standard
568 THE PHARMACOPfEIA OF THE
solution loses its titer blank tests should be performed whenever it is employed in
titrations. It is important that this volumetric solution be standardized at the
temperature at which it is used.
One Mil of Half-Normal Alcoholic Potassium Hydroxide V.S. is
the equivalent of:
Gramtiie.
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.028055
Borneol, CioHisO 0.07707
Bornyl Acetate, C10H17.C2H3O2 0.09808
Menthol, C10H20O 0.07808
Menthyl Acetate, C10H19.C2H3O2 0.09909
Methyl Salicylate, CH3.C7H5O3 0.07603
Potassiimi Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.09407
Santalol, CisHaeO 0.111105
Tenth-Normal Potassium Permanganate Volumetric Solution
KMn04 = 158.03 3.1606 Gm. in 1000 mils
Introduce about 3.3 Gm. of crystallized potassium permanganate {Potassii
Permanganas, U.S. P.) into a flask, add 1000 mils of distilled water, and boil for about
five minutes. Close the flask with a plug of purified absorbent cotton, and set it
aside for at least two days, so that suspended matter may deposit. After the lapse
of this time, pour off the clear portion of the solution into a glass-stoppered bottle.
The water to be employed for diluting this solution (which is still too concentrated)
should be prepared as directed imder distilled water {Aqua Destillata, U.S. P.), adding,
however, about 1 Gm. of potassium permanganate to each liter of water in the retort
before beginning the distillation.
The solution may be standardized as follows:
I. Introduce about 0.3 Gm. of sodium oxalate (see page 549), previously dried
to constant weight at 110° C. and accurately weighed, into a beaker of about 400
mils capacity. Dissolve the salt in 250 mils of distilled water, heated to 85° C. and
add 5 mils of concentrated sulphuric acid (see page 552) diluted with an equal volume
of distilled water. To this solution, kept at 85° C, add, from a burette, the per-
manganate solution to be standardized, stirring vigorously and continually with a
thermometer, the solution being added not faster than at the rate of from 10 to 15
mils per minute. The last 0.5 to 1 mil of the solution required must be added, drop
by drop, with particular care to see that each drop is fully decolorized before intro-
ducing the next. When the solution has assumed a faintly pink tint (remaining
permanent for thirty seconds), the titration should cease. The excess of per-
manganate solution required to cause an end-point color must be estimated by
matching the color of the liquid being tested with a measured quantity of the same
permanganate solution in another beaker containing the same volumes of hot distilled
water and sulphuric acid. Note the number of mils of the permanganate solution
consumed in the trial titration and deduct from this volume the amount of per-
manganate solution required to produce the same tint in the water and acid mixture;
the difference represents the number of mils of the permanganate solution required
to reach the exact end-point in the trial titration.
Each 0.0067 Gm. of sodium oxalate is equivalent to 1 mil of tenth-normal potas-
sium permanganate V.S. The number of grammes of sodium oxalate taken, when
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 569
multiplied by 149.2537, indicates the number of mils of tenth-normal potassium
permanganate V.S. required. The solution may now be adjusted to exactly tenth-
normal strength or the factor may be determined and the solution employed empiri-
cally. In the former instance note the number of mils of the trial permanganate
solution consumed, then dilute it so that the volume of diluted solution corresponds
to that obtained by calculation from the sodium oxalate taken.
Example: Assuming that 0.25 Gm. of sodium oxalate was taken, and 35.2 mils
of the trial potassium permanganate solution was consumed. Then 0.25 X 149.2537 =
37.313, and therefore 35.2 mils (or 352 mils) of the trial potassium permanganate
solution are diluted to 37.3 mils (or 373.13 mils). The factor of this trial solution for
use as an empirical solution may be determined by dividing the number of mils of the
trial permanganate solution consumed, by the number of mils representing the
true equivalent volume (product of 149.2537 X the grammes of sodium oxalate used).
37.313 -T- 35.2 = 106.00, which is the percentage strength of the solution based upon
the true tenth-normal V.S.
II. Tenth-normal potassium permanganate V.S. may also be standardized as
follows:
To a solution" of about 1 Gm. of potassium iodide {Potassii lodidum, U.S. P.) in
10 mils of diluted sulphuric acid contained in a flask, slowly add from a burette
25 mils of the potassium permanganate solution to be standardized; mix well,
then dilute the mixture at once with about 200 mils of distilled water. Add slowly
an accurately standardized tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. from a burette,
shaking the mixture vigorously, until the liquid is but slightly yellow, then add a
few drops of starch T.S. and continue the addition of the tenth-normal sodium
thiosulphate V.S. until the blue color is just discharged. Note the number of mils of
the latter consumed, then dilute the permanganate solution so that 25 mils of the
solution corresponds to 25 mils of the tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. under
the same conditions at standard temperature. At least three careful titrations
should be made, accepting the average, before diluting.
Example : Assuming that 25 mils of the tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
was required to decolorize the iodine liberated by 20 mils of the permanganate
solution, then each 20 mils of the potassium permanganate solution remaining must
be diluted with the specially prepared distilled water to 25 mils, or the whole of the
remaining solution in the same proportion. Thus, if 920 mils remain, it should be
diluted, at standard temperature, to measure 1150 mils. After the potassium per-
manganate solution is thus diluted, a new trial should be made in the manner above
described, in which 25 mils of this solution should require exactly 25 mils of the
tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. to decolorize the mixture.
Note: When potassium permanganate V.S. is to be prepared for immediate use,
this may be done as follows: Dissolve about 3.3 Gm. of crystallized potassium
permanganate in 1000 mils of recently boiled and cooled distilled water. Then
standardize this by either of the above methods and dilute accordingly with recently
boiled and cooled distilled water. Potassium permanganate V.S. made by this
method, without the preliminary boiling and standing, deteriorates readily, hence
the titer should be verified each time it is used. Potassium permanganate V.S.
should be kept in well-closed glass-stoppered bottles, and burettes provided with glass
stop-cocks must be employed in titrating with it. This solution should be restandard-
ized frequently.
570 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Potassium Permanganate V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Potassium Permanganate, KMn04 0.0031606
Calcium Oxide, CaO (as oxalate) 0.0028035
Ferrous Carbonate, FeCOg 0.011584
Ferrous Oxide, FeO 0.007184
Ferrous Sulphate, anhydrous, FeSO^ 0.015191
Ferrous Sulphate, crystals, reS04 + 7H2O 0.027802
Hydrogen Dioxide, H2O2 0.0017008
Iron, in ferrous compounds, Fe 0.005584
OxaUc Acid, crystallized, H2C2O4 + 2H2O 0.0063025
Oxygen, 0 0.0008
Potassium Chlorate, KCIO3 0.0020427
Sodium Chlorate, NaClOg 0.0017743
Sodium Nitrite, NaNOa 0.0034505
Sodium Oxalate, Na2C204 0.0067
Tenth-Normal Potassium Sulphocyanate Volumetric Solution
[Volhard's Solution]
KCNS = 97.18 9.718 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve 11 Gm. of crystals of potassium sulphocyanate (see page 546) in lOOC
mils of distilled water.
This solution is too concentrated and has to be adjusted so as to correspond m
strength exactly with tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. For this purpose, introduce
into a flask 10 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S., 3 mils of ferric ammonium
sulphate T.S., and 3 mils of nitric acid (free from nitrous compoimds) and dilute the
liquid with about 100 mils of distilled water. To this mixture add the sulphocyanate
solution from a burette in small portions at a time. At first, a white precipitate
of silver sulphocyanate appears, then every drop falUng from the burette is sur-
rounded by a deep brownish-red color produced by ferric sulphocyanate which dis-
appears on vigorous shaking of the flask as long as any of the silver nitrate remains
unchanged. When all of the silver has been converted into sulphocyanate, a single
additional drop of the potassium sulphocyanate solution produces a brownish-red
color which no longer disappears on shaking, but communicates a perceptible pale
reddish-brown tint to the contents of the flask. Note the number of mil? of the potas-
sium sulphocyanate solution used and, after having confirmed the accuracy ot the
titration, dilute the whole of the remaining solution so that equal volumes of this
and of the tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S., at standard temperature, will be required
to produce the permanent reddish-browTi tint. (The same depth of pale reddish-
brown tint to which the volumetric solution is adjusted must be attained when the
solution is used for volumetric assays.) After the dilution, a new trial should be
made, in which 25 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S., at standard temperature,
5 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S., 5 mils of nitric acid, and 200 mils of distilled
water are used, and there should be required of the potassium sulpho-cyanate solution,
exactly the same number of mils as of the silver nitrate solution, at standard
temperature, to produce the same dejith of a permanent pale reddish-brown tint. If
neces.sary a new adjustment should be made to render the correspondence perfect.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 571
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Potassium Sulphocyanate V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Potassium Sulphocyanate, KSCN 0.009718
Mercuric Iodide, Hglg 0.022722
Mercuric Nitrate, Hg(N03)2 0.016231
Mercuric Oxide, HgO 0.01083
Mercui-y, Hg 0.01003
Silver, Ag 0.010788
Silver Nitrate, AgNOa 0.016989
Silver Oxide, AgaO 0.011588
Tenth=NormaI Silver Nitrate Volumetric Solution
AgNOg = 169.89 16.989 Gm. in 1000 mils
Into a flask containing 10.788 Gm. of silver (see page 546), and provided with
a small funnel inserted into the neck to prevent loss by spurting, introduce gradu-
ally about 30 mils of nitric acid {Acidum Xitricum, U.S. P.) or sufficient for com-
plete solution. After thoroughly rinsing the funnel inside and outside, transfer
the solution, which should be clear, with the rinsings of the flask to a beaker or
porcelain dish and evaporate it to dryness on a water bath, carefully pro-
tecting the vessel from dust. Then after drying in an air-oven at about 120° C.
for ten minutes, dissolve the residue in sufficient distilled v.-ater to measure exactly
1000 mils at standard temperature. Keep the solution in dark amber-colored, glass-
stoppered vials, carefully protected from dust and sunlight.
Note : Titration by tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. may be conducted in various
ways, adapted to the special preparation to be tested.
A. The lilration of soluble chlorides andhromidcs. — Tothe strictly neutral (tolitmus)
solution of an accurately weighed quantitj' of the salt contained in either a porcelain
dish or a flask placed on a white surface add sufficient potassium chromate T.S. to
impart a yellow tint, then slowly add the tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. from a
burette, stirring or agitating constantly until the mixture acquires a permanent red
tint, due to the formation of red silver chromate. This method is only suitable for
neutral solutions.
B. The titration of free hydrobromic, hydrochloric, and hydriodic acids or their
salts in acid solution, known as the Volhard, Thiocyanate, or Sulphocyanate method
of residual titration. — Add an accurately measured excess of tenth-normal silver
nitrate V.S. to the solution of the halogen acid or its salt, and then acidify wdtb
nitric acid, and add a few mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S.; then determine
the uncombined excess of the silver nitrate V.S. by titrating back with tenth-normal
potassium sulphocyanate V.S., the end-reaction being the formation of a permanent
pale reddish tint. The volume of the silver nitrate V.S. originally added, less that
of the potassium sulphocyanate V.S. consumed, will give the number of mils of the
former which were required for the precipitation of the halogen. The quantity of
nitric acid added should be sufficient to remove the yellow color produced by the
addition of the indicator.
C. Titration until the first appearance of a permanent precipitate. — This method
is applicable in the estimation of the alkali cyanides and hj'drocyanic acid. When
the solution is used by this method, it is a fifth-normal instead of a tenth-normal
solution.
572 TH^ PHA&MACOPCEtA OF THE
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Silver Nitrate V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Silver Nitrate, AgNOa 0.016989
Allyl Iso-thiocyanate, C3.H5SCN 0.004956
Ammonium Bromide, NH4Br 0.009796
Ammonium Chloride, NH4CI 0.005350
Ammonium Iodide, NH4I 0.014496
Arsenous Iodide, Asia 0.015191
Bromine, Br 0.007992
Calcium Bromide, anhydrous, CaBr2 0.0099955
Calcium Bromide, CaBr2+2H20 0.011798
Calcium Chloride, anhydrous, CaCl2 0.00555
Calcium Chloride, CaCl2+2H20 0.0073511
Calcivma Hypo phosphite, Ca(PH202)2 0.002836
Chlorine, CI 0.003546
Ferrous Bromide, anhydrous, FeBra 0.010784
Ferrous Iodide, Fel2 0.015484
Hydriodic Acid, HI 0.012793
Hydrobromic Acid, HBr 0.008093
Hydrochloric Acid, HCl 0.003647
Hydrocyanic Acid, HCN, to first formation of precipitate 0.005404
Hydrocyanic Acid, HCN, potassium chromate as indicator 0.002702
Iodine, I 0.012692
Lithium Bromide, LiBr 0.008686
Lithium Chloride, LiCl 0.004240
Phosphoric Acid, H3PO4 0.0032687
Potassium Bromide, KBr 0.011902
Potassium Chloride, KCl 0.007456
Potassium Cyanide, KCN, to first formation of precipitate 0.013022
Potassium Hypophosphite, KPH2O2 0.003472
Potassium Iodide, KI 0.016602
Potassium Nitrate, KNO3 0.010111
Potassium Sulphocyanate, KCNS 0.009718
Sodium Bromide, NaBr 0.010292
Sodium Chloride, NaCl 0.005846
Sodium Cyanide, NaCN, to first formation of precipitate 0.009802
Sodium Hypophosphite, NaPH202+H20 0.0035357
Sodium Iodide, Nal 0.014992
Sodium Nitrate, NaNOa 0.008501
Sodium Phosphate, anhydrous, Na2HP04 0.004735
Sodium Phosphate, crystallized, Na2HP04 + 12H20 0.011941
Strontium Bromide, SrBra+GHaO 0.017779
Strontium Chloride, SrCls+eHgO 0.013332
Strontium Iodide, SrIa+GHsO 0.022479
Zinc Chloride, ZnCla 0.0068145
Hundredth-Normal Silver Nitrate Volumetric Solution
AgN03 = 169.89 1.6989 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute, at standard temperature, exactly 100 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate
V.S. with sufficient distilled water at the same temperature to measure 1000 mils.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 573
This solution should be kept in glass-stoppered, amber-colored bottles which
have been rinsed with nitric acid and then with hot distilled water until all traces of
the acid have been removed.
One Mil of Hundredth-Normal Silver Nitrate V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sodium Chloride, NaCl 0.0005846
Tenth-Normal Sodium Chloride Volumetric Solution
NaCl = 58.46 5.846 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve 5.846 Gm. of sodium chloride (see page 548) in sxiflBcient distilled water
to measure exactly 1000 mils at standard temperature.
Tenth-normal sodiiun chloride V.S. should correspond, volume for volume, with
tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S., by titrating 20 mils of the former with the latter,
using potassium chromate as indicator.
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Sodium Chloride V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sodium Chloride, NaCl 0.005846
Silver, Ag 0.010788
Silver Nitrate, AgNOg 0.016989
Silver Oxide, AgaO 0.011588
DoubIe=NormaI Sodium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution
NaOH = 40.01 80.02 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve 90 Gm. of sodium hydroxide (Sodii Hydroxidum, U.S.P.) in sufficient
recently boiled distilled water to measure about 1000 mils.
For the standardization of this trial solution of sodiiun hydroxide proceed
as directed under normal potassium hydroxide V.S. (see page 563); each 25 mils of
the voliunetric solution, at standard temperature, should exactly neutralize 9.407
Gm. of potassium bitartrate (see page 543) or 50 mils of normal sulphuric acid
V.S. (see page 575).
Note: The same precautions should be taken for protecting tliis solution from
the carbon dioxide of the air as are prescribed for normal potassium hydroxide V.S.
(see page 563).
Normal Sodium Hydroxide Volumetric Solution
NaOH = 40.01 40.01 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve 50 Gm. of sodium hydroxide {Sodii Hydroxidum, U.S.P.) in sufficient
recently boiled distilled water to measure about 1050 mils. For the standardiza-
tion of this trial solution of sodiiun hydroxide, proceed as directed under normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. (see page 563); 25 mils of the volumetric solution, at
standard temperature, must exactly neutralize 4.7035 Gm. of potassium bitartrate
or 25 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S. (see page 575).
Note: The same precautions should be taken for protecting this solution from
the carbon dioxide of the air as are prescribed for normal potassium hydroxide V.S-
(see page 563). This solution may be employed in place of the normal potassium
iiydroxide V.S. (see page 563), volume for volume.
574 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
One Mil of Normal Sodium Hydroxide V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sodium Hydroxide, NaOH 0.04001
Boric Acid, H3BO3 0.06202
Formaldehyde, CH2O 0.03002
Trichloracetic Acid, HC2O2CI3 0.16339
Tenth-Normal Sodium Thiosulphate Volumetric Solution
NazSgOa+SHaO =248.22 24.822 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dissolve 30 Gm. of sodium thiosulphate (see page 550) in sufficient distilled water,
previously boiled for twenty minutes in a flask of hard glass and quickly cooled, to
measure 1000 mils. This trial solution, which is too concentrated, is standardized
as follows:
To 25 mils of tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S., accurately measured, at
standard temperature, into a glass-stoppered flask of about 500 mils capacity, add
about 2 Gm. of potassium iodide (Potassii lodidum, U.S. P.) (free from iodate),
followed by 10 mils of diluted sulphuric acid. Rinse the walls of the flask cautiously
with about 200 mils of cold distilled water poured in carefully so as not to mix, thus
protecting the lower layer from loss of iodine. Stopper the flask securely and set it
aside for half an horn- in a dark place, then carefully rinse the stopper and sides of
the flask with distilled water and add slowly the trial solution of sodium thiosulphate,
at standard temperature, while rotating the flask gently. When the solution has
assumed a yellowish-green color, add starch T.S. and then reduce the flow of the
sodium thiosulphate solution to drops, constantly shaking until the blue color of
the mixture changes to a light green; note the number of mils of the trial sodium
thiosulphate solution consumed. Then dilute the sodium thiosulphate solution
with distilled water which has been previously boiled for twenty minutes so that
equal volumes of it and the tenth-normal potassium dichromate V.S. will exactly
correspond to each other under the above conditions, at standard temperature.
Note: The same precautions should be taken for keeping and protecting this
solution from the carbon dioxide of the air as are directed under normal potassium
hydroxide V.S. (see page 563).
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Sodium Thiosulphate V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sodium Thiosulphate NaaSzOa+SHaO 0.024822
Bromine, Br 0.007992
Chlorine, CI 0.003546
Chromimn Trioxide, CrOa 0.003333
Copper Sulphate, anhydrous, CUSO4 0.015964
Copper Sulphate, crystallized, CuS04-f5H20 0.024972
Iodine, 1 0.012692
Iodine, I (Thymol Iodide) 0.002115
Iron, Fe, in ferric salts 0.005584
Lead Peroxide, PbOg 0.01195
Potassium Bromate, KBrOg 0.0027837
Potassium Dichromate, K2Cr207 0.0049033
Sodium Arsenate, anhydrous, Na2HAs04 0.0092985
Sodium Arsenate, crystallized, Na2HAs04-i-7H20 0.015604
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 575
Two-Hundredth-Normal Sodium Thiosulphate Volumetric Solution
NaaSaOg+SHaO =248.22 1.2411 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute exactly 25 mils, at standard temperature, of tenth-normal sodium thiosul-
phate V.S. with sufficient distilled water at the same temperature and recently boiled
for twenty minutes to measure 500 mils. If desired, this solution may be standard-
ized in the manner described under tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. (see page
574), employing 5 mils of tenth-normal potassium dicliromate V.S. which should
require for the decolorization of the liberated iodine, 100 mils of the two-hundredth-
normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. The same jjrecautions should be observed in the
preservation of this solution as directed under tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S.
One Mil of Two-Hundredth-Normal Sodium Thiosulphate V.S. is the
equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sodium Tliiosulphate, NaaS203+5HaO 0.0012411
Iodine, 1 0.0006346
Iodine, I (from Thyroid Glands) 0.0001058
Normal Sulphuric Acid Volumetric Solution
H2SO4 = 98.09 49.045 Gm. in 1000 mils
Carefully mix 30 mils of pure, concentrated sulphuric acid {Addum Sulphuricum,
U.S. P.) with suHicient distilled water to measure about 1050 mils, and allow the Uquid
to cool to 25° C. Measure from a burette 25 mils of this liquid (which is yet too con-
centrated) into a flask, add about 50 mils of distilled water and 2 drops of methyl
orange T.S. and afterwards, from a burette, a freshly standardized normal potassium
hydroxide V.S., shaking after each addition, and toward the end of the operation
reducing the flow to drops, until the red tint of the solution changes to a permanent
pale yellow after thorough shaking. Note the number of mils of normal potassium
hydroxide V.S. consumed. Then dilute the sulphuric acid solution so that equal
volumes of this and of normal potassium hydroxide V.S., at standard temperature,
exactly neutralize each other.
Alternative Method. — The diluted trial acid may be directly standardized
as follows: Weigh accurately about 2 Gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate (prepared
as directed on page 548), dissolve it in 100 mils of distilled water contained in
a flask, add from 2 to 3 drops of methyl orange T.S., then run in, little by little,
from a burette the acid solution to be standardized. Agitate the flask after each
addition, reducing the flow of the acid to drops toward the end of the titration; the
termination of the operation or exact saturation is indicated by a change in the
color of the solution from orange to red or pink. A second or third trial should be
made with other weighed portions of the sodium carbonate and in each experiment
the number of mils consumed should be accurately noted and the results should agree
closely. One gramme of anhydrous sodium carbonate requires for exact neutralization
18.868 (18.8079) mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S. at standard temperature.
Example: 2.25 Gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate required 37.6 mils of the
trial acid for neutralization,* then:
42.453 : 37.6 : : 100 : x x = 88.57 mils
* 2.25 Gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate requires 2.25X18.868=42.4528 mils
of normal sulphuric acid V.S.
676 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
In a second trial 2.12 Gm. of the soda required 35.43 mils of the trial acid for
neutralization, then:
40.00 : 35.43 : : 100 : x x = 88.575
The acid may now be adjusted by measuring 885.72 mils (average) into a graduated
liter flask and filling to the liter mark with distilled water at standard temperature.
A new adjustment must be made to prove the accuracy of the standardization, using
about 3 Gm., accurately weighed, of the sodium carbonate.
One Mil of Normal Sulphuric Acid V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.049045
Amimonia Gas, NH3 0.01703
Ammonium Acetate, NH4C2H3O2 0.07707
Ammonium Carbonate, (NH4)2C03 0.04804
Ammonium Carbonate (U.S.P.), NH4HCO3.NH4NH2CO2 0.052373
Calcium Hydroxide, Ca(0H)2 0.037045
Calcium Oxide, CaO 0.028035
Lead Acetate, crystaUized, Pb(C2H302)2+3H20 0.18960
Lead Subacetate, assimaed as Pb20(C2H302)2 0.13706
Lithium Carbonate, Li2C03 0.03694
Lithium Salicylate, LiCHsOg 0.14398
Magnesium Carbonate, (MgC03)4 Mg(0H)2+5H20 0.04857
Magnesium Oxide, MgO 0.02016
Potassium Acetate, KC2H3O2 0.09812
Potassium Bicarbonate, KHCO3 0.10011
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.18814
Potassium Carbonate, anhydrous, K2CO3. . . 0.06910
Potassiiun Citrate, crystalhzed, K3C6H5O7+H2O 0.10812
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.05611
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate, KNaC4H406+4H20 0.14110
Sodium Acetate, NaC2H302+3H20 0.13607
Sodium Bicarbonate, NaHCOg 0.08401
Sodium Borate, crystallized, Na2B4O7 + 10H2O 0.19108
Sodium Carbonate, anhydrous, Na2C03 0.0530
Sodium" Carbonate, monohydrated, Na2C03+H20 0.06201
Sodium'Hydroxide, NaOH 0.04001
Sodium SaUcylate, NaC7H503 0.16004
Zinc Oxide, ZnO 0.040685
Half-Normal Sulphuric Acid Volumetric Solution
H2S04 = 98.09 24.5225 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute 500 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S. at standard temperature with suf-
ficient distilled water at the same temperature to measure 1000 mils.
This standard solution is chiefly employed in the titration of the organic salts
of sodium and pota.ssium in conjunction with methyl orange T.S. as indicator. For
this purpose a special experiment should be made in which an accurately measured
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 577
volume of 10 niils of normal potassium hydroxide \'.S. should, after adding 2 drops
of methyl orange T.S., require exactly 20 mils of the half-normal sulphuric acid V.S.,
at standard temperature, for neutralization. If necessary, an adjustment ehould be
made to render the correspondence perfect.
One Mil of Half-Normal Sulphuric Acid V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.024523
Ammonia Gas, NH3 0.008515
Lithium Citrate, anhydrous 0.034977
Lithiuna Citrate, eiystallized, Li3C6H507+4H20 0.04699
Lithium Salicylate, LiCHsOa 0.07199
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate, anhydrous, KNaC4H406 0.05253
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate, crystallized, KNaC4H406+4H20 . . 0.07055
Potassium Acetate, KC2H3O2 0.04906
Potassium Bicarbonate, KHCO3 0.050055
Potassium Bitartrate, KHC4H4O6 0.09407
Potassium Citrate, anhydrous, K3C6H5O7 0.051057
Potassium Citrate, crystallized, K3C6H5O7+H2O 0.05406
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH 0.02806
Sodium Acetate, anhydrous, NaC2H302 0.04101
Sodium Acetate, NaC2H302+3H20 0.068035
Sodium Benzoate, NaC7H502 0.07202
Sodium Bicarbonate, NaHC03 •. 0.04200
Sodium Carbonate, anhydrous, Na2C03 0.02650
Sodium Carbonate, monohydrated, Na2C03-|-H20 0.031005
Sodium Citrate, anhydrous, Na3C6H507 0.04301
Sodium Citrate, crystalhzed, Na3C6H507+2H20 0.04901
Sodium Sahcylate, NaC7H503 0.08002
Sodium Tartrate, neutral, Na2C4H406+2H20 0.057515
Tenth-Normal Sulphuric Acid Volumetric Solution
H2S04 = 98.09 4.9045 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute 100 mils of normal sulphuric acid, at standard temperature, with sufficient
distilled water at the same temperature to measure 1000 mils.
Alternative Method. — Mix about 5 mils of concentrated sulphuric acid
(specific gravity 1.826 at 25° C.) with sufficient distilled water to measure about
1100 mils, and allow it to cool to 25° C. Standardization should be carried out as
directed under the alternative method for normal sulphuric acid V.S. (see page 575),
employing about 0.3 Gm. of anhydrous sodium carbonate (see page 548), accu-
rately weighed, with methyl orange T.S. as indicator. One decigramme of anhydrous
sodium carbonate should require for neutrahzation 18.868 (18.8679) mils of the
tenth-normal acid V.S. at standard temperature. This standard solution is em-
ployed in conjunction with the fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. in the
titration of alkaloids, with cochineal, iodeosin, methyl red, or hematoxylin T.S. as
indicator. For this purpose a special experiment should be made, in which an
accurately measured volume of 10 mils of the tenth-normal sulphuric acid, after
42
578 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
adding a sufficient quantity of the indicator to be employed, should require 50 mils
of the fiftieth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. at standard temperature for
complete neutralization.
One Mil of Tenth-Normal Sulphuric Acid V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.0049045
Aconite, ether soluble alkaloids 0.0645
Aconitine, C34H47O11N 0.064539
Atropine, C17H23O3N 0.028919
Brucine, C23H26O4N2 0.039423
Calcium Hydroride, Ca(0H)2 0.0037045
CephaeUne, C14H19O2N 0.023316
Cinchonidine, C19H22ON2 0.029420
Cinchonine, C19H22ON2 0.029420
Cocaine, C17H21O4N 0.030318
Coniine, CsHivN 0.012715
Emetme, C15H21O2N 0.024718
Hydrastine, C21H21O6N 0.038318
Ipecac, Ether Soluble Alkaloids of 0.0240
Morphine, anhydrous, C17H19O3N 0.028516
Morphine, crystaUized, Ci7Hi903N + HgO 0.030318
Mydriatic Alkaloids, Combined 0.02892
Nux Vomica, Combined Alkaloids of 0.0364
Physostigmine, t;i5H2i02N3 0.027520
Pilocarpine, C11H16O2N2 0.020815
Potassium Hydroxide, KOH r 0.005611
Quinine, anhydrous, C20H24O2N2 0.032421
Sodiimi Carbonate, anhydrous, Na2C03 0.00530
Strychnine, C21H22O2N2 0.033420
Zinc Oxide, ZnO 0.0040685
Fiftieth-Normal Sulphuric Acid Volumetric Solution
H2SO4 = 98.09 0.9809 Gm. in 1000 mils
Dilute 20 mils of normal sulphiu-ic acid V.S., or preferably 200 mils of tenth-normal
sulphuric acid V.S., at 25° C, with sufficient distilled water at the same temperature
to measure 1000 mils. The strength of this solution must be adjusted so that 25 mils
of it will exactly neutralize 25 mils of a recently standardized fiftieth-normal potassium
hydroxide V.S., at standard temperature, cochineal, iodeosin, methyl red, or hema-
toxylin T.S. being used as indicator.
One Mil of Fiftieth-Normal Sulphuric Acid V.S. is the equivalent of:
Gramme.
Sulphuric Acid, H2SO4 0.0009809
Aconitine, C34H47O11N 0.012907
Atropine, C17H23O3N 0.0057838
Cinchona, Combined Alkaloids of 0.0061841
Cinchonidine, CwHaaONa 0.005884
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 579
Gramme.
Cmchonine, C19H22ON2 0.005884
Cocaine, C17H21O4N 0.0060636
Coniine, CaHivN 0.002543
Hydrastine, C21H21O6N 0.0076636
Ipecac, Combined Alkaloids of 0.0048034
Morphine, anhydrous, C17H19O3N 0.0057032
Morphine, crystallized, C17H19O3N+HCO 0.0060636
Physostigmine, C15H21O2N3 0.005504
Pilocarpine, CUH16O2N2 0.004163
Quinine, anhydrous, C20H24O2N2 0.0062842
Strychnine, C21H22O2N2 0.006684
Indicators
Note: Each test solution used as indicator must be examined as soon as pre-
pared, and afterwards, from time to time, as to its neutrality. If necessary, it is
brought, by the cautious addition of highlj' diluted sulphuric acid or of a very dilute
solution of an alkali, to such a point that when three drops of it are added to 25 mils
of distilled water, a few drops of a hundredth-normal acid or alkaU V.S., respectively,
will distinctly develop the appropriate tints. Test solutions are injured by ex-
posure to light, and it is best to preserve them in dark amber-colored vials. Keep
test papers in dark bottles.
Azolitmin. — A purified coloring matter from litmus. In very dark to black-violet
scales or as a reddish-brown powder, slightly soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol or
ether. To test its relative sensitiveness, prepare a solution of 0.1 Gm. of azohtmin
in 40 mils of distilled water by the aid of a gentle heat, then add 10 mils of alcohol and
filter the liquid when cold. To about 50 mils of distilled water, which has previously
been boiled (to free it from dissolved carbonic acid) and quickly cooled, add 0.1 mil of
the trial solution; the resulting bluish-red solution assumes at once a distinctly red
color upon the addition of 3 drops of fiftieth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. and under
the same conditions a bluish-violet color upon the addition of 0.5 mil of hundredth-
normal sodium hydroxide V.S.
Azolitmin Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of azolitmin in 80 mils of distilled
water and 20 mils of alcohol in a flask and sterilize the solution by heating it in a
current of steam for one hour.
Cochineal Test Solution. — Macerate 1 Gm. of unbroken cochineal (see page
117) during four days with 20 mils of alcohol and 60 mils of distUled water, then filter.
The color of this test solution is turned violet by alkaUes, and yellowish-red by
acids. Cochineal T.S. is useful in titrating alkaloids, inorganic acids, ammonia,
the alkalies, and alkaline earths. The presence of salts of iron, aluminum, or copper
must be avoided. This indicator is useless for titrating organic acids.
Congo Red (Dianil Red, Kosmos Red Extra). — The sodium salt of benzidin-
diazo-bis-l-naphthylamine-4-sulphonic acid, (C6H4N : N.CioH5(NH2)S03Na)2. A
brownish-red powder, readily soluble in warm water, yielding a blood-red solution;
slightly soluble in cold water, insoluble in ether or chloroform. The addition of
tannic acid T.S. to an aqueous solution (1 in 20) intensifies the color of congo red
but causes no precipitation (reaction for basic color). The addition of 5 mils of
stannous chloride T.S. to 10 mils of an aqueous solution of congo red (1 in 10), followed
by agitation and warming on a water bath, produces a violet precipitate, ^^^len
580 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
filtered, the colorless filtrate does not again assume its red color when exposed to the
air (test for azo-group). The addition of a 15 per cent, solution of sodium hydroxide
to an aqueous solution of congo red (1 in 200) produces no change. The addition of
hydrochloric acid to an aqueous solution of this dye (.1 in 200) produces a violet
precipitate. Concentrated sulphuric acid dissolves congo red with a slate blue color
and, upon the cautious addition of distilled water, a blue precipitate is produced.
Congo Red Test Solution. — Dissolve 0.5 Gm. of congo red in 90 mils of distilled
water and add 10 mils of alcohol. Add 2 or 3 drops of congo red test solution to 100
mUs of distilled water contained in a porcelain dish; the red color of this solution
changes to violet upon the addition of one drop of fiftieth-normal sulphuric acid V.S.,
and again changes to red upon the further addition of one drop of fiftieth-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. {relative sensitiveness).
Hematoxylin (Hydroxj-^brasilin), C16H14O6 + 3H2O. — A crystalline substance
derived from the heart-wood of H cematoxrjlon Campechianum Linn6 (Fam. Legumi-
nos(e). Colorless to yellowish prisms; very slightly soluble in cold water or ether,
readily soluble in hot water or alcohol. WTien exposed to light, hematoxylin acquires
a red color and yields yellow solutions. In ammonia water or in carbonated or caustic
alkah solutions it yields a purple solution. Keep hematoxylin and its solution
protected from light and air. When dissolved in aqueous solutions of the following
salts, hematoxylin develops the colors indicated: in almn solution a red color; in
stannous chloride solution a rose color; in solutions of copper salts a greenish-gray
color; and it gradually turns black in potassium dichromate solution.
Hematoxylin Test Solution. — Dissolve 0.02 Gm. of hematoxjdin in 10 mils of
alcohol. Use about 5 drops for each titration. This indicator assmnes a yellow
to orange color in acid solutions, and a violet to purple color in alkaline solutions.
The titration is complete when the change in color remains permanent upon the
addition of one drop of the volumetric solution after stirring the liquid.
lodeosin (Tetraiodofluorescein), C20H8I4O5. — A scarlet, crystalline powder,
soluble in alcohol with a deep red color and in ether with a yellowish-red color.
It is insoluble in water containing a trace of hydrocliloric acid. It is not suitable for
use as an indicator unless a test solution prepared from it (see below) will stand
the following test of sensitiveness: Into a well-rinsed, colorless, glass-stoppered
flask, introduce 100 mils of distilled water containing 5 drops of iodeosin T.S. followed
by about 30 mils of ether. Then add drop by drop from a burette hundredth-normal
hydrochloric acid V.S., vigorously shaking it after the addition of each drop until
the aqueous layer just becomes colorless. After the addition of 5 more drops of the
iodeosin T.S. and again shaking, the aqueous layer does not acquire a pink color;
should it do so, the color must be discharged upon the addition of 1 drop of hundredth-
normal hydrochloric acid V.S. (test of sensitiveness).
lodeosin Test Solution. — Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of iodeosin in 100 mils of alcohol.
This indicator becomes colorless in acid solutions, changing to pink in alkaline
solutions. Dilute the solution to be titrated with distilled water to about 100 mils,
in a 200 mil flask, add 20 mils of ether and 5 drops of the iodeosin T.S., cork and shake
it well. Then add the volumetric alkali solution gradually, shaking it well after
each addition. The titration is complete when the lower aqueous solution retains
a faint pink color after shaking thoroughly. For assaying alkaloidal residues, dis-
solve the latter in a measured excess of volumetric acid solution, and transfer the
acid solution to a 200 mil flask, washing the container well with distilled water
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 581
until the contents of the flask measure about 100 mils. Then proceed as above. Fre-
quently a scum forms between the ethereal and aqueous layer, m which case this
assimies a pink color before the latter.
Litmus Paper and Test Solution. — Exhaust powdered litmus with three
separate and successive portions (each equal to about 4 times its weight) of boiling
alcohol (which removes the undesirable color erytlirolitmin), each extraction lasting
for about one hour. After draining off the alcohol, digest the residue with about
an equal weight of cold water and filter. (This blue solution, wliich contains some
alkali, after being acidulated, may be used to make red htmus paper.) Finally,
extract the residue with about 5 times its weight of boiling distilled water, and, after
thoroughly cooling, filter. The addition of 1 drop of hundredth-normal acid or alkali
V.S. to 50 mils of distilled water containing 5 drops of the indicator produces a dis-
tinct change in color. Preserve the filtrate, as a test solution, in, wide-mouthed
bottles stoppered with loose plugs of purified cotton so as to exclude dust but admit
air. The latter must be free from acid or ammoniacal vapors. The blue color of
litmus test solution is changed by acids to red, and this red color by the addition
of alkalies is restored to blue.
Lilmus Paper, Blue. — Impregnate with the test solution just described strips
of white filter paper, and dry them by suspending them on lines of clean twine, in an
atmosphere free from acid or ammoniacal vapors. This paper must quickly respond
to a two hundred and fiftieth-normal acid V.S.
Lihnus Paper, Red. — Prepare this with the same kind of paper and in the manner
described under Litmus Paper, Blue, having added to the test solution used to
impregnate the paper just sufficient of a highly diluted solution of hydrochloric
acid to impart to it a faint red tint. Neither blue nor red litmus paper should have
an intense color. Preserve the test paper in bottles, so as to exclude dust and acid or
ammoniacal vapors. This paper must quickly respond to a two hundred and fiftieth-
normal alkali V.S.
Methyl Orange (HeUanthin, Orange III, Tropaeolin D., DLmethylaniline Orange).
The sodium salt of paradimethylaminoazobenzene sulphonic acid, (CH3)2— N —
C6II4— N=N— C6H4.S03Na. — An orange-yellow powder, readily soluble in hot
water, the solution on cooling separating golden-yellow scales. Slightly soluble in
cold water, yielding an orange-yellow solution. Insoluble in alcohol. An aqueous
solution (1 in 500), upon the addition of hydrochloric acid, jdelds a red precipitate
soluble in excess of the acid ^ith a deep red color. The addition of calcium chloride
T.S. to the aqueous solution of methyl orange (1 in 500) precipitates the insoluble
calcium salt. The addition of solution of lead subacetate (Liquor Plumbi Subace-
tatis, U.S. P.) precipitates the coloring matter from an aqueous solution. Sulphuric
acid dissolves methyl orange with a blood-red color.
Methyl Orange Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of methyl orange (see above)
in 1000 mils of distilled water. Excessive quantities of this indicator should be
avoided in titration; from 1 to 3 drops are sufficient for a volume of from 50 to 100
mils, or add just enough to impart a faint tint to the solution, which if alkaline or
neutral wiU assume a pure yellow, if faintly acid, an orange, and when strongly acid,
a rose red color. The solution must comply with the following requirements for
sensitiveness as an indicator: To 100 mils of disiiUed water, contained in a flask
of Jena glass, add 1 drop of the Test Solution ; the pale yeUow color of the solution,
upon the addition of 0.5 mil of hundredth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. changes to a
582 l-HE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
rose color; the yellow color will be restored upon the further addition of 0.5 mil of
hundredth-normal potassium hydroxide V,S. Methjd orange is suitable for titrating
inorganic acids, alkaUes, alkaU carbonates or bicarbonates. It is not to be employed
in titrating organic acids, nor in alcoholic or boiling solutions. This indicator gives a
yellow color with alkalies and rose color with acids.
Methyl Red (Paradimethylaminoazobenzeneorthocarboxylic acid), (CH3)2— N —
C6H4-N=N— C6H4.COOH. — Violet crystals, very sUghtly soluble in cold water,
yielding a red solution, readily soluble in alcohol and glacial acetic acid. When
dissolved in sulphuric acid, methyl red shows the same color change as methyl
orange. The apphcations of methyl red as indicator are the same as those of methyl
orange, except that when titrating solutions containing carbonates it should not be
used (see above).
Methyl Red Test Solution. — Dissolve 0.2 Gm. of methyl red in 100 mils of alcohol.
As an indicator from 1 to 3 drops are sufficient for a volume of 100 mils, or add just
sufficient to impart a faint tint to the solution, which if aUcaUne will assume a pure
yellow, and when faintly acid a rose-red, or when strongly acid a violet-red color.
The solution must comply with the following requirements for sensitiveness as an
indicator: To 100 mils of distilled water which has been freed from carbon dioxide
by boiling in a flask of hard glass, add 2 drops of methyl red T.S.; the yellowish-red
color of 50 mils of this solution is changed to pure yellow by the addition of 2 drops
of hundredth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., and the color of the other 50 mils is
changed to red by 2 drops of himdredth-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. Methyl red
T.S., which is not affected by neutral salts, may be used in all instances where methyl
orange is indicated, except where carbon dioxide is present; its end-points are sharper
than those of methyl orange and it is far more sensitive in the titration of very
dilute solutions of weak bases, surpassing hematoxylin or iodeosin in the titration
of alkaloids.
Phenolphthalcin Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of phenolphthalein (see page
317) in 100 mUs of alcohol. About 3 drops are sufficient for 50 mils of the solution
to be titrated; it gives a red color with alkali hydroxides or carbonates, and acids
render the solution colorless. The test solution must comply with the following
requirements for sensitiveness as an indicator : From 3 to 5 drops of the test solution
are added to 300 mils of distilled water which has been previously boQed and cooled
in a flask of Jena glass; this solution is colored red by the addition of not more than
0.5 mil of hundredth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. Phenolphthalein may be
employed in hot titrations. It is not suitable as an indicator for ammonia nor in the
presence of large quantities of ammonium salts, but is largely used for organic acids,
alkali hydroxides, and for carbonates and bicarbonates m boiling solutions.
Phenolphthalein Paper is prepared by impregnating white, unsized paper with
the test solution and drying it.
Rosolic Acid, Corallin. — Amorphous reddish-brown powder or lumps, the latter
having a greenish, metaUic luster, consisting chiefly of the compound C20H16O3,
isomeric with methylaurin and homologous with aurin. Rosohc acid is soluble in
alcohol and insoluble in water.
Rosolic Acid Test Solution. — Dissolve 1 Gm. of rosoUc acid in 10 mils of diluted
alcohol, and add enough distilled water to make 100 mils. Of this solution, about
0.5 mil is used for 100 mils of solution to be titrated. Its color is pale yellow, un-
affected by acids, but turning to rose with alkalies. The solution must comply with
I
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 583
the following requirements for sensitiveness as an indicator: To 100 mils of distilled
water, add 2 drops of the test solution; the pale yellow color of this solution, upon
the addition of 0.5 mil of hundredth-normal potassium hydroxide V.S., changes to a
rose-red; the j^cUow color will be restored upon the further addition of 0.5 mil of
hundredth-normal sulphuric acid V.S. Ammoniacal solutions are to be highly
diluted when titrated with this indicator. It is useful for mineral but useless for
organic acids, except oxalic.
Turmeric Tincture. — Digest any convenient quantity of ground turmeric root
(from Curcuma longa Linn^, Fam. Scitaminacece) repeatedly with small quantities
of distilled water and discard the liquids. Then digest the dried residue for several
days with six times its weight of alcohol, and filter.
Turmeric Paper. — Impregnate white, imsized paper with the tincture, and dry
it. The tincture, as well as the paper, turns brown with alkalies, and the original
yellow color is restored by acids, with the exception of boric acid, which, especially
in the presence of h}^drochloric acid, turns the color to reddish-brown, which is
changed to bluish-black by ammonia.
584 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
General Tests
Under this head are placed tests which are frequently duplicated throughout
this PharmacopcEia. In order to save space they are here grouped together and
in the text are referred to by number.
1. Arsenic Test
Test Apparatus. — Prepare several generators, equipped with tubes, etc., as described
below. Select as a generator a bottle of about 50 mils capacity, having a mouth
about 2.5 cm. in diameter and provide a well-fitting rubber stopper, suitably per-
forated. In the perforation in this stopper insert a vertical exit tube
about 13 cm. in total length and 1 cm. in diameter throughout the
upper portion (for about 10 cm.) and constricted at its lower extremity
to a tube of about 3 cm. in length and about 5 mm. in diameter.
This latter tube should extend but slightly below the stopper. In the
lower part of the wider exit tube insert a small pledget of dry glass
wool (see page 534) and then a strip of the freshly prepared but dry
lead acetate test paper (see page 536) rolled into a coil, and above
this a plug of the moist (not wet) lead acetate glass wool (see
page 536). In the upper extremity of this tube insert through a per-
forated cork stopper, a glass tube 12 cm. in length, having an
internal diameter of about 3 mm. Place the mercuric bromide test
paper (see page 538) in this tube, bending or creasing the upper portion
of the strip so that it will retain its position. The strip should extend
within about 2 cm. of the perforated cork stopper and must not be
introduced into the tube until ready to start the test. This tube
should be thoroughly cleaned and dried each time it is used.
Standard Arsenic Test Solution. — Dissolve 0.1 Gm. of arsenic
trioxide (see page 64), which has been finely pulverized, dried in a
desiccator, and accurately weighed, in about 5 mils of a 20 per cent, solution of
sodium hydroxide (free from arsenic). Neutralize the solution with diluted sul-
phuric acid (free from arsenic), add 10 mils of the same acid and sufficient recently
boiled distilled water to bring the volume of the solution to exactly 1000 mils at
25° C. Accurately measure 10 mils of this solution, transfer it to a 1000 mil flask,
add 10 mils of diluted sulphuric acid (free from arsenic) and make up the volume
with recently boiled distilled water to exactly 1000 mils at 25° C. Employ this
solution, containing 0.001 milligramme of arsenic trioxide in each 1 mil (at 25° C),
in preparing the standard stain. Keep this solution in a glass-stoppered bottle.
It is advisable to make fresh solutions whenever new standard stains are to be
prepared.
Preparation of the Chemical to be Tested. — Add 1 mil of a mixture of equal
volumes of concentrated sulphuric acid (see page 552) and distilled water, to 5 mils
of an aqueous solution of the chemical (1 in 25) or to a solution in 5 mils of distilled
water of the residue remaining after any special treatment that may be directed.
This acidulation is not necessary in the case of inorganic acids. Now, unless spe-
cially directed, add 10 mils of a saturated aqueous solution of sulphurous acid (see
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 585
page 553). Evaporate this liquid in a small beaker, on a water bath, until it is free
from sulijl.nrous acid and has been reduced to abovit 2 mils in volume. Dilute this
evaporated liquid to about 5 mils with distilled water.
The Test for Arsenic
Preparation of the Standard Stain. — Introduce into the generator from 8 to 10
Gm. of zinc (see page 553) followed by 25 mils of dilute sulphuric acid, prepared by
mixing 1 part of concentrated sulphuric acid, free from arsenic (see page 552), with
4 parts of distilled water, and 5 drops of acid stannous chloride T.S. (see page 551).
Add at once 2 mils (accurately measured at 25° C.) of the standard arsenic T.S.
(see page 584), and immediately insert the stopper containing the exit tube, into
which have been placed the glass wool pledget, the dry lead acetate test paper, the
moist lead acetate glass wool, and the mercuric bromide test paper, as described
under the Test Apparatus (see page 584). Should the evolution of the gas be
violent at first, check the reaction by immersing the bottle in cold water. Should
the reaction subside, increase it by placing the bottle in warm water. If the reaction
be too violent, the stain will spread and not form a distinctive band, thus making
the comparisons of color intensity difRcult. After the test has continued for forty-
five minutes, remove the mercuric bromide test paper and place it in a clean, dry
tube for comparison. This stain represents 0.002 milligi-amme of arsenic trioxide
in addition to any stain produced by the reagents. The stain from the reagents should
scarcely be perceptible when determined by a blank experiment. Since light, heat and
moisture cause the stain to fade rapidly, comparison should be made as soon as pos-
sible. The stained test papers may be preserved by either dipping in hot, melted
paraffin or keeping them over phosphoric anhj'dride protected from light.
Testing the Chemical. — Introduce into another generator from 8 to 10 Gm. of the
zinc, followed by 25 mils of the dilute sulphuric acid (1 to 4) and 5 drops of acid
stannous chloride T.S. Insert the stopper containing the exit tube charged with
the test papers and glass wool, as just described. Then add 5 mils of the solution
to be tested, previously treated as directed, under Preparation of the Chemical
(see page 584), and immediately insert the stopper charged with the test papers and
glass wool. When the evolution of hydrogen has proceeded actively for forty-five
minutes, remove the mercuric bromide test paper and carefully compare it with
the standard stain prepared as described above. The stain produced by the
chemicals tested does not exceed in length or intensity of color that prepared as the
standard, indicating not more than 1 part of arsenic in 100,000 parts of the sub-
stance tested.
Interfering Chemicals. — Antimony, if present in the substance tested, will produce
a gray stain. Sulphites, sulphides, thiosulphates, and other compounds which Uberate
hydrogen sulphide or sulphurous acid when treated with sulphuric acid, must be
oxidized by means of nitric acid and then reduced by means of sulphurous acid as
directed under Preparation of the Chemical to be Tested (see page 584), before intro-
ducing them into the apparatus. Sulphtcr compounds &z well as hydrogen phosphide
give a bright yellow band on the test paper. If sulphur compounds are present, a
simultaneous darkening of the lead acetate test paper and glass wool will occur.
If such is the case, the operation as directed under Preparation of the Chemical to be
Tested (see page 584) must be repeated upon s, fresh portion of the solution being
586 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
tested, using greater care in effecting the complete removal of the sulphurous acid.
In testing hypophosphites special care should be observed to completely oxidize the
solution being tested as directed, otherwise a yellow stain may be produced through
the evolution of hydrogen phosphide, which might be confused with the orange-yellow
color produced by arsenic. Compounds containing antimony should be tested for
arsenic by Bettendorf's Test (see Test No. 2).
The test apparatus should be thoroughly cleaned and dried immediately before
and after use.
2. Arsenic Test, Bettendorf's
This test is employed only in testing salts of bismuth and compounds containing
antimony for the presence of arsenic.
To a solution of the prescribed quantity of the substance to be tested in 5 mils
of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534) contained in a clean test tube,
add 10 mils of saturated stannous chloride T.S. (see page 551) which has been
freshly prepared, and set it aside for thirty minutes. If arsenic is present in non-
permissible amounts, a brownish tint or precipitate will be seen when the tube is
placed over a white surface and the solution viewed from above, comparison being
made with a mixture of 5 mils of concentrated hydrochloric acid (see page 534) and
10 mils of concentrated stannous chloride T.S., prepared as directed above.
Note : It is absolutely necessary that for this test the solution of stannous
chloride be freshly prepared, and that nitrates, sulphates, sulphites, sulphides and
compounds of mercury, gold, and selenium be absent from the reagents, and the
chemicals being tested.
3. Test for Heavy Metals
Chemicals. — This test is to be used to detect the presence of undesirable metalhc
impurities in official chemical substances or their solutions; these must not respond
affirmatively within the stated time. Acidulate 10 mils of a solution of the substance
in distilled water (1 in 50), contained in a test tube of about 40 mils capacity and
of about 2.5 cm. diameter, with 1 mil of diluted hydrochloric acid (unless otherwise
directed),* warm it to about 50° C, add an equal volume of freshly prepared hy-
drogen sulphide T.S., stopper, and allow the mixture to stand at 35° C. for half an
hour. At the end of this time the mixture should still possess the odor of hydrogen
sulphide; if not, it should be thoroughly saturated with the gas and again set aside
for half an hour. The color produced, if any, is not greater than that observed by
a blank test made in the same manner and with the same quantities of the reagents
(omitting the solution to be tested); the solutions being viewed crosswise by
reflected light while held against a white surface. A slight turbidity due to separa-
tion of sulphur from the hydrogen sulphide may occur.
Volatile Oils. — Shake 10 mils of the oil with an equal volume of distilled water
to which a drop of hydrochloric acid has been added and pass hydrogen sulphide
through the mixture until it is saturated; no darkening in color will be produced in
either the oil or the water (lead or copper).
* First neutralize solutions of acids carefully by the addition of ammonia water
^nd then acidify as above directed.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 587
4. Electrolytic Determinations
Mercury and Zinc. — The electrolytic apparatus consists principally of an amrpeter,
voltmeter, and rheostat, properly connected with the source of the current, a platinum
spiral anode and a device for rotating the anode.
The source of the current may be either storage batteries or any other system
which permits the regulation of the voltage and amperage.
Mercury is determined in a mercury cathode cup. It consists of a glass cylinder
about 6.5 cm. liigh and 3.5 cm. in diameter, into which is fused a platinum wire near
the bottom, and containing 50-60 Gm. of pure mercury. The platinum wire must be
in contact with the mercury.
For the determination of zinc, a nickel dish of about 175 mils capacity is used.
A platinum dish upon which a thin layer of silver or copper has been previously de-
posited may also be used.
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride. — Dissolve 0.3 to 0.4 Gm. of the salt, accurately
weighed, in 10 mils of distilled water and transfer the solution to the cathode cup,
which has previously been weighed with its metallic mercury. Dilute the Uquid to
about 20 mils with distilled water, add 1 mil of nitric acid diluted with an equal
volume of water and 10 mils of toluol, and pass through the .solution a current of 1 to
3 amperes and 8 to 12 volts, stirring the solution by rotating the anode 500 to 600
revolutions per minute. After twenty minutes, when the mercury is all removed from
solution (to be ascertained by removing a few drops of the solution and testing with
hydrogen sulphide) wash with distilled water, with the aid of a siphon and without
interrupting the current until the current drops to nearly zero. Remove the cathode
cup, wash the mercury with alcohol, then with ether, remove most of the remaining
ether with filter paper, then dry in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and weigh. The
i ncrease in the weight in the cathode cup represents the amount of mercury present
in the quantity of the salt taken.
Mercury {Metallic), Mercuric Oxide {Red or Yellow), Mercury with Chalk and Solu-
tion of Mercuric Nitrate. — Dissolve an accurately weighed quantity of the substance
innitricacid (1:1) (mercury, metallic, or mercuric oxide 0.2 to0.3Gm.inl mil;mercury
with chalk 0.6 to 0.8 Gm. in 2.5 mils; solution of mercuric nitrate 0.5 to 0.7 Gm.
with 0.5 mil of nitric acid added), transfer the solution to the cathode cup which
has previously been weighed with its metalUc mercury, and dilute with distilled water
to about 30 mils. Electrolyze the solution as described under Corrosive Mercuric
Chloride, using a current of 1.5 to 2 amperes and 7 to 10 volts.
Ammoniated Mercury, Calomel, Mercuric Salicylate, Red Mercuric Iodide, Yellow
Mercurous Iodide. — Introduce the accurately weighed substance (0.5 to 0.6 Gm.
ammoniated mercury or calomel; 0.7 to 0.8 Gm. mercuric salicylate or yellow
mercurous iodide; 1.0 to 1.2 Gm. red mercuric iodide) into the cathode cup, pre-
viously weighed with its metallic mercury, add 10 mils of solution of sodium sulphide
(made by dissolving 50 Gm. crystallized sodium sulphide in sufficient distilled water
to measure 100 mils) and dissolve as far as possible by agitation. Dilute the mixture
to about 30 mils with distilled water and pass through the solution a current of 2
to 3 amperes and 7 to 10 volts for thirty minutes (or until a few drops of the liquid do
not give a black precipitate or coloration when gently warmed with a few drops of con-
centrated ammonium chloride solution), stirring the solution by rotating the anode
about 500 revolutions per minute. Wash the mercury, as described under Corrosive
588 THE PHARMACOiPCElA OF THE
Mercuric Chloride, except that before washing with alcohol allow it to stand with
about 20 nails of dilute acetic acid (from 2 to 3 per cent.) until bubbles cease to
be evolved.
One gramme of Mercury is the equivalent of: Gramme.
Ammoniated Mercury, HgNH2Cl 1.2566
Mercuric Chloride, Corrosive, HgClg 1.3535
Mercurous Chloride, Mild, HgCl 1.1768
Mercuric Iodide, Red, Hglg 2.2654
Mercuric Nitrate, Hg(N03)2 1-618
Mercuric Oxide (Red or Yellow), HgO 1.0798
Mercurous Iodide, Yellow, Hgl , 1.6327
Zinc. — Introduce into the weighed dish, an accurately weighed quantity of the
salt, equivalent to about 0.15 Gm. metallic zinc (zinc acetate, 0.5 Gm.; zinc carbon-
ate, 0.25 Gm.; zinc chloride, 0.3 Gm.; zinc oxide, 0.2 Gm.; zinc phenolsulphonate,
1.2 Gm.; zinc sulphate, 0.6 Gm.; zinc valerate, 0.7 Gm.); dissolve it in distilled
water or in 10 mils of diluted sulphuric acid (zinc carbonate, zinc oxide), add from
30 to 35 mils of sodium hydroxide solution (20 per cent.) and dilute with distilled
water to about 120 mils. Heat the mixture nearly to boiling and electrolyze for
thirty minutes with a current of 4 to 5 amperes and 5 to 6 volts, stirring the solution
by rotating the anode 500 to 600 revolutions per minute. Without interrupting the
current, wash the deposited zinc with distilled water with the aid of a siphon until
the current drops to zero or nearly so. Remove the dish, wash the zinc first with
alcohol then with ether, dry in a desiccator over sulphuric acid and weigh. The
increase in the weight of the dish represents the amount of zinc present in the
weight of the salt taken.
To determine zinc in zinc metal, weigh accurately about 1.5 Gm. of the metal,
dissolve it by warming with 40 mils of diluted sulphuric acid, filter the solution, if neces-
sary; wash the filter well with distilled water and make up the volume of the
solution and washings to 100 mils. Measure 10 mils of this hquid into the weighed
dish and proceed as directed above.
One gramme of Zinc is the equivalent of: Gramme.
Zinc Acetate, Zn (C2H302)2+2H20 3.3570
Zinc Chloride, ZnCla 2.0849
Zinc Oxide, ZnO 1.2448
Zinc Phenolsulphonate, Zn(C6H5S04)2+8H20 8.5011
Zinc Sulphate, ZnS04+7H20 4.3988
Zinc Valerate, Zn(C5H902)2+2H20 4.6436
5. Assay for Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides
Chlorides. — Dissolve about 0.2 Gm. of the salt to be assayed,* accurately
weighed (corresponding to from 30 to 40 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.),
in 25 mils of distilled water in a 200 mil graduated flai^k. Add 50 mils of tenth-
normal silver nitrate V.S. to the solution, and, after adding 5 mils of nitric acid,
add suflicient distilled water to make 200 mils and mix the contents well. Then
filter the mixture through a dry filter into a dry flask, and reject the first 20 mils
* Take 0.4 Gm. of solution of zinc chloride if assayed by this method.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 589
of the filtrate. Add 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. to 100 mils of the
subsequent filtrate and then titrate with tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate
^'.S., imtil the supernatant liquid remains reddish after it is well shaken. Multiply
the number of mils of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. required
by 2 and subtract this figure from the number of mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate
V.S. added. The difference, multiplied l)y the equivalent of the respective chloride
(see page 572) represents the amount of chloride present in the weight of the salt
or solution taken.
Bromides and Iodides. — Dissolve about 0.4 Gm. of the salt if a bromide, or 0.5
Gm. of the salt if an iodide,* accurately weighed, in 25 mils of distilled water in a
glass-stoppered flask. Add 50 mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. to the solu-
tion, then, after adding 2 mils of ferric ammonium sulphate T.S. and 2 mils of nitric
acid, determine the excess of silver nitrate by titrating with tenth-normal potassium
sulphocyanate V.S. until the supernatant liquid remains reddish after it is well
shaken.
The difference between the number of mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S.
added and the number of mils of tenth-normal potassium sulphocyanate V.S. used,
multiplied by the equivalent of the respective bromide or iodide being assayed
(see page 572) represents the amount of the bromide or iodide present in the weight
of the salt taken. This difference, divided by the weight of the salt taken, represents
the number of mils of tenth-normal silver nitrate V.S. required by 1 Gm. of the salt.
6. Assay for Alkali Salts of Organic Acids
Heat about 2 Gm. of the salt to be assayed, accurately weighed, in a platinum
or porcelain crucible, at first very gently, then gradually raise the temperature
until the salt is thoroughly carbonized. (Do not use platinum crucibles for Hthium
salts.) The final temperature must not exceed a dull red heat and the flame of the
burner must not come in contact with the carbonized mass. After allo'ttdng the
carbonized mass to cool, disintegrate it with the aid of a stout glass rod and transfer
the mass and crucible to a beaker. Add 50 mils of distilled water and 50 mils of
half-normal sulphuric acid V.S., cover the beaker with a watch glass and boU the
contents for thirty minutes. Then filter the solution and wash the residue with hot
distilled water until the washings cease to redden blue htmus paper. Now deter-
mine the residual acid in the cooled filtrate by titration wdth half-normal potassium
hydroxide V.S., using methyl orange T.S. as indicator. The difference between the
number of mils of half-normal sulphuric acid V.S. added and the number of mils of
half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. used, multiplied by the respective equivalent of
the salt (see page 577) represents the amoimt of salt present in the amount taken.
7. Determination of Ash or Non-volatile Matter
Chemicals. — Weigh accurately from 1 to 2 Gm. of the chemical or the amount
directed in the text, and place it in a tared platinum or porcelain crucible. Ignite
it, at first ver}' gcnth', and then gradually raise the temperature until the carbon,
if formed, is completely burned off. Conduct the ignition in a place protected from
air currents and use as low a temperature as possible to effect the combustion of
the carbon. Wlien the carbon has completely disappeared, transfer the crucible
* Take 0.7 Gm. of strontium bromide or strontium iodide.
590 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
while still hot to a desiccator and weigh it when cold. In the case of substances
which increase in volume on ignition, or where it is very difficult to burn off the
carbon, the determination is facilitated by using a platinum dish of suitable size,
or by igniting the weighed quantity of the substance, in the manner described above,
in several separate portions.
To test for non- volatile matter in volatile inorganic chemicals proceed as directed
above, using as low a temperature as possible.
Vegetable Drugs. — Incinerate 2 Gm. of the ground drug until free from carbon
and of constant weight, using a tared crucible and the lowest temperature possible,
then determine the weight of the ash. If a carbon-free ash cannot be obtained in
this way, exhaust the charred mass with distilled water, collect the insoluble residue
on a filter paper of known ash content, incinerate the residue and filter paper until
the ash is white or nearly so, then add the filtrate, evaporate it to dryness and
heat the whole to a low redness. Finally determine the weight of the ash, deduct-
ing the weight of the ash from the filter.
8. Iodine Absorption Value
The iodine value or number of a fat or oil indicates the proportion of iodine
absorbed under specified conditions. It is determined as follows : Introduce about
0.8 Gm. of a solid fat or about 0.3 Gm.* of an oil, accurately weighed, into a glass-
stoppered bottle of 250 mils capacity, dissolve it in 10 mils of chloroform, add 25 mils
of iodo-bromide T.S. (see page 536), accurately measured from a burette or pipette,
stopper the bottle securely, and allow the mixture to stand for half an hour f in a cool
place protected from light. After this time it must still retain a brown color; if the
color is not brown a new test should be started, using a smaller quantity of the fat
or oil. Then add in the order named 30 mils of potassium iodide T.S., 100 mils of
distilled water, and tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. in small, successive por-
tions, shaking thoroughly after each addition, until the color of the mixture becomes
quite pale. Then add a few drops of starch T.S. and continue the addition of tenth-
normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. until the blue color is discharged. While this test
is being carried out, make a blank test by mixing exactly the same quantities of
iodo-bromide T.S. and chloroform and titrating the free iodine with tenth-normal
sodium thiosulphate V.S. as directed above. The difference in the number of mils
of tenth-normal sodium thiosulphate V.S. consumed by the blank test and the actual
test, multiplied by 1.269 and divided by the weight of the fat or oil taken, gives the
iodine value.
9. Saponification Value
The saponification value of a fat or oil is the quantity of potassium hydroxide
(expressed in milligrammes) consumed in saponifying 1 Gm. of the fat or oil. It is
determined as follows : Weigh accurately, in a flask of 200 to 250 mila capacity,
1.5 to 2 Gm. of the filtered fat or oil and add to it 25 mils of alcoholic potassium
hydroxide V.S. (see page 567), accurately measured from a burette or pipette. Insert
into the neck of the flask, by means of a perforated stopper, a glass tube from 70 to
* 0.15 to 0.18 Gm. for linseed oil, 0.18 to 0.2 Gm. for cod liver oil, and 0.8 to
1.0 Gm. for oil of theobroma,
t One hour is required for castor oil and linseed oil.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 591
80 cm. in length and from 5 to 8 mm. in diameter and heat the flask on a water bath
for half an hour, frequently imparting a rotatory motion to the contents. Then add
1 mil of phenolphthalein T.S. and titrate the excess of potassium hydroxide with
half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. Make a blank test at the same time, using
exactly the same amount of alcoholic potassium hydroxide V.S. The difference in
the number of mils of half-normal hydrochloric acid V.S. consumed in the actual
te?t f.nd the blank, multiplied by 28.055 and divided by the weight of the fat or
oil taken, gives the saponification value.
10. Acid Number for Resins
The acid number of a resinous substance is the quantity of potaBsium hydroxide
(expressed in milligrammes) required to neutralize 1 Gm. of the resinous substance.
Dissolve in alcohol about 2 Gm. of the resinous substance to be tested, accurately
weighed, add a few drops of phenolphthalein T.S. and titrate with half-normal
potassium hydroxide V.S. The number of mils of half-normal potassiiun hydroxide
V.S. required for neutralization, when multipUed by 28.055 and the product divided
by the weight taken, gives the acid number of the resin. The reaction is often more
distinct if an excess of half-normal potassium hydroxide V.S. is used and the solution
titrated back with half-normal acid V.S.
1 1. Determination of Crude Fiber
Exhaust a weighed quantity of the ground material, representing about 2 Gm.
of the drug, with ether or use the residue from the determination of the volatile
extract soluble in ether (see below). Add 200 mils of boiling sulphuric acid solu-
tion, adjusted to exactly 1.25 per cent, by titration, to the ether-exhausted drug, in a
500 mil flask and connect the flask with a reflux condenser, the tube of which passes
only a short distance below the rubber stopper, into the flask. Heat the mixture
to boiling and continue the boiling during thirty minutes. Then filter the mixture
through asbestos or glass wool and wash the residue on the filter with boiling distilled
water untU the washings are no longer acid. Rinse the residue back into the flask
with 200 mils of boiling sodium hydroxide solution, adjusted to exactly 1.25 per cent,
by titration, and free from sodium carbonate. Again heat the mixture to boiling
and continue the boiling during thirty minutes under the reflux condenser as
described under the treatment with acid, then rapidly filter through a tared filter,
wash the residue with boiling distilled water until the washings are neutral, dry it
at 1 10° C. until of constant weight and note the weight. Now completely incinerate the
dried residue and weigh the ash; the loss of weight is considered to be the crude fiber.
12. Determination of Volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether
Extract completely 2 Gm. of the thoroughly dried and groimd drug by subjecting
it, during twenty hours, to the action of dehydrated ether (see page 531) in a continu-
ous extraction apparatus. Transfer the ethereal solution to a tared porcelain dish
and allow it to evaporate spontaneously. Then dry it in a desiccator over sulphuric
acid during eighteen hours and weigh the total ether extract. Now heat the extract
gradually up to 110° C. until the weight becomes constant; the loss in weight during
the heating represents the volatile portion of the extract.
592 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
13. Determination of Non=volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether
Proceed as directed under Determination of Volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether
(see No. 12). The weight of the extract after drying in a desiccator and then at
110° C. until of constant weight represents the non- volatile portion of the extract.
14. Determination of Alcohol in Official Preparations
Place 25 mils of the preparation, measured at any definite temperature between
15° and 30° C, in a distilling flask of about 200 mils capacity, provided with a high
side tube connected with a suitable condenser; add 50 mils of distilled water, distil
into a 50 mil graduated flask, at such a rate that about 48 mils of distillate will be
received in a half hour; if volatile products other than alcohol are known to be
absent, bring to the original temperature and dilute with water of the same tempera-
ture to 50 mils.
Determine the specific gravity of the distillate at any definite temperature between
15° and 30° C. by means of a pycnometer, and find the per cent, of absolute alcohol
by volume by reference to the alcoholometric table (page 633), and multiply by
the dilution factor to find the per cent, of alcohol in the original preparation.
If the preparation is suspected to contain less than 25 per cent, of alcohol, 50 mils
should be taken for analysis; if it is suspected to contain over 50 per cent, of alcohol,
12.5 mils should be taken for analysis. In either case, the volume of the distillate
should be made up as usual to 50 mils.
If the preparation contains iodine, combine it with zinc dust. (Sodium thiosul-
phate may be used instead of zinc dust, in which case several drops of sodium
hydroxide T.S. should be added to prevent sulphur from distilling over.)
If volatile acids are present, neutralize with sodium hydroxide T.S.; if volatile
bases are present, neutrahze with dilute sulphuric acid; if both volatile acids and
volatile bases are present, neutrahze first with dilute sulphuric acid and distil about
50 mils, neutralize this distillate with sodium hydroxide T.S., and distil once more
to obtain in the usual manner 50 mils.
If acetone, camphor, chloroform, ether, glycerin (30 per cent, or over), volatile
oils or other volatile products are known or suspected to be present, transfer the
first distillate to a separatory funnel and saturate it with sodium chloride, add 15
mils of petroleum benzin (boihng point 40°-50° C.) and shake the mixture for one
or two minutes. After the liquids have completely separated, draw off the lower alco-
hoUc salt solution, with a second separator, and repeat the extraction with 15 mils
of petroleum benzin; draw off the lower alcohohc salt solution into a distilling
flask of about 200 mils capacity, wash the combined petroleum benzin solutions
with about 25 mils of saturated sodium chloride solution and add the washings to
the distilling flask. Distil into a 50 mil graduated flask at such a rate that about
45 to 48 mils of distillate are received within a half hour. Bring to the original
temperature, dilute with water of the same temperature to 50 mils, and determine
the specific gravity and alcoholic per cent, as directed above.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
593
Alcoholic Content in Preparations
Th(B figures given in the following table represent the average alcoholic content.
It is impracticable to require an exact standard in alcoholic hquids made from drugs
which contain varying proportions of moisture and extractive, and there is unavoid-
able loss of alcohol through evaporation during the manufacture and storage of prep-
arations. In addition to this, allowance must be made in distillation for some
loss incidental to the process, hence a tolerance of ten per cent, more or ten per cent,
less than the figures given in the following table is permitted.
Per Cent, by Volume of Absolute Alcohol
Acidum Sulphuricum Aromaticum . . 85 Tinctura
EUxir Aromaticum 22 Tinctura
Elixir Glycj^rrhizae 22 Tinctura
Linimentum Belladonnse 65 Tinctura
Linimentum Chloroform! 47 Tinctura
Linimentum Saponis 66 Tinctura
Mistura Glyc>Trhiz£E Composita. ... 8 Tinctura
Spiritus ^Etheris 66 Tinctura
Spiritus ^Etheris Nitrosi 92 Tinctura
Spiritus Ammoniae Aromaticus 68 Tinctiu^a
Spiritus Amygdalae Amarse 76 Tinctura
Spiritus Anisi 85 Tinctura
Spiritus Aurantii Compositus 69 Tinctura
Spiritus Camphorse 90 Tinctura
Spiritus Chloroform! 89 Tinctura
Spiritus Cinnamom! 85 Tinctura
Spiritus Glj^ceryUs Nitratis 94 Tinctura
Spiritus Juniper! 90 Tinctura
Spiritus Juniper! Compositus 66 Tinctura
Spiritus Lavandulse 90 Tinctura
Spiritus Menthse Piperitae 85 Tinctura
Spiritus Menthee Viridis 85 Tinctura
Tinctura Aconit! 66 Tinctura
Tinctura Aloes 47 Tinctura
Tinctura Arnicae 46 Tinctura
Tinctura Asaf oetidse 81 Tinctura
Tinctmra Aurantii Amari 55 Tinctura
Tinctura Aurantii Dulcis 83 Tinctura
Tinctura Belladonnae Folioriun 47 Tinctura
Tinctura Benzoini 83 Tinctura
Tinctura Benzoini Composita 80 Tinctura
Tinctura Calvmibse 55 Tinctura
Tinctura Cannabis 90 Tinctura
Tinctura Cantharidis 90 Tinctura
Tinctura Capsici 88 Tinctura
Tinctura Cardamomi 46 Tinctura
Tinctura Cardamomi Composita. .. . 46 Tinctura
Tinctura Cinchonae 63 Tinctura
Cinchonae Composita 64
Cinnamomi 63
Colchici Seminis 56
Digitalis. 70
Ferri Chloridi 63
Gambir Composita 47
Gelsemii 62
Gentiana) Composita 46
Guaiaci 80
Guaiaci Ammoniata 60
Hydrastis 61
Hvoscyami 47
lodi 83
Kino 47
Lactucarii 46
Lavandulae Composita .... 70
Limonis Corticis 83
Lobeliae 46
Moschi 48
Myrrhae 87
Nucis Vomicae 71
Opii 46
Opii Camphorata 46
Opii Deodorati 19
Physostigmatis 92
Pyrethri 90
Quassiae 31
Rhei 46
Rhei Aromatica 46
Sanguinariae 56
Scillae 69
Stramonii 45
Strophanthi 92
Tolutana 85
Valerianae 69
Valerianae Ammoniata 64
Veratri Viridis 91
Zingiberis 90
15. Proximate Assays
General Directions for Alkaloidal Assays
Nearly all alkaloids are practically insoluble in water, but they are more or less
soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, amyl alcohol, benzene, petroleum benzin, or
mixtures of several of these. The salts of the alkaloids, however, are mostly soluble
43
594 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
in water, but practically insoluble in nearly all of the above mentioned solvents. The
process of assay by immiscible solvents, which is generally known as the "shaking
out" process, is based on tliis property of alkaloids, and it is carried out by treating
the drug or a concentrated hquid extract with a solvent immiscible with water, in
the presence of an excess of alkali, which hberates the alkaloid. The free alkaloid
is dissolved by the immiscible solvent, which is then transferred to a separator and
shaken with an excess of acid diluted with water.
When a drug to be assayed is directed to be made from a powder of a certain
degree of fineness it is understood to mean that it must not be coarser than the size
directed; a finer powder may, however, be used.
If the immiscible solvent is specifically heavier than water {e.g., chloroform or a
mixtm-e of more than one volvmie of chloroform to one volimae of ether) it will sepa-
rate in the bottom of the separator. It is then drawn off into another separator and
Bhaken with successive portions of weak acid until the alkaloid is all removed.
If the immiscible solvent is specifically lighter than water {e.g., ether, or a mixture
of more than two volumes of ether with one volume of chloroform) it will, on separa-
tion, form the upper liquid. The lower acid liquid is then drawn off and preserved,
and the residual immiscible solvent shaken with successive portions of weak acid until
wholly free from alkaloid.
The volume and strength of the acid to be used is left to the discretion of the
operator. It is best, however, to keep the total volimae as small as possible. For
the first extraction, it is advisable to use 10 mils of half -normal acid V.S. or sufficient
to render the mixture distinctly acid; for the second extraction, use 5 mils of half-
normal acid V.S. and 5 mils of distilled water. Repeat the extraction with the same
proportion of acid and distilled water. In all assays, the extraction should be con-
tinued until 0.5 mil of the acid washings shows only a very faint cloudiness on the
addition of a drop of mercuric-potassiima iodide T.S., or, in the case of caffeine and
colchicine, on the addition of a drop of iodine T.S.
The united acid solutions containing the alkaloid in the form of a salt are shaken
thoroughly with ether and allowed to stand at least fifteen minutes for complete sepa-
ration. The acid solution is then drawn off into a second separator, the ether washed
with a httle water and this wash water added to the acid solution. The acid solution
is then made alkaline, in most cases with ammonia water, and shaken out with several
successive portions of the appropriate immiscible solvent. The volume of the latter
to be used in each operation is not less than half that of the acid solution, and the
operation must be repeated as long as any alkaloid is extracted by the immiscible
solvent. To test this, evaporate 1 mil of the last extraction and dissolve the residue
in a few drops of diluted hydrochloric acid; the resulting solution should show not
more than a very faint cloudiness on the addition of a drop of mercuric-potassium
iodide T.S., or, in the case of caffeine and colchicine, on the addition of a drop of
iodine T.S. The number of extractions required depends largely on the character
of the alkaloid. With most alkaloids it is advisable to "shake out" three or fom:
times before testing. Physostigmine and pilocarpine require about twice as many
extractions as most other alkaloids.
After having drawn off from a separator any liquid containing an alkaloid, a fresh
portion of the solvent should be immediately added to the contents of the separator,
and before shaking, about 1 mil of this should be drawn off to wash out the stem of
the separator. In the case of volatile solvents, the outside of the stem of the eepa-
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 595
rator should also be washed by dipping it in the portion of the fresh solvent to be
used for the next shaking out operation. Before evaporation the final ether or chloro-
form solution should be filtered through a dry filter, or preferably through a pledget
of purified cotton. When filtering volatile solvents containing alkaloids through a
paper filter, the upper edge of the filter should not reach the top of the funnel and the
filter should be kept constantly full of the liquid until all has been added, then covered
until the last of the liquid has passed through. Finally the filter should be washed
thoroughly by appljdng portions of the volatile solvent to the top and carefully
washing the outside of the funnel stem. Immiscible solvents heavier than water
may be conveniently filtered by packing the stem of the separator below the stop-
cock with purified cotton before drawing off the solvent. The alkaloidal solution
is finally evaporated cautiously to expel the solvent, and the residue either dried to
constant weight and weighed, or more commonly titrated with volumetric acid.
When using aUquot parts, the solvent and the aUquot part should be measured
at the same temperature. When pouring volatile liquids, the lower the temperature
at which the operation can be conducted, the less the danger of loss from evaporation.
The shaking or rotation wuth an immiscible solvent should ordinarily be con-
tinued about one minute. Long or violent agitation should be avoided as emulsions
are apt to form. Should a partial emulsion form it may be broken up by drawing
off the clear portion, introducing a tuft of cotton and with a glass rod moving the
cotton about in the emulsion next to the siu"face of the separator. Should the emul-
sion prove persistent, draw off the emulsified portion and evaporate the volatile
solvent. The resulting residue, if alkaline, should be washed with each successive
portion of the solvent used in extracting the original solution. If acid it should be
washed with acidulated water.
Emulsions are less apt to form in strongly acid or alkaline solutions than in those
which are neutral or slightly acid or alkaline. Emulsification is sometimes pre-
vented by increasing the volume of the aqueous or of the immiscible solvent. Chloro-
form or ether solutions of drugs rich in fat form very troublesome emulsions. In
BUch cases it is advisable to add about 10 mils of normal sulphuric acid V.S., and
evaporate the volatile solvent, stirring with a rubber-tipped glass rod. WTien the
resinous and fatty matter has been agglutinated, cool the acid solution and filter it
through a small wetted filter into a separator. Redissolve the residue in 15 mils
of ether, add 5 mils of tenth-normal acid V.S., evaporate the ether as before, with
continued stirring, and pour the acid solution through the filter into the separator.
Repeat the extraction of the fatty residue \s'ith dilute acid two or three times and
finally wash the filter free from alkaloids. Then make the solution in the separator
alkaline, and "shake out" with the immiscible solvent in the usual manner.
The stems of separators and funnels and the lips of flasks, separators and gradu-
ates, from which volatile solvents containing alkaloids have been poured or drawn
off, should be carefully washed to prevent loss and to remove any of the alkaloids
left by evaporation, and the washings should be added to the solvent.
An alkaloidal residue to be determined volumetrically should be softened by the
addition of about 1 mil of neutral alcohol or ether, the required amount of standard
acid added, and the mixture gently warmed to insure the complete solution of the
alkaloid. Finally add a sufficient quantity of distilled water to make the volume
of the hquid for titration measure about 25 mils. [When the residue is to be weighed,
if the final solvent has been chloroform, the last traces of that solvent should be
596
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
removed by the addition of a little ether or alcohol followed by evaporation; care
being taken to avoid loss by decrepitation, especially when evaporating a chloro-
formic solution of nux vomica or of cinchona alkaloids. This may usually be pre-
vented by the addition of a little alcohol after the solution has been reduced to a
volume of one or two mils.
If preferred, methyl red T.S. may be used in place of cochineal T.S. for alkaloidal
titration, in which case the volumetric solution should have been standardized by
the use of methyl red T.S. If this hag not been done a blank titration should be
made to determine the factor for the tenth-normal sulphuric acid V.S., using methyl
red T.S. as the indicator.
16. Melting Points
For the pvirpose of the Pharmacopoeia the melting point is defined as that interval
of temperature within which the substance is observed to melt when treated as
directed below.
For the determination of the melting point, Pharmacopoeial substances arp divided
into two classes:
Class I. — Substances readily reduced to a powder.
Class II. — Substances not readily reduced to a powder, such as fats, fat acids,
paraffin, petrolatum and waxes.
Apparatus required (see illustration):
1. A round-bottom, glass tube of 30 mm. intei'nal diameter and about 10 cm. long,
flaring slightly at the top like an ordinary test tube. The walls of the tube^ are
not more than 1.5 mm. thick at any point. The tube is
made of glass which will stand heating over an open
Bunsen flame.
2. A stirring device, which can be made from a glass rod
of about 2 mm. e.xternal diameter. It is made circular at
the end to fit the container (1) and is bent twice at right
angles above the top of the container to bring its outer
end conveniently to hand for manipulation.
3. A standard thermometer covering the desired range of
temperature (see page 610).
4. An auxiliary thermometer (see page 611).
5. A capillary glass tube about 6 cm. long and from 0.8
to 1.2 mm. internal diameter, the walls from 0.2 to 0.3 mm.
thick and the tube closed at one end.
Procedure for Class I:
Reduce the substance to a No. 100 powder and, unless
otherwise stated, render it anhydrous, when it contains
water of crystalhzation, by drying it at the temperature
given in the text, or, when the substance contains no
water of crystallization, by drying it for twenty-four hom-s over sulphuric acid.
Select a bath suitable for the melting temperature to be determined, and fill the
container to a depth which will permit of such immersion of the thermometer
that the upper end of the bulb will be from 2 to 3 cm. below the surface of the
bath and the lower end of the bulb about equally distant from the bottom of
the container.
Apparatus for taking melt-
ing points.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 597
Charge a capillary glass tube with sufficient of tlic dry powder to form a column
in the bottom of the tube from 2.5 to 3.5 mm. high when packed down as closely
as possible by moderate tapping on a sohd surface. Attach the capillary tube to
the thermometer by wetting both with the hquid of the bath or by means of a piece
of platinum wire and adjust it so that the substance is centrally located by the side
of the thermometer bulb. Heat the bath by means of a free Bunsen flame until a
temperature 25° C. below the supposed melting point is reached, then carefully
regulate the rate of rise in temperature to about 3° per minute until the substance
begins to melt (the temperature at which the column of the substance is observed
to definitely collapse against the sides of the tube at any point is defined as the
beginning of melting), and from that time carefully regulate the rise in temperature
to about 0.5° per minute until melting is complete (the temperature at which the
substance becomes Uquid throughout is defined as the end of melting). The bath
must be stirred constantly throughout the heating.
The result thus obtained as the melting interval must be adjusted by applying
the cahbration correction and that for the emergent stem, as follows:
Attach the auxiliary thermometer, as sho^Ti in the illustration, so that the center
of its bulb is as close as possible to the stem of the main thermometer at a point
midway between the surface of the bath and the supposed melting point. In order
to prevent the heat from the burner or currents of cold air from aflfecting the
temperature of the auxiliary thermometer, it is advisable to adjust to the stem
of the main thermometer a movable platform made of stiff paper, having its
edges folded so as to form a box-like shield surrounding the bulb of the auxihary
thermometer. Note the temperature registered by the auxihary thermometer at
the end of the melting of the substance and calculate the emergent stem correction
by the following formula:
correction = 0.00015 X N {T-l)
in which N represents the number of degrees of emergent stem from the bath, T
the temperature at the end of melting, and t the temperature registered by the
auxihary thermometer; the correction to be added to the observed reading of the
main thermometer.
To avoid the necessity of determining the emergent stem correction each time
a melting point is taken, the corrections for intervals of 10° C. may be determined
(at about 25° C. room temperature) and the results plotted on cross-section
paper, the temperature of the bath represented by the abscissae and the amount of
correction by the ordinates. The correction for any intermediate temperature
can then be interpolated.
Note : Suggestions regarding Uquids to be used for baths in Class I :
For temperatiu-es up to 200° C. a purified, concentrated sulphuric acid is a suitable
bath. For higher temperatures, up to about 350° C, a pure grade of cotton seed
oil (almost colorless) wiU serve for a hmited number of determinations. Other,
though less desirable, substitutes for sulphuric acid at high temperatures are: (1) a
pure grade of paraffin which has been freshly distilled; (2) clean, white, artificial
(cotton seed) lard. A very desirable bath for liigh temperature work is prepared
by cautiously boiling together, for five to ten minutes under a hood, a mixture of
70 parts of purified concentrated sulphuric acid and 30 parts of potassium sulphate,
stirring constantly until the sulphate is completely dissolved.
598
THE PHARMACOPCELA. OF THil
Procedure for Class II:
Carefull}' melt the substance to be tested at as low a temperature as possible and
draw it into a capillary tube which is open at both ends, to a depth of about 10 mm.
Cool the charged tube at 10° C, or lower, for twenty-four hours, or in contact with
ice for at least two hours. Then attach the tube to a standard thermometer by
means of a rubber band, adjust and heat it in a water bath, as directed in Class I,
except that, within 5° of the assimaed melting temperature, the rate of rise of tem-
perature is carefully regulated to about 0.5° per minute.
The temperature at which the substance is observed to rise in the capillary tube
is taken as the melting point.
17. Boiling Points
The boiling point is defined as that range of temperature within which at least
95 per cent., by volume, of the substance distils, when treated as directed below.
Apparatus Required. — A distilling bulb of from 50 to 60 mils capacity to the
lower part of the neck, the length of the neck from 10 to 12 cm. and the internal
diameter from 14 to 16 mm. The outlet tube of from 4 to 5 nam. internal diameter
should be attached to the neck at approximately its midpoint, forming an angle
of from 70° to 75° with the lower end of the neck.
A straight glass condenser with a water jacket from 40 to 60 cm. in length; the
distance from the upper end of the water jacket to the neck of the bulb being from
18 to 25 cm.
Thermometer. — In order to avoid the necessity of an emergent stem correction,
it is advisable that an accurately standardized thermometer of the Anschutz tj-pe
be used. If such a thermometer is not available, a thermometer used for melting
points (see page 596) may be employed, applying the emergent stem correction as
described imder Melting Points (see page 597), the length of emergent stem being
measured, in degrees, from the lower end of the stopper to the highest point of the
boiUng temperature. \Mien placed in position the lower end of the thermometer
is 2 to 3.5 cm. below the center of the orifice of the outlet tube.
An asbestos board, of from 12 to 15 cm. square and from 3 to 5 mm. in thickness,
having a circular perforation, located centrally, for the reception of the bulb. The
edge of the asbestos around the perforation should fit closely to the bulb when the
latter is set into it. The size of the perforation should be such that, when the bulb
is set into it, the portion of the bulb below the upper surface of the asbestos will
have a capacity of from 3 to 4 mils.
Procedure. — Place the asbestos board on a tripod or other suitable support. Intro-
duce into the distiUing bulb 25 mils of the liquid to be tested, insert the thermometer,
stand the bulb in an upright position in the perforation of the asbestos board and
connect it with the condenser. Then distil the hquid at the rate of 1 mil for each
fifteen to twenty seconds, noting the temperature as soon as 5 drops of the hquid
have distilled into the receiver and when 95 per cent, of the original volume has
distilled. Correct the reading for any difference in the barometric pressure by
allowing 0.1° C. for each 2.7 mm. difference from the standard pressure of 760 mm.,
adding if the pressure is lower, and subtracting if higher.
Note: In order to have the entire distillate distil over at the prescribed rate,
it is best to make a preliminary distillation of a separate portion of 25 mils of the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 599
liquid, during which the source of heat (a good Bunsen burner) is regulated so that
the distillation proceeds at the prescribed rate. Having thus regulated the burner,
temporarily remove it, clean the bulb, recharge it with a fresh portion of 25 mils of
the hquid and proceed with the distillation as described above.
18. Congealing Points
Unless otherwise directed, about 10 mils of the liquid to be tested is introduced
into a dry test tube of from 18 to 20 mm. internal diameter, which is then cooled
in water or a suitable freezing mi.xture, the temperature of which should be about 5°
lower than the supposed congealing point of the Uquid. To induce crystallization,
rub the walls of the tube with a standard thermometer (see page 610), or add a
small crystal of the substance being tested. By alternated immersion of the tube
in the bath, or removal from the bath and constant stirring with the thermometer,
the temperature is so adjusted that the greater part of the liquid gradually congeals.
The highest temperature remaining constant for a short time during the congealing
is defined as the congealing point.
19. Solubilities
The statements concerning solubilities quoted in this Pharmacopoeia are not
intended as physical constants in the strict sense of this term, but primarily as
information required by phj'sicians and pharmacists in connection with the prepara-
tion and dispensing of medicines.
The f ollowang points must be observed in the acciu-ate determination of solubiUties :
1. Purity of both the dissolved substance and solvent is essential since impurities
in either affect the solubility to a greater or less extent. 2. The constancy of the
temperature must be accurately maintained during the course of the determination.
3. Complete saturation must be secured. 4. Accurate analysis of the saturated
solution and correct expression of the results are imperative. In connection with
the above named essential features of a correct solubility determination, attention
should be called to the varying rates of solution of different compounds, and to the
marked effect of the degree of fineness of the particles upon the time required for
the saturation of the solution. In general, it may be said that an equipment com-
prising a thermo-regulator and a constant agitation device is indispensable for
accurate solubility determinations. The solubility of Pharmacopoeial compounds
in given solvents is considered to be of minor importance as a means for their identi-
fication or quantitative estimation, as the other tests contained in the description
of each article in the text cover both identity and purity.
The solubiUty data given throughout this volume have for the most part been
determined under the above described conditions, and will, therefore, frequently
show a somewhat greater solubility than would be found in the daily experience of
most pharmacists.
Method for Determining Solubilities. — In brief, this consists in preparing a saturated
solution of the given substance and ascertaining, by analysis, the amount present
in a definite quantitj' of the solution. Complete saturation can be attained most
readily by constant stirring or agitation by means of a suitable mechanical contriv-
ance. A simple apparatus for this purpose consists of a test tube of medium size
600 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
fastened upright in a water bath maintained at constant temperature. The solvent
and excess of solids are placed in the tube and stirred by means of a motor-driven
rotating glass spiral. After a given period of stirring a definite weight of the clear
solution is analyzed and the stirring continued for an additional period of several
hours. If analysis shows no increase of dissolved substance after the second period
of stirring, the result is to be taken as the solubility at the particular temperature.
Minute details of methods for determining solubihties are described in Bulletin
No. 67 of the Hygienic Laboratory, U. S. Public Health Service.
20. Qasometric Estimations
In cfertain cases the Pharmacopoeia directs the strength of a product or chemical
substance to be determined by the volmne of gas (nitrogen dioxide) given off during
a definite reaction. This volmne is to be determined by the use of the nitrometer
in the following manner:
Arrange a nitrometer consisting of a measuring tube (graduated into one-tenth
milliliter divisions and having a capacity of at least 50 mils) connected by stout
rubber tubing with an open equilibrium tube (both tubes, preferably, provided
with a globular expansion near the lower end) in such a manner, by suitable clampa
attached to a stand, that either tube may be readily and quickly clamped at a
higher or lower level. The stop-cock of the measuring tube having been opened,
and the open equilibrimn tube having been raised to a higher level, pour into the
latter a saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride, until the measuring tube.
Including the bore of the stop-cock, is completely filled. Then close the latter and
adjust the equilibriimi tube at a low level. Having ascertained that the stop-cock
is closed and is air tight, and having, if necessary, wiped out the graduated tube of
the nitrometer, introduce into it the prescribed quantity of the liquid to be tested,
and allow this to flow slowly into the measuring tube, being careful not to admit
any air. Follow it by the prescribed quantities of the several reagents (potassium
iodide T.S. and normal sulphiu-ic acid V.S.). When the reaction (which takes
place at once) moderates, remove the measuring tube from its clamp, and, being care-
ful to hold it constantly so that the liquid contained in it stands at a higher level
than that in the equilibrium tube, shake its contents, without permitting any gas to
pass into the open tube. When the reaction has completely ceased and the volume
of gas has become constant, which usually requires from thirty to sixty minutes,
restore the tube to its fastening, and allow the apparatus and contents to acquire
the ordinary temperature of the room, which is assumed to be at or about 25° C.
Then adjust the two tubes so that the liquid columns are at exactly the same level,
and read off the volume of gas in the measm-ing tube. Multiply this figure by the
weight of the liquid being assayed wliich is the equivalent of 1 mil of nitrogen dioxide
(see page 601). The result will be the weight of the absolute substance (ethyl,
amyl, or sodium nitrite) contained in the quantity taken for the assay.
For pharmacopocial purposes the determination will be sufficiently exact if the
evolved gas be measured within 3 degrees above or below 25° C.
Since temperature and barometric pressure affect the volume of the gas, the
following correction factors must be used to obtain exact results when the temperature
and pressure are not nearly normal. The barometer correction is important at any
locality more than 250 meters above sea-level:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
601
Factors for Temperature Corrections
(Normal Temperature, 25° C.)
Temperature
Factor
Temperature
Factor
Temperature
Factor
15° C.
1.035
22° C.
1.010
29° C.
0.987
16° C.
1.031
23° C.
1.007
30° C.
0.983
17° C.
1.028
24° C.
1.003
31° C.
0.980
18° C.
1.024
25° C.
1.000
32° C.
0.977
19° C.
1.021
26° C.
0.997
33° C.
0.974
20° C.
1.017
27° C.
0.993
34° C.
0.971
21° C.
1.014
28° C.
0.990
35° C.
0.968
Example : Assuming that the vokime of gas read off was 44.5 mils at 32° C, and
it is desired to ascertain the corresponding vohime at 25° C, barometric pressure not
being taken into consideration, then the 44.5 mils must be reduced in the proportion
of 1 to 0.977 (see temperature correction factors above), or 44.5 must be multiplied
by 0.977. The result will be 43.48 (more exactly 43.4765) mils as the equivalent
volume of gas at 25° C.
Factors for Correction for Barometric Pressure
(Normal Barometer, 760 mm.)
Barometer Reading
Baromet
er Reading
Millimeters
Inches
Millimeters
Inches
790
31.10
1.039
660
25.98
0.868
780
30.71
1.026
650
25.59
0.855
770
30.31
1.013
640
25.20
0.842
760
29.92
1.000
630
24.80
0.829
750
29.53
0.987
620
24.41
0.816
740
29.13
0.974
610
24.02
0.803
730
28.74
0.961
600
23.62
0.789
720
28.35
0.947
590
23.23
0.776
710
27.95
0.934
580
22.83
0.763
700
27.56
0.921
570
22.44
0.750
690
27.17
0.908
560
22.05
0.737
680
26.77
0.895
550
21.65
0.724
670
26.38
0.882
540
21.26
0.711
Example : Assuming that the volume of gas read off was 43.48 mils at 590 mm.
barometric pressure, and it is desired to ascertain the corresponding volume at
normal barometric pressure (760 mm.), temperature not being taken into considera-
tion, then the 43.48 mils must be reduced in the proportion of 1 to 0.776 (see baro-
metric correction factors above), or 43.48 must be multiplied by 0.776. The result
will be 33.74 mils as the equivalent volume of gas at normal barometric pressure.
Estimation of Nitrogen Dioxide
Qn m . 1 T -f^ ^ at 0° C. and 760 mm.= 1.3406 Gm.
= ciU.Ui, 1 loiter I ^^ 25° C. and 760 mm.-= 1.2281 Gm.
One Milliliter of Nitrogen Dioxide is the equivalent of:
N0 =
Nitrogen Dioxide, NO
Amyl Nitrite, C5H11NO2 =
Ethyl Nitrite, C2H5NO2 =
Sodium Nitrite, NaN02 =
At 0°C. and 760 mm.
Gramme.
: 30.01 0.0013406
117.10 0.0052310
: 75.05 0.0033528
: 69.01 0.0030828
At 25° C. and 760 mm.
Gramme.
0.0012281
0.0047920
0.00307127
0.0028241
602 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
21. Optical Rotation
In a ray of ordinary light the transverse vibrations take place indifferently in
any plane about the line of propagation. When these waves are limited to a single
plane they are termed polarized and the phenomenon is known as polarization.
Many organic substances either liquid or in solution in suitable solvents, when
examined in a specially constructed optical apparatus called a polariscope, are capa-
ble of rotating the plane of polarization of a ray of light either to the right or to the
left. Such substances are termed " optically active," and when rotating to the right
are designated as "dextrorotatory" and when rotating to the left as "laevorota-
tory." Substances which do not possess this property of optical rotation are termed
"optically inactive." Optical activity in many instances is intimately connected
with the chemical constitution of a substance and it frequently becomes a specific
property and its determination is of considerable value.
Among the substances recognized by this Pharmacopoeia, there are several,
particularly certain essential or volatile oils and related bodies, for which the deter-
mination of the angle of rotation of a ray of polarized light, or, in some cases, the
proof of their optical inactivity, affords the most simple and positive evidence of
their identity or purity.
The instruments used for this purpose vary somewhat in their construction and are
classified as polarimeters measuring angular rotation and saccharimeters measuring
percentage of sugar. Those which are most generally adapted for the examination
of the substances mentioned above are the penumbral or so-called "half-shadow"
instruments of Laurent and of Schmidt and Hansch in which the two sides of the
field of vision are capable of becoming unequally illuminated. Polarimeters permit
the angle of rotation to be read off in degrees or fractions of a degree of a circle.
Saccharimeters, set to measure percentage of sucrose, give readings in terms of
divisions of the sugar scale.
These determinations are best made in a dark room, and by means of mono-
chromatic light, the latter being obtained by introducing into a non-luminous flame,
on a loop of platinum wire, a small bead of fused sodium chloride. The light thus
radiated corresponds with the line D of the solar spectrum.
The following factors are employed for converting readings of a saccharimeter
into readings of a polarimeter.
1 division Laurent sugar scale equals 0.2167° angular rotation D.
1 division Schmidt and Hansch sugar scale equals 0.346° angular rotation D.
Since the deviation of the plane of polarization either to the right or to the left
of the zero point is directly proportional to the length of the colimin of liquid, it is
important that the observations should be made with tubes of a definite length,
such as 200, 100, 50, or 25 mm. The selection of the length of the tube to be employed
is, however, usually dependent upon the depth of color of the liquid and the magni-
tude of its optical rotation.
The rotatory power of an optically active, liquid substance, observed with sodium
light, and referred to the ideal density 1, and in a tube having a length of 1 decimeter
(100 mm.), is designated as its specific rotatory power. This is usually expressed by
the term [ajo. Since, however, not only the density of an optically active hquid,
but also its rotation, is influenced by the temperature, the specific rotation varies
with the latter. In stating the specific rotation it is, therefore, necessary to indicate
tJNITED STATES OF AMERICA 603
at what temperature the rotation and the density of the liquid have been determined.
But for the same temperature the specific rotation of a pure, optically active liquid
is always a constant number. The temperature used in the text of this Pharma-
copoeia is 25° C, except when otherwise indicated. For saccharimeters the tem-
perature is fixed at 20° C. by international agreement.
For calculating the specific rotatory power of an optically active hquid sub-
stance, or solution of an optically active soUd, the following formulas are of general
application :
I. For liquid substances [c
II. For solutions of soUds
[a]^-
100 Xtt
'' LXd
10000 Xtt
"LXpXd
10000 Xtt
LXc
For calculating these formulas the determination of the following factors is
necessary:
a = the angle of rotation of the liquid or soUd observed with sodium hght.
L= the length of the tube in millimeters.
d = the density of the active liquid or solution.
p = the amount of active substance in 100 parts by weight of the solution.
c = the number of grammes of active substance in 100 mils of solution.
22. Refractive Index
WTien a ray of Hght passes from one transparent substance to another, it is
deflected, except when it enters perpendicularly to the surface of contact. The
direction of the de\aation is dependent upon the difference of density of the two
substances; the extent is also influenced by this difi'erence.
This de\aation is termed refraction. Wlien the ray passes from a substance of
given density to one of greater density {i.e., from air into glass) the refraction is
towards the perpendicular meeting the surface at the point of contact ; when passing
from a substance of greater density to one of less {i.e., from water into air) the ray
deviates from the perpendicular at the point of contact.
Quantitative measvuements of refraction are expressed as "indices of refraction, "
the index being the figure obtained by dividing the sine of the angle that the incident ray
makes with the perpendicular, by the sine of the angle that the refracted ray makes
with the same perpendicular; that is, it is the ratio between these sines. Thus,
the ratio for a ray of light passing from air into water at standard temperature is
about 4:3 or, expressing it decimally and with greater exactness, 1.336. This is,
therefore, the index of refraction of water. The determination of the refractive
index is accompUshed by means of optical instruments known generally as refractom-
eters, which are of several types. Some of these give figures on an arbitrary scale,
the actual refractive index being ascertained by consulting a table.
As the exact temperature at which the examination is made is of great importance,
all of the instruments are provided with attachments for circulating water of the
proper temperature about the prisms or about the vessel containing the liquid to
be observed, and are also equipped with thermometers for observing the tempera-
ture very closely.
604
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
The principal instruments in use are as follows:
Pulfrich Refractometer. — This instrument is used chiefly for purely scientific
investigations. It is adapted for use with hquids and soUds of all degrees of refrac-
tive power. WTien a hquid is to be examined it is placed in a small cylindrical glass
vessel immediately above the observation prism. When sohds are to be examined
the glass cyUnder is removed and the sohd (previously poUshed) is placed in direct
contact with the observation prism. The reading of this instrument is made by noting
a boundary line between a light and a dark field in its position with reference to a
graduated scale upoq which the refractive index is directly expressed.
The Abbe Refractometer. — This is an instrument of wide utUity, designed pri-
marily for the examination of liquids. Only a few drops of the hquid are required for
an observation. This is spread iu a thin film between the two observation prisms.
The index of refraction is also read off directly upon the scale of this instrument, ia
which, as in the Pulfrich Refractometer, a boundary line between a light and a dark
field is the observation line.
The Zeiss Butyro-Refractometer. — This instrument is especially designed for the
examination of fixed oils and fats. It is not apphcable to aqueous or alcohohc liquids.
The distinctive line for observation in this instrument is the border line of total
reflection which is a narrow line capable usually of being accurately read to within
a tenth of a unit of the arbitrary scale used. Sometimes this observation line is accom-
panied by a blue or a red fringe or haze which interferes with the accuracy of
the reading. Should a close reading be impossible on this account it will be found
necessary to use the monochromatic sodium flame for the observation (see under
optical rotation).
Zeiss Immersion Refractometer. — This is adapted for the examination of aqueous,
oily, or alcoholic liquids. The distinctive line for observation is as described under
the preceding instrument, the border line of total reflection, which in this case ia
much sharper and capable of being much more accurately read. For making ob-
eervations of the entire range of Pharmacopccial substances the Abbe instrument is
the one'generally selected, the Pulfrich instrument not being in common use and the
Zeiss Butyro- and Immersion Refractometers not covering the entire range necessary.
23. Biological Assays
Inasmuch as there are several drugs more or less extensively used in the treatment
of disease, for which no satisfactory chemical method of assay has been developed,
other assays have been introduced in which these drugs are administered to ani-
mals and the effects noted. From the results obtained from these assays the
strength of the preparation is calculated, and if necessary proper corrections are
made so that the preparation shall conform to the standard which has been
adopted. The official drugs to which these methods of assay have been appUed
in the following pages, are the members of the digitaUs group, cannabis, and aconite
and the suprarenal gland.
Brief descriptions of the more commonly accepted methods are given here
in order, first, to direct the attention of manufacturers to them; second, to
ascertain the points of weakness which may exist in them; and finally, to outUne
methods and estabhsh standards which those interested may adopt should they
desire to assay their products and have them conform to the standards proposed.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 605
All preparations thus assayed and made to conform to these standards may be
labeled " Phjsiologically assayed and standardized according to the U.S.P. IX."
In the case of Cannabis and its preparations, the biological assay standards are
compulsory.
Cannabis
The assay of Cannabis and its preparations has been made a requirement and
is based upon the fact that this drug produces certain symptoms of muscular inco-
ordination. The method consists of ascertaining tlic dose of the preparation to be
tested which will produce these symptoms of incoordination in dogs and then
adjusting its strength by comparison with a standard preparation.
Dogs. — The animals chffer considerably in susceptibility to the. drug and there-
fore it is best to make prcUminary tests upon several dogs with average-sized doses
and select from among them the animals wliich react easily to the drug. As a rule,
fox terriers serve very well for the purpose, but any dog may prove satisfactory. It
is best to provide at least two dogs foi; each assay but if many samples are to be
examined more dogs will be needed. The dogs should be at least one year old and
in normal health and must be kept under the best sanitary conditions. They may
be used repeatedly for the purpose but not at shorter intervals than three days.
Each series of tests should be conducted by the same person, who should be per-
fectly famiUar with the peculiarities of each animal in order that he may recognize
more certainly deviations from the normal. While the tests are being made the
animals should be kept in a perfectly quiet room, free from disturbance and sepa-
rated so that they cannot see each other.
Preparation of the Drug. — The drug may be given most conveniently in the form
of the fluidextract wliich is administered in gelatin capsules, or the extract made into
soft pil's may be used; but whichever form is chosen the same should be used for
both the standard and the preparation that is to be tested.
Before administration the animal should not be fed for twenty-four hours in
order to hasten absor])tion. The head of the animal being held, its mouth is opened
and the capsule or pill is placed upon the back of the tongue. Usually the drug is
easily swallowed when given in this way, but this may be facilitated by giving the
animal a small amou»t of water to drink.
Assay. — An average dose of the known or standard preparation is given to one
of the dogs and a Uke dose of the preparation to be standardized is given the second
dog. After one hour both dogs are observed very carefully for symptoms of muscu-
lar incoordination. The incoordination is manifested differently in different animals,
but in small doses it shows itself most frequently in shght swaying, when the animal
is standing quietly, or in some ataxia when it runs about. The observation should be
made frequently during the second hoiur following the administration of the drug.
The results obtained from the first test should be confirmed after an interval of
not less than tliree days by repeating the administration but reversing the order,
that is, giving the known strength drug to the dog which received that of imlaiown
strength before and vice versa.
In subsequent tests which are carried out, the dose of the preparation of imknown
strength is modified so as to produce similar symptoms to those produced by the
standard. If the preparation to be tested is below the standard in strength, its dose
must be increased, or if it is above strength its dose is lessened until equivalent doses
of the two are found. Dogs rnay be used over long periods of time, even for som^
606 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
years, but occasionally they have to be discarded, as in some cases they seem to learn
the effects of the drug and so refuse to stand up. A certain degree of tolerance is
sometimes gained which necessitates larger doses.
Standard. — As there is no chemical substance of definite composition which
can be adopted as a standard, a Fluidextract of Cannabis or an extract which
has been carefully prepared and suitably preserved may be utilized for this purpose.
A standard Fluidextract will produce incoordination when administered to dogs in the
dose of 0.03 mil for each kilogramme of body weight of dog. When administered in
the form of the Extract a dose of 0.004 Gm. for each kilogramme of body weight of
dog should produce similar symptoms, and the requirement for a standard tincture
is a dose of 0.3 mil for each kilogramme of body weight of dog.
Aconite
The method for the physiological assay of Aconite depends upon the determina-
tion of the minimiun lethal dose for guinea-pigs.
Method. — The guinea-pigs to be utiUzed should be of average size and not too
large; preferably from 250 to 350 Gm. in weight and in healthy condition.
The drug may be administered in the form of fluidextract, extract, or tincture,
which in the preliminary trial may be injected subcutaneously into a series of guinea-
pigs in doses having sufficiently wide limits. If the extract is to be standardized,
it must be dissolved in sufficient solvent to produce a hquid preparation before
injection. The animals after injection are placed in cages and at the end of the
observation (twelve he jrs), note is taken of those hving and dead.
After this prehminary test, the Umits of the doses for a second series of animals
are further narrowed and, if necessary to still further confirm the earlier results, addi-
tional series may be injected until the minimum lethal dose for the guinea-pig is found.
Standard. — A satisfactory preparation of the Fluidextract of Aconite should
kill guinea-pigs when administered in doses of 0.00004 mil for each gramme of body
weight of guinea-pig; a satisfactory Tincture of Aconite should prove fatal to
guinea-pigs when given in doses of 0.0004 mil for each gramme of body weight of
guinea-pig and a satisfactory Extract of Aconite should have a minimum lethal
dose not greater than 0.00001 Gm. for each gramme of body weight of guinea-pig.
Digitalis — Strophanthus — Squill
For the members of the digitaUs series the so-called "one hour frog" method is
recommended. This method consists essentially in ascertaining the dose of a drug or
preparation which will bring the heart of a standard sized frog to systohc standstill
in one hour's time. The method is carried out as described below; all measurements
being performed with the same degree of accuracy used in ordinary quantitative
chemical estimations.
Frogs. — The frogs to be employed in an assay should be in a healthy condition
and of the same species. Those most commonly obtainable in this country are the
common grass frogs {Rana viridis or Rana pipiens). While the dose for a frog is
estimated according to its weight, it is best to use frogs of a fairly uniform size, the
most convenient weight for such work being between 15 and 25 Gm.
Storage. — Before use the frogs should be stored in tanks kept in a cool room,
preferably where the temperature does not rise above 15° C. The bottom of the
tanks should be covered with running water or, if running water is not convenient,
Standing water may be used if it is changed from two to four times daily. An hour
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 607
before the frogs arc to be used for an assay a sufficient number should be taken to
the ojierating room, each one carefully weiglied to within 0.1 Gm. and placed in an
individual wire cage or container, these are tlion placed in a tank containing
water to the depth of about 1 cm. (3^2 inch) which is kept during the process of
assay at a uniform temperature of 20° C. Tlie maintaining of a uniform temperature
at which all assays of the members of this gi-oup should be carried out is impor-
tant, as the susceptibility of frogs difTersvcry considerably at diiTerent temperatures.
Dosage. — After the frogs have been weighed as described, the doses to be given
are calculated according to their weights and are measured into small conical
glasses by means of a finely graduated pipette. The doses of the preparation which
are to be injected should be as uniform in quantity as possible and should not exceed
0.015 mil for each gramme of body weight of frog. The members of the digitaha
series may be assayed in either fluidextract or tincture strength, being diluted with
water as may be necessary to get the volume dose. In case the alcohol content in
any preparation after dilution is higher than 20 per cent., the preparation may be
subjected to careful evaporation and subsequent dilution with an aqueous solution
containing 0.7 per cent, of sodium chloride until the original volume is restored
and the alcohol content is not above the per cent, named. It is alwaj^s best to have
the alcohol content of different preparations uniform. In case there is a precipitate
the preparation to be assayed should be shaken each time a dose is measured out.
When the doses are ready, they may be injected into the anterior lymph sac of
the animal. This is done by means of a glass pipette which is dra^vTi out to a
fine point. The frog is held on its back in one hand and the pipette with the
contained drug in the other, the mouth of the frog is opened with the point of the
pipette and, carefully avoiding the tongue, the floor of the mouth is punctm-ed and
the point of the pipette is then seen to enter the anterior lymph sac of the frog. The
contents of the pipette are now forced into the sac either by gravity or by gently
blowing, if necessary. In the latter case, care should be taken not to introduce air
into the sac. Care should also be taken not to puncture the skin. The animal is
then replaced in its cage in the tank, the temperature of which is maintained as
stated at 20° C.
At the end of one hour from the time of injection each frog is pithed, both brain
and cord, the heart is exposed and its condition examined. For the correct end
reaction the ventricle should be in systohc standstill while the auricles should be
widely dilated.
Following mechanical stimulation feeble contractions may be allowed in the
auricles and localized contractions in the ventricle, but no general contraction is
allowable.
If when the heart of an animal is being exposed for examination, remains of the
injected drug are found in the lymph sac unabsorbed, such an animal should be dis-
carded and not considered in the results obtained.
It happens sometimes that one frog out of a large series may prove a decided
exception to the others in the way of increased or decreased susceptibihty to the
drug. Such an animal should also be discarded.
After the primary or trial assay has been carried out and the approximate strength
of the preparation ascertained, a second series of frogs is injected in like manner,
using doses the hmits of which are considerably narrower than the first series. A
third or even fourth series of injections may be necessary to confirm the earher r^
608 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
suits. The dose thus found is then compared with the dose of a standard which is
similarly ascertained upon another series of frogs of the same lot. From such a
comparison the strength of the unknown preparation can be suitably adjusted.
The use of a standard is made necessary by the fact that frogs differ in their sus-
ceptibility to the members of the digitaUs series at different seasons of the year.
The condition of susceptibihty is ascertained and allowed for by the use of a solution
of ouabain (see page 541) as a standard which in appropriate doses is injected into
a series of frogs and their resistance thus determined. The necessary strength of an
imknown preparation may be calculated from the dose actually found bj' the ratio of
the standard dose of ouabain to the dose of ouabain found necessary to kiU. Thus:
Standard dose : Foimd dose : : Standard dose : Necessary dose
of ouabain of ouabain of drug being of unknown
assayed
The standard dose of ouabain is 0.0000005 Gm. per gramme of body weight of frog.
The standard dose of Tincture of DigitaUs to correspond is 0.006 mil per grammfe
of body weight of frog.
If, therefore, in a certain series of frogs the resistance to ouabain is found to be
increased so that a dose of 0.00000075 Gm. is necessary to stop the heart in systole
in one hour, the dose of Tincture of DigitaUs would also have to be increased to 0.009
mil, and the actual dose found calculated against this, instead of against the stand-
ard dose of 0.006 mil. For example, in frogs showing the increased resistance as
indicated above, if the Tincture being examined assays 0.018 mil per gramme of
body weight it is one-half strength.
Standards. — The standards adopted are as follows:
Gramme or
mil for each
gramme of
body weight
of frog.
Standard dose of ouabain 0.0000005
Digitalis
Leaves (in the form of tinctm-e) 0.0006
Fluidextract 0.0006
Tincture 0.006
Strophanthiig
Seed (in the form of tinctiue) 0.000006
Tincture 0.00006
SquiU
Dried Squill (in the form of tincture) 0.0006
Fluidextract 0.0006
Tincture 0.006
Suprarenal Gland
The assay of products of the Suprarenal Gland is carried out by means of a com-
parison of the rise in blood-pressure produced in a dog by an injection of an aqueous
preparation of the gland with that produced by a solution of known strength of
Isevo-methylamino-ethanol-catechol (C9H13NO3) (see page 536).
Standard Solution. — Prepare an aqueous solution of LTcvo-methylamino-ethanol-
catechol (1 in 1000), using sufficient diluted hydrochloric acid, and from this solution
prepare a second solution of the strength of 1 in 100,000 by adding 1 mil of the
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 609
original solution (1 in 1000) to 99 mils of physiological solution of sodium chloride;
this latter solution should be freshly prepared for each assay.
Prepare a solution by adding 1 Gm. of the finely powdered dried suprarenal
glands to be tested to 100 mils of distilled water containing 10 mils of diluted
hydrochloric acid, allow this mixture to macerate during twenty-four hours, shaking it
frequently during that time, and then filter through a dry filter. It is then ready for use.
Dogs. — The animal, which should be of medium size, is anesthetized with a
suitable anesthetic. The animal is prepared for blood-pressure estimations in
the usual manner by the insertion of a suitable cannula into one carotid artery
and this in turn is connected with an ordinary mercury manometer. The trachea
is exposed and a cannula inserted into it so that the animal may receive artificial
respiration during the course of the experiment.
The femoral vein on each side is exposed and a cannula inserted in each. These
should be fitted with short pieces of small rubber tubing to serve as connections for
the injecting syringes.
Two glass sjT-inges graduated to 0.05 mil should be provided, one to be used for
injecting the standard and the other for the aqueous preparation of the gland.
Before the test is made, in case any muscular movement such as twitching is
present, the dog should receive by intravenous injection, a sufficient dose of curare (see
page 530), but if the animal is deeply anesthetized, this may not be necessary. The
dog should also receive a sufficient dose of atropine sulphate (.0.001 to 0.002 Gm.)
to paralyze the vagi, this paralysis being proved by electrical stimulation.
The blood-pressure tracing may be best taken on a long kymograph, which may
be allowed to run from the time of injection imtil after the crest of the pressure rise
has been passed, when it may be stopped.
Injections should be made at regular intervals and these intervals should not be
shorter than five minutes.
One cannula and one syringe are now filled with the standard solution prepared
as directed above and 1 mil is injected. The rise of blood-pressure should be sub-
maximal, say from 30 to 60 mm., and in case this figure is much exceeded a second
injection of 0.5 mil may be made five minutes later. After a satisfactory dose has
been ascertained, 1 mil of the aqueous preparation of the gland may be injected with
the second syringe into the femoral vein of the opposite side. In subsequent injec-
tions this dose may be increased or decreased as necessary until such an amount is
found as vail give the same elevation of blood-pressure as the estabhshed dose of
the standard solution when the two solutions are given in alternating doses. When
this relation has been ascertained, it should be confirmed on the same animal by
making the injection into the opposite sides from which they have been made in the
earUer tests. Before these confirmatory tests are made, it is necessary to wash out
the cannulas most carefully before the new solutions are introduced.
The ratio of activity found between these two solutions may be confirmed by
injections made into a second animal, using a new aqueous extract of the gland pre-
pared in the same manner as the first.
From the results thus obtained, the strength of the aqueous preparation of the
gland may be determined by calculation and expressed in terms which indicate its
relative activity as compared with that of the standard.
Standard. — One gramme of Suprarenalum Siccum contains the equivalent of 10
milligrammes of laivo-methylamino-ethanol-catechol.
44
610 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Standard Thermometers
General Requirements. — ^The bulbs are to be of Jena 16 III normal glass or Corning
normal thermometer glass. The stems may be made of other white enamel back
glass tubing having a circular cross section; the diameter of the capillary must not be
greater than 0.1 mm. The diameter of the stem is to be 5.5 mm. (to within ± 0.3
mm.), and the maximum diameter of the bulb must not be greater than the diameter
of the stem. The thermometers are to have a pear-shaped reservoir at the upper
end of the capillary having a volume at least equal to the volume of the entire
graduated portion of the stem. The upper end of the stem is to have a small glass ring.
Graduation. — The thermometers are all to be graduated into 0.5° (one-half degree)
intervals. The 1° graduation marks are to be longer than those for the half degrees,
the longer graduations extending, preferably, equally to the right and left of the
shorter marks. The graduation marks are to be clean cut and fine, and to be uni-
formly well-filled with insoluble colored pigment.
Numbering.— The 100° graduations (the 0°, 100°, 200°, 300° graduations on the
different thermometers) are to be numbered in full and the intermediate 5° and 10°
graduations are to be numbered 5, 10, 15, etc. ... 95, 100, 5, 10, 15, . . .
95, 200, 5, 10, etc. The numbers must be distinct and easily legible and preferably
in such position that they will be upright when the thermometer is vertical. The
figures should not be unduly large. It is suggested that the figures opposite the
0°, 100°, 200°, 300° graduations be made about 2 mm. in height and the intermediate
numbers 5, 10, 15, etc., somewhat less (about 1.4 mm.).
Annealing. — The thermometers should be so thoroughly annealed that there will
be no appreciable change in their indications after long continued exposure to the
highest temperature on the scale.
Error of Scale. — The maximum error at any temperature below 100° C. must
not exceed 0.5°, nor exceed 1.0° in the interval 100° to 350° C.
Standardization. — The thermometers should be submitted to the Bureau of
Standards for standardization or carefully compared with thermometers actually
standardized by the Bureau of Standards.
Filling Under Pressure. — Thermometers reading over 200° C. must be filled under
sufficient pressure to prevent the mercury column from boiling or breaking up into
small pieces.
Thermometer No. 1. — The thermometer is to be graduated from —10.5° to 125.5° C.
into half degrees, the length of a 1° interval being 1.5 to 2 mm.
Thermometer No. 2. — The thermometer is to be graduated from 98° to 225.5° C.
into half degrees, the length of a 1° interval being 1.5 to 2 mm. The graduations
to begin a short distance abpve top of bulb so that the distance from first graduation
(98°) to bottom end of bulb shall be not over 40 mm.
Thermometer No. 2A. — The thermometer is to be graduated into half degrees in
the neighl)orhood of ice point from 1° to 2°, above which is to be a small enlargement
in the capillary, and then a graduated portion extending from 98° to 250.5° C, the
length of a 1° interval being 1.5 to 2 mm. The length of the thermometer between
the 98° mark and the lower end of the main bulb should not exceed 05 mm.
Thertrumeter No. S.— The thermometer is to be graduated from 198° to 350.5° C.
into half degrees, the length of a 1° interval being 1.5 to 2 mm. The graduations
to begin a short distance above the top of the bulb so that the distance from tlie
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 611
first graduation (198°) to the bottom end of the bulb shall be not over 40 mm.
The graduated stem to be the same length an Nos. 1 and 2.
Thermometer No. 3 A. — The thermometer is to be graduated into half degrees Ln
the neighborhood of the ice point from —1° to 4°, above which is to be a small
enlargement in the capillary, and then a graduated portion oxlending from 198° to
350.5° C, the length of a 1° interval being 1.5 to 2 mm. 'I'he length of the ther-
mometer between the 198° mark and the lower end of the main bulb should not
exceed 65 mm.
Auxiliary Thermometer. — This thermometer is for emergent stem corrections. Use
a standard thermometer from 15 to 20 cm. in length and graduated from 20° to
100° C, into degrees.
Thermometers for Boiling Points. — In order to avoid the necessity of an emergent
stem correction, it is advisable that an accurately standardized thermometer of the
Anschiitz type be used for boiling points. If such a thermometer is not available,
a thermometer such as is specified above (see No. 1, 2, or 3) may be emploj'ed,
applying the emergent stem correction as described under Melting Points (see
page 597), the length of emergent stem being measured, in degrees, from the lower
end of the stopper to the highest point of the boiling temperature.
612
THE PHAR]VLA.COPCEIA OF THE
Powders
Fineness of Powders and Granular Substances
The fineness of powders and granular substances is expressed, in the
Pharmacopoeia, by numbers which originally represented only the meshes
per inch of the sieve through which the powders would pass. Fineness,
so used, has been redefined below in terms of the maximum diameter of
the particles of the powder as measured by the width of opening of the
meshes of the sieves from which they receive their designating numbers.
A powder of a specified number must meet the requirements given below
for that number of powder, but the larger proportion of it must not pass
through a sieve of a lower degree of fineness.
Number of Powder.
No. 100
Diameter of Particles.
Powder has a fineness, in diameter | ^ ,4 millimeter.
of particles, less than J
No. 80 /Powder has a fineness, in diameter"! « .^ millimeter
Very fine powder \ of particles, less than J
No. 60
Fine powder
No. 50
Moderately fine
powder
No. 40
f Powder has a fineness, in diameter l^ 33 millimeter.
\oi particles, less than J
Powder has a fineness, in diameter [^jS millimeter,
of particles, less than
.,,.,' Powder has a fineness, in diameter I ^ 10 ^nu^^*^,
^^whI?^ of particles, less than' T"^^ m.lhmeter.
powder
No. 30
No. 20
Coarse powder
Powder has a fineness, in diameter \ ^ e-* ^iu:^^*^,
r ,■ , 1 ., ' > 0.54 millimeter.
9f particles, less than J
/ Powder has a fineness, in diameter \ n as ^:ii:^^t^,
< £ . • , 1 .1 ' > O.o5 millimeter.
\ 01 particles, less than j
No. 12 /Powder haa a fineness, in diameter \ , .^ „:ii:„^*„.o
TT J s f i- 1 1 iu } '•47 millimeters.
Very coarse powder \ of particles, less than J
VI X /Powder haa a fineness, in diameter \ , ^n ^-.lu^^tr.,^
No. 6 s f »• 1 1 iu ) ^'OO millimeters.
\ of particles, less than J
The degrees of fineness defined above shall be such as are determined
by sieving tests made with sieves of the Standard Screen Scale recom-
mended by the Bureau of Standards.
tiNIfED STATES OF AMERICA 613
Percolation
Percolation, as directed in this Pharmacopoeia, consists in subjecting a com-
minuted substance or a mixture of substances, contained in a vessel called a per-
colator, to the solvent action of successive portions of a liquid termed the menstruum
in such a manner that the liquid, as it traverses the powder in its descent to the
receiver, shall extract the soluble constituents, and pass from the percolator free
from insoluble matter.
\Mien the process is successfully conducted, the first portion of the liquid, or
percolate, passing through the percolator will be nearly saturated with the soluble
constituents of the substance treated; and if the quantity of menstruum be sufficient
for its exhaustion, the last portion of the percolate will be nearly free from color,
odor, and taste, other than those of the menstruum itself.
In preparations which direct the process of percolation, wherever the expression
" until the drug is exhausted " or a similar phrase occurs, it is to be understood
that the term "exhausted" means the point at which the valuable constituents have
been as completely extracted as is possible or practical, and this must be deter-
mined by the judgment and experience of the operator.
Percolators. — The following statement with regard to percolators and the process
of percolation is given in order to illustrate a method of percolation. It is not
intended as compulsory and it is permissible for manufacturers and others to modify
the process to suit their needs. The percolator most suitable for the quantities
contemplated by this Pharmacopoeia should be nearly cylindrical, or slightly conical,
with a funnel-shaped termination at the smaller end. The neck of this funnel-end
should be rather short, and should gradually and regularly become wider toward the
orifice, so that a perforated cork, bearing a short glass tube, may be tightly wedged
into it. The glass tube, which must not project above the inner surface of the
cork, should extend from 3 to 4 cm. beyond the outer surface of the cork, and
should be provided with a closely fitting rubber tube, at least one-fourth longer
than the percolator itself, and ending in another short glass tube, whereby (when
it is desired to interrupt the percolation) the rubber tube may be so suspended
that its orifice shall be above the surface of the menstruum in the percolator, a
rubber band holding the tube in position.
The shape of a percolator should be adapted to the nature of the drug to be
operated upon. For drugs which are apt to swell, particularly when a feebly alco-
holic or an aqueous menstruum is employed, a conical percolator is preferable.
A cylindrical or only slightly tapering percolator may be used for drugs which are
not liable to swell, particularly if difficu't to exhaust, also when the menstruum
is strongly alcohoUc, or when ether or some other volatile liquid is used for extraction.
The size of the percolator selected should be in proportion to the quantity of drug
extracted. When properly packed in the percolator, the drug should not occupy
more than two-thirds of its height. The percolator is best constructed of glass,
but, iinless otherwise directed, may be made of any suitable material not affected
by the drug or menstruimi. For hot percolation glass percolators are unsuited, as
they are liable to fracture. Metallic percolators in such cases are required.
The percolator is prepared for percolation by gently pressing a small tuft of
purified cotton into the neck, and this may then be moistened by pouring a few
614 TrtE ffiARMAc6PcEtA df 'tnf.
drops of menstruum upon the cotton, to facilitate the passage of the first ])ortion of
percolate, which is often very dense.
The Process. — The powdered substance to be percolated (which should be uni-
formly of the fineness directed in the formida, and should be perfectly air-dry before
it is weighed) is put into a suitable dish, sufficient menstruum is poured on, and the
powder thoroughly stirred until it is uniformly moistened. The moist powder is
then passed through a coarse sieve — No. 40 powders, and those which are finer,
requiring a No. 20 sieve, and No. 30 powders require a No. 15 sieve for this
purpose. Powders of a less degree of fineness usually do not require this additional
treatment after the moistening. The moist powder is now transferred to a sheet of
thick paper and the whole quantity poured from this into the percolator. It is then
shaken down lightly and allowed to remain in that condition for a period varying
from fifteen minutes to several hours, unless otherwise directed; after which the
powder is pressed, by the aid of a plunger of suitable dimensions, more or less
firmly, in proportion to the character of the powdered substance and the alcohohc
strength of the menstruum, strongly alcohohc menstrua, as a rule, permitting
firmer packing of the powder than the weaker. The percolator is now placed in
position for percolation, and, the rubber tube having been fastened at a suitable
height, the surface of the powder is covered by an accurately fitting disk of filtering
paper, held in place by a glass stopper or percolator weight, and a sufficient
quantity of the menstruum poured on through a funnel reaching nearly to the
surface of the paper. If these conditions are accurately observed, the menstruuift
will penetrate the powder equally until it has passed into the rubber tube and has
reached, in this, a height corresponding to its level in the percolator, which is now
closely covered to prevent evaporation. The apparatus is then allowed to stand
at rest for the time for maceration specified in the formula.
To begin percolation, the rubber tube is lowered and its glass end introduced
into the neck of a bottle previously marked for a quantity of liquid to be received,
if the percolate is to be measured, or of a tared bottle, if the percolate is to be weighed;
and by raising or lowering this receiver the rapidity of percolation may be increased
or decreased as may be desirable. A layer of menstruum must constantly be main-
tained above the powder, so as to prevent the access of air to its interstices, until
all has been added, or the requisite quantity of percolate has been obtained. This
is conveniently accomphshed, if the space above the powder will admit of it, by
inverting a bottle containing the entire quantity of menstruum over the percolator
in such a manner that its mouth may dip beneath the surface of the liquid, the
bottle being of such shape that its shoulder will serve as a cover for the percolator.
Unless otherwise directed when the dregs of a tincture, or of a similar preparation,
are to be subjected to percolation, after maceration with all or with the greater
portion of the menstruum, the hquid portion should be drained off as completely as
possible, the solid portion packed in a percolator, as before described, and the hquid
l)oured on, until all has passed from the surface, when immediately a sufficient
quantity of the directed menstruum should be poured on to displace the retained
liquid, until the prescribed quantity has been obtained.
Repercolation or Fractional Percolation. — Authority is given to employ, where it
may be applicable, the process of repercolation, without change of the initial men-
struum. This process is used in Type Process C for fluidextracts (see page 175).
Rate of Flow. — It is obvious that the success of the process of percolation largely
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 615
depends upon the regulation of the flow of the percolate; if this should l)c too rapid,
incomplete exhaustion will result, but if too slow, valuable time may be wasted.
The rate of flow for fluidextracts for 1000 Gm. of powder should not exceed ten
drops a minute; for official quantities of tinctures and preparations of about the
same strength twenty drops a minute, and the word " slowly " throughout the
text is understood to mean a rate of flow corresponding to this; it is evident that
the proper rate of flow should vary with the quantity and character of the drug
employed and the density of the menstruum.
Maceratwn. — Percolation is not suitable for exhausting some drugs, and the
process of maceration is employed for some of the tinctures (Aloes, .Asafetida, Sweet
Orange Peel, Tolu, etc.). Specific directions will be found in the text, and maceration
should be conducted preferably at a temperature of from 15° to 20° C.
616 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Sterilization
The term " Sterilization " as employed in the practice of medicine and pharmacy
means the destruction or removal of bacteria or their spores and other living organ-
isms. This may be accomplished in various ways, depending upon the nature of the
material to be sterilized.
A sterile condition can be maintained only so long as the substance or material
is kept from contact with air or other media which may carry micro-organisms.
The important subject of sterilization cannot be treated with any great degree of
particularity, nor can the intricate details of scientific technique be fully described in
this Chapter.
Glass and Metal Utensils. — These may be sterilized by heating them from 160*
to 170° C. for two hours in a hot-air sterilizing oven, or in a closed vessel (autoclave)
under steam pressure at a temperature of from 115° to 120° C. for fifteen minutes.
Heating in a current of steam for thirty minutes, or thoroughly boiling for fifteen min-
utes in water, or in an aqueous solution of sodium bicarbonate (1 in 1000) will kill all
nonspore-bearing organisms and some spore-bearing organisms. As the presence of
even a minute quantity of alkali is objectionable in glass containers in certain cases, the
process of sterilization should in such instances be preceded by a thorough cleansing
of the bottle, ampul or other receptacle with dilute hydrochloric acid, 1 per cent.,
followed by a thorough rinsing with distilled water.
Stoppers. — Rubber stoppers only should be used for containers and these should
be sterilized before use. Cork stoppers should not be used.
Medicinal Solutions Not Easily Decomposed by Heat. — Solutions which are not
injured by high temperatures should be sterilized in a current of steam, in an oven, or
in a closed apparatus (autoclave) by steam under pressure.
Sterilization in a current of steam should not be concluded in less than thirty
minutes and the heat should preferably be continued for one hour; an exposure of
from fifteen to twenty minutes is sufficient if the sterilization is carried out in a
pressure apparatus at a temperature of from 115° to 120° C.
Wrap the utensils or containers in parchment paper before starting sterilization
for protection against contamination and do not remove the paper until the solu-
tion is to be used.
Medicinal Solutions of Substances Readily Decomposed by Heat. — Solutions of
substances which are decomposed when subjected to the heat and manipulation
directed in the preceding paragraph (this includes solutions of many alkaloids) may
be prepared in an approximately sterile condition as directed below:
Method 1. — Filter the solution through a stone or porcelain filter which has pre-
viously been tested to prove its efficiency in removing bacteria.
Method 2. — Sterilize all utensils necessary for weighing, such as scales, spatulas,
etc., either in steam or, immediately before use, by a thorough cleansing, first with
purified cotton saturated with alcohol, then with cotton saturated with ether. Then
dissolve the substance in a steriUzed, glass-stoppered container, holding the required
amount of steriUzed distilled water. Should the solution require filtration, use a
sterilized funnel and filter paper and collect the filtrate in a sterilized container, closing
it with a sterilized rubber stopper. The filtration must be conducted in such a manner
that no contamination will result.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 617
Emulsions in Glycerin or Oil. — Approximately sterile solutions or emulsions in
glycerin or oil may be prepared in the following manner: heat glycerin in a steam
sterilizer as described under Medicinal Solutions Not Easily Decomposed by Heat, or
heat oil for two hours in a dry-air sterilizer at about 120° C, then introduce the
medicinal substances after the liquid has cooled. The desired medicament may be
incorporated by triturating it in a sterilized mortar containing the previously steril-
ized medium (glycerin or oil), and the solution or emulsion should then be quickly
transferred to a sterilized glass container.
WTien solutions have been passed through carefully tested porcelain filters and
properly collected and kept in sterile containers, they may be considered "sterile."
Surgical Dressings. — Cotton, bandages, gauzes, hgatures, etc., may be rendered
sterile by treatment with steam in a pressure apparatus (autoclave) at 115° C. for
fifteen minutes or by exposure to dry heat in an ordinary air-bath or sterilizer at a
temperature of from 160° to 170° C. for two hours. It should be remembered that
all surgical materials are not amenable to such thorough treatment without more
or less deterioration taking place. Bandages must be folded or packed in such a
manner as to permit the penetration of steam or dry heat during the process and
should be so arranged that after the sterilization is completed all subsequent con-
tamination with bacteria will be prevented. This is usually accomplished by im-
mediately enclosing them in glass containers or wrapping them in a number of
thicknesses of previously sterilized parchment paper.
G18 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Diagnostical Reagents and Clinical Tests
In the following pages of Diagnostical Reagents and Clinical Tests it is under-
stood that the standard for official substances like Iodine, Potassium Iodide, Gelatin,
Sodium Chloride, etc., are those to be found in the text of this Pharmacopoeia.
Where other substances not described in Part I are used a description will be found
among the reagents (see pages 521 to 583). If the solutions are not clear filter them.
Reagents for Examination of Urine
Fob Acetone Reaction
Sodium NUroprwiside (see page 549, used for Legal's test and Langc's test).
Iodine Potassium Iodide Solution (for Lieben's solution) :
Potassium Iodide 6 Gm.
Iodine 4 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make 100 mils
Dissolve the potassium iodide in the distilled water, add the iodine and shake
t he niixtin-e frequently until a solution is obtained.
Alcoholic Solution of Iodine (10 per cent.), for Gunning's reaction. To be freshly
prepared.
For Albumin Reaction
Glacial Acetic Acid (see page 7).
Acetic Acid (see page 6).
Potassium Ferrocyanide (see page 545).
Nitric Acid (see j)age 18).
Saturated Aqueous Solution of Trinitrophenol (see page 471).
Esbach's Reagent:
Trinitrophenol 1 Gm.
Citric Acid 2 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Spieglcr-J olles' Reagent:
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride 2 Gni.
Succinic Acid 4 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 4 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make 100 mils
Mix the several ingredients and dissolve them in the distilled water.
Trichloracetic Acid (see page 28).
l"oR Albumose Rkaction
Phosphotungsiic Acid (sec page 543) (Salkowski's test).
For Bile Reactions
urobilin
Amyl Alcohol (see page 524).
Solution of Zinc Chloride (about 10 per cent.):
Zinc Chloride 10 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
tJMlTED STATES OE AMERtCA filO
Mixture of Zinc Acetate:
Zinc Acetate 10 Gm.
Dehydrated Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make 100 mils
Finely powder the zinc acetate and intimately mix it with the alcohol. Dispense
the mixture with directions "to be well shaken before using."
UROBILINOGEN
Ekrlich's Solution:
Paradimethylamidobenzaldehyde 2 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid 50 mils
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
BILIARY COLOR REACTIONS
Nitric Add (containing a trace of nitrous acid).
Solution of Calcium Chloride (about 10 per cent.) (Rupert's reaction) :
Calcium Chloride 10 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Alcoholic Solution of Iodine (about 1 per cent.):
Iodine 1 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 niils
For Blood Reaction
Solutioji of Guaiac:
Guaiac , 2 Gm.
Dehydrated Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Oxygenated Oil of Turpentine.
Ether containing Hydrogen Dioxide.
Aloin, isobarbaloin containing barbaloin.
For Diacetic Acid Reaction
Solutioti of Ferric Chloride (see page 240) used for Gerhardt's test.
For Diazo Reaction, Ehrlich
1. Sodium Nitrite 1 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make 200 mils
2. Sulphanilic Acid 5 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid 50 mils
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make 1000 mils
Dissolve the sulphanilic acid in about 700 mils of distilled water to which the
hydrochloric acid has been added and follow with enough distilled water to make
the product measure 1000 mils.
For use, 1 mil of the sodium nitrite solution should be mixed with 50 mils of the
sulphanilic acid solution.
620 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
For Indican Reactions
Solution of Chlorinated Lime:
A saturated solution of chlorinated lime diluted with an equal volume of distilled
water and filtered.
Obermeyer's Solution:
Ferric Chloride 0.4 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid, a sufficient quantity, ■
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Solution of Lead Acetate:
Lead Acetate 25 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
For Pentose Reactions
Bial's Reagent:
Orcin 1 Gm.
Hydrochloric Acid 500 mils
Solution of Ferric Chloride 25 drops
Dissolve the orcin in the hydrochloric acid and add the solution of ferric chloride.
Phloroglucinol (see page 543).
For the Estimation of Urea
Solution of Sodium Hypobromite:
1. Bromine 125 Gm.
Sodium Bromide 125 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity, : —
To make a solution measuring 1000 mils
2. Sodium Hydroxide 225 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 1000 mils
The reagent should be freshly prepared by mixing equal volumes of solutions
1 and 2 and diluting the resulting mixture with one and a half volumes of distilled
water.
For Sugar Reactions
Solution of Sodium Hydroxide:
Sodium Hydroxide 10 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring ; 100 mils
Solution of Copper Sulphate:
Copper Sulphate 10 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Nylander's Reagent:
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate 4 Gm.
Sodium Hydroxide 10 Gm.
Bismuth Subnitrate 2 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make 100 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 621
Dissolve the potassium and sodium tartrate in 90 mils of distilled water. Add
the bismuth subnitrate to the solution, shake the mixture thoroughly and then
filter through glass wool. Preserve and dispense this solution in amber-colored
bottles.
Fehling's Solution (see Alkaline Cupric Tartrate V.S., page 557).
Pavy's Solution:
1. Copper Sulphate 4.158 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 500 mils
2. Potassium and Sodium Tartrate 20.4 Gm.
Potassium Hydroxide 20.4 Gm.
Stronger Ammonia Water 300.0 mils
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 500 mils
For use, mix equal quantities of the two solutions.
Phenylhydrazine Hydrochloride (see page 542).
Sodium Acetate: Neutral to litmus paper.
' Fermentation test mth yeast.
Reagents for the Examination of Gastric Contents
Congo Red Test Paper:
Satm'ate filter paper with an aqueous solution of Congo Red (1 in 1000), page 579.
Dry and cut the paper into strips and preserve them in well-stoppered glass vials.
Saturated Alcoholic Solution of MethyUhionine Chloride (Methylene Blue) (see
page 273).
Alcoholic Solution of Dimethylaminoazobenzene (see page 530) (1 in 200).
Giimburg's Reagent:
Pliloroglucinol 2 Gm.
Vanillin 1 Gm.
Alcohol 30 mils
Dissolve the ingredients in the alcohol.
Tenth-normal Hydrochloric Acid V.S. (see page 559) : Dilute 1 volume of normal
hydrochloric acid V.S. with exactly 9 volumes of distilled water.
Tenth-normal Potassium Hydroxide V.S. (see page 565).
Phenolphthalein (see page 317).
Solution of Rosolic Acid:
RosoHc Acid 1 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Carminfibrin:
Heat freshly-drawn beef blood, wash the stringy coagulated fibrin in running
water until decolorized, cut the fibrin into small pieces of uniform size and macer-
ate it in alcohol for several days. Then transfer the fibrin for one or two days
to a 0.5 per cent, ammoniacal solution of carmine, which contains as little excess of
ammonia as possible, and keep it cool until the fibrin is thoroughly stained. Wash
the product in distilled water until the wash-water is no longer colored, squeeze it out
well, and then preserve it in glycerin. Before using, carefully wash the carmin-
fibrin in distilled water to free it from glycerin.
622 THE PHARMACOPCElA OF THE
Reagents for the Examination of Blood
Hayem's Solution:
For red blood-corpuscles:
Sodium Sulphate 5 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 1 Gm.
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride 0.5 Gm.
Distilled Water 200.0 mila
Dissolve the salts in the distilled water and filter.
Toison's Solution:
Methyl Violet 6B 0.025 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 1.000 Gm.
Sodium Sulphate 8.000 Gm.
Glycerin .30.000 mils
Distilled Water 300.000 mils
Dissolve the salts in the distilled water and add the methyl violet and the glycerin.
For white corpuscles:
Acetic Acid (U.S. P.) 1 mil
Distilled Water 99 mils
Mix them.
Solution for Hemoglobin Estimation {Sahli's hemometer):
Tenth-normal hydrochloric acid \'.S. saturated with chloroform. This solution
should always be freshly prepared and be dispensed in dark amber-colored bottles.
Jenner's Slain:
1. Eosin 0.5 Gm.
* Methyl .\lcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mila
2. Methylthionine Chloride (Methylene Blue) 0.5 Gm.
* Methyl Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
I'or use mix 25 mils of eosin solution with 20 mils of methylene blue solution.
Ehrlich's Triacid Stain:
Saturated Aqueous Solution of Orange-G 120 to 125 mils
Saturated Aqueous Solution of Acid Fuchsin 80 to 165 mila
Saturated Aqueous Solution of Methylene Green 125 mils
Distilled Water 300 nails
Dehydrated Alcohol 200 mils
Glycerin .* 100 mils
Mix.
Wright's Stain:
Wright's Stain (Griibler's dried powder) 0.1 Gm.
* Methyl Alcohol 60.0 mils
Giemsa's Stain:
Azur II-Eosin 0.3 Gm.
Azur II 0.8 Gm.
Glycerin 250.0 mila
* Methyl Alcohol 250.0 mils
Dissolve the dyes in the methyl alcohol and add the glycerin and filter.
* Rectified wood alcohol, sp. gr, about 0.812 at 25** C.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 623
Stains and Accessories for use in connection with the study of Micro-organisms
Alum-hetnatoxylin Solution:
Hematoxylin, crystals 1.0 Gm.
Saturated Aqueous Solution of Ammonium Alum 100.0 mils
Distilled Water 300.0 mils
Thymol 0.5 Gm.
Dissolve the hematoxj'^lin in a little distilled water by the aid of heat, add the
other ingredients and expose the combined solution to the light, in a bottle loosely
stoppered, until it has assumed a dark red color, then filter. The thymol is added as a
preservative,
Mayer's Hemalum:
Hematein or its anmaonium salt 1 .0 Gm.
Alcohol, 90 per cent r)0.0 mils
Alum 50.0 Gm.
Distilled Water 1000.0 mils
Thymol 0.5 Gm.
Dissolve the hematein in the alcohol by the aid of heat, add the thymol, and
then this solution to the alum dissolved in the distilled water, and then filter. The
thj'mol is added as a preservative.
Alcoholic Solution of Methyl Violet 6B:
Methyl Violet 6B 10 Gm.
Alcohol, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Borax-M ethylene Blue Solution:
Methylthionine Chloride (Methylene Blue) 2 Gm.
Boiling Solution of Sodium Borate (1 in 20) a sufficient
quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Loffier's Methylene Blue Solution:
Methylthionine Chloride (Methylene Blue) 0.5 Gm.
Alcohol 30.0 mils
Tenth-normal Potassiimi Hydroxide V.S 2.0 mils
Distilled Water 98.0 mils
Dissolve the methylene blue in the alcohol, add the potassium hydroxide and
distilled water.
Solution of Carbol Methyl Violet :
Alcoholic Solution of Methyl Violet 6B 10 mils
Aqueous Solution of Phenol (1 in 20), a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Solution of Carbolfuchsin:
Alcoholic Solution of Fuchsin (1 in 10) 10 mils
Aqueous Solution of Phenol (1 in 20) 100 mils
Mix.
For Tubercle Bacilu
Solviion of Carbolfuchsin (see above).
624 THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE !
For Decolobizing ■'
Ebner's Fluid:
Hydrochloric Acid 2.5 Tniln
Sodium Chloride 2.5 Gm.
Distilled Water 100.0 mila j
Alcohol 500.0 mils ||
Prepare a solution.
Nitric Acid Solution:
Nitric Acid 30 mils
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 100 mils
Diluted Alcohol.
Diluted Lugol's Solution {Gram's Iodine Solution):
Iodine 1 Gm.
Potassium Iodide 2 Gm.
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make a solution measuring 200 mils
For Cotjnter Staining
Loffler's Methylene Blue Solviion (see page 623).
Gramas Stain {Aniline Water — Methyl Violet 6B Solution) :
Aniline 15 mils
Saturated Alcoholic Solution of Methyl Violet 6B 7 mils
Dehydrated Alcohol 10 mils
Distilled Water, a sufficient quantity,
To make 100 mils
Shake the aniline with 65 mils of distilled water for several minutes; filter the
resulting opalescent aniline water through a moistened filter, pour the filtrate into a
solution prepared by mixing the other liquids and add sufficient distilled water to
make 100 mils.
Diluted CarholJvx:hsin Solution:
Solution of Carbolfuchsin (see page 623) 1 mil
Distilled Water 4 mils
Prepare a solution.
Accessories
Xylene (see page 553),
Oil of Clove (see page 289).
Oil of Cedarwood (see page 540).
Canada Turpentine (Canada Balsam) (see page 528).
Culture Media
Bouillon Stock:
Lean Beef 500 Gm.
Or Extract of Beef 3 Gm.
Distilled water, a sufficient quantity, •
To make 1000 mils
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 625
Mix thorouglily 500 Gm. of finely minced lean beef with 1000 mils of cold dis-
tilled water, heat it to boiling in a closely covered dish or flask and keep it at that
temperature for one hour. If extract of beef is used to make bouillon stock, boil
the solution for one-half hour. Filter the resulting bouillon through a well-wetted
filter, until clear and use it as the basis for the following combinations:
Plain Bouillon:
Peptone 10 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 5 Gm.
Normal Sodium Hj-droxide V.S.
Bouillon Stock, each a sufficient quantity,
To make 1000 mils
Dissolve the peptone and sodium chloride in the bouillon stock by means of heat
and add sufficient normal sodium hydroxide V.S. to make the mixture neutral to
litmus. Then filter the product through a well-wettod filter, fill it into suitable
containers and sterilize.
Glucose Bouillon:
Glucose (dry) 10 Gm.
Peptone 10 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 5 Gm.
Normal Sodium Hydroxide V.S,
Bouillon Stock, each, a sufficient quantitj-,
To make 1000 mils
Dissolve the glucose, peptone, and sodium chloride in the bouillon stock by means
of heat and add sufficient normal sodium hydi-oxide V.S. to neutralize the resulting
solution. Then filter the product through a well-wetted filter, fill it into suitable
containers and sterilize by the discontinuous method.
Plain Gelatin:
Gelatin 100 Gm.
Peptone 10 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 5 Gm.
Normal Sodium Hj^droxide V.S.
Bouillon Stock, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make 1000 mils
Dissolve the gelatin, peptone, and sodium chloride in the bouillon stock by means
of heat and add sufficient normal sodium hydroxide V.S. to neutralize the resulting
mixture. Filter the warmed product through filter paper, fill it into suitable con-
tainers and sterilize by the discontinuous method.
Glucose Gelatin:
Glucose (dry) 10 Gm.
Gelatin 100 Gm.
Peptone 10 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 5 Gm.
Normal Sodium Hydroxide V.S.
Bouillon Stock, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make 1000 mils
Dissolve the glucose, gelatin, peptone, and sodium cliloride in the bouillon stock
by means of heat and add sufficient normal sodium hydroxide V.S. to neutralize the
46
626 THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
resulting mixture. Then filter the product through paper, fill it into suitable con-
tainers and sterilize by the discontinuous method.
Plain Agar-agar:
Agar 15 Gm.
Peptone 10 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 5 Gm.
Normal Sodium Hydroxide V.S.
Bouillon Stock, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make 1000 mils
Dissolve the agar, peptone, and sodilim chloride in the bouillon stock by means
of heat and add a sufficient quantity of normal sodium hydroxide V.S. to neutralize
the resulting mixture. Then filter the warmed product through paper, fill it into
suitable containers and sterilize.
Glucose Agar-agar:
Glucose (dry) 10 Gm.
Agar , 15 Gm.
Peptone 10 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 5 Gm.
Normal Sodimn Hydroxide V.S.
Bouillon t-^>tock, each, a sufficient quantitj',
To make 1000 mils
Dissolve the glucose, peptone, and sodium chloride in the bouillon stock by means
of heat, and add a sufficient quantity of normal sodium hydroxide ^^S. to neutralize
the resulting mixture. Then filter the warmed product through paper, fill it into
suitable containers and sterilize by the discontinuous method.
Glycerin Agar-agar:
Glycerin GO mils
Agar 15 Gm.
Peptone 10 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 5 Gm.
Normal Sodium Hydroxide V.S.
Bouillon Stock, each, a sufficient quantity,
To make 1000 mils
Dissolve the glycerin, agar, peptone, and sodium chloride in the bouillon stock
by means of heat and add a sufficient quantity of normal sodium hydroxide V.S.
to neutralize the resulting mixture. Then filter the warmed product tlu-ough paper
to fill it into suitable containers and sterilize.
Laclose-lilmus Agar-agar:
Sugar of Milk 10 Gm.
Agar 15 Gm.
Peptone 10 Gm.
Sodium Chloride 15 Gm.
Normal Sodium Hydroxide V.S.
Azolitmin Test Solution (.see page .579)
Bouillon Stock, each, a sufficient (juantity,
To make 1000 miLs
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA 627
Dissolve the sugar of milk, agar, peptone, and sodium chloride in the bouillon
stock by means of heat and add a sufficient quantity of normal sodium hydroxide
V.S. to neutralize the resulting mixture. Then filter the warmed product through
paper, add a sufficient quantity of azolitmin solution to impart to the resulting
mixture a pale blue color, fill into suitable containers and sterilize by the discon-
tinuous method. .
Blood Serum {Loffler's Mixture):
Glucose Bouillon 250 mils
Horse or Beef Blood Serum 750 mils
Run the mixture of glucose bouillon and beef or horse blood serum into properly
sterilized test tubes, and coagulate it by means of heat so as to form a slanting surface
for culture purposes.
628
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Thermometric Equivalents
Centigrade and Fahrenheit Scales
Given Sought
Centigrade : Fahrenheit :
Given Sought
Fahrenheit : Centigrade :
,1° C. = ^"- + 32
5
„o_p_5(n°-32)
9
C.°
F.°
C.°
F.°
C.°
F.°
C.°
F.°
—40
—40
—39.4444
—39
—24.4444
-12
—9.4444
15
0.5556
33
—39
-38.2
-24
—11.2
—9
15.8
1
33.8
—38.8889
-38
—23.8889
—11
—8.8889
16
1.1111
34
—38.3333
—37
—23.3333
—10
—8.3333
17
1.6667
35
—38
—36.4
-23
—9.4
-8
17.6
2
35.6
—37.7778
—36
—22.7778
-9
— 7.7778
18
2.2222
36
—37.2222
—35
22 2222
-8
—7.2222
19
2.7778
37
—37
—34.6
—22"""^
—7.6
—7
19.4
3
37.4
—36.6667
-34
—21.6667
—7
—6.6667
20
3.3333
38
—36.1111
—33
—21.1111
—6
—6.1111
21
3.8889
39
—36
—32.8
-21
—5.8
—6
21.2
4
39.2
—35.5556
—32
—20.5556
-5
—5.5556
22
4.4444
40
—35
^31
-20
—4
—5
23
5
41
—34.4444
-30
—19.4444
—3
—4.4444
24
5.5556
42
—34
—29.2
-19
—2.2
—4
24.8
6
42.8
—33.8889
-29
—18.8889
-2
—3.8889
25
6.1111
43
—33.3333
-28
—18.3333
—1
—3.3333
26
6.6667
44
—33
—27.4
—18
—0.4
-3
26.6
7
44.6
—32.7778
-27
—17.7778
0
—2.7778
27
7.2222
45
—32.2222
-26
—17.2222
1
—2.2222
28
7.7778
46
-32
—25.6
-17
1.4
—2
28.4
8
46.4
—31.6667
-25
—16.6667
2
—1.6667
29
8.3333
47
—31.1111
-24
—16.1111
3
—1.1111
30
8.8889
48
—31
—23.8
-16
3.2
-1
30.2
9
48.2
—30.5556
-23
—15.5556
4
—0.5556
31
9.4444
49
—30
-22
—15
5
0
32
10
50
—29.4444
-21
—14.4444
6
10.5556
51
—29
—20.2
-14
6.8
11
51.8
—28.8889
-20
—13.8889
7
11.1111
52
—28.3333
—19
—13.3333
8
11.6667
53
—28
—18.4
-13
8.6
12
53.6
—27.7778
-18
—12.7778
9
12.2222
54
—27.2222
-17
—12.2222
10
12.7778
55
-27
-16.6
-12
10.4
13
55.4
—26.6667
—16
—11.6667
11
13.3333
56
—26.1111
-15
—11.1111
12
13.8889
57
-26
—14.8
—11
12.2
14
57.2
—25.5556
-14
—10.5556
13
14.4444
58
-25
-13
—10
1
14
15
59
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
629
Thermometric Equivalents — Continued
(530
The pharmacop(Eia of the
Thermometric Equivalents— <7(m<tntied
c.°
F."
C
F.°
C.»
F.»
C.«
F.»
95.5556
204
115.5556
240
135.5556
276
155.5556
312
96
204.8
116
240.8
136
276.8
156
312.8
96.1111
205
116.1111
241
136.1111
277
156.1111
313
96.6667
206
116.6667
242
136.6667
278
156.6667
314
97
206.6
117
242.6
137
278.6
157
314.6
97.2222
207
117.2222
243
137.2222
279
157.2222
315
97.7778
208
117.7778
244
137.7778
280
157.7778
316
98
208.4
118
244.4
138
280.4
158
316.4
98.3333
209
118.3333
245
138.3333
281
158.3333
317
98.8889
210
118.8889
246
138.8889
282
158.8889
318
99
210.2
119
246.2
139
282.2
159
318.2
99.4444
211
119.4444
247
139.4444
283
159.4444
319
100
212
120
248
140
284
160
320
100.5556
213
120.5556
249
140.5556
285
160.5556
321
101
213.8
121
249.8
141
285.8
161
321.8
101.1111
214
121.1111
250
141.1111
286
161.1111
322
101.6667
215
121.6667
251
141.6667
287
161.6667
323
102
215.6
122
251.6
142
287.6
162
323.6
102.2222
216
122.2222
252
142.2222
288
162.2222
324
102.7778
217
122.7778
253
142.7778
289
162.7778
325
103
217.4
123
253.4
143
289.4
163
325.4
103.3333
218
123.3333
254
143.3333
290
163.3333
326
103.8889
219
123.8889
255
143.8889
291
163.8889
327
104 •
219.2
124
255.2
144
291.2
164
327.2
104.4444
220
124.4444
256
144.4444
292
164.4444
328
105
221
125
257
145
293
165
329
105.5556
22^~~
125.5556
258
145.5556
294
165.5556
330
106
222.8
126
258.8
146
294.8
166
330.8
106.1111
223
126.1111
259
146.1111
295
166.1111
331
106.6667
224
126.6667
260
146.6667
296
166.6667
332
107
224.6
127
260.6
147
296.6
167
332.6
107.2222
225
127.2222
261
147.2222
297
167.2222
333
107.7778
226
127.7778
262
147.7778
298
167.7778
334
108
226.4
128
262.4
148
298.4
168
334.4
108.3333
227
128.3333
263
148.3333
299
168.3333
335
108.8889
228
128.8889
264
148.8889
300
168.8889
336
109
228.2
129
264.2
149
300.2
169
336.2
109.4444
229
129.4444
265
149.4444
301
169.4444
337
110
230
130
266
150
302
170
338
110.5556
231
130.5556
267
150.5556
303
170.5556
339
111
231.8
131
267.8
151
303.8
171
339.8
111.1111
232
131.1111
268
151.1111
304
171.1111
340
111.6667
233
131.6667
269
151.6667
305
171.6667
341
112
233.6
132
269.6
152
305.6
172
341.6
112.2222
234
132.2222
270
152.2222
306
172.2222
342
112.7778
235
132.7778
271
152.7778
307
172.7778
343
113
235.4
133
271.4
153
307.4
173
343.4
113.3333
236
133.3333
272
153.3333
308
173.3333
344
113.8889
237
133.8889
273
153.8889
309
173.8889
345
114
. 237.2
134
273.2
154
309.2
174
345.2
114.4444
238
134.4444
274
154.4444
310
174.4444
346
115
239
135
275
155
311
175
347
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
631
1 hermometrlc Equivalents— Continued
C."
F.°
C.»
F.°
C.»
F.°
C.»
F."
175.5556
348
195.55.56
384
215.5556
420
235.5556
456
176
:-!48.8
196
384.S
216
420.8
236
456.8
176.1111
349
196.1111
385
216.1111
421
236.1111
457
176.6667
350
196.6667
386
216.6667
422
236.6667
458
177
350.B
197
386.6
217
422.6
237
458.6
177.2222
351
197.2222
387
217.2222
423
237.2222
459
177.7778
352
197.7778
388
217.7778
424
237.7778
460
178
352.4
198
388.4
218
424.4
238
460.4
178.3333
353
198.3333
389
218..3333
425
238.3333
461
178.8889
354
198.8889
390
218.8889
426
238.8889
462
179
354.2
199
390.2
219
426.2
239
462.2
179.4444
355
199.4444
391
219.4444
427
239.4444
463
180 -
356
200
392
220
428
240
464
180.5556
357
200.5556
393
220.5556
429
240.5556
465
181
357.8
201
393.8
221
429.8
241
465.8
181.1111
358
201.1111
394
221.1111
430
241.1)11
466
181.6667
359
201.6667
395
221.6667
431
241.6667
467
182
359.6
202
.395.6
222
431.6
242
467.6
182.2222
360
202.2222
396
222.2222
432
242.2222
468
182.7778
361
202.7778
397
222.7778
433
242.7778
469
183
361.4
203
397.4
223
433.4
243
469.4
183.3333
362
203.3333
398
223.3333
434
243.3333
470
183.8889
363
203.8889
399
223.8889
435
243.8889
471
184
363.2
204
399.2
224
435.2
244
471.2
184.4444
364
204.4444
400
224.4444
436
244.4444
472
185
365
205
401
226
437
245
473
185.5556
366
205.5556
402
225.5556
438
245.5556
474
186
366.8
206
402.8
226
438.8
246
474.8
186.1111
367
206.1111
403
226.1111
439
246.1111
475
186.6667
368
206.6667
404
226.6667
440
246.6667
476
187
368.6
207
404.6
227
440.6
247
476.6
187.2222
369
207.2222
405
227.2222
441
247.2222
477
187.7778
370
207.7778
406
227.7778
442
247.7778
478
188
870.4
208
406.4
228
442.4
248
478.4
188.3333
371
208.3333
407
228.3333
443
248.3333
479
188.8889
372
208.8889
408
228.8889
444
248.8889
480
189
372.2
209
408.2
229
444.2
249
480.2
189.4444
373
209.4444
409
229.4444
445
249.4444
481
190
374
210
410
230
446
250
482
190.55.56
375
210.5556
411
2.30.5556
^47
250.5556
483
191
375.8
211
411.8
231
447.8
251
483.8
191.1111
376
211.1111
412
231.1111
448
251.1111
484
191.6667
377
211.6667
413
231 .6667
449
251.6667
485
192
377.6
212
413.6
232
449.6
252
485.6
192.2222
378
212.2222
414
232.2222
450
252.2222
486
192.7778
379
212.7778
415
232.7778
451
252.7778
487
193
379.4
213
415.4
233
451.4
253
487.4
193.3333
380
213.33.33
416
233.3333
452
253.3333
488
193.8889
381
213.8889
417
233.8889
453
253.8889
489
194
,381 .2
214
417.2
234
453.2
254
489.2
194.4444
382
214.4444
418
234.4444
454
254.4444
490
195
383
215
419
235
455
255
491
632
THE PHARMACOP(EIA OF THE
Thermometric Equivalents — Continued
c.»
F.°
C.°
F.°
C.°
F.°
C.°
F.«
255.5556
492
275.5556
528
295.5556
564
315.5556
600
256
492.8
276
528.8
296
564.8
316
600.8
256.1111
493
276.1111
529
296.1111
565
316.1111
601
256.6667
494
276.6667
530
296.6667
566
316.6667
602
257
494.6
277
530.6
297
566.6
317
602.6
257.2222
495
277.2222
531
297.2222
567
317.2222
603
257.7778
496
277.7778
532
297.7778
568
317.7778
604
258
496.4
278
532.4
298
568.4
318
604.4
258.3333
497
278.3333
533
298.3333
569
318.3333
605
258.8889
498
278.8889
534
298.8889
570
318.8889
606
259
498.2
279
534.2
299
570.2
319
606.2
259.4444
499
279.4444
535
299.4444
571
319.4444
607
260
500
280
536
300
572
320
608
260.5556
501
280.5556
537
300.5556
573
320.5556
609
261
501.8
281
537.8
301
573.8
321
609.8
261.1111
502
281.1111
538
301.1111
574
321.1111
610
261.6667
503
281.6667
539
301.6667
575
321.6667
611
262
503.6
282
539.6
302
575.6
322
611.6
262.2222
504
282.2222
540
302.2222
576
322.2222
612
262.7778
505
282J778
541
302.7778
577
322.7778
613
263
505.4
283
541.4
303
577.4
323
613.4
263.3333
506
283.3333
542
303.3333
578
323.3333
614
263.8889
507
283.8889
543
303.8889
579
323.8889
615
264
507.2
284
543.2
304
579.2
324
615.2
264.4444
508
284.4444
544
304.4444
580
324.4444
616
265
509
285
545
305
581
325
617
265.5556
510
285.5556
546
305.5556
582
325.5556
618
266
510.8
286
546.8
306
582.8
326
618.8
266.1111
511
286.1111
547
306.1111
583
326.1111
619
266.6667
512
286.6667
548
306.6667
584
326.6667
620
267
512.6
287
548.6
307
584.6
327
620.6
267.2222
513
287.2222
549
307.2222
585
327.2222
621
267.7778
514
287.7778
550
307.7778
586
.327.7778
622
268
514.4
288
550.4
308
586.4
328
622.4
268.3333
515
288.3333
551
308.3333
587
328.3333
623
268.8889
516
288.8889
552
308.8889
588
328.8889
624
269
516.2
289
552.2
309
588.2
329
624.2
269.4444
517
289.4444
553
309.4444
589
329.4444
625
270
518
290
554
310
590
330
626
270.5556
519
290.5556
555
310.5556
591
330.5556
627
271
519.8
291
555.8
311
591.8
331
627.8
271.1111
520
291.1111
556
311.1111
592
331.1111
628
271.6667
521
291 .6667
557
311.6667
593
331.6667
629
272
521.6
292
557.6
312
593.6
332
629.6
272.2222
522
292.2222
558
312.2222
594
332.2222
630
272.7778
523
292.7778
559
312.7778
595
332.7778
631
273
523.4
559.4
313
595.4
333
631.4
273.3333
524
293.3333
560
313.3333
596
333.3333
632
273.8889
525
293.8889
561
313.8889
597
333.8889
633
274
525.2
294
561.2
314
597.2
334
633.2
274.4444
526
294.4444
562
314.4444
598
334.4444
634
275
527
295
563
315
599
335
635
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
633
Alcoholometric Table
Temperature 15.56° C.
Percentage bt Volume
Perc
ENTAGE BT
Weight
Corre-
Sp. gr.
Corr. t
Corre-
Sp. gr.
Corr. t
of sp. gr.
' for
Peril
sponding
app.*
of sp. gr.
Frac-
Per
sponding
app.*
Frac-
cent.
per
in air
15.56°
15.56°
for
tional X
cent
per
in air
tional t
vol.
cent,
wt.
barometer
(100 mm.)
per cent.
wt.
cent,
vol.
15.56°
15.56°
1 barometer
! (100 mm.)
per
cent.
go
0.000
1.00000
0.000000
0.0667
0
0.000
1.00000
0.000000
0.0532
1
0.795
0.99850
0.000000
0.0680
1
1.257
0.99812
0.000000
0.0543
2
1.593
0.99703
0.000000
0.0690
2
2.510
0.99628
0.000000
0.0565
3
2.392
0.99558
0.000001
0.0714
3
3. 758
0.99451
0.000001
0.0588
4
3.194
0.99418
0.000001
0.0730
4
5.002
0.99281
0.000001
0.0610
5
3.998
0.99281
0.000001 0.0746
5
6.243
0.99117
0.000001
0.0641
6
4.804
0.99149
0.000001
0.0781
6
7.479
0.98961
0.000001
0.0671
7
5.612
0.99021
0.000001
0.0S13
7
8.712
0.98812
0.000002
0.0680
8
6.422
0.98898
0.000002
0.0833
8
9.943
0.98665
0.000002
0.0700
9
7.234
0.98778
0.000002
0.0840
9
11.169
0.98523
0.000002
0.0719
10
8.047
0.98659
0.000002
0.0855
10
12.393
0.98384
0.000002
0.0746
11
8.862
0.98542
0.000002
0.0877
11
13.613
0.98351
0.000003
0.0769
V2
9.679
0.98428
0.000002
0.0901
12
14.832
0.98120
0.000003
0.0775
13
10.497
0.98317
0.000003
0.0917
13
16.047
0.97991
0.000003
0.0800
14
11.317
0.98208
0.000003
0.0943
14
17.259
0.97866
0.000003
0.0820
15
12.138
0.98102
0.000003
0.0943
15
18.469
0.97744
0.000004
0.0840
16
12.961
0.97996
0.000003
0.0962
16
19.676
0.9/O25
0.000004
0.0833
17
13.786
0.97892
0.000003
0.0990
17
20.880
0.97505
0.000004
0.0826
18
14.612
0.97791
0.000004
0.1000
18
22.081
0.97384
0.000004
0.0813
19
15.440
0.97691
0.000004
0.1020
19
23.278
0.97261
0.000004
0.0806
20
16.269
0.97593
0.000004
0.1000
20
24.472
0.97137
0.000005
0.0794
21
17.100
0.97493
0.000004
0.0990
21
25.662
0.97011
0.000005
0.0781
22
17.933
0.97392
0.000004
0.0980
22
26.849
0.96883
0.000005
0.0769
23
18.768
0.97290
0.000004
0.0962
23
28.032
0.96753
0.000005
0.0752
24
19.604
0.97186
0.000005
0.0952
24
29.210
0.96620
0.000005
0.0740
25
20.443
0.97081
0.000005
0.0943
25
30.388
0.96485
0.000006
0.0719
26
21.285
0.96974
0.000005
0.0926
26
31.555
0.96346
0.000006
0.0694
27
22.127
0.96866
0.000005
0.0909
27
32.719
0.96202
0.000006
0.0667
28
22.973
0.96756
0.000005
0.0893
28
33.879
0.96052
0.000006
0.0649
29
23.820
0.96644
0.000005
0.0877
29
35.033
0.95898
0.D00007
0.0633
30
24.670
0.96530
0.000005
0.0862
30
36.181
0.95740
0.000007
0.0613
* Barometer 700 mm. Air one-half saturated with moisture.
II If temperature of observation is above 15.56° C, look for percentage correc-
tion in the following table.
t Correction subtractive if barometer is above, additive if below, 760 mm. If
barometer readings are in inches reduce to millimeters by multiplying by 25.4.
J Corresponding with a difference in specific gravity of 0.0001.
§ The figures on this line across the page are for fractional percentages below 1.
Note : The figures of these Alcoholometric Tables are based on tables issued
by the U. S. Bureau of Standards.
634
THE PHARMACOPfEIA OF THE
Alcoholometric Table — Continued
Percentage by Volume
PEBCENTAGE BY WEIGHT
Corre-
Sp. gr.
Corr. 1
Corre-
Sp. gr.
Corr.
Frac-
tional
Per
sponding
app.
of sp. gr.
Frac-
Per
sponding
app.
of sp. gr.
cent
per
in air
for
tional
cent
per
in air
for
vol.
cent.
1.5.56°
barometer
per cent.
wt.
cent.
15.56°
barometer
per
wt.
15.56°
(lOOmm.)l
vol.
15.56°
(100 mm.) 1 '"="'■•
31
25.524
0.96414
0.000006
0.0820
i
31
37.323
0.95577
0.000007 0.0595
32
26.382
0.96292
0.000006
0.0787
32
38.459
0.95409
0.000007
0.0578
33
27.242
0.96165
0.000006
0.0775
33
39.590
0.95236
0.000007
0.0565
34
28.104
0.96036
0.000006
0.0752
34
40.716
0.95059
0.000008
0.0556
35
28.971
0.95903
0.000006
0.0725
35
41.832
0.94879
0.000008
0.0546
36
29.842
0.95765
0.000007
0.0704
36
42.944
0.94696
0.000008
0.0538
37
30.717
0.95623
0.000007
0.0685
37
44.050
0.94509
0.000009
0.0521
38
31.596
0.9W77
0.000007
0.0668
38
45.149
0.94317
0.000009
0.0515
39
32.478
0.95326
0.000007
0.0649
39
46.242
0.94123
,0.000009
0.0508
40
33.364
0.95172
0.000007
0.0633
40
47.328
0.93926
0.000010
0.0498
41
34.254
0.95014
0.000008
0.0617
41
48.407
0.93725
0.000010
0.0488
42
35.150
0.94852
0.000008
0.0600
42
49.480
0.93520
0.000010
0.0485
43
36.050
0.94687
0.000008
0.0588
43
50.545
0.93312
0.000011
0.0476
44
36.955
0.94517
0.000009
0.0578
44
51.605
0.93102
0.000011
0.0474
45
37.865
0.94344
0.000009
0.0565
45
52.658
0.92891
0.000011
0.0469
46
38.778
0.94167
0.000009
0.0552
46
53.705
0.92678
0.000012
0.0467
47
39.697
0.93986
0.000009
0.0541
47
54.7,46
0.92464
0.000012
0.0461
48
40.622
0.93801
0.000010
0.0526
48
55.780
0.92247
0.000012
()i)461
49
41.551
0.93611
0.000010
0.0518
49
56.808
0.92030
0.000013
0.0457
50
42.487
0.93418
0.000010
0.0510
50
57.830
0.91811
0.000013
0.0455
61
43.428
0.93222
0.000011
0.0.503
51
58.844
0.91591
0.000013
0.0446
52
44.374
0.93023
0.000011
0.0498
52
59.851
0.91367
0.000014
0.0444
53
45.326
0.92822
0.000011
0.0488
53
60.854
0.91142
0.000014
0.0444
54
46.283
0.92617
0.000012
0.0483
54
61.850
0.90917
0.000014
0.0442
55
47.245
0.92410
0.000012
0.0478
55
62.837
0.90691
0.000015
0.0441
56
48.214
0.92201
0.000012
0.0474
56
63.820
0.90464
0.000015
0.0441
57
49.187
0.91990
0.000013
0.0463
57
64.798
0.90237
0.000015
0.0441
58
50.167
0.91774
0.000013
0.0457
58
65.768
0.90010
0.000016
0.0437
59
51.154
0.91555
0.000013
0.0452
59
66.732
0.89781
0.000016
0.0435
60
52.147
0.91334
0.000014
0.0446
60
67.690
0.89551
0.000016
0.0433
61
53.146
0.91110
0.00(K)14
0.0439
61
68.641
0.89320
0.000017
0.0431
62
54.152
0.90882
0.000014
0.0437
()2
69..586
O.S9088
0.000017
0.0431
63
5."). 165
0.<K)()53
0.000015
0.0435
63
70.523
0.8885(i
0.000017
0.0427
64
56.184
().fX)423
0.(M)()015 0.0429 |
()4
71.455
0.88623
0.009018
0.0426
65
57.208
0.90190
0.000015
0.0426
65
72.380
0.88388
0.000018
0.0426
66
58.241
0.89955
0.00(K)16
0.0420
()6
73.299
0.88153
0.000019
0.0426
67
59.279
0.89717
0.0(X)01()
0.0410
67
74.21 1
0.87918
0.000019
0.0426
68
(iO.325
0.89177
().()( )001()
{).()4()8
()8
75.117
0.87683
0.000019
0.0422
69
61.379
0.89232
0.0(KK)17
0.0407
69
76.01()
0.87446
0.000020
0.0422
70
62.441
0.88986
0.000017
0.0403
70
76.909
0.87206
0.000020 0.0418
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
635
Alcoholometric Table — Continued
Percentaob bt Volume
Pbrcbntaob bt Wbight
Corre-
Sp. gr.
Corr.
1 Corre-
Sp. gr.
Corr.
Frac-
Per
sponding
app.
of sp. gr.
Frac-
Per spoading
app.
of sp. gr.
cent.
per
in air
for
tional
cent.i per
in air
for
tional
vol.
cent.
15.56°
barometer
per cent.
wt.
cent.
15.56°
barometer
per
cent.
wt.
63.511
15.56°
(100 mm.)
vol.
15.56°
(100 mm.)
71
0.88738
0.000018
0.0395
71
77.794
0.86970
0.000021
0.0417
72
64.5S8
0.88485
0.000018
0.0392
72
78.672
0.86730
0.000021
0.0417
73
65.674
0.88230
0.000019
0.0389
73
79.544
0.86490
0.000021
0.0417
74
66.768
0.87973
0.000019
0.0385
74
80.410
0.86250
0.000022
0.0413
75
67.870
0.87713
0.000019
0.0380
75
81.269
0.86008
0.000022
0.0413
76
68.982
0.87450
0.000020
0.0376
76
82.121
0.85766
0.000022
0.0413
77
70.102
0.87184
0.000020
0.0370
77
82.967
0.85524
0.000023
0.0412
78
71.234
0.86914
0.000021
0.0365
78
8;i.805
0.85281
0.000023
0.0403
79
72.375
0.86640
0.000021
0.0362
79
84.636
0.85033
0.000024
0.0408
80
73.526
0.863&4
0.000021
0.0357
80
85.459
0.84788
0.000024
0.0403
81
74.686
0.86084
0.000022
0.0352
81
86.275
0.84540
0.000024
0.0402
82
75.858
0.85800
0.000022
0.0350
82
87.083
0.84291
0.000025
0.0402
83
77.039
0.85514
0.000023
0.0344
83
87.885
0.84042
0.000025
0.0398
84
78.233
0.85223
0.000023
0.0337
84
88.678
0.83791
0.000025
0.0394
85
79.441
0.84926
0.000024
0.0331
85
89.464
0.83537
0.000026
0.0392
86
80.662
0.84624
0.000024
0.0326
86
90.240
0.83282
0.000026
0.0391
87
81.897
0.8i317
0.000025
0.0322
87
91.008
0.83026
0.000027
0.0386
88
83.144
0.84006
0.000025
0.0314
88
91.766
0.82767
0.000027
0.0377
89
84.408
0.83688
0.000026
0.0307
89
92.517
0.82.502
0.000028
0.0380
90
85.689
0.83362
0.000026
0.0300
90
93.254
0.82239
0.000028
0.0372
91
86.989
0.83029
0.000027
0.0291
91
93.982
0.81970
0.000028
0.0367
92
88.310
0.82685
0.000027
0.0282
92
94.700
0.81697
0.000029
0.0362
93
89.652
0.82330
0.000028
0.0272
93
95.407
0.81421
0.000029
0.0358
94
91.025
0.81963
0.000028
0.0262
94
96.103
0.81142
0.000030
0.0353
95
92.423
0.81581
0.000029
0.0252
95
96.787
0.80859
0.000030
0.0348
96
93.851
0.81184
0.000030
0.0240
96
97.457
0.80572
0.000030
0.0342
97
95.315
0.80769
0.000030
0.0229
97
98.117
0.80280
0.000031
0.0334
98
96.820
0.80333
0.000031
0.0214
98
98.759
0.79981
0.000031
0.0328
99
98.381
0.79865
0.000031
0.0200
99
99.386
0.79676
0.000032
0.0322
100 100.000
0.79365
0.000032
100
i
100.000
0.79365
0.000032
636
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Temperature Corrections
For volume per cent, of Alcohol by the foregoing Alcoholometric Table
Observed Per cent. —
Alcohol by volu
me
Temp.
C.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
12
14
15.56°
Subtract from observed Per cent, of Alcohol
IG
0.04
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.06
0.06
0.06
0.07
0.08
17
0.14
0.14
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.17
0.17
0.19
0.20
0.21
0.24
0.29
18
0.25
0.25
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.29
0.31
0.33
0.35
0.37
0.42
0.49
19
0.36
0.36
0.38
0.39
0.40
0.43
0.45
0.48
0.51
0.54
0.61
0.69
20
0.48
0.48
0.50
0.52
0.54
0.57
0.60
0.64
0.67
0.71
0.80
0.91
21
0.60
0.61
0.63
0.65
0.68
0.71
0.75
0.80
0.84
0.89
0.99
1.12
22
0.73
0.75
0.77
0.79
0.83
0.86
0.91
0.97
1.02
1.07
1.19
1.35
23
0.86
0.89
0.91
0.94
0.98
1.02
1.08
1.14
1.20
1.26
1.40
1.58
24
1.00
1.04
1.06
1.10
1.14
1.20
1.25
1.32
1.38
1.45
1.61
1.81
25
1.19
1.22
1.26
1.30
1.36
1.41
1.49
1.57
1.65
1.82
2.04
26
1.35
1.38
1.43
1.47,
1.54
1.60
1.68
1.76
1.85
2.04
2.28
27
1.52
1.55
1.61
1.65
1.73
1.79
1.88
1.96
2.06
2.27
2.52
28
1.69
1.73
1.78
1.84
1.91
1.99
2.08
2.17
2.28
2.50
2.76
29
1.87
1.91
1.96
2.03
2.10
2.19
2.28
2.38
2.50
2.73
3.00
30
2.09
2.15
2.22
2.30
2.39
2.49
2.60
2.72
2.97
3.25
31
2.27
2.34
2.41
2.50
2.60
2.70
2.82
2.95
3.21
3.51
32
2.45
2.54
2.61
2.71
2.82
2.92
3.05
3.18
3.46
3.77
33
2.63
2.74
2.81
2.92
3.04
3.15
3.28
3.42
3.71
4.03
34
2.82
2.95
3.02
3.14
3.27
3.39
3.52
3.66
3.96
4.29
35
3.16
3.24
3.36
3.49
3.63
3.76
3.91
4.22
4.55
Obse
rved Pe
r cent.-
-Alcoho
1 by vol
ume
Temp.
C.
15.50°
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
37
40
Subtrs
ct from
observe
d Per c
3nt. of /
Llcohol
16
0.10
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
17
0.33
0.38
0.42
0.46
0.50
0.54
0.57
0.59
0.60
0.60
0.59
0.58
18
0.56
0.65
0.73
0.79
0.84
0.89
0.95
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.00
0.98
19
0.80
0.91
1.02
1.11
1.19
1.27
1.33
1.39
1.40
1.41
1.41
1.39
20
1.04
1.18
1.32
1.44
1.54
1.64
1.72
1.79
1.81
1.82
1.81
1.79
21
1.28
1.45
1.61
1.76
1.88
2.00
2.10
2.18
2.21
2.22
2.22
2.19
22
1.53
1.73
1.91
2.07
2.21
2.35
2.47
2.57
2.60
2.63
2.63
2.59
23
1.78
2.00
2.21
2.39
2.55
2.71
2.84
2.95
3.00
3.03
3.03
3.00
24
2.04
2.28
2.51
2.71
2.88
3.06
3.21
3.34
3.40
3.44
3.44
3.40
25
2.29
2.56
2.81
3.03
3.22
3.41
3.58
3.73
3.80
3.84
3.85
3.80
26
2.55
2.83
3.11
3.35
3.56
3.77
3.95
4.11
4.20
4.25
4.26
4.21
27
2 80
3.11
3.41
3.68
3.91
4.13
4.32
4.50
4.59
4.65
4.67
4.62
28
3.06
3.38
3.71
4.00
4.25
4.49
4.70
4.88
4.99
5.05
5.07
5.02
29
3.32
3.66
4.01
4.33
4.60
4.85
5.06
5.26
5.38
5.46
5.48
5.43
30
3.58
3.94
4.31
4.65
4.94
5.21
5.43
5.64
5.77
5.86
5.89
5.84
31
3.8i
i 4.22
4.61
4.97
5.28
5.56
5.80
6.01
6.16
6.26
6.29
6.24
32
4.12
4.51
4.92
5.30
5.62
5.91
6.16
6.39
6.54
6.65
6.70
6.65
33
4.40
4.80
5.22
5.62
5.95
6.26
6.50
6.76
6.92
7.04
7.10
7.05
34
4.67
5.09
5.54
5.94
6.29
6.62
6.90
7.13
7.30
7.44
7.51
7.46
35
4.94
5.39
5.86
6.27
6.63
6.97
7.26
7.50
7.67
7.83
7.91
7.86
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
637
Tem peratu re Corrections — Continued
For volume per cent, of Alcohol by the foregoing Alcoholometric Table
Observed Per cent.-
—Alcohol by volume
Temp.
C.
43
46
49
52
55
58
61
64
67
70
72
76
15.56°
Subtract from observed Per cent, of Alcohol
16
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.14
17
0.57
0.56
0.55
0.53
0.52
0.51
0.50
0.49
0.48
0.47
0.46
0.45
18
0.97
0.95
0.93
0.90
0.88
0.86
0.S5
0.83
0.;82
0.80
0.79
0.76
19
1.37
1.34
1.30
1.27
1.25
1.22
1.19
1.17
1.14
1.12
1.11
1.08
20
1.76
1.72
1.68
1.64
1.61
1.57
1.54
1.51
1.48
1.45
1.42
1.39
21
2.15
2.11
2.06
2.02
1.98
1.94
1.90
1.85
1.82
1.79
1.75
1.70
22
2.55
2.50
2.44
2.39
2.34
2.29
2.24
2.20
2.16
2.12
2.07
2.02
23
2.94
2.89
2.82
2.76
2.71
2.66
2.60
2.55
2.50
2^46
2.39
2.33
24
3.34
3.28
3.21
3.14
3.07
3.01
2.95
2.90
2.84
2.79
2.72
2.65
25
3.74
3.67
3.60
3.52
3.44
3.37
3.31
3.24
3.18
3.13
3.05
2.97
26
4.14
4.07
3.98
3.89
3.81
3.74
3.67
3.59
3.53
3.47
3.38
3.29
27
4.55
4.47
4.37
4.27
4.18
4.10
4.02
3.95
3.87
3.80
3.71
3.62
28
4.95
4.86
4.76
4.65
4.56
4.48
4.39
4.31
4.22
4.14
4.04
3.95
29
535
5.26
5.15
5.04
4.93
4.84
4.75
4.66
4.57
4.48
4.38
4.27
30
5.75
5.66
5.53
5.41
5.30
5.20
5.11
5.01
4.91
4.82
4.71
4.59
31
6.15
6.06
5.92
5.79
5.67
5.57
5.48
5.37
5.27
5.17
5.05
4.93
32
6.56
6.46
6.32
6.19
6.05
5.95
5.84
5.73
5.62
5.51
5.39
5.26
33
6.96
6.85
6.72
6.57
6.43
6.32
6.20
6.09
5.97
5.86
5.73
5.59
34
7.36
7.25
7.12
6.96
6.81
6.69
6.56
6.44
6.32
6.21
6.07
5.92
35
7.76
7.65
7.51
7.35
7.19
7.06
6.93
6.80
6.68
6.56
6.41
6.25
Obs
srved P<
;r cent.-
-Alcohc
1 by vo!
ume
Temp.
C.
15.56°
79
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
Subtrz
let from
observe
d Per c
ent. of ^
ilcohol
16
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.10
0.10
0.09
0.08
17
0.44
0.42
0.41
0.41
0.39
0.38
0.36
0.33
0.31
0.27
0.24
18
0.74
0.71
0.70
0.69
0.66
0.63
0.60
0.56
0.52
0.46
0.40
19
1.04
1.00
0.98
0.96
0.93
0.89
0.85
0.79
0.73
0.65
0.57
20
1.34
1.30
1.28
1.24
1.20
1.15
1.09
1.02
0.94
0.85
0.74
21
1.66
1.60
1.57
1.53
1.47
1.42
1.34
1.26
1.16
1.05
0.92
22
1.97
1.90
1.86
1.82
1.75
1.69
1.60
1.50
1.39
1.26
1.09
23
2.27
2.20
2.15
2.10
2.03
1.96
1.86
1.75
1.61
1.46
1.27
24
2.58
2.50
2.45
2.39
2.31
2.23
2.12
1.99
1.84
1.67
1.45
25
2.89
2.81
2.75
2.68
2.60
2.50
2.38
2.23
2.07
1.88
1.63
26
3.21
3.11
3.05
2.96
2.89
2.78
2.64
2.48
2.31
2.10
1.82
27
3.52
3.42
3.35
3.27
3.17
3.05
2.91
2.74
2.54
2.31
2.00
28
3.84
3.73
3.65
3.57
3.46
3.33
3.18
2.99
2.78
2.53
2.19
29
4.16
4.04
3.96
3.86
3.74
3.61
3.45
3.25
3.02
2.75
2.38
30
4.47
4.34
4.26
4.16
4.03
3.89
3.72
3.51
3.26
2.98
2.58
31
4.79
4.66
4..56
4.46
4.32
4.18
3.99
3.77
3.51
3.21
2.78
32
5.12
4.98
4.88
4.77
4.62
4.46
4.27
4.03
3.76
3.45
2.99
33
5.45
5.30
5.19
5.07
4.92
4.75
4.54
4.30
4.01
3.68
3.19
34
5.77
5.62
5.51
5.38
5.22
5.03
4.82
4.56
4.26
3.92
3.40
35
6.09
5.94
5.82
5.69
5.52
5.32
5.09
4.82
4.52
4.15
3.61
638 THE PHARMACOPCBIA OF THE
Acid and Alkali Tables
Specific Gravity. — By specific gravity, in the tables which follow, is meant the
weight (in air with brass weights, barometer at 760 mm.) of a volume oi the fluid
equal to the same volume of the miil (1.0000) of pure water at the same temper-
ature. Figures are given both for 25° C, the official standard temperature, and for
15* C. One-half the sum of these figures may be taken as a close approximation to
the specific gravity at 20° C, the standard temperature adopted by the U. S. Bureau
of Standards. The temperature corrections given assume that glass apparatus is
used, the coefficient of cubical expansion of glass being taken as 0.000025.
Percentage. — To determine the percentage strength of an acid or alkali by ita
specific gravity, take the apparent specific gravity at the room temperature with a
pycnometer, hydrometer, or Mohr-Westphal balance. Correct to the standard tem-
perature by the figures in column 4, and ascertain the per cent, of acid or alkali from
columns 2 (or 3) and 5 in the following manner:
Example: A sample of dilute sulphuric acid (see page 646) has an apparent
specific gravity at 21° C. (room temperature), by a pycnometer standardized at
25° C, of 1.1457. The correction for 4° C. (subtractive) is 0.000561X4 = 0.0022
(from column 4). The corrected specific gravity, 1.1457 — 0.0022 = 1.1435. The
nearest lower figin-e in column 2 is 1.1400, showing (column 1) 20 per cent, of
acid. For the fractional per cent., multiply the difference (1.1435 — 1.1400 = 0.0035,
taken as 35) by 0.0132 (column 5); the product is 0.462. The strength ia there-
fore 20.462 per cent.
Normality. — Column 6 shows the "normality," — i.e., the neutraUaing power of
the acid or alkali. If the figure in this column is 2.74, one volume of the acid diluted
with water to make 2.74 volumes will be of "normal" strength. It is therefore easy
by the aid of these figures to prepare volumetric solutions of approximately any
N N N
desired strength (y' '^' '^' etc.) from an acid or alkali of known percentage
strength. For accurate work such solutions must of course be standardized by the
usual methods. (See Volumetric Solutions, page 555).
The chief use, however, of the normality column is for the determination directly
by titration of the percentage strength of an acid or alkali of unknown specific gravity.
Example: 1 mil (accurately measured) of a sample of acetic acid of unknown
strength is found to require for neutraUzation 4.62 mils of normal potassium hydroxide
V.S. The nearest lower figure in column 6 is 4.465, corresponding with 26 per cent*
For the fractional per cent., multiply the difference (4.620—4.465 = 0.155, taken as
15.5) by 0.0565 (column 7). The product is 0.8757. The strength is therefore
26.87-1- per cent.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
C39
Acetic Acid
Per cent.
H(:._.H:t().2
1 Si>. gr. app.
Sp. gr. app.
15° C.
15° C.
Correction of
Ki>ecitfc gravity
for 1° I,'.*
Fractional
per ceiit.f
Normality.
1 mil requires
normal KOU
niil.s.
Per cent. =
U.Ol mil
nonnai KOH.
JO
1.0000
1.0000
0.00018
1 0.0714
0.000
0.0599
1
1.0014
1.0015
0.00019
0.0714
0167
0.0602
2
1.0028
1.0030
().(K)020
0.0714
0.333
0.0595
3
1.0042
1.0045
0.00022
0,0714
0.501
0.0599
4
1.00.5()
l.OOtiO
0.(KX)23
0.0714
0.668
0.0595
5
1.0070
1.0075
0.00024
0.0769
0.836
0.0592
6
1.0083
l.OOiK)
0.00025
0.0714
1.005
0.0592
7
1.0097
1.0105
0.(K)026
0.0714
1.174
0.0588
8
1.0111
1.0120
0.00028
0.0769
1.344
0.0588
9
1.0124
1.0135
0.0(H)29
0.0714
1.514
0.0588
10
1.0138
1.0150
0.(K)030
0.0769
L684
0.0585
11
1.0151
1.0165
0.00031
0.0714
1.855
0.0585
12
1.0165
1.0179
0.00033
0.0769
2.026
0.0581
13
1.0178
1.0193
0.00034
0.0769
2.198
0.0581
14
1.0191
1.0208
0.00036
0.0769
2.370
0.0581
15
1.0201
1.0222
0.00037
0.0769
2.542
0.0578
16
1.0217
1.0230
0.00038
0.0833
2.715
0.0578
17
1.0229
1.0251
0.00040
0.0769
2.888
0.0575
18
1.0242
1.0265
0.00041
0.0833
3.062
0.0575
19
1.0254
1.0279
0.00043
0.0833
3.236
0.0571
20
1.0266
1.0293
0.00044
0.0769
3.411
0.0571
21
1.0279
' 1.0307
0.00045
0.0833
3.586
0.0571
22
1.0291
1.0320
- 0.00046
0.0833
3.761
0.0571
23
1.0303
1.0333
0.00048
0.0833
3.936
0.0568
24
1.0315
1.0346
0.00049
0.0833
4.112
0.0568
25
1.0327
1.0359
0.00050
0.0909
4.288
0.0565
26
1.0338
1.0372
0.00051
0.0833
4.465
0.0565
27
1.0350
1.0384
0.00053
0.0909
4.042
0.0565
28
1.0361
1.0397
0.00054
0.0909
4.819
0.0565
29
1.0372
1.0409
0.00055
0.0909
4.996
0.0562
30
1.0383
1.0421
0.00056
0.0909
5.174
0.0562
31
1.0394
1.0433
0.00057
0.1000
5.352
0.0562
32
1.0404
1.0445
0.00059
0.0909
5.530
0.0559
33
1.0415
1.0456
0.00060
OlOOO
5.709
0.0559
34
1.0425
1.0468
0.00062
a 1000
5.888
0.0559
35
1.0435
1.0479
0.00063
a 1000
6.067
0.0559
36
1.0445
1.0490
0.00064
OlOOO
6.246
0.0559
37
1.0455
1.0501
0.00065
0.1111
6.425
0.0559
38
1.0464
1.0511
0.00066
0.1000
6.604
0.0556
39
1.0474
1.0522
0.00067
0.1111
6.784
0.0556
40
1.0483
1.0532
0.00068
OllU
6.964
0.0556
* Add if the temperature is above, subtract if it is below the standard.
t Corresponding with a difference in specific gravity of 0.0001.
I The figures on this line across the page are for fractional percentages below 1.
640
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OP THE
Acetic
Acid — Continued
Per cent.
Sp. gr. app.
25° C.
Sp. gr. app.
15° C.
Correction of
Fractional
Normality.
1 mil requires
Per cent. =
HG2H3O2
25° C.
15° C.
specific gravity
for 1° C.
per cent .
normal KOH
mils.
0.01 mil
normal KOH.
41
1.0492
1.0542
0.00069
0.1111
7.144
0.0552
42
1.0501
1.0552
0.00070
0.1111
7.325
0.0552
43
1.0510
1.0561
0.00070
0.1250
7.506
0.0552
44
1.0518
1.0571
0.00071
0.1111
7.687
0.0552
45
1.0527
1.0580
0.00072
0.1250
7.868
0.0549
46
1.0535
1.0589
0.00073
0.1250
8.050
0.0552
47
1.0543
1.0598
0.00074
0.1250
8.231
0.0552
48
1.0551
1.0607
0.00075
0.1429
8.412
0.0552
49
1.0558
1.0616
0.00076
0.1250
8.593
0.0549
50
1.0566
1.0624
0.00077
0.1429
8.775
0.0552
51
1.0573
1.0632
0.00077
0.1429
8.956
0.0549
52
1.0580
1.0640
0.00078
0.1429
9.138
0.0552
53
1.0587
1.0647
0.00079
0.1667
9.319
0.0549
54
1.0593
1.0655
0.00079
0.1429
9.501
0.0549
65
1.0600
1.0662
0.00080
0.1667
9.683
0.0549
56
1.0606
1.0669
0.00081
0.1667
9.865
0.0549
57
1.0612
1.0675
0.00081
0.1667
10.047
0.0549
58
1.0618
1.0682
0.00082
0.1667
10.229
0.0549
59
1.0624
1.0688
0.00083
0.2000
10.411
0.0549
60
1.0629
1.0694
0.00084
0.2000
10.593
0.0549
61
1.0634
1.0700
0.00084
0.2000
10.775
0.0549
62
1.0639
1.0706
0.00085
0.2000
10.957
0.0552
63
1.0644
1.0711
0.00086
0.2500
11.138
0.0549
64
1.0648
1.0716
0.00086
0.2500
11.320
0.0552
65
1.0652
1.0721
0.00087
0.2500
11.501
0.0552
66
1.0656
1.0726
0.00087
0.2500
11.682
0.0549
67
1.0660
1.0730
0.00088
0.2500
11.864
0.0552
68
1.0664
1.0734
0.00089
0.2500
12.045
0.0552
69
1.0668
1.0738
0.00089
0.3333
12.226
0.0552
70
1.0671
1.0742
0.00090
0.3333
12.407
0.0556
71
1.0674
1.0746
0.00090
0.5000
12.587
0.0556
72
1.0676
1.0749
0.00091
0.5000
12.767
0.0559
73
1.0678
1.0751
0.00092
1.0000
12.946
0.0559
74
1.0679
1.0753
0.00092
1.0000
13.125
0.0559
75
1.0680
1.0755
0.00093
1.0000
13.304
0.0562
76
1.0681
1.0756
0.00093
13.482
0.0562
77
1.0681
1.0757
0.00094
13.660
0.0562
78
1.0681
1.0757
0.00094
13.838
0.0565
79
1.0681*
1.0757
0.00095
lioooo
14.015
0.0565
80
1.0680
1.0757
0.00096
0.5000
14.192
0.0571
I
*Below this point the specific gravity diminishes as the strength of the acid
increases.
tJNiTED STATES OF AMERICA
G41
Acetic Acid — Continued
Per cent.
HC2H3O2
Sp. gr. app.
2.5° C.
25° 0.
Sp. gr. app.
150 c.
15° 0.
Correction of
specific gravity
for 1° C.
Fractional
per cent.
Normality.
I mil requires
normal KOH
mils.
Per cent. =»
0.01 mil
normal KOH.
81
1.0678
1.0756
0.00096
0.5000
14.367
0.0571
82
1.0676
1.0755
0.00097
0.5000
14.542
0.0575
83
1.0674
1.0753
0.00097
0.3333
14.716
0.0578
84
1.0671
1.0751
0.00098
0.2500
14.889
0.0581
85
1.0667
1.0748
0.00099
0.2500
15.061
0.0585
86
1.0663
1.0745
0.00099
0.2000
15.232
0.0592
87
1.0658
1.0740
0.00100
0.1667
15.401
0.0592
88
1.0652
1.0735
0.00101
0.1667
15.570
0.0599
89
1.0646
1.0729
0.00102
0.1250
15.737
0.0602
90
1.0638
1.0722
0.00103
0.1111
15.903
0.0610
91
1.0629
1.0714
0.00103
0.1111
16.067
0.0617
92
1.0620
1.0705
0.00103
0.0833
16.229
0.0629
93
1.0608
1.0695
0.00104
0.0833
16.388
0.0637
94
1.0596
1.0683
0.00104
0.0714
16.545
0.0654
95
1.0582
1.0669
0.00105
0.0588
16.698
0.0676
96
1.0565
1.0653
0.00106
0.0526
16.846
0.0694
97
1.0546
1.0634
0.00106
0.0455
16.990
0.0709
98
1.0524
1.0613
0.00107
0.0400
17.131
0.0746
99
1.0499
1.0589
0.00108
0.0357
17.265
0.0781
100
1.0471
1.0562
0.00109
17.393
Note* If the specific gravity of the acid is greater than 1.045, mi-x some of the
acid with an equal weight of water and take the specific gravity of the mixture,
then multiply the corresponding percentage taken from the table by two. It is
better, however, to determine the strength of any sample of acetic acid by its normality.
To find the volume per cent, of official Acetic Acid (36 per cent.) multiply the
"normality" by 16.01. For the volume per cent, of Acetic Acid (HC2H3O2), multiply
the "normality" by 5.751. For the volume per cent, of official Diluted Acetic Acid
(6 per cent.), multiply the "normality" by 99.5.
46
642
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Hydrochloric Acid
Per cent.
HCl
Sp. gr. app.
25° C.
25° C.
Sp. gr. app.
15° C.
15° C.
Correction of
specific gravity
for 1° C*
Fractional
per cent.f
Normality.
1 mil requires
normal KOH
mils.
Per cent.=
0.01 mil
normal KOU.
to
1.0000
1.0000
0.00018
0.0203
0.000
0.0362
1
1.0049
1.0050
0.00018
0.0204
0.276
0.0360
2
1.0098
1.0099
0.00019
0.0204
0.554
0.0357
3
1.0147
1.0149
0.00020
0.0205
0.834
0.0355
4
1.0196
1.0198
0.00020
0.0206
1.116
0.0352
5
1.0245
1.0247
0.00021
0.0207
1.400
0.0345
6
1.0293
1.0296
0.00022
0.0207
1.690
0.0344
7
1.0341
1.0346
0.00023
0.0208
1.981
0.0341
8
1.0389
1.0395
0.00024
0.0209
2.274
0.0339
9
l.(M37
1.0444
0.00025
0.0210
2.569
0.0336
10
1.0185
1.0493
0.00027
0.0210
2.867
0.0332
n
1.0532
1.0542
0.00029
0.0211
3.168
0.0329
12
1.0580
1.0591
0.00030
0.0211
3.472
0.0327
13
1.0627
1.0640
0.00032
0.0212
3.778
0.0325
14
1.0674
1.0689
0.00034
0.0211
4.086
0.0322
15
1.0722
1.0738
0.00036
0.0211
4.397
0.0318
16
1.0769
1.0788
0.00038
0.0210
4.711
0.0316
17
1.0817
1.0837
0.00039
0.0209
5.027
0.0313
18
1.0865
1.0886
0.00041
0.0209
5.346
0.0311
19
1.0912
1.0936
0.00043
0.0209
5.668
0.0308
20
1.0960
1.0986
0.00045
0.0207
5.993
0.0306
21
1.1009
1.1036
0.00047
0.0205
6.320
0.0303
22
1.1057
1.1086
0.00049
0.0203
6.650
0.0300
23
1.1107
1.1137
0.00051
0.0202
6.983
0.0298
24
1.1156
1.1189
0.00053
0.0200
7.319
0.0295
25
1.1206
1.1241
0.00055
0.0201
7.658
0.0292
26
1.1256
1.1293
0.00057
0.0202
8.000
0.0290
27
1.1305
1.1344
0.00059
0.0203
8.345
0.0288
28
1.1355
1.1395
0.00061
0.0203
8.692
0.0287
29
1.14(M
1.1446
0.00062
0.0203
9.041
0.0284
30
1.1453
1.1497
0.00004
0.0202
9.393
0.0281
31
1.1503
1.1548
0.00066
0.0203
9.749
0.0280
32
1.1532
1.1599
0.00068
0.0203
10.106
0.0278
33
1.1601
1.1650
0.00069
0.0203
10.466
0.0275
34
1.1651
1.1700
0.00070
0.0203
10.829
0.0274
35
1.1700
1.1751
0.00072
0.0209
11.194
0.0272
36
1.1748
1.1800
0.00073
0.0212
11.561
0.0271
37
1.1795
1.1848
0.00074
0.0216
11.930
0.0270
38
1.1841
1.1895
0.00075
0.0220
12.301
0.0267
39
1.1886
1.1941
0.00076
0.0221
12.675
0.0266
40
1.1931
1.1986
0.00077
13.051
X The figures on this line across the page are for fractional percentages below 1.
Note: To find the per cent, of chlorme, multiply the per cent, of Hydrochloric
Acid by 0.9724. , . , ^
For the volume per cent, of official TTydrochloric And (32 per cent.), multiply the
"normality" by 9. 895. For the volume per (^eiit. of oHicial Diluted Hydrochloric
Acid (10 per ceiit.). multiply the "normality" by 34. S8.
UNITED STATKS OF AMERICA
G43
Nitric Acid
Sp. gr. app.
Sp. gr. app.
Correction of
Ndiiimlity.
Per lent. —
Per cent.
HNO3
250J2-
25° C.
150 c.
150 c.
specific gravity
for 1° C*
Fmctlorml
per ceiit.t
1 mil requires
iioniiiil KUII
mils.
0.(»1 mil
iiornml KOH.
to
1.0000
1.0000
0.000180
0.0182
0.000
0.0629
1
1.0055
1.0056
0.000191
0.0185
0.159
0.0621
2
1.0109
1.0111
0.000201
0.0185
0.320
0.0617
3
1.0163
1.0165
0.000210
0.0185
0.482
0.0606
4
1.0217
1.0221
0.000215
0.0182
0.647
0.0602
5
1.0272
1.0277
0.000228
0.0182
0.813
0.0595
6
1.0327
1.0334
0.000255
0.0179
0.981
0.0588
7
1.0383
1.0392
0.000278
0.0175
1.151
0.0585
8
1.0440
1.0451
0.000299
0.0175
1.322
0.0575
9
1.0497
1.0510
0.000319
0.0172
1.496
0.0568
10
1.0555
1.0570
0.000335
0.0172
1.672
0.0568
11
1.0613
1.0630
0.000355
0.0169
1.848
0.0559
12
1.0672
1.0690
0.000374
0.0169
2.027
0.0556
13
1.0731
1.0751
0.000393
0.0169
2.207
0.0546
14
1.0790
1.0812
0.000415
0.0167
2.390
0.0543
15
1.0850
1.0874
0.000436
0.0167
2.574
0.0532
16
1.0910
1.0937
0.000455
0.0161
2.762
0.0529
17
1.0972
1.1000
0.000474
0.0161
2.951
0.0524
18
1.1034
1.1061
0.000492
0.0159
3.142
0.0518
19
1.1097
1.1128
0.000512
0.0161
3.335
0.0510
20
1.1159
1.1192
0.000530
0.0161
3.531
0.0508
21
1.1221
1.1256
0.000.5.50
0.0159
3.728
0.0.503
22
1.1284
1.1321
0.000.569
0.0161
3.927
0.0495
23
1.1346
1.1385
0.000588
0.0159
4.129
0.0493
24
1.1409
1.1449
0.000604
0.0156
4.332
0.0488
25
1.1473
1.1514
0.000618
0.0156
4.537
0.0478
26
1.1537
1.1580
0.000635
0.0154
4.746
0.0476
27
1.1602
1.1647
0.000651
0.0156
4.956
0.0472
28
1.1668
1.1714
0.000666
0.0154
5.168
0.0465
29
1.1734
1.1781
0.000682
0.01S4
5.383
0.0461
30
1.1800
1.1848
0.000696
0.0154
5.600
0.0459
31
1.1866
1.1916
0.000714
0.0149
5.818
0.0450
32
1.1933
1.1985
0.000727
0.0147
6.040
0.0448
33
1.2001
1.2054
0.000742
0.0149
6.263
0.0441
34
1.2068
1.2123
0.00076:3
0.0147
6.490
0.0439
35
1.2135
1.2191
0.000786
0.0152
6.718
0.0435
36
1.2201
1.2260
0.000810
0.0152
6.948
0.0431
37
1.2267
1.2329
0.000830
0.0149
7.180
0.0427
38
1.2334
1.2397
0.000849
0.0152
7.414
0.0424
39
1.2400
1.2464
0.000865
0.0152
7.650
0.0420
40
1.2466
1.2531
0.000879
0.0154
7.888
0.0418
* Add if the temperature is above, subtract if it is below, the standard.
t Corresponding with a difference in specific gravity of 0.0001.
$The figures on this line across the page are for fractional percentages below 1.
644
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Nitric Acid — Continued
Sp. gr. app.
Sp. gr. app.
Connection of
Normality.
Per cent. =
Per cent.
HNO3
25° C.
25° C.
15° C.
15° C.
specific gravity
for 1° C.
Fractional
per cent.
1 mil requires
normal KOH
mils.
0.01 mil
normal KOH.
41
1.2531
1.2598
0.000895
0.0154
8.127
0.0415
42
1.2596
1.2665
0.000915
0.0156
8.368
0.0412
43
1.2660
1.2731
0.000932
0.0156
8.611
0.0408
44
1.2724
1.2797
0.000952
0.0156
8.856
0.0405
45
1.2788
1.2862
0.000973
0.0159
9.103
0.0403
46
1.2851
1.2927
0.000992
0.0161
9.351
0.0402
47
1.2913
1.2991
0.001011
0.0161
9.600
0.0397
48
1.2975
1.3055
0.001032
0.0161
9.852
0.0395
49
1.3037
1.3119
0.001053
0.0164
10.105
0.0394
50
1.3098
1.3182
0.001076
0.0169
10.359
0.0392
51
1.3157
1.3243
0.001085
0.0169
10.614
0.0389
52
1.3216
1.3304
0.001115
0.0175
10.871
0.0389
53
1.3273
1.3363
0.001134
0.0179
11.128
0.0389
54
1.3329
1.3421
0.001154
0.0182
11.385
0.0389
55
1.3384
1.3477
0.001173
0.0185
11.643
0.0386
56
1.3438
1 .3533
0.001191
0.0192
11.902
0.0385
57
1.3490
1.3587
0.001211
0.0196
12.162
0.0385
58
1.3541
1.3640
0.001229
0.0200
12.422
0.0383
59
1.3591
1.3692
0.001250
0.0204
12.683
0.0383
60
1.3640
1.3742
0.001269
0.0208
12.944
0.0383
61
1.3688
1.3792
0.001287
0.0213
13.205
0.0382
62
1.3735
1.3841
0.001305
0.0213
13.467
0.0377
63
1.3782
1.3890
0.001321
0.0213
13.732
0.0376
64
1.3829
1.3938
0.001338
0.0213
13.998
0.0373
65
1.3876
1.3987
0.001352
0.0208
14.266
0.0372
66
1.3924
1.4035
0.001365
0.0213
14.535
0.0369
67
1.3971
1.4083
0.001372
0.0213
14.806
0.0369
68
1.4018
1.4131
0.001382
0.0213
15.077
0.0366
69
1.4065
1.4179
0.001389
0.0213
15.350
0.0365
70
1.4112
1.4226
0.001397
0.0213
15.624
0.0362
71
1.4159
1.4273
0.001404
0.0217
15.900
0.0361
72
1.4205
1.4320
0.001412
0.0222
16.177
0.0360
73
1.4250
1.4366
0.001419
0.0227
16.455
0.0361
74
1.4294
1.4411
0.001427
0.0233
16.732
0.0365
75
1.4336
1.4454
0.001439
0.0278
17.006
0.0372
76
1.4372
1.4491
0.001442
0.0286
17.275
0.0372
77
1.4407
1.4527
0.001454
0.0303
17.544
0.0373
78
1.4440
1.4561
0.001469
0.0323
17.812
0.0372
79
1.4471
1.4595
0.001491
0.0333
18.081
0.0373
80
1.4501
1.4627
0.001515
0.0333
18.349
0.0372
81
1.4531
1.4659
0.001542
0.0333
18.618
0.0373
82
1.4561
1.4691
0.001564
0.0345
18.886
0.0372
83
1.4590
1.4721
0.001577
0.0345
19.155
0.0372
84
1.4619
1.4751
0.001583
0.0345
19.424
0.0372
85
1.4648
1.4780
0.001580
0.0345
19.693
0.0369
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
645
Nitric Acid — Continued
Per cent.
HNO3
Sp. gr. app.
25° C.
25° C.
Sp. gr. app.
15° C.
15° cT
Correction of
specific gravity
for 10 C.
Fractional
per cent.
Normality.
1 mil requires
normal KOH
mils.
Per cent. =
0.01 mil
=onnalKOH.
86
1.4677
1.4809
0.001578
0.0333
19.964
0.0366
87
1.4707
1.4838
0.001573
0.0345
20.237
0.0362
88
1.4736
1.4867
0.001569
0.0345
20.513
0.0364
89
1.4765
1.4895
0.001562
0.0333
20.788
0.0368
90
1.4795
1.4924
0.001553
0.0400
21.060
0.0377
91
1.4819
1.4949
0.001564
0.0435
21.325
0.0377
92
1.4842
1.4973
0.001575
0.0500
21.590
0.0377
93
1.4862
1.4994
0.001586
0.0526
21.855
0.0377
94
1.4881
1.5015
0.001597
0.0556
22.120
0.0377
95
1.4899
1.5033
0.001608
0.0588
22.385
0.0350
96
1.4916
1.5053
0.001631
0.0357
22.671
0.0344
97
1.4944
1.5083
0.001658
0.0270
22.962
0.0340
98
1.4981
1.5123
0.001683
0.0217
23.256
0.0336
99
1.5027
1.5171
0.001708
0.0175
23.554
0.0330
100
1.5084
1.5230
0.001732
23.857
Note: To find the per cent, of N2O5, multiply the per cent, of HXO3 by 0.85703.
To find the per cent, of NO3, multiply the per cent, of HNO3 by 0.98397. To find
the volume per cent, of official Nitric Acid (68 per cent.), multiply the "normal-
ity" by 6.633. For the volume per cent, of official Diluted Nitric Acid (10 per
cent.), multiply the "normality" by 59.81.
646
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Sulphuric Acid
P»r cent.
H2SO4
Sp. gr. app.
2.-,o C.
25° C.
Sp. gr. app.
V,o C.
15° C.
Correction of
speiific gi-avitv
fL.rl°C.*
Fractional
per reiit.t
Normality.
1 mil requires
normal KOU
mils.
Per cent. =
0.01 mil
noiTual KOH.
to
1.0000
1.0000
0.000180
0.0147
0.000
0.0488
1
1.0068
1.0070
0.000200
0.0152
0.205
0.0483
2
1.0134
1.0139
0.000221
0.0154
0.412
0.0476
3
1.0199
1.0206
0.000241
0.0152
0.622
0.0469
4
1.0265
1.0274
0.000262
0.0152
0.835
0.0465
5
1.0331
1.0342
0.000282
0.0149
1.050
0.0459
6
1.0398
1.0411
0.000302
0.0147
1.268
0.0452
7
1.0466
1.0480
0.000323
0.0147
1.489
0.0446
8
1.0534
1.0550
0.000343
0.0145
1.713
0.0441
9
1.0603
1.0621
0.000363
0.0145
1.940
0.0437
10
1.0672
1.0692
0.000384
0.0143
2.169
0.0429
11
1.0742
1.0764
0.000404
0.0143
2.402
0.0424
12
1.0812
1.0836
0.000424
0.0139
2.638
0.0420
13
1.0884
1.0909
0.000444
0.0141
2.876
0.0413
14
1.0955
1.0983
0.000464
0.0139
3.118
0.0410
15
1.1027
1.1057
0.000484
0.0135
3.362
0.0403
16
1.1101
1.1132
0.000500
0.0135
3.610
0.0398
17
1.1175
1.1207
0.000516
0.0135
3.861
0.0392
18
1.1249
1.1283
0.000531
0.0133
4.116
0.0388
19
1.1324
1.1360
0.000546
0.0132
4.374
0.0385
20
1.1400
1.1437
0.000561
0.0132
4.634
0.0377
21
1.1476
1.1515
0.000574
0.0130
4.898
0.0375
22
1.1553
1.1593
0.000586
0.0128
5.166
0.0368
23
1.1631
1.1671
0.000599
0.0128
5.438
0.0365
24
1.1709
1.1750
0.000611
0.0128
5.712
0.0360
25
1.1787
1.1830
0.000623
0.0127
5.990
0.0356
26
1.1866
1.1910
0.000633
0.0127
6.271
0.0351
27
1.1946
1.1991
0.000642
0.0125
6.556
0.0347
28
1.2026
1.2072
0.000651
0.0123
6.844
0.0342
29
1.2107
1.2153
0.000661
0.0123
7.136
0.0338
30
1.2188
1.2235
0.000670
0.0122
7.432
0.0334
31
1.2270
1.2318
0.000676
0.0122
7.731
0.0330
32
1.2352
1.2401
0.000682
0.0120
8.034
0.0327
33
1.2435
1.2484
0.000688
0.0119
8.340
0.0322
34
1.2519
1.2568
0.000694
0.0119
8.651
0.0318
35
1.2603
1.2653
0.000699
0.0118
8.965
0.0314
36
1.2688
1.2738
0.000702
0.0118
9.283
0.0311
37
1.2773
1.2823
0.000704
0.0116
9.605
0.0307
38
1.2859
1.2909
0.000707
0.0116
9.931
0.0303
39
1.2945
1.2996
0.000709
0.0115
10.261
0.0299
40
1.3032
1.3083
0.000712
0.0114
10.595
0.0296
* Add if the temperature is above, subtract if it is below, the standard.
t Corresponding with a difference in specific gravity of 0.0001.
J The figures in tiiis line across tlie i)age are for fractional percentages below 1,
r.MTED STATES OF AMERICA
G47
Suphuric Acid — Continued
IVr rent.
Sp. pr. ap]..
'2.-.° C.
25° C.
Sp. pr. app.
V,° C.
15° C.
Correction of
sperific gravitv
for 1° C.
Frm-tional
per cent.
N'ornmlity.
1 mil reipiirps
normal KUU
miU.
Per opnt. —
0.01 mil
norniKl KOU.
41
1.3120
1.3171
0.000715
0.0112
10.933
0.0292
42
1.3209
1.3260
0.000717
0.0111
11.276
0.0288
43
1.3299
1..3350
0.000720
0.0110
11.623
0.0285
44
1.3390
1.3441
0.000723
0.0110
11.974
0.0281
45
1.3481
1.3533
0.000726
0.0108
12.330
0.0278
46
1.3574
1.3626
0.000731
0.0108
12.690
0.0273
47
1.3667
1.3721
0.000736
0.0105
13.056
0.0270
48
1.3762
1.3816
0.000741
0.0103
13.426
0.0266
49
1.3859
1.3913
0.000747
0.0103
13.802
0.0263
50
1.3956
1.4011
0.000753
0.0102
14.182
0.0260
51
1.4054
1.4110
0.000759
0.0100
14.567
0.02.56
52
1.41.'>4
1.4210
0.000765
0.0100
14.958
0.02.53
53
1.4254
1.4311
0.000771
0.0098
15.354
0.0249
54
1.4356
1.4413
0.000777
0.0097
15.755
0.0246
55
1.4459
1.4516
0.000784
0.0096
16.162
0.0243
56
1.4563
1.4621
0.000790
0.0095
16.574
0.0239
57
1.4668
1.4726
0.000795
0.0094
16.992
0.0236
58
1.4774
1.48;S2
0.000800
0.0093
17.415
0.0234
59
1.4881
1.4939
0.000805
0.0093
17.843
0.0230
60
1.4989
1.5048
0.000810
0.0092
18.277
0.0228
61
1.5098
1.5157
0.000816
0.0091
18.716
0.0225
62
1.5208
1.5267
0.000822
0.0091
19.161
0.0222
63
1..5318
1.5:379
0.000828
0.0090
19.612
0.0219
64
l..^>429
1..5491
0.0008:34
0.0089
20.068
0.0217
65
1.5541
1.5603
0.000841
0.0088
20.529
0.0214
66
1.5654
1.5717
0.000848
0.0088
20.996
0.0211
67
1.5768
1.5831
0.000856
0.0088
21.469
0.0209
68
1.5882
1.5946
0.0008&4
0.0087
21.947
0.0207
69
1.5997
1.6062
0.000872
0.0087
22.431
0.0204
70
1.6112
1.6178
0.000880
0.0085
22.920
0.0202
71
1.6229
1.6295
0.000888
0.008,5
23.416
0.0200
72
1.6346
1.6413
0.000897
0.0085
23.917
0.0197
73
1.6464
1.6531
0.000906
0.0085
24.424
0.0196
74
1.6582
1.66.50
0.000915
0.0085
24.935
0.0193
75
1.6700
1.6769
0.000924
0.0085
25.452
0.0192
76
1.6S17
1.6888
0.000934
0.0085
25.972
0.0190
77
1.693.")
1.7006
0.000947
0.00S()
26.498
0.0189
78
1.7051
1.7124
0.00096:3
0.0087
27.027
0.0188
79
1.7166
1.7240
0.000976
0.0088
27.558
0.0188
SO
1.7279
1 .7355
0.000987
0.0090
28.090
0.0187
81
1.7390
1.7467
0.000999
0.0093
28.624
0.0188
82
1.7497
1.7575
O.OOlOil
0.0096
29.156
0.0188
83
1.7601
1.7680
0.001022
0.0101
29.687
0.0190
84
1.7700
1.7780
0.001034
0.0109
30.213
0.0193
85
1.7792
1.7873
0.001046
0.0115
30.732
0.0195
648
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Sulphuric Acid — Continued
Per cent.
H2SO4
Sp. gr. app.
25° C.
25° C.
Sp. gr. app.
150 c.
15° C.
Correction of
specific gravity
for 1° C.
Fractional
per cent.
Normality.
1 mil requires
normal KOH
mils.
Per cent. =
0.01 mil
normal KOH.
86
1.7879
1.7959
0.001043
0.0127
31.244
0.0199
87
1.7958
1.8038
0.001040
0.0139
31.747
0.0203
88
1.8030
1.8110
0.001035
0.0154
32.240
0.0207
89
1.8095
1.8174
0.001030
0.0172
32.724
0.0211
90
1.8153
1.8231
0.001022
0.0196
33.198
0.0216
91
1.8204
1.8282
0.001032
0.0217
33.662
0.0220
92
1.8250
1.8327
0.001043
0.0256
34.116
0.0225
93
1.8289
1.8365
0.001053
0.0303
34.561
0.0230
94
1.8322
1.8397
0.001064
0.0385
34.995
0.0235
95
1.8348
1.8422
0.001074
0.0526
35.420
0.0244
96"
1.8367
1.8440
0.001064
0.1111
35.830
0.0256
97
1.8376
1.8448
0.001054
36.221
0.0274
98
1.8372
1.8445
0.001064
0.0555
36.586
0.0297
99
1.8354
1.8427
0.001070
0.0270
36.923
0.0336
100
1.8317
1.8391
0.001074
37.221
Note that the specific gravity diminishes in acids of more than 97.5 per cent,
strength as the percentage increases.
Note: To find the per cent, of SO3, multiply the per cent, of H2SO4 by 0.81629.
To find the per cent, of SO4 multiply the per cent, of H2SO4 by 0.97941. To find the
volume per cent, of official Sulphuric Acid (94 per cent.), multiply the "normaUty"
by 2.857. For the volume per cent, of official Diluted Sulphuric Acid (10 per cent.),
multiply the "normality" by 46.10.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
649
Ammonia
Per cent.
NH3;
Sp. gr. app.
25° C.
250 c.
Sp. gr. app.
1500.
150 c.
Correction of
specific gravity
for 1° C.*
Fractional
porcent.f
Normality.
1 mil requires
normal HCl
mils.
Per cent. =
0.01 mil
normal UCl.
to
1.00000
1.00000
0.00017
0.0227
0.000
0.0172
1
0.99560
0.99573
0.00018
0.0230
0.583
0.0173
2
0.99126
0.99151
0.00020
0.0233
1.160
0.0175
3
0.98696
0.98735
0.00021
0.0236
1.733
0.0176
4
0.98272
0.98324
0.00023
0.0239
2.301
0.0178
5
0.97854
0.97918
0.00024
0.0240
2.864
0.0179
6
0.97437
0.97517
0.00026
0.0243
3.422
0.0181
7
0.97025
0.97121
0.00028
0.0246
3.976
0.0182
8
0.96618
0.96730
0.00029
0.0249
4.525
0.0184
9
0.96216
0.96344
0.00030
0.0252
5.069
0.0185
10
0.95819
0.95964
0.00032
0.0267
5.609
0.0186
11
0.95445
0.95604
0.00033
0.0270
6.146
0.0188
12
0.95074
0.95249
0.00035
0.0273
6.679
0.0189
13
0.94708
0.94898
0.00036
0.0276
7.207
0.0190
14
0.94346
0.94551
0.00037
0.0279
7.732
0.0192
15
0.93987
0.94208
0.00039
0.0282
8.253
0.0193
16
0.93633
0.93869
0.00040
0.0286
8.770
0.0195
17
0.93283
0.93533
0.00042
0.0289
9.2&3
0.0196
18
0.92937
0.93202
0.00043
0.0292
9.793
0.0198
19
0.92594
0.92874
0.00045
0.0295
10.299
0.0199
20
0.92255
0.92550
0.00046
0.0295
10.801
0.0200
21
0.91916
0.92230
0.00047
0.0299
11.300
0.0202
22
0.91581
0.91914
0.00049
0.0301
11.796
0.0204
23
0.91249
0.91601
0.00050
0.0307
12.287
0.0205
24
0.90923
0.91292
0.00052
0.0309
12.776
0.0206
25
0.90599
0.90987
0.00053
0.0317
13.262
0.0207
26
0.90286
0.90685
0.00055
0.0321
13.744
0 0209
27
0.89974
0.90385
0.00057
0.0324
14.223
0.0210
28
0.89665
0.90087
0.00058
0.0326
14.699
0.0212
29
0.89358
0.89791
0.00059
0.0329
15.171
0.0213
30
0.89054
0.89498
0.00060
0.0339
15.640
0.0214
31
0.88759
0.89212
0.00061
0.0353
16.108
0.0214
32
0.88476
0.88938
0.00062
0.0368
16.575
0.0215
33
0.88204
0.88674
0.00063
0.0382
17.040
0.0215
34
0.87942
0.88421
0.00064
0.0394
17.505
00216
35
0.87688
0.88176*
0.00064
17.968
* Add if the temperature is above, subtract if it is below, the standard.
t Corresponding with a difference in specific gravity of 0.0001.
j The figures in thLs line across the page are for fractional percentages below 1.
Note: To find the per cent, of NH4 multiply the per cent, of NH3 by 1.0592.
To find the volume per cent, of official Ammonia Water (10 per cent.) multiply the
"normality" by 17.83. For the volume per cent, of official Stronger Ammonia
Water (28 per cent.), multiply the "normaUty" by 6.803-
650
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Reduction of Apparent to True Specific Gravity
25° C. . , ^ 25''C. .
v>2" -r=^-?^ •" »••■ t" -co r '" vacuum.
Weights of Brass, Sp. gr.
8.4. Barometer 760 mm.
Sp. gr.
Correction.
?p. pr.
CorrcctiDU.
Apparent.
Apparent.
0.6
+0.000471
1
0.000000
0.7
+0.000353
2
-0.001177
0.8
+0.000235
3
-0.002355
0.9
+0.000118
4
-0.003532
1.0
0.000000
5
-0.004709
1.1
-0.000118
6
-0.005887
1.2
-0.000235
7
-0.007064
1.3
-0.000353
8
-0.008241
1.4
-0.000471
9
-0.009418
1.5
-0.000589
10
-0.010596
1.6
-0.000706
11
-0.011773
1.7
-0.000824
12
-0.012950
1.8
-0.000942
13
-0.014128
1.9
-0.001060
14
-0.015305
2.0
-0.001177
15
-0.016482
Formula for deriving above correction: Subtract algebraically the apparent
specific gravity from 1.000 and multiply the remainder by 0.0011773. It is additive
for specific gravities below, subtractive for those above, 1.000.
Note: The correction for reducing true to apparent .specific gravity is found by
subtracting algebraically 1.000 from the true specific gravity and multiplying the
remainder by the factor 0.0011765. It is subtractive for specific gravities below,
additive for those above, 1.000.
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA
651
Reduction of Apparent Weight in Air to Weight in Vacuum
Weiehin);s Made with Brass Weishts, Temperature 25° C* Air One-half Saturated
with Moisture,! and Barometer 760 mm.t
Correction in
Correction in
Correction in
niilligranimes
niilligranimea ,
iiiilligraintnea
Sp. gr. of
for each
Sp. gr. of
for each |
Sp. gr. of
for ea<'h
object
Gin. of
object
Gni. of
l>l)j«'Ct
Gm. of
wei){hed.
apparent
weighed.
apparent
weighed.
apparent
weight.
weight.
weight.
0.60
+ 1.82
1.25
+0.80
4.5
+0.122
0.62
1.76
1.30
0.77
5
0.096
0.64
1.70
1.35
0.73
6
0.056
0.66
1.64
1.40
0.70
7
0.028
0.68
1.59
1.45
0.67
8
0.007
0.70
+ 1.54
1.50
+0.65
9
-0.009
0.72
1.50
1.55
0.62
10
0.022
0.74
1.45
1.60
0.60
11
0.034
0.76
1.41 i
1.65
0.57
12
0.042
0.78
1.37 '
1.70
0.55
13
0.049
0.80
+1.33
1.75
+0.533
14
-0.056
0.82
1.30
1.80
0.514
15
0.062
0.84
1.26 1
1.85
0.497
16
0.066
0.86
1.23
1.90
0.480
17
0.071
0.88
1.20
1.95
0.464
18
0.075
0.90
+ 1.17
i 2.00
+0.449
19
-0.078
0.92
1.14
1 2.20
0.395
20
0.081
0.94
1.11
2.40
0.351
21
0.084
0.96
1.09
2.60
0.313
22
0.087
0.98
1.06
2.80
0.281
1.00
+ 1.04
3.00
+0.253
1.05
0.98
1 3.25
0.222
1.10
0.93
! 3.50
0.197
1.15
0.88
3.75
0.174
1.20
0.84
4.00
0.154
* Temperature correction, approximate, for temperatures between 15° and 35° C.
For each degree (centigi'ade) 0.37 per cent, of figures in table; additive if below, sub-
tractive if above, 25° C.
^Humidity correction varies with temperature; additive if below, subtractive if
above, 50 per cent, of saturation. For complete dryness or for full Baturation at
15° C, the correction is 0.33 per cent, of figures in the table; at 20° C, 0.44 per
cent.; at 25° C, 0.58 per cent.; at 30° C, 0.77 percent.; and at 35° C, 1.01 percent.
XBarometer Correction (important at high altitudes). — Yor each millimeter 0.132
per cent, of figures in table; additive if above 760 mm., subtractive if below 760 mm.
Note: If weights used are of platinum add 0.085 milligrammes to, and if of alu-
minum subtract 0.312 milligrammes from, the figures in the table for each gramme.
652
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Calibration of Pycnometers
Apparent Weight in Air of Distilled Water filling "100 Qm." Pycnometer at
Various Temperatures.
Barometer 760 mm.t Coefficient of Expansion of Glas.s 0.000025. Air Vz saturated.
Tem-
perature
of
water.*
C.
Basis
15° C.
4° C.
in vacuo.
(Density)
100 mils
Wt. in air.
Basis
20° C.
4° C.
in vacuo.
100 mils
Wt. in air.
Basis
15° C.
15° C.
in vacuo.
Wt. in air.
Basis
20° C.
20° C.
in vacuo.
Wt. in air.
Basis
25° C.
25° C.
in vacuo.
Wt. in air.
Basis
15° C.
15° C.
in air.
Wt. in air.
Ba-sis
15.50° C.
15.50° C.
in air.
(Alcohol
Standard )
Wt. in air.
Basis
20° C.
20° C.
in air.
Wt. in air.
Basis
25° C.
25° C.
in air.
(Official)
Wt. in air.
15° C.
99.8050
99.7925
99.8923
99.9690
100.0726
100.0000
100.0070 100.0750 100.1768
16° C.
99.7923
99.7798
99.8795
99.9563
100.0598
99.9873
99.9943100.0622 100.1640
17° C.
99.7784
99.7659
99.8656
99.9424
100.0459
99.9734
99.9804 100.04831100.1501
18° C.
99.7634
99.7510
99.8506
99.9274
100.0309
99.9584
99.9654 100.03331100.1351
19° C.
99.7474
99.7349
99.8345
99.9113
100.0148
99.9423
99.9493 100.0172
100.1189
20° C.
99.7302
99.7177
99.8194
99.8941
99.9975
99.9251
99.9321
100.0000
100.1017
21° C.
99.7120
99.6995
99.7991
99.8759
99.9793
99.9068
99.9138
99.9817
100.0834
22° C.
99.6927
99.6802
99.7793
99.8565
99.9600
99.8874
99.8944
99.9623
100.0641
23° C.
99.6724
99.6599
99.7595
99.8362
99.9396
99.8671
99.8741
99.9420
100.0437
24° C.
99.6511
99.6366
99.7382
99.8149
99.9183
99.8458
99.8528
99.9207
100.0224
25° C.
99.6288
99.6164
99.7159
99.7926
99.8959
99.8235
99.8305
99.8983
100.0000
26° C.
99.6056
99.5931
99.6926
99.7693
99.8726
99.8003
99.8173
99.8750
99.9767
27° C.
99.5813
99.5689
99.6684
99.7450
99.8483
99.7761
99.7831
99.8507
99.9524
28° C.
99.5562
99.5438
99.6432
99.7199
99.8231
99.7509
99.7579
99.8255
99.9271
29° C.
99.5302
99.5177
99.6172
99.6937
99.7970
99.7247
99.7317
99.7994
99.9010
30° C.
99.5032
99.4908
99.5902
99.6667
99.7700
99.6976
99.7046
99.7724
99.8739
31° C.
99.4754
99.4630
99.5623
99.6388
99.7421
99.6697
99.6767
99.7445
99.8460
32° C.
99.4467
99.4343
99.5336
99.6102
99.7133
99.6410
99.6480
99.7157
99.8172
33° C.
99.4172
99.4048
99.5041
99.5806
99.6837
99.6114
99.6184
99.6861
99.7876
34° C.
99.3868
99.3744
99.4737
99.5502
99.6533
99.5810
99.5880
99.6557
99.7572
35° C.
99.3557
99.3433
99.4425
99.5190
99.6221
99.5498
99.5568
99.6245
99.7259
* If temperature of air is above that of the water, add for each degree centi-
grade 0.00041; if below subtract the same amount.
t If barometer (corrected for temperature) is above 760 mm., subtract for each
10 mm. 0.0014; if below add the same amount (see page 653, column 5).
Note: When extreme exactness is required the counterpoise of the flask
should be of the same kind of glass as that of which the flask is made.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
653
Calibration of Glass Measuring Apparatus
Apparent weight in air of distilled water filling a 100 mil flask at different tempera-
tures. Barometer (corrected for temperature) 760 mm. Coefficient of cubical expcnsion of
glass taken as 0.000025. it is assumed that the weights used are brass and that water and
air (one-half saturated with moisture) are at the same temperature.
Flask holds
Correction for
T ■ t . *
Fhusk liolds
Flask liolils
100 mils at 25° C.
10 mils. Harometer
100 mils at 16° C.
100 iniU at 'm° C.
US. P.
Standard.
above or below
700 mm.f
15° C.
99.8050
99.7925
99.7801
0.00142
16° C.
99.7923
99.7798
99.7673
0.00141
17° C.
99.775^
99.7659
99.7535
0.00141
18° C.
99.7634
99.7510
99.7385
0.00140
19° C.
99.7474
99.7349
99.7224
0.00140
20° C.
99.7302
99.7177
99.7052
0.00140
21° C.
99.7120
99.6995
99.6870
0.00139
22° C.
99.6927
99.6802
99.6678
0.00139
23° C.
99.6721
99.6599
99.6475
0.00138
24° C.
99.6511
99.6386
99.6262
0.00138
25° C.
99.6288
99.6164
99.6039
0.00137
26° C.
99.6056
99.5931
99.5807
0.00137
27° C.
99.5813
99.5689
99.5564
0.00136
28° C.
99.5562
99.5438
99.5313
0.00136
29° C.
99.5302
99.5177
99.5053
0.00136
30° C.
99.5032
99.4908
99.4783
0.00135
31° C.
99.4754
99.4630
99.4505
aooi35
32° C.
99.4467
99.4343
99.4218
0.00134
33° C.
99.4172
99.4048
99.3924
0.00134
34° C.
99.3868
99.3744
99.3620
0.00133
35° C.
99.3557
99.3433
99.3309
0.00133
* If temperature of air is above that of the water, add for each degree centigrade,
0.00041; if below subtract the same amount.
t Barometer correction additive if reading is below 760 mm., subtractive if
above.
Note: When extreme exactness is required the counterpoise of the flask
should be of the same kind of glass as that of which the flask is made.
654
THE PHARMACOPEIA OF THE
Metric Equivalents
(Weights)
Equiva
lent
Avoirdupois
Avoirdupois
Apoflipcaries
avoirdupois.
Grammes.
(irains.
pounds.
ounces.
lbs.
oz.
grs.
1
2.20462
35.274
32.151
2
3
119.9
1
15.4324
2
4.40924
70.548
64.301
4
6
239.7
2
30.8647
3
6.61387
105.822
96.452
6
9
359.6
3
46.2971
4
8.81849
141.096
128.603
8
13
41.9
4
61.7294
5
11.02311
176.370
160.754
11
0
161.8
5
77.1618
6
13.22773
211.644
192.904
13
3
281.6
6
92.5941
7
15.43236
246.918
225.055
15
6
401.5
7
108.0265
8
17.63698
282.192
257.206
17
10
83.9
8
123.4589
9
19.84160
317.466
289.357
19
13
203.7
9
138.8912
10
22.04622
352.740
321.507
22
0
323.6
10
154.3236
Avoirdupoig
pounds.
Kilogrammes.
Avoirdupois
ounces.
Grammeg.
Apotlie-
caries
ounces.
Grammes.
Grains.
Grammes.
1
0.453592
1
28.3495
1
31.1035
1
0.06480
2
0.907185
2
56.6991
2
62.2070
2
0.12960
3
1.360777
3
85.0486
3
93.3104
3
0.19440
4
1.814370
4
113.3981
4
124.4139
4
0.25920
5
2.267962
5
141.7476
5
155.5174
5
0.32399
6
2.721555
6
170.0972
6
186.6209
6
0.38879
7
3.175147
i
198.4467
7
217.7244
7
0.45359
8
3.628739
8
226.7962
8
248.8278
8
0.51839
9
4.082332
9
255.1458
9
279.9313
9
0.58319
10
4.535924
10
283.4953
10
311.0348
10
0.64799
>;.|i
ivaleut
Equivalent
E(|uiva
lent
E<
uivalent
Grammes.
avoi
■dupois.
Apotliecaries
Grammes.
avuirdi
pois.
Ap
nhecaries
oz.
grains.
OZ. grains.
lbs.
07,.
grs.
or.
grains.
10
0
154.3
0 154.3
100
0
3
230.7
3
103.2
20
n
308.6
0 308.6
200
0
7
24.0
6
206.5
30
1
25.5
0 463.0
300
0
10
254.7
9
309.7
40
1
179.8
1 137.3
400
0
14
48.0
12
413.0
50
1
334.1
1 291.6
500
1
1
278.7
16
36.2
60
2
.50.9
1 445.9
600
1
5
71.9
19
139.4
70
2
205.3
2 120.3
700
1
8
302.6
22
242.6
80
o
359.6
2 274.6
800
1
12
95.9
25
345.9
90
3
76.4
2 428.9
900
]
15
326.6
28
449.1
100
3
230.7
3 103.2
1000
2
3
119.9
32
72.4
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
655
Metric Equivalents — Continued
(Weight.)
Milli-
graiuuieii.
(ilTlillS.
Approi.
Milli-
gi-umuies.
(iraiti!<.
Appiox.
Milli-
Kniiiiiui'D.
Grains.
Apprux.
0.1
0.00154
^iff
1
0.01543
^
10
0.15432
1^.
0.2
0.00309
^h
2
0.03086
.'3
20
0.30865
1 u
S J
0.3
0.00463
ik
3
0.04630
1
^2
30
0.46297
,'.
0.4
0.00617
-iU
4
0.06173
iV
40
0.61729
?
0.5
0.00772
Ik
5
0.07716
h
50
0.77162
23
10
0.6
0.00926
TO?
6
0.09259
A
60
0.92594
\i
0.7
0.01080
A
7
0.10803
A
70
1.08026
lA
0.8
0.01235
A
8
0.12346
1
80
1.23459
n
0.9
0.01389
^'v
9
0.13889
7
90
1.38891
n
1.0
0.01543
iz
10
0.15432
2
100
1.54324
n
Grains.
Milligi-amiues.
Oraiiis.
Millii^raiumes.
Grains.
Milligramiues.
1
64.8
A
5.40
1
0.93
3
1
48.6
A
4.05
A
0.81
1
43.2
A
3.24
A
0.72
1
i
32.4
A
2.70
Too
0.65
1
21.6
A
2.59
rb
0.43
i
16.2
A
2.16
lia
0.32
i
13.0
A
1.86
^.h
0.26
i
10.8
A
1.62
lOff
0.22
i
8.1
A
1.30
T5ir
0.16
1
6.5
A
1.08
1
oOT
0.13
(Volumes)
Equivalei
t
Liters.
rnklluui:.
PinU.
Fluidouuces.
Miuims.
gal.
pt.
fl. MZ.
minims.
1
0.26418
2.U342
33.8148
16231.1
0
2
1
391.1
2
0.52836
4.22685
67.6296
32462.2
0
4
3
302.2
3
0.79253
6.34027
101.4444
48693.3
0
6
5
213.3
4
1.0.5671
8.45370
135.2591
64924.4
1
0
7
124.4
5
1.32089
10.56712
169.0739
81155.5
1
2
9
35.5
6
1.58507
12.68054
202.8870
97386.6
1
4
10
426.6
7
1.84924
14.79397
236.7035
113617.7
1
6
12
337.7
8
2.11342
16.90739
270.5183
129848.8
2
0
14
248.8
9
2.37760
19.02082
304.3306
146079.9
2
3
0
159.9
10
2.64178
21.13424
338.1478
162311.0
2
5
2
71.0
656
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Metric Equivalents — Continued
(Volumes)
Equivalent
Equ
valent
Equivalent
Mils.
Mils.
Mils.
mimms.
fl. oz.
minims.
pint.
fl. 07..
miuims.
1
16.231
10
0
162.3
100
0
3
183.1
2
32.462
20
0
324.6
200
0
6
366.2
3
48.693
30
1
6.9
300
0
10
69.3
4
64.924
40
1
169.2
400
0
13
252.4
5
81.156
50
1
331.6
500
1
0
435.6
6
97.387
60
2
13.9
600
1
4
138.7
7
113.618
70
2
176.2
700
1
7
321.8
8
129.849
80
2
338.5
800
1
11
24.9
9
146.080
90
3
20.8
900
1
14
208.0
10
162.311
100
3
183.1
1000
2
1
391.1
I
i
Gallons.
Mils.
Pints.
Mils.
Fluid-
ounces.
Mils.
Minims.
Mils.
1
3785.33
1
473.17
1
29.573
1
0.061610
2
7570.66
2
946.33
2
59.146
2
0.123220
3
11.356.00
3
1419.50
3
88.719
3
0.184831
4
15141.33
4
1892.67
4
118.292
4
0.246441
5
18926.66
5
2365.83
5
147.865
5
0.308051
6
22711.99
6
2839.00
6
177.437
6
0.369661
7
26497.33
7
2312.17
7
207.010
7
0.431271
8
30282.66
8
3785.33
8
236.583
8
0.492882
9
34067.99
9
4258.50
9
266.156
9
0.554492
10
37853.32
10
4731.67
10
295.729
10
0.616102
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
G57
Metric Equivalents — Continxied
(Lensth)
Equivalent
Kilo-
Meters.
■i ards.
Feet.
Inches.
Miles.
yds.
feet.
inches.
1
1.09361
3.28083
39.37
1
0
3.37
1
0.62137
2
2.18722
6.56167
78.74
2
0
6.74
2
1.24274
3
3.28083
9.84250
118.11
3
0
10.11
3
1.86411
4
4.37444
13.12333
157.48
4
1
1.48
4
2.48548
5
5.46806
16.40417
196.85
5
1
4.85
5
3.10685
6
6.56167
19.68500
236.22
6
1
8.22
6
3.72822
7
7.65528
22.96583
275.59
7
1
11.59
7
4.34959
8
8.74889
26.24667
314.96
8
2
2.96
8
4.97096
9
9.84250
29.52750
3^.33
9
2
6.33
9
5.59233
10
10.93611
32.80833
393.70
10
2
9.70
10
6.21370
Yardf.
Meters.
Feet.
Meters.
Inches.
Centimeters.
Miles.
Kilometers.
1
0.91440
1
0.304801
1
2.5400
1
1.60935
2
1.82880
2
0.609601
2
5.0800
2
3.21869
3
2.74321
3
0.914402
3
7.6200
3
4.82804
4
3.65761
4
1.219202
4
10.1600
4
6.43739
5
4.57201
5
1.524003
5
12.7000
5
8.04674
6
5.48641
6
1.828804
6
15.2400
6
9.65608
7
6.40081
7
2.133604
7
17.7800
7
11.26543
8
7.31521
8
2.438405
8
20.3200
8
12.87478
9
8.22962
9
2.743205
9
22.8600
9
14.48413
10
9.14402
10
3.048006
10
25.4001
10
16.09347
47
658
THE PHARMACOPOEIA OF THE
Weight and Volume Relations
Specific
gravity
true
'J'l" 0.
Specific
Toluiue.
Weight of 1
U.S. gallon
iu pounds
avoirdupois
111 air.
Weight of
lOOfluid-
ouiues
in ounces
avoirdupois.
Weiglit of
1 fluidounce
in graiuN.
Yolume in
U. S. gallons
oflOO U.S.
aviiirdupois.
Volume in
fliiidouuces
ofl00o7.s.
avoirdupois.
Volume iu
fluidouuoei
of loco
graiiiB.
0.70
1.4286
5.816
72.70
318.0
17.195
137.56
3.144
0.71
1.4085
5.899
73.74
322.6
16.953
135.62
3.100
0.72
1.3889
5.982
74.78
327.1
16.717
133.73
3.057
0.73
1.3699
6.065
75.82
331.7
16.487
131.90
3.015
0.74
1.3514
6.149
76.86
336.2
16.264
130.11
2.974
0.75
1.3333
6.232
77.90
340.8
16.047
128.38
2.934
0.76
1.3158
6.315
78.94
345.3
15.836
126.69
2.896
0.77
1.2987
6.398
79.98
349.9
15.630
125.04
2.858
0.78
1.2821
6.481
81.02
354.5
15.429
123.43
2.821
0.79
1.2658
6.565
82.06
359.0
15.233
121.87
2.786
0.80
1.2500
6.648
83.10
363.6
15.043
120.34
2.751
0.81
1.2346
6.731
84.14
368.1
14.857
118.85
2.717
0.82
1.2195
6.814
85.18
372.7
14.675
117.40
2.684
0.83
1.2048
6.897
86.22
377.2
14.496
115.99
2.651
0.84
1.1905
6.981
87.26
381.8
14.325
114.60
2.620
0.85
1.1765
7.064
88.30
386.3
14.157
113.25
2.589
0.86
1.1628
7.147
89.34
390.9
13.992
111.93
2.559
0.87
1.1494
7.230
90.38
395.4
13.831
110.65
2.529
0.88
1.1364
7.314
91.42
400.0
13.673
109.39
2.500
0.89
1.1236
7.397
92.46
404.5
13.620
108.16
2.472
0.90
1.1111
7.480
93.50
409.1
13.369
106.95
2.445
0.91
1.0989
7.563
94.54
413.6
13.222
105.78
2.418
0.92
1.0870
7.646
95.58
418.2
13.078
104.62
2.391
0.93
1.0753
7.730
96.62
422.7
12.937
103.50
2.366
0.94
1.0638
7.813
97.66
427.3
12.799
102.40
2.341
0.95
1.0526
7.896
98.70
431.8
12.666
101.32
2.316
0.96
1.0417
7.979
99.74
436.4
12.532
100.26
2.292
0.97
1.0309
8.063
100.78
440.9
12.403
99.23
2.268
0.98
1.0204
8.146
101.82
445.5
12.276
98.21
2.245
0.99
1.0101
8.229
102.86
450.0
12.152
97.22
2.222
1.00
1.0000
8.312
103.90
454.6
12.031
96.24
2.200
1.02
0.9804
8.479
105.98
463.7
11.794
94.36
2.157
1.04
0.9615
8.645
108.06
472.8
11.567
92.54
2.115
1.06
0.9434
8.812
110.14
481.9
11.349
90.79
2.075
1.08
0.9259
8.978
112.22
491.0
11.138
89.11
2.037
1.10
0.9091
9.144
114.31
500.1
10.936
87.49
2.000
1.12
0.8929
9.311
116.39
509.2
10.740
85.92
1.964
1.14
0.8772
9.477
118.47
518.3
10.552
84.41
1.929
1.16
0.8621
9.644
120.55
527.4
10.370
82.96
1.896
1.18
0.8475
9.810
122.63
536.5
10.194
81.55
1.864
UNITED STATES OP AMERICA
Goi)
Weight and Volume Relations — Cunlinucd
Specific
gravity
tnio
2 j° C.
Plioilfic
vdIiiiiu-.
Woiclit of 1
I'. S. Riillon
ill ]<i»iii(l!i
iiviiiiilupi)ia
in air.
W.MKllt of
100 lluid-
ounci-a
in oumcs
avoirdupois.
WciRllt of
I niii(ii.iiii((>
ill gruiiiM.
Voliimo ill
tl. S. CrtlldllH
of 100 11,H.
avoirduiiois.
Yiiliiinr in
nniilouiircH
of 100 (./H.
avoiriiiipuiH.
Vol II me In
fluidounces
of inoo
grains.
1.20
0.8333
9.977
124.71
545.6
10.024
80.19
1.833
1.22
0.8197
10.143
126.79
554.7
9.859
78.87 •
1.803
1.24
0.S0G5
10.309
128.87
563.8
9.700
77.60
1.774
1.26
0.7937
10.476
130.95
572.9
9.546
76.37
1.746
1.28
0.7813
10.642
133.03
582.0
9.396
75.17
1.718
1.30
0.7692
10.809
135.11
591.1
9.252
74.01
1.692
1.32
0.7576
10.975
137.19
600.2
9.111
72.89
1.666
1.34
0.7463
11.142
139.27
609.3
8.975
71.80
1.641
1.36
0.7353
11.308
141.35
618.4
8.843
70.75
1.617
1.38
0.7246
11.475
143.43
627.5
8.715
69.72
1.594
1.40
0.7143
11.641
145.51
636.6
8.590
68.72
1.571
1.42
0.7042
11.807
147.59
645.7
8.469
67.75
1.549
1.44
0.G944
11.974
149.67
654.8
8.352
66.81
1.527
1.46
0.6849
12.140
151.75
663.9
8.237
65.90
1.506
1.48
0.6757
12.307
153.83
673.0
8.126
65.01
1.486
1.50
0.6667
12.473
155.92
682.1
8.017
64.13
1.466
1.52
0.6579
12.640
158.00
691.2
7.912
63.29
1.447
1-54
0.6494
12.806
160.08
700.3
7.809
62.47
1.428
1.56
0.6410
12.973
162.16
709.4
7.709
61.67
1.410
1.58
0.6329
13.139
164.24
718.5
7.611
60.89
1.392
1.60
0.6250
13.305
166.32
727.6
7.516
60.13
1.374
1.62
0.6173
13.472
168.40
736.7
7.423
59.38
1.357
1.64
0.6098
13.638
170.48
745.8
7.332
58.66
1.341
1.66
0.6024
13.805
172.56
754.9
7.244
57.95
1.325
1.68
0.5952
13.971
174.64
764.1
7.158
57.26
1.309
1.70
0.5882
14.138
176.72
773.2
7.073
56.59
1.293
1.72
0.5814
14.304
178.80
762.3
6.991
55.93
1.278
1.74
0.5747
14.470
180.88
791.4
6.911
55.29
1.264
1.76
0.5682
14.637
182.96
800.5
6.832
54.66
1.249
1.78 •
0.5618
14.803
185.04
809.6
6.755
54.04
1.235
1.80
0.5556
14.970
187.12
818.7
6.680
53.44
1.222
1.82
0.5495
15.136
189.20
827.8
6.607
52.85
1.208
1.84
0.5435
15.302
191.28
836.9
6.535
52.28
1.195
1.86
0.5376
15.469
193.36
846.0
6.465
51.72
1.182
1.88
0.5319
15.636
195.44
855.1
6.396
51.17
1.170
1.90
0.5263
15.802
197.53
864.2
6.328
50.63
1.157
1.92
0.5208
15.968
199.61
873.3
6.262
50.10
1.145
1.94
0.5155
16.135
201.69
882.4
6.198
49.58
1.133
1.96
0.5102
16.301
203.77
891.5
6.135
49.08
1.122
1.98
0.5051
16.468
205.85
900.6
6.073
48.58
1.110
2.00
0.5000
16.634
207.93
909.7
6.012
48.09
1.100
660
THE PHARMACOPCEIA OF THE
Table for Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical
Processes to Quantities in the Avoirdupois System
Table I — Grammes to Grains, etc. (Product measured)
Grains per fluidouucc.
Grains, etc.
per pint.
Grains, etc., per gallon.
Grammes
per liter.
a?oir. «'-'^'--
Ounces
avoir.
Grains.
Pounds
avoir.
'"r
1
2
3
4
5
0.46
0.91
1.37
1.83
2.28
7.3
14.6
21.9
29.2
36.5
58.4
116.8
175.3
233.7
292.1
6
7
8
9
10
2.74
3.19
3.65
4.10
4.56
43.8
51.1
58.4
65.7
73.0
350.5
408.9
1 30.0
1 88.0
1 147.0
20
30
40
50
9.13
13.69
18.26
22.82
146.0
219.1
292.1
365.1
2 293.0
4 3.0
5 149.0
6 296.0
60
70
80
90
100
27.38
31.95
36.51
41.08
45.64
0.6
73.7
146.7
219.7
292.7
8 5.0
9 152.0
10 299.0
12 8.0
13 154.0
200
300
400
500
91.28
136.92
182.56
228.20
3
5
6
8
148.0
3.0
296.0
151.0
1
2
3
4
10 309.0
8 26.0
5 180.0
2 334.0
600
700
800
900
1000
273.84
319.47
365.11
410.75
1 18.89
10
11
13
15
16
6.0
299.0
154.0
10.0
302.0
5
5
6
7
8
0 51.0
13 204.0
10 360.0
8 . 76.0
5 231.0
Example : To make 1 gallon
Soap Liniment (page 234)
Soap 60 Gm.
Camphor 45 Gm
Oil of Rosemary 10 mils
Alcohol 700 mils
Water, sufficient to make 1000 mils
(Table I) 8 oz. 5 grs.
„ « /40 Gm 5 oz. 149 grs.
\ 5Gm 292.1 grs.
(Table II) 1 fl. oz. 134 min
" " 5 pts. 9fl.oz. 288 min
or 1 gallon
UNITED STATES OF AMERIOA
661
Table for Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical
Processes to Quantities in Apothecaries Measures
Table II — Mils to Minims, etc. (Product measured)
Minims,
■tc, jier pint.
Minims, etc.
per gallon.
Mils per liter.
Sllnims per
fluidouDce.
Fl. oz.
Minimif.
Pints. Fl. oz.
Minims.
1
0.48
7.68
61
2
0.96
15.36
• 123
3
1.44
23.04
184
4
1.92
30.72
246
5
2.40
38.40
307
6
2.88
46.09
369
7
3.36
53.76
430
8
3.84
61.44
'.'. *i
12
9
4.32
69.12
1
73
10
4.80
76.80
1
134
20
9.60
153.60
2
269
30
14.40
230.40
3
403
40
19.20
307.20
5
58
50
24.00
384.00
6
192
60
28.80
460.80
7
326
70
33.60
i
57.60
8
461
80
38.40
1
134.40
10
115
90
43.20
1
211.20
11
250
100
48.00
1
288.00
12
384
200
96.00
3
96.00
1 9
288
300
144.00
4
384.00
2 6
192
400
192.00
6
192.00
3 3
96
500
240.00
8
4
600
288.00
9
288.00
4 12
384
700
336.00
11
96.00
5 9
288
800
384.00
12
384.00
6 6
192
900
432.00
14
192.00
7 3
96
1000
480.00
16
8
662
THE PHARMACOP(EIA OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
Table for Converting Metric Quantities in Pharmaceutical
Processes to Quantities in Apothecaries Weights
Table III — Parts per 1000 to Grains, etc., per Pound Avoirdupois
Grains
and apothecaries ounces
Grains
and ounces avoirdupois
Grammes
pe
■ pound avoirdupois.
per
pouud avoirdupois.
per kilogramme.
Ounces.
Grains.
Ounces.
Grains.
1
7
7.0
2
14
14.0
3
21
21.0
4
28
28.0
5
35
35.0
6
42
42.0
7
49
49.0
8
66
56.0
9
63
63.0
10
70
70.0
20
140
140.0
30
210
210.0
40
280
280.0
50
350
350.0
60
420
420.0
70
i
10
i
52.5
80
1
80
1
122.5
90
1
150
1
192.5
100
1
220
1
262.5
200
2
440
3
87.5
300
4
180
4
350.0
400
5
400
6
175.0
500
7
140
8
600
8
360
9
262.5
700
10
100
11
87.5
800
11
320
12
350.0
900
13
60
14
175.0
1000
14
280
16
Example: To make 1 pound avoirdupois.
Camphor Liniment (page 233)
Camphor 200 Gm. (Table III) 3 oz. 87.5 grs.
Cotton Seed Oil SOO^m. " " .12 oz. 3.50.0 grs.
To make 1000 Gm. or 1 pound avoirdupois
INDEX
rXQE
Abbo Refractomclor 604
Abbreviations xlvii, 521
Abies balsamea 528
"Absence of" omitted from U.S. P.
IX xlviii
Absolute Alcohol 36
Absorbent Cotton 208
Absorption Value, Iodine 590
Abstract of the Proceedings of the
Ninth Decennial Convention . . .x.xiii
Acacia 3
Acacia, Mucilage 278
Senegal 3
Syrup 426
Acetaldehyde 504, 505
Acetanilid 3, 504, 514
Acetanihde 3
Acetanihdum 3
Acetate, Ammonium, Solution 237
Iron and Ammonium, Solution . . . 242
Lead 328
Potassium 330
Sodium 380
Zinc 489
Acetic Acid 6, 504, 521
Acid, Anhydride 504, 521
Acid, Assay 7
Acid, Diluted 7
Acid, Glacial 7
Acid, Table 639
Aldehyde 504,505
Anhydride 504,521
Ether 531
Acetone 4, 504, 522
.\ssay 4
Reaction 618
Acetonum 4
Acetparaphenetidin 504
Acetphenetidin 5, 504
Acetphenetidinum 5
Acetum Scilla> 5
Acetylsalicylic Acid 504
PAOI
Acid, Acetic 6, 504, 521
Acetic, Anhydride 504
Acetic, Diluted 7
Acetic, Glacial 7
Acetic, Table 639
AcetylsaUcylic 504
Alphahydroxypropionic 17
Ammonium Carbonate 44
and AlkaU Tables 638
Arsenic 504, 524
Arsenous 64
Arsenous, Solution 236
Aurobromhydric 504
Aurochloric 504
Benzoic 8, 504
Boric 9,504
Boric, Ointiroat 476
Bromauric 504
Camphoric 604
Carbamic 33
Carbolic 316,504
CarboUc, Glycerite 206
Carbolic, Liquefied 317
Carbolic, Ointment 481
Chlorauric 504, 534
Chloroplatinic 504, 543
Chromic 110
Cinnamic 504
CinnamyUc 504
Citric 9,504
Citric, Anhydrous 504
Citric, Syrup 426
Diethylbarbituric 504
Ethyl-sulphuric 24
Ferrous Sulphate T.S 532
Formic 504
Fuchsin 533
Gallic 10,504
GaUic, Anhydrous 504
Gallotannic 26
Glj'cerophosphoric 91, 504
Hydriodic 504
663
664
INDEX
PAGE
Acid, Hydriodic, Diluted 11
Hydriodic, Syrup 427
Hydrobromic 504
Hydrobromic, Diluted 12
Hydrochloric 13, 504
Hydrochloric, Concentrated for
Tests 534
Hydrochloric, Diluted 14
Hydrochloric, Table 642
Hydrochloric, V.S., HaK-Normal. 560
Hydrochloric, V.S., Normal 559
Hydrochloric, V.S., Tenth-Normal 621
Hydrocyanic 284, 504
Hydrocyanic, Assay 285
Hydrocyanic, Diluted 15
Hydrocyanic, Diluted, Compari-
son of U.S.P. IX and P.I.
Standard liii
Hydrofluoric 504
Hydrosulphuiic 504
Hypophosphorous 15, 504
Hypophosphorous, Diluted 16
Lactic 17, 504
Magenta 533
Molybdic 50.5,539
Nitric 18,505,540
Nitric, Diluted 540
Nitric, Fuming 540
Nitric, Solution 624
Nitric, Table 643
Nitrohydrochloric 18
Nitrohydrochloric, Diluted 19
Nitromuriatic 18
Nitromuriatic, Diluted 19
Nitrous 505
Number for Resins 591
Oleic 20,505
Ortho-arsenic 524
Orthohydroxybcnzoic 22
Ortho-sulphamide-benzoic 76
Oxalic 505
Oxalic, Anhydrous 505
Oxahc, Purified 541
Oxalic, V.S., Tenth-Normal 562
Paradimethylaminoazobenzeneor-
thocarboxylic 582
Phenolsulphonic 505
PAGE
Acid, Phenylcinchoninic 20, 505
Phenyl-quinoUne-carboxyhc 20
Phosphoric 21, 505
Phosphoric, Diluted 21
Phosphorous 505
Phosphotimgstic 543
Picric 471,505,
Picric, T.S 553
Pyroboric 505
Pyrogallic 348, 505
RosoUc 505, 582
RosoUc, T.S 582
Rubin 533
SaUcyUc 22,505
Selenous 546
Stannous Chloride T.S 551
Stearic 23,505
Succinic 505, 552
Sulphanilic 505, 552
Sulphanilic, Anhydrous 505
Sulpho-Salicylic 552
Sulphuric 24, 505, 552
Sulphuric, Aromatic 24
Sulphuric, Diluted 25
Sulphuric, Fuming 552
Sulphuric, Purified for Tests 552
Sulphuric, Table 646
Sulphuric, V.S., Fiftieth-Normal . 578
Sulphuric, V.S., Half-Normal. ... 576
Sulphuric, V.S., Normal 575
Sulphuric, V.S., Tenth-Normal.. 577
Sulphurous 505, 553
Tannic 26, 505
Tannic, Glycerite 204
Tannic, Ointment 476
Tannic, Troches 473
Tartaric 27,505
Tetraboric 505
Trichloracetic 28, 505
Tungstic 505
Valerianic 505
Valeric 505
Acids, Organic, Alkali Salts of. Assay 589
Acidum Aceticum 6
Aceticum Dilutum 7
Aceticum Glaciale 7
Benzoicum 8
INDEX
665
PAOB
Acidum Boiicum 9
Citricum 9
Gallicum 10
Hydriodicum Dilutum 11
Hydrobromicum Dilutum 12
Hydrochloricum 13
Hydrochloricum Dilutum 14
Hydrocyanicum Dilutum 15
Hypophosphorosum 15
Hypophosphorosum Dilutum ... . 16
Lacticum 17
Nitricum IS
Nitrohydrochloricum 18
Nitrohydrochloricum Dilutum. . . 19
Oleicum 20
Phenylcinchoninicum 20
Phosphoricum 21
Phosphoricum Dilutum 21
Salicylicum 22
Stearicum 23
Sulphuricum 24
Sulphuricum Aromaticum 24
Sulphuricum Dilutum 25
Tannicum 26
Tartaricum 27
Trichloraceticum 28
Acocanthera Ouabaio 541
Aconite 29
Assay 30, 606
Comparison of U.S. P. IX and
P.I. Standards liii
Extract 143
Extract, Powdered 143
Fluidextract 176
Root 29
Standard 606
Tincture 445
Aconiti tinctura P.I 445
tuber P.I 29
Aconitina 28
Aconitine 28, 505
Aconitum 29
Napellus 29
Act, Food and Drugs xvi, xxxvi
Additions to U.S.P. IX, Part I Ux
Additions to U.S.P. IX, Part II bciii
Adeps 30
PAOE
Adeps Benzoinatus 31
Lana; 31
Lana; Ilydrosus 32
Adhesive Plaster 136
Plaster, Rosin 136
Plaster, Rubber 135
Adjuvant Elixir 133
Admissions and Deletions xl
Deletions and Changes lix
to U.S.P. IX, Part I lix
to U.S.P. IX, Part II bdii
Mther 32
iEthylis Carbamas 33
Chloridum 34
Jilthylmorphina; Hydrochloridum . . 34
African Chillies 100
Ginger 496
Agar 35
Agar-agar 35
Glucose 626
Glycerin 626
Lactose-litmus 626
Plain 626
Agropyron repens 472
Albumen T.S 522
Albumin Reaction 618
Albumose Reaction 618
Alcohol 35
(70 per cent.) 522
(80 per cent.) 522
(90 per cent.) 522
(94.9 per cent.) 522
Absolutum 36
Amyl 505,524
Dehydrated 522
Dehydratum 36
Dilutum 37
Ethyl 505
in Preparations, Determination of 592
Methyl 505
trihydric 203
Alcoholic Content in Preparations . . 593
Lead Acetate T.S 536
Mercuric Bromide T.S 538
Percentage of Fluidextracts 174
Percentage of Official Prepara-
tions xxxiii
666
INDEX
PAGE
Alcoholic Percentage of Preparations xl
Potassium Hydroxide T.S 545
Potassium Hydroxide V.S., Half-
Normal 567
Solution of Dimethylaminoazo-
benzene 621
Solution of Iodine (1 per cent.) . . 619
Solution of Iodine (10 per cent.) . 618
Solution of Methyl Violet 6B. . . . 623
Alcoholometric Table 633
Table, Temperature Corrections . 636
Aldehyde, Acetic 505
Benzoic 505
Cinnamic 505
Formic < 505
Methylprotocatechuic 485
Aleppo Galls 198
Alexandria Senna 373
Alkali and Acid Tables 638
Salts of Organic Acid, Assay. . . . 589
Alkaline Cupric Tartrate V.S 557
Mercuric Potassium Iodide T.S... 538
Pyrogallol T.S 546
Alkaloidal Assays. General Direc-
tions 593
AU^iceOil 298
Allyl-isothiocyanate 302, 505
Allyl-sulphocarbamide 505, 518
Almond, Bitter, Oil 284
Bitter, Spirit 405
Emulsion 136
Milk 136
Oil, Expressed 286
Oil, Sweet 286
Sweet 47
Water, Bitter 54
Aloe 37
ferox 37
Perryi 37
Vera 37
Aloes 37
Cape 38
Curagao 37
pais 323
Socotrine 37
Tincture 446
Aloin 38
PAOB
Aloin (isobarbaloin containing bar-
baloin) 619
Aloinum 38
Alphahydroxypropionic Acid 17
Alpha Naphthylamine Hydrochlo-
ride 539
Naphthylamine Hydrochloride
T.S 539
Althaea 39
officinalis 39
Alum 39,505
Ammonium 39
Assay ; 39
Burnt 40
Dried 40
Exsiccated 40
Alum-hematoxylin Solution 623
Potassium 39
Alumen 39
Exsiccatum 40
Ustum 40
Alumini Hydroxidum 41
Aluminum 503, 505
and Ammonium Sulphate .... 39, 505
and Ammonium Sulphate, Anhy-
drous 505
and Potassium Sulphate 39, 505
and Potassium Sulphate, Anhy-
drous 505
Hydroxide 41, 505
Oxide 505
Silicdte 511, 505
Sulphate 506
Sulphate, Anhydrous 506
American Hellebore 486
Wormseed, Oil 290
Ammonia 506
Liniment 232
Spirit 522
Spirit, Aromatic 404
T.S 522
Table 649
Water 53
• Water, Assay 53
Water, Stronger 53
Ammoniated Glycyrrhizin 207
Mercury 220
INDEX
667
PAGE
Ammoniated Mercury, Assay 221
Mercurj', Assay, Electrolytic. . . . 587
Mercury, Ointment 479
Tincture of Guaiac 456
Tincture of Valerian 469
Ammonii Benzoas 42
Bromidum 43
Carbonas 44
Chloriduni 44
lodidum 45
Salicylas 46
Valeras 47
Ammonio-ferric Citrate 166
Ammonium Acetate 506
Acetate, Solution 237
Alum 39
and Aluminum Sulphate 39
and Bismuth Citrate 79
and Iron Acetate, Solution 242
and Iron Citrate 166
and Sodium Phosphate 506
Arsenite 506
Benzoate 42, 506
Benzoate, Assay 42
Bromide 43, 506
Bromide, Assay 43
Carbamate 44, 506
Carbonate 44, 506
Carbonate, Acid 44, 506
Carbonate, Assay 44
Carbonate, Normal 506
Carbonate T.S 522
Chloride 44. 506
Chloride, Assay 45
Chloride T.S 522
Chloride, Troches 474
Chloroplatinate 506
Citrate 506
Hydrogen Fluoride 506
Hydrogen Sulphide 506
Hypophosphite 506
Iodide 45, 506
Iodide, Assay 46
Lactate 506
Metarsenite 506
Metavanadate 506
Molybdate 506
PAGE
Anmionium Molybdate T.S 522
Nitrate 50(), 523
Oxalate 506
Oxalate, Anhydrous 506
O.xalate T.S 523
Phasphate 506
I'olysulphide T.S 523
Salicylate 46, 506
Salicylate, .\ssay 46
Sulphate • 506,523
Sulphide 506
Sulphide T.S 523
Tartrate 506
Valerate 47, 506
Valerianate 47
Vanadate 506, 524
Amygdala Dulcis 47
Amygdalin 284
Amyl Alcohol 505, 524
Hydroxide 505
Nitrite 48,506
Nitrite, Assay 48
Amylene Hydrate 506
Amylis Nitris 48
Araylopsin 308
Amylum 49
Anacyclus Pyrethrum 347
Anethol 506
Anhydrous Lanolin 31
Sodium Acetate 547
Sodium Carbonate 548
Anhydride, Acetic 521
Aniline 3, 506, 524
Sulphate 506,524
Sulphate T.S 524
Anise 49
Oil 286
Spirit 405
Star, Oil 286
Water 54
Aniseed 49
Anisum 49
Antidiphtheric Globulins 375
Serum 375
Serum, Dried 376
Serum, Purified 375
Antidote, Arsenic 168
m
INDEX
PAGE
Antifebrin 3
Antimonic Sulphide 506
Antimonii et Potassii Tartras 50
Antimonous Oxide 506
Sulphide 506
Antimony 503, 506
and Potassium Tartrate 50, 506
and Potassium Tartrate, Anhy-
drous 506
and Potassium Tartrate, Assay. . 50
Wine, P.I. Standard Iviii
Antimonyl Potassium Tartrate .... 50
AntipjTina 51
Antipyrine 51, 506
Antitetanic Globulins 377
Serum 377
Serum, Purified 377
Antitoxic Globulins, Diphtheric .... 375
Antitoxin, Diphtheria 375
Diphtheria, Concentrated 375
Diphtheria, Dried 376
Globulins, Tetanus 377
Tetanus 377
Tetanus, Concentrated 377
Tetanus, Dried 378
Tetanus, Refined 377
Apiol, Liquid 283
Apis meUifera 104, 269
Apomorphinae Hydrochloridum .... 51
Apomorphine Chloride 51
Hydrochloride 51, 506
Apothecaries and Metric Equiva-
lents li, lii
Measure Formulas from Metric. . 661
Weight Formulas from Metric . . . 662
Weights and Measures 1
Apparatus, Arsenic Test 584
Boiling Points 598
Gasometric Estimations 600
Glass Measuring, Calibration of. . 653
Melting Points 596
Optical Rotation 602
Refractive Index 603
Apparent Specific Gravity to True . 650
Apple, Bitter 122
Colocynth 122
May 329
PAGE
Approximate Measures li
Aqua 52
Ammoniae 53
Ammoniae Fortior 53
Amygdalae Amarae 54
Anisi 54
Aurantii Florum 55
Aurantii Florum Fortior 55
Camphorae 55
Chlorof ormi 56
Cinnamomi 56
Creosoti 57
Destillata 57
DestiUata Sterihsata 58
Foeniculi 58
HamameUdis 58
Hydrogenii Dioxidi 246
Menthae Piperita; 59
Menthae Viridis 59
Rosse 60
Rosae Fortior 60
Aquae Aromaticae 60
Arabian Licorice 206
Arabic, Gum 3
Arctostaphylos Uva-ursi 484
Argenti Nitras 61
Nitras Fusus 62
Oxidum 62
Argol 27
Argon 503,506
Aristolochia reticulata 374
Serpentaria 374
Arnica 63
Flowers 63
montana 63
Tincture 446
Aromatic Elixir 132
Fluid Extract 177
Fluidextract 177
Fluid Extract of Cascara Sagrada 180
Fluidextract of Cascara Sagrada . 180
Fluidextract of Rhamnus Pur-
shiana 180
Powder 343
Spirit of Ammonia 404
Sulphuric Acid 24
Sulphuric Acid, Assay 25
INDEX
cm
PAOE
Aromatic Syrup of Rhubarl) 433
Tincture of Rhubarl > 465
Waters 60
Arsenas sodii P.I 381
Arsenate, Sodium 381
Sodium, Exsiccated 381
Sodium, Solution 254
Arseni lodidum 63
Trioxidum 64
Arsenic 503, 506
Acid 504,524
Acid T.S., Concentrated 524
Antidote 168
Chloride, Solution 236
Iodide 63
Solution, Hydrochloric 236
Stain, Standard 585
Sulphide < 507
Test 584
Test Apparatus 584
Test, Bettendorf's 586
T.S. Standard 584
Test, Zinc 553
Triiodide 507
Trioxide 64, 507, 525
Trioxide, Assay 65
White 64
Arsenite, Potassium, Solution 251
Arsenous Acid 64
Acid, Solution 236
and Mercuric Iodide, Solution . . . 238
Iodide 63,507
Iodide, Assay 64
Oxide 64,507,525
Sulphide 507
Artemisia pauciflora 366
Articles added to U.S.P. IX, Part I lix
added to U.S.P. IX, Part II bciii
dismissed from U.S.P. VIII Ix
dismissed from U.S.P. VIII, Ap-
pendix Ixv
of Incorporation xix
Asafetida 65
Assay 66
Emulsion 137
Milk 137
Tincture .,. 447
PAOB
Asafcetida 65
Asagra>a officinalis 486
Asbestos 525
Ash in Vegetable Drugs 590
or Non-volatile Matter, Determi-
nation 589
Prickly, Fhiidcxtract 196
Aspidium 66
Oleoresin 282
Aspidosperma 67
Fluidextract 177
Quebracho bianco 67
Aspidospermine 507
Assay, Acetic Acid 6
Acetone 4
Aconite 30,606
Alkali Salts of Organic Acids. . . . 589
Alum 39
Ammonia Water 53
Ammoniated Mercury 221
Ammoniatcd Mercury, Electro-
lytic 587
Ammonium Benzoate 42
Ammonium Bromide 43
Ammonium Carbonate 44
Ammonium Chloride 45
Ammonium Iodide 46
Ammonium Salicylate 46
Amyl Nitrite 48
Antimony and Potassium Tartrate 50
Aromatic Sulphuric Acid 25
Arsenic Trioxide 65
Arsenous Iodide 64
Asaf etida 66
Belladonna Leaves 72
Belladonna Plaster 134
Belladonna Root 73
Benzaldehyde 74, 285
Benzoic Acid 8
Betaeucaine Hydrochloride 77
Bismuth and Ammonium Citrate 80
Bismuth Magma 261
Bismuth Subcarbonate 80
Bismuth Subgallate 81
Bismuth Subnitrate 83
Bismuth Subsalicylate 84
Boric Acid 9
G7U
1 NDKX
PAGE
Assay, Bromides 589
Caffeine Sodio-Benzoatc 88
Calcium Bromide 89
Calcium Chloride 91
Calcium Glycerophosphate 92
Calcium Hypophosphite 93
Calcium Lactate 94
Calcium Oxide 96
Calomel, Electrolytic 587
Camphor Liniment 233
Cannabis 99, 605
Cantharides 100
Chlorides, Bromides and Iodides . 588
Chlorinated Lime 96
Chromium Trioxide 110
Cinchona 112
Citral 294
Citrated Caffeine 87
Citric Acid 10
Codeine Phosphate 118
Colchicum Corm 119
CoUodion 121
Compound Effervescing Powder. 344
Compound Solution of Iodine . . . 248
Compound Tincture of Cinchona 452
Copper Sulphate 128
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride. . . . 214
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride,
Electrolytic 587
Crude Calcium Sulphide 94
Deodorized Opium 307
Diastase 131
Digitalis 131,606
Diluted Acetic Acid 7
Diluted Hydriodic Acid 12
Diluted Hydrobromic Acid 13
Diluted Hydrochloric Acid 14
Diluted Hydrocyanic Acid 15
Diluted Hypophosphorous Acid . . 16
Diluted Mercurial Ointment 480
Diluted Phosphoric Acid 22
Diluted Sulphuric Acid 26
Dried Suprarenals 424
Dried Thyroids 443
Effervescent Citrated Caffeine ... 87
Exsiccated Alum 41
Exsiccated Ferrous Sulphate 171
PAUE
Assaj', Exsiccated Sodium Arsenate 382
Exsiccated Sodium Phosphate . . . 397
Exsiccated Sodium Sulphite 400
Extract of Aconite ^. . . . 144
Extract of Cannabis 147
Extract of Colchicum Corm 149
Extract of Hydrastis 154
Extract of Hyoscyamus 155
Extract of Nux Vomica 157
Extract of Opium 158
Extract of Physostigma 160
Ferric Chloride 166
Ferric Phosphate 169
Ferrous Sulphate 170
Fluidextract of Aconite 177
Fluidextract of Belladonna Root . 178
Fluidextract of Cannabis 170
Fluidextract of Cinchona 181
Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed . . 182
Fluidextract of DigitaUs 182
Fluidextract of Guarana 186
Fluidextract of Hydrastis 186
Fluidextract of Hyoscj^amus 187
Fluidextract of Ipecac 188
Fluidextract of Nux Vomica 189
Fluidextract of Pilocarpus 190
Fluidextract of Squill 193
Fluidextracts, Modification of
Process 1 76
Glacial Acetic Acid 7
Glycerite of Hydrastis 205
Gold and Sodium Chloride 70
Granulated Opium 308
Guarana 212
Hydrastis 224
Hydrated Chloral 108
Hydrochloric Acid 13
Hydrocyanic Acid 285
Hyoscyamus 225
Hypophosphorous Acid 16
Iodides 589
Iodine 229
Ipecac 230
Iron and Ammonimn Citrate .... 167
Iron and Quinine Citrate 167
Jalap 230
Lactic Acid 17
INDEX
G71
PAGE
Assay, Lead Acetate 328
I^ad Oxide 329
Liquefied I'lieiiol 317
Lithium Bromide 257
Lithium C.arhonate 258
Lithium Citrate 259
Magnesia Magma 262
Magnesium Carbonate 263
Magnesium Oxide 264
Magnesium Sulphate 265
Malt 266
Mass of Ferrous Carbonate 268
Mass of Mercury 268
Mercurial Ointment 479
Mercuric Oxide, Electrolytic .... 587
Mercuric Salicylate 219
Mercuric Salicylate, Electrolytic . 587
Mercury 220
Mercury, Electrolytic 587
Mercury with Chalk 222
Mercury with Chalk, Electrolytic. 587
Methyl Salicylate 273
Mild Mercurous Chloride 215
Mild Mercurous Chloride, Elec-
trolytic 587
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate 387
Moulded Silver Nitrate 62
Nitric Acid 18
Nux Vomica 281
Oil of Bitter Almond 285
Oil of Caraway 289
Oil of Cinnamon 290
Oil of Clove 289
Oil of Eucalyptus 291
Oil of Lemon 294
Oil of Mustard 302
Oil of Peppermint. 296
Oil of Pimento 299
Oil of Rosemary 300
Oilof Santal. .' 300
Oil of Spearmint 296
Oil of Thyme 304
Opium 306
Oxygen 308
Pancreatin 309
Paraformaldehyde 310
Pepsin 313
fAOG
Assay, Phenol 316
Phosphoric Acid 21
Physostigma 320
I'ills of Ferrous Carbonate 325
Pilocarpus 32l{
Pilular Extract of Belladonna
Leaves 145
Pilular E.xtract of Stramonium. . 161
Podophyllum 330
Poison Tablets of Corrosive Mer-
curic Chloride 470
Potassium Acetate 331
Potassium and Sodium Tartrate . 338
Potassium Bicarbonate 332
Potassium Bitartrate 333
Potassium Bromide 334
Potassium Carbonate 334
Potassium Chlorate 335
Potassium Citrate 336
Potassium Hydroxide 339
Potassium Hypophosphite 340
Potassium Iodide 341
Potassium Nitrate 341
Potassium Permanganate 342
Powdered Extract of Belladonna
Leaves 146
Powdered Extract of Stramonium 162
I'owdered Opium 305
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate . 90
Precipitated Manganese Dioxide. 266
Precipitated Sulphur 420
Precipitated Zinc Carbonate.... 491
Prepared Chalk 127
Processes xxxiii
Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride 352
Red Cinchona 113
Red Mercuric Iodide 217
Red Mercuric Iodide, Electrolytic 587
Red Mercuric Oxide 218
Reduced Iron 172
Resorcinol 360
Saccharated Ferrous Carbonate. . 166
Salicylic Acid 23
Scammon}' Root 371
Silver Nitrate 61
Sodium Acetate 380
Sodium Arsenate 381
672
INDEX
PAGE
Assay, Sodium Benzoate : 383
Sodium Bicarbonate 384
Sodium Borate 385
Sodium Bromide 385
Sodium Cacodylate 386
Sodium Chloride 387
Sodium Citrate 388
Sodium Cyanide 389
Sodium Glycerophosphate 389
Sodium Hydroxide 390
Sodium Hypophosphite 391
Sodium Iodide 393
Sodium Nitrite 394
Sodium Perborate 394
Sodium Phenolsulphonate 395
Sodium Phosphate 396
Sodium Salicylate 398
Sodium Sulphate 399
Sodium Thiosulphate 401
Solution of Ammonium Acetate. . 237
Solution of Arsenous Acid 237
Solution of Arsenous and Mercu-
ric Iodide 238
Solution of Calcium Hydroxide . . 239
Solution of Chlorinated Soda .... 254
Solution of Ferric Chloride 242
Solution of Ferric Subsulphate . . . 244
Solution of Ferric Sulphate 245
Solution of Formaldehyde 245
Solution of Hydrogen Dioxide . . . 247
Solution of Hypophysis 247
Solution of Lead Subacetate 249
Solution of Magnesium Citrate . . 249
Solution of Mercuric Nitrate,
Electrolytic 587
Solution of Potassium Arsenite . . 251
Solution of Potassium Citrate . . . 252
Solution of Potassium Hydroxide 253
Solution of Sodium Arsenate .... 254
Solution of Sodium Glycerophos-
phate 255
Solution of Sodium Hydroxide . . 256
Solution of Zinc Chloride 257
Spirit of Camphor 406
Spirit of Nitrous Ether 404
SquiU 371,606
PAGE
Assay, Stramonium 411
Stronger Ammonia Water 54
Strontium Bromide 412
Strontium Iodide 413
Strontium Sahcylate 414
Strophanthus 415, 606
Sublimed Sulphur 421
Sulphurated Potassa 330
Sulphuric Acid 24
Suprarenal Gland 608
Syrup of Ferrous Iodide 429
Syrup of Hydriodic Acid 427
Tartaric Acid 27
Theobromine Sodio-Salicylate . . . 440
Thymol Iodide 442
Tincture of Aconite 445
Tincture of Belladonna Leaves . . . 448
Tincture of Cannabis 449
Tincture of Cinchona 451
Tincture of Colchicum Seed 453
Tincture of Deodorized Opium . . . 464
Tincture of DigitaUs 453
Tincture of Ferric Chloride 454
Tincture of Hydrastis 456
Tincture of Hyoscyamus 457
Tincture of Iodine 458
Tincture of Nux Vomica 461
Tincture of Opium 462
Tincture of Physostigma 464
Tincture of Stramoniimi 467
Tincture of Strophanthus 468
Trichloracetic Acid 28
Uranium Nitrate 483
Washed Sulphur 419
Yellow Mercuric Oxide 217
Yellow Mercurous Iodide 216
Yellow Mercurous Iodide, Elec-
trolytic 587
Zinc 496
Zinc Acetate 490
Zinc Chloride 491
Zinc, Electrolytic 587
Zinc Oxide 492
Zinc Phenolsulphonate 493
Zinc Stearatc 494
Zinc Sulphate 494
Zinc Valerate 495
INDEX
673
PAGE
Assays, Alkaloidal, General Direc-
tions 593
Biological xxxix, 604
Proximate 593
Assistance on U.S. P. IX xl, xliv
Astragalus gummifer 470
Atomic Weight Multiples 520
Atomic Weights. . xxxiii, xxxvii, 503, 504
Atropa Belladonna 72
Atropina 68
Atropina) Sulphas 68
Atropine 68, 507
Sulphate 68,507
Aurantii Amari Cortex 69
Dulcis Cortex 69
Auri et Sodii Chloridum 69
Auric Chloride 507
Aurobromhydric Acid 504
Aurochloric Acid 504
Auxiliary Thermometer 611
Avoirdupois Weight Formulas from
Metric 660
Azo-benzene-beta-naphthol Disul-
phonic Acid 540
Azolitmin 579
Azolitmin T.S 579
Azur II 525
Blue II 525
II-Eosin 525
Balsam of Copaiba 123
of Peru 70
of Tolu 71
Balsamum Peruvianum 70
Tolutanum 71
Barium 503, 507
Carbonate 507
Chloride 507, 526
Chloride Anhydrous 507
Chloride T.S 526
Chromate 507
Dioxide 507
Hydroxide 507, 526
Hydroxide T.S 526
Hydroxide V.S., Tenth-Normal . 558
Nitrate 507, 527
Nitrate T.S 527
48
PAOB
Barium Sulphate 507
Sulphide 507
Bark, Buckthorn 198
Buckthorn, Fluidextract 183
Calisaya 112
Calisaya, Fluidextract 181
Ehn 475
Peruvian, Red 112
Peruvian, Yellow 112
Pomegranate 208
Prickly Ash 488
Wild Cherry, Black 342
Barosma betulina 85
serratifoha 85
Basham's Mixture 242
Basic Bismuth Carbonate 80
Bismuth Gallate 81
Bismuth Nitrate 82
Bismuth Sahcylate 83
Ferric Sulphate, Solution 243
Fuchsin 533
Lead Acetate T.S 536
BasiUcon Ointment 106
Bean, Calabar 319
Calabar, Tincture . . : 464
Ordeal 319
Bearberry 484
Bee 104,269
Beef Extract 527
Peptone 542
Beeswax 104
Belladonna, Comparison of U.S.P.
IX and P.I. Standards liii
Leaves 72
Leaves, Assay 72
Leaves, Extract 144
Leaves, Tincture 448
Liniment 233
Ointment 477
Plaster 134
Plaster, Assay 134
Root 72
Root, Assay 73
Root, Fluidextract 178
Belladonnae Folia 72
fohumP.1 72
Radix 72
674
INDEX
PAGE
Belladonnae tinctura P.I 448
BenneOil 301
Benzaldehyde 74, 284, 505, 507
Assay 74,285
Benzaldehyduin 74
Benzene 507, 527
Benzidine 527
Benzin 527
Petroleum, Purified 74
Benzinum Purificatum 74
Benzoate, Ammonium 42
Sodium 382
Benzoic Acid 8, 504
Acid, Assay 8
Aldehyde 505,507
Benzoin 75
Siam 75
Sumatra 75
Tincture 448
Tincture, Comjjoond 448
Benzoinated Lard 31
Benzoinum 75
Benzol 507,527
Benzole 527
Benzosulphinide 76, 507, 516
Sodium 383
Benzosulphinidum 76
Benzoyl-aoetyldioxide 507
Benzoyl-sulphonicimide 507
Berries, Juniper, Oil 293
Saw Palmetto 362
Betaeucainae Hydrochloridum 77
Betaeucaine Hydrochloride 77, 507
Hydrochloride, Assay 77
Beta-iminazolyl-ethylamine Hydro-
chloride 247,527
Betanaphthol 78, 507, 513
Bismuth 78
Beta Naphthylamine Hydrochloride 540
Beta vulgaris 363
liettendorf's Arsenic 'l\'st. 586
lietula lenta 272
Oil 272
Bial's Reagent 620
]iicarl)ona<e. Potassium 331
Sodium 383
Sodium, Troches 475
PAGE
Bichloride of Mercury 214
Tablets 470
Bile 164
Reactions 618
Biliary Color Reactions 619
Biniodide of Mercury 216
Biological Assays xxxix, 604
Products xxxiii
Birch Oil, Sweet 272
Bismuth 503, 507
Ammonio-Citrate 79
and Ammonium Citrate 79
and Ammonium Citrate, Assay. . 80
Betanaphthol 78, 507
Carbonate, Basic 80
Citrate 507
Gallate, Basic 81
Magma 260
Magma, Assay 261
Milk 260
Nitrate 507
Nitrate, Basic 82
Salicylate, Basic 83
Subcarbonate 80, 507
Subcarbonate, Assay 80
Subgallate 81,507
Subgallate, Assay 81
Subnitrate 82. 507
Subnitrate, Assay 82
Subsalicylate 83, 507
Subsalicylate, Basic 83, 84
Sulphide 507
Trioxide 507
Bismuthi Betanaphtholas 78
et Ammonii Citras 79
Subcarbonas 80
Subgallas 81
Subnitras 82
Subsalicylas 83
Bisulphate, Quinine 350
Bitartrate, Potassium 332
Bitter Ahnond Oil 284
Almond Spirit 405
Almond Water 54
Almond Water, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards, liv
Apple 1 22
INDKX
()75
PAQG
Bitter Orange Peel 69
Orange Peel, Fluidcxtract 178
Orange Peel, Tincture 447
Wood 349
Black Cherry Jiark, Wild 342
Cohosh Ill
Cohosh, Fluidextract 180
Haw 487
Haw, Fluidextract 190
Mustard 379
Pepper 327
Snakeroot Ill
Snakcroot, Fluidextract ISO
Blaud's Pills 324
Blistering Cerate 105
Collodion 121
Blood, Reagents for 622
Root 365
Serum 527, 627
Bloodroot, Tincture 466
Blue Gum Leaves 140
Litmus Paper 581
Mass 268
Meth3dene 273
Ointment 479
Pill 268
Board of Trustees (1910-1920) xh
Boiling Points." xlvii, 598
Borate, Sodium 384
Borax 384
Borax-Methylene Blue Solution 623
Boric Acid 9,504
Acid, Assay 9
Acid, Ointment 476
Borneol 300,507
Bornyl Acetate 300, 507
Boroglycerin, Glycerite 204
Boron 603, 507
Trioxide 507
Bos Taurus 164,308
Bougies 423
Bouillon, Glucose 625
Plain 625
Stock 624
Brassica nigra 302, 379
Bromide, Ammonium 43
Calcimn 89
Bromide, Homatropinc 213
Hyoscyaminc 224
Lithium 257
I'ot assium 333
Quinine 352
Scopolamine 372
Sodium 385
Strontium 412
Bromides, Assay 589
Bromine 503, 507, 527
Bromine T.S 527
V.S. Tenth-Normal 658
Water 527
Bromoform 84, 507
Bromoformum 84
Brown Mixture 275
Mustard 379
Brucine 507
Anhydrous 507
Buchu 85
Fluidextract 179
Long 85
Short 85
Buckthorn Bark 198
Bark, Fluidextract 183
Burettes 556
Burnt Alum 40
Butter of Cacao 304
Yellow 530
By-Laws of U.S. P. Convention. . . . xxi
Cacao Butter 304
Cacodylate, Sodium 386
Cade Oil 288
Cadmium 503, 507
and Potassiiun Iodide 528
Chloride 507,528
Chloride, Anhydrous 607
Chloride T.S 528
Iodide 508,528
i Sulphate 508
Sulphate, Anhydrous 508
Sulphide 508
Caesium 503, 508
Caffeina 85
Citrata 86
Citrata Effervescens 87
676
INDEX
PAGE
Caffeinae Sodio-Benzoas 88
Caffeine 85,508
Anhydrous 308
Citrated 508
Citrated, Effervescent 87
Sodio-Benzoate 88
Sodio-Benzoate, Assay 88
Cajeput Oil 288
Cajuput Oil 288
Calabar Bean 319
Bean, Tincture 464
Calcii Bromidum 89
Carbonas Praecipitatus 90
Chloridum 90
Glycerophosphas 91
Hypophosphis 92
Lactas 93
Sulphidum Crudum 94
Calcined Magnesia 263
Calcium 503, 508
Bromide 89, 508
Bromide, Anhydrous 508
Bromide, Assay 89
Carbonate 127, 508
Carbonate, Precipitated 90
Chloride 90, 508
Chloride, Anhydrous 508
Chloride, Assay 91
Chloride Solution (10 per cent.) . 619
Chloride T.S 528
Fluoride 508
Glycerinophosphate 91
Glycerophosphate 91, 508
Glycerophosphate, Anhydrous. . . 508
Glycerophosphate, Assay 92
Hydroxide 508
Hydroxide, Solution 239
Hydroxide T.S 528
Hypophosphite 92, 508
Hypophosphite, Assay 93
Lactate 93,508
Lactate, Anhydrous 508
Lactate, Assay 94
Lactophosphate, Syrup 428
Monosulphide 508
Oxalate 508
Oxide 95, 508, 512
FAQB
Calcium Oxide, Assay 96
Phosphate 508
Pyrophosphate 508
Sulphate 508
Sulphate, Anhydrous 508
Sulphate T.S 528
Sulphide 508
Sulphide, Crude 94
Calcutta Ginger 496
CaUbration of Glass Measuring Ap-
paratus Table 653
of Pycnometers 652
Cahcut Ginger 496
Cahsaya Bark 112
Bark, Fluidextract 181
Calomel 215
Assay, Electrolytic 587
Calumba 95
Tincture 449
Calx 95
Chlorinata 96
Sulphurata 94
Cambogia 97
Camphor 97, 508
Liniment 233
Liniment, Assay 233
Monobromated 98, 508
Spirit 406
Water 55
Camphora 97
Monobromata 98
Camphorated Oil 233
Tincture of Opium 462
Tincture of Opium, Assay ....... 464
Camphoric Acid 504
Canada Turpentine 528
Cane Sugar 518
Cannabis 98
Assay 99, 605
Extract 146
Fluidextract 179
Indica 98
sativa 98
Standard 606
Tincture 449
Cantharidal Collodion 121
Cantharides 99
INDEX
677
PAQB
Cantharides, Assay 100
Cerate 105
Plaster 134
Tincture 450
Tincture, Comparison of U.S. P. IX
and P.I. Standard Iviii
Cantharidis tinctura P.I 450
Cantharis 99
vesicatoria 99
Cape Aloes 38
Capsicum 100
f rutescens 100
Oleoresin 282
Plaster 135
Tincture 450
Capsules, Gelatin 200
Caraway 101
Oil 288
Oil, Assay 289
Seed 101
Carawayseed 101
Carbamate, Ethyl 33
Carbamic Acid 33
Carbo Ligni 101
Carbolfuchsin, Solution 623
Solution, Diluted 624
Carbolic Acid 316, 504, 514
Acid, Glycerite 206
Acid, Liquefied 317
Acid Ointment 481
Carbon 503, 508
Dioxide 508
Disulphide 508, 528
Tetrachloride 508, 529
Carbonate, Ammonium 44
Bismuth, Basic 80
Calcium, Precipitated 90
Creosote 125
Ferrous, Mass 267
Ferrous, Pills 324
Ferrous, Saccharated 165
Guaiacol 210
Lithium 258
Magnesia 262
Potassium 334
Sodium, Monohydrated 386
Zinc, Precipitated 490
PAOE
Cardamom Seed 101
Tincture 450
Tincture, Compound 451
Cardamomi Semen 101
Cardamomuin 101
Cardamon 101
Carmine 529
Indigo 391
Carminfibrin 621
Carrageen 109
Carron Oil 233
Cartagena Ip)ecac 229
Carum 101
Carvi 101,288
Carvone 296, 508
Caryophyllus 102
Cascara Sagrada 103
Sagrada, Extract 147
Sagrada, Extract, Powdered 149
Sagrada, Fluidextract 179
Sagrada, Fluidextract, Aromatic . 180
Cassia acutif olia 373
angustifolia 373
Oil 290
Castile Soap, White 366
Castor Oil 299
Catechu, Pale 199
Pale, Tincture, Compound 455
Cathartic Pills, Compound 324
Caustic, Lunar 62
Potash 338
Soda 390
Cayenne Pepper 100
Cc. vs. Mils xxxviii
Cedarwood Oil 540
Cellulose Tetranitrate 348
Centigrade to Fahrenheit Table . . . 628
Cephaeline 508
Cephaelis acuminata 229
Ipecacuanha 229
Cera Alba 104
Flava 104
Cerate 105
Bhstering 105
Cantharides 105
Ceratum Cantharidis 105
Cerate, Rosin 106
\
678
ixde:<:
PAGE
Cerate, Simple 105
Ceratum 105
Resinaj 106
Cerii Oxalas 106
Cerium 106, ')03, ')08
Oxalate 106, oOS
Oxalate, Anhydrous 508
Certificate of Incorporat ion xix
Cetaceum, 107
Ceylon Cinnamon 115
Chalk and Mercury . 221
Drop 127
Mixture 274
Powder, Compound 344
Precipitated 90
Prepared 127
Chalybeate Pills 324
Chamomile, Crernum 269
Wild 269
Changes in English Titles Ixvii
in Latin Titles Lxvi
Charcoal 101
Wood 101
Charta Sinapis 136
Chemical Reagents 521
Tests xlviii
Tests, Language xxxvii
Chemicals, Atomic and ]Molecular
Weights 504
Chenopodium ambrosioides anthel-
minticum 290
Oil 290
Cherry Bark, Black, Wild 342
Laurel Water, P.L Standard liv
Wild 342
Wild, Syrup 432
Chillies, African 100
Chloral 107
Anhydrous 508
Hydrate 107
Hydrated 107,508
T.S 534
Chloralformamido 508
Chloralum Hydratum 107
Chlorauric Acid 504, 534
Chlorate, Pota.ssium 335
Potassium, Troches 474
PAGB
Chloride, Ammonium 44
Ammonium, Troches 474
Arsenic, Solution 236
Calcium 90
Cotarnine 124
Diacetylmorphine 130
Ethyl 34
Etln'lmorphine 34
Ferric 166
Ferric, Solution 240
Ferric, Tincture 454
Gold and Sodium 69
Hydrastine 222
Hydrastinine 223
. of Lime 96
Mercuric 214
Mercuric, Corrosive 214
Merci.rous 215
Mercurous, Mild 215
Methylthionine 273
Morphine 276
Pilocarpine 321
Quinine 353
Quinine and Urea 351
Sodium 387
Sodium, Solution, Phj-siological . . 254
Zinc 491
Zinc, Solution 256
Chlorides, Assaj' 588
Chlorinated Lime 96
Lime, Assay 96
Lime, Solution 620
Soda, Solution 253
Chlorine IS, 19, 503, 508
T.S 529
W^ater 529
Chloroform 108, 508, 530
Liniment 234
Spirit 407
Water 56
Chlorofonnum 108
Chloroplatinic Acid 504, 514, 543
Chondrus 109
crispus 109
Chromic Acid 110
Anhydride 110, .508
Chromii Trioxidum 110
INDEX
679
PAGE
Chromium 503, 508
Oxide 508
Trioxidc 110,508
Trioxide, Assay 110
Chrysarohin 110
Ointment 478
Chrysarobinuni 110
Cimicif uga Ill
Extract 147
Extract, Powdered 147
Fluidcxtract 180
racemosa Ill
Cinchona 112,349
Assay 112
CaHsaya 112
Fluidcxtract 181
Ledgcriana 112
Red 112
Rubra 112
succirubra 1 12
Tincture* 451
Tincture, Compound 452
Yellow 112
CiuchonidinsD Sulphas 113
Cinchonidine 509
Salicylate 509
Sulphate 113,509
Sulphate, Anhydrous 509
Cinchonina) Sulphas 114
Cinchonine 509
Sulphate 114,509
Sulphate, Anhydrous 509
Cineol 139, 291, 509, 510
Cinnamic Acid 504
Aldehyde 505,509
Cinnamon, Ceylon 115
Oil 290
Saigon 114
Spirit 407
Tincture 452
Water 56
Cinnamomum Camphora 97
Cassia 290
Saigonicum 1 14
Zeylanicum 115
Cinnamvlic Acid 504
Citral 294,509
PAOB
Citral, Assay 294
Citrate, Ammonio-ferric 166
liismuth and Anunonium 79
Ferric, SoIuIjIc 166
Iron and Anirnoniuni 1()6
Iron and (Quinine 167
Iron and Quinine, S<)hil)le 167
Lithium 258
Magnesium, Solution 248
Potassium 336
Potassium, Effervescent 336
Potassium, Solution 251
Sodium 388
Citrated CafTcine 86
Caffeine, Assaj' 87
Caffeine, Effervescent 87
Citric Acid 9,504
Acid, Anhydrous 504
Acid, Assay 10
Acid, SjTup 426
Citrine Ointment 480
Citrullus Colocynthis 122
Citrus Aurantium amara 69
Aurantium sinensis 69, 287
medica 232
medica Limonum *. . 294
Clarified Honey 270
Claviccps purpurea 138
Clinical Tests 618
Clove 102
Oil 141,289
Cloves 102
Cobalt 503,509
Cobaltous Chloride 509, 530
Chloride, Anhydrous 509
Chloride T.S 530
Nitrate 509
Nitrate, Anhydrous 509
Sulphate 509
Cocaina 116
Cocainie Hydrochloriduni 116
Cocaine 116,509
Chloride 116
Hydrochloride 1 16, 509
Hydrochloride, Comparison of
U.S. P. IX and P.I. Standards, liv
Cocainum hvdrochloricum P.I 116
680
INDEX
PAGE
Coccus 117
Cacti 117
Cochin Ginger 497
Cochineal 117
T.S 579
Cod Liver Oil 297
Liver Oil, Emulsion 137
Codeina 117
Codeinae Phosphas 118
Sulphas 119
Codeine 117, 509
Anhydrous 509
Phosphate 118, 509
Phosphate, Anhydrous 509
Phosphate, Assay 118
Sulphate 119,509
Sulphate, Anhydrous 509
Coffea arabica 85
Cohosh, Black Ill
Black, Fluidextract 180
Colchici Cormus 119
Semen 119
semen P.I 119
tinctura P.I 453
Colchicina 120
Colchicine 120, 509
Colchicum autumnale 119
Comparison of U.S. P. IX and
P.I. Standards liv
Corm 119
Conn, Assay 119
Corm, Extract 148
Corm, Extract, Powdered 148
Root 119
Seed 119
Seed, Fluidextract 181
Seed, Tincture 453
CoUodion 121
Assay 121
BUstering 121
Cantharidal 121
Flexible 122
Vesicating 121
Collodium 121
Cantharidatimi 121
Flexible , 122
Colocynth 122
PAGE
Colocynth, Apple 122
Extract 149
Extract, Compound 150
Extract, Compound, Powdered . . 150
Extract, Powdered 149
Pulp 122
Colocynthis 122
Colombo 94
Colophony 356
Color Reactions, Biliary 619
Columba 95
Columbium 503, 509
Columbo 94
Comments, Digest of x\nii
Commiphora 279
Committee of Revision, General
[U.S.P. IX] xHi
of Revision, Executive [U.S.P.
IX] xUii
Comparative Strength U.SP. VIII
and U.S.P. IX Prepara-
tions bcviii
Comparison of U.S.P. IX and P.I.
Standards liii
Compoimd Cathartic Pills 324
Chalk Powder 344
Effervescing Powder 344
Effervescing Powder, Assay 344
Extract of Colocynth 150
Extract of Colocynth, Powdered . 150
Fluidextract of SarsapariUa 191
Fluid Extract of SarsapariUa. ... 191
Infusion of Senna 227
Licorice Powder 345
Mixture of Glycyrrhiza 275
Pills of Rhubarb 326
Powder of Glycyrrhiza 345
Powder of Ipecac 346
Powder of Jalap 346
Powder of Rhubarb 347
Preparations xxxiv
Solution of Cresol 240
Solution of Iodine 247
Solution of Iodine, Assay 248
Spirit of Juniper 408
Spirit of Lavender 459
Spirit of Orange 406
INDEX
GHl
PAGE
Compound Syrup of Sarsaparilla. . . 434
Syrup of Squill 434
Tincture of Benzoin 448
Tincture of Cardamom 451
Tincture of Cinchona 452
Tincture of Cinchona, Assay 452
Tincture of Gambir 455
Tincture of Gentian 455
Tincture of Lavender 459
Tincture of Pale Catechu 455
Concentrated Diphtheria Antitoxin. 375
Hydrochloric Acid for Tests 534
Sulphuric Acid for Tests 552
Tetanus Antitoxin 377
Conference Internationale pour
rUnification de la Formule
des Medicaments Heroiques . . . xvi
Congealing points xlvii, 599
Congo Red 579
RedT,S 580
Coniine 509
Constants, Physical xxxiv
Constitution of U.S. P. Convention . xx
Contents, Part II 501
Convention, Membership 1910 xxiv
Ninth Decennial, Abstract of Pro-
ceedings xxiii
Officers (1910) xh
Convolvulus Scammonia 370
Copaiba 123
Balsam 123
Copaiva 123
Copper 503,509
Metallic 530
Sulphate 128
Sulphate, Assay 128
Sulphate, Solution 620
CoralUn 582
Coriander 123
OU 290
Seed 123
Coriandrura 123
sativum 123, 290
Corm, Colchicum 119
Colchicum, Extract 148
Cornstarch 49
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride 214
PAOE
Corrosive Mercuric Chloride, A.ssay 214
Mercuric Chloride, Assay, Electro-
lytic 587
Mercuric Chloride Tablets. . . 470
Sublimate 214
Sublimate Tablets 470
Cotarninae Hydrochloridum 124
Cotarnine 509
Chloride 124
Hydrochloride 124, 509
Phthalate 509
Cotton, Absorbent 208
Gun, Soluble 348
Purified 208
Seed Oil 293
Cottonseed Oil 293
Couch Grass 472
Grass, Fluidextract 195
Counter Staining Reagents 624
Coupon for U.S.P. IX xl
Cream of Tartar 332
Creasote 125
Creosol 125
Creosote 125
Carbonate 125
Water 57
Creosoti Carbonas 125
Creosotum 125
Cresol 126, 509
Solution, Compound 240
Creta Pra^parata 127
CrotonOil 305
Tiglium 305
Crude Calcium Sulphide 94
Calcium Sulphide, Assay 94
Fiber, Determination of 591
Cubeb 127
Oil 291
Oleoresin 283
Troches 474
Cubeba 127
Cubebs 127
Cucurbita Pepo 312
Culture Media 624
Cupri Sulphas 128
Cupric Acetate 509, 530
Acetate T.S 530
682
INDEX
PAGE
Cupric Ammonium Sulphate 509
Ammonium Sulphate T.S 530
Sulphate 128,509
Sulphate, Anhydrous 509
Sulphate T.S 530
Sulphide 509
Tartrate 509
Tartrate T.S 530
Tartrate, Anhydrous 509
Tartrate V.S. Alkahne 557
Curasao Aloes 37
Curare 530
Cyanide, Potassium 388
Sodium 388
Cylinders 555
Cynips tinctoria 198
Cytisus Scoparius 401
Dandelion 438
Fluidextract 195
Daphne Laureola 274
IMczcrcum 274
Date for U.S. P. IX to become
Official xxxiv, xl
Datura Stramonium 411
Tatula 411
Deadly Nightshade Leaves 72
Nightshade Root 72
Decocta 129
Decoctions 129
Decolorizing Tul)orcle Bacilli 024
Deer Musk 277
Dehydrated Alc^ohol 36, 522
Ether 531
Deletions and Admissions xl
fromU.S.P. VIII Ix
from U.S. P. VIII Appendix Ixv
Delphinium Staphisagria 410
Deodorized ()j)ium «307
Opium, As.say 207
Opium, Tincture 463
Dermatol 81
Desiccated Hypophysis 226
Pituitary Body 226
Suprarenal Glands 424
Thyroid Glands 443
Dessertspoonful li
P.^GE
Deterioration xHx
Determination of Alcohol in Official
Preparations 592
of Ash or Non- Volatile Matter. . . 589
of Crude Fiber 591
of Non-volatile Extractive, Solu-
ble in Ether 592
of Volatile Extractive, Soluble in
Ether 591
Deviation When Manufacturing on
a large scale xlv
Dextrins 202
Dextrose 202,534
d-glucose 202
Diacetylmorphina 129
Diacetylmorphinae Hj-drochloridum 130
Diacetylmorphine 129, 509
Chloride 130
Hydrochloride 130, 509
Hydrochloride, Anhydrous 509
Diachylon Ointment ." 478
Plaster 135
Diagnostical Reagents xxxiv, xx-xix
Reagents and CUnical Tests 618
DianilRed 579
Diastase 130
A.ssay 131
Diastasum 130
Diatoms 439
Diazo Reaction, EhrUch 619
Didymium 106
Diethyl-barbituric Acid 504, 509
Diethylsulphonedimcthylmethane . . 418,
509, 518
Die thylsul phoneme thy 1 ethyl -
methane 418, 509, 518
Digest of Comments xviii
Digitalis 131
Assay 131,006
Comparison of U.S. P. IX and P.I.
Standards liv
Fluidextract 182
folium P.I 131
Infusion 227
purpurea 131
Standard 608
tinctura P.I 453
1 MOK\"
(iS.'i
PAGE
Digitalis, Tincture 453
Dihydrochloride, Quinine 351
Dihydroxyinethylheuzenp 540
Dihydroxyphthalophenone 317
Diluent for pilular extracts 142
for powdered extracts 142
Diluted Acetic Acid 7
Acetic Acid, Assay 7
Alcohol 37
Carbolfuchsin Solution G24
Gold Chloride T.S 534
Hydriodic Acid 11
Hydriodic Acid, Assay 12
Hydrobromic Acid 12
Hydrobromic Acid, Assay 13
Hydrochloric Acid 14
Hydrochloric Acid, Assay 14
Hydrocyanic Acid 15
Hydrocyanic Acid, Assay 15
Hydrocyanic Acid, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards liii
Hypophosphorous Acid 10
Hypophosphorous Acid, Assay. . . 10
Lugol's Solution 024
IVIercurial Ointment 479
Mercurial Ointment, Assay 480
Nitric Acid 540
Nitrohydrochloric Acid 19
Nitromuriatic Acid 19
Phosphoric Acid • 21
Phosphoric Acid, Assay 22
Solution of Lead Subacetate 250
Sulphuric Acid 25
Sulphuric Acid, Assay 20
Dimethylaminoazobenzene 530
Solution, Alcoholic 021
Dimethylaniline Orange 581
Dimethyl-benzene 519, 553
Dimetl\yl-ketone 4
Dimethyl-p-amino-benzaldehydo . . . 542
Dimethylxanthine 441
Dioxide, Hydrogen, Solution 240
Manganese, Precipitated 200
Dipentene 438, 509
Diphenylamine 509, 531
T.S 531
Diphtheria Antitoxin 375
PAOB
Diphtheria Antitoxin, Dried 370
Antitoxin, Refined 375
Diphtheric Antitoxin, Concentrated 375
Antitoxin Globulins 375
Directions for Alkaloidul A.s.says . . . 593
Dismi.s.sals from I'.S.P. VIII. Ix
from U.S.P. VIII Ai)pendix Ixv
Di-.sodium-ortlio-phosphate 395
Distilled Extract of Witch Hazel. . . 58
Water 57
Water, Sterilized 58
Dithymol Diiodide 442, 510, 519
Dog Grass 472
Dogs 99, 140, 179, 449, 005, OOt
Donovan's Solution 238
Doses for U.S.P. IX xxxi, xlviii
Double-Xormal Sodium Hydroxide
V.S 573
V.S 550
Dover's Powder 340
Dried Alum 40
Antidiphtheric Serum 370
Antitetanic Serum 378
Diphtheria Antitoxin 370
Ferrous Sulphate 171
Suprarenals 424
Suprarenals, Assay 424
Tetanus Antitoxin 378
Thyroids 443
Thyroids, Assay 443
Drop Chalk 127
Drops, Hoffmann's 402
Drugs, Powdered xxxiv, xxxix
Vegetable xlvii
Dryopteris Filix-mas 00
marginalis GO
Dwarf Pine Oil 299
Dysprosium 503, 510
Earth, Infusorial, Purified 439
Silicious, Purified . . . •. 439
Ebner's Fluid 024
Ecballium Elaterium 132
Effervescent Citrated Caffeine 87
Citrated Caffeine, Assay 87
Potassium Citrate 330
Sodium Phosphate 390
Effervescing Powder, Compound. . . 344
684
INDEX
PAGE
Ehrlich, Diazo Reaction 619
Ehrlich's Solution 619
Triacid Stain 622
Eighth Decennial Revision xvi, xviii
Elaterin 132
Trituration 473
Elaterinum 132
Elaterium 132
Electrolytic Determinations xl, 587
Elements and Pharmacopoeial
Chemicals 504
Elettaria Cardamomum 101
Elixir Adjuvans 133
Aromaticum 132
GlycyrrhizEe 133
of Glycyrrhiza 133
of Licorice 133
Simple 132
Elm 475
Bark 475
Slippery 475
Emetinae Hydrochloridum 133
Emetine 510
Hydrochloride 133
Hydrochloride, Anhydrous 510
Empirical V.S 556
Emplastrum Belladonnse 134
Cantharidis 134
Capsici 135
Elasticum 135
Plumbi 135
Resinse 136
Sinapis 136
Emulsion of Almond 136
of Asafetida 137
of Cod Liver Oil 137
of Oil of Turpentine 138
Emulsum Amygdalae 136
AsafcEtidae 137
Olei Morrhutc 137
Olei Terebinthina) 138
English Titles Changed Ixvii
Eosin A 531
Epinephrine 424
Hydrated 510
Epsom Salt ' 265
Equivalents, Metric h
of Metric and Apothecaries
Weights and Measures li, hi
* Thermometric 628
of Weights and Measures lii
of Weight and Volume hi
Equus Caballus 375, 376, 377
Erbium 603,510
Ergot 138
Comparison of U.S. P. IX and
P.L Standards Uv
Extract 150
Fluidextract 182
of Rye ■ 138
Ergota 138
Eriodictyon 139
CaUfornicum 139
Fluidextract 183
Erythrol Tetranitrate 510
Esbach's Reagent 618
Eserine Salicylate 320
Essence of Peppermint 409
Estimation of Urea 020
Ether 32,510,531
Acetic 531
Containing Hydrogen Dioxide. . . 619
Dehydrated 531
Nitrous, Spirit 403
Petroleum 74
Spirit : 402
Ethyl Acetate 510, 531
Alcohol 35, 505, 510
Carbamate 33
Carbonate 510
Chloride 34,510
Hydroxide 505, 510
Ethylmorphine Chloride 34
Hydrochloride 34, 510
Hydrochloride, Anhydrous 510*
Ethyl Nitrite 510
Oxide 32,510
Ethyl-Sulphuric Acid 24
Eucaine 77
(Beta) 510
Chloride 77
Eucalyptol 139, 291, 509, 510
Eucalyptus 140
INDEX
685
PAQB
Eucalj'ptus, Fluidextracts 183
Glolmlus 139, 140, 291
Oil 291
Eugenol 141, SIO
Eugenia Aromatica 102, 289
Europium 503, 510
Executive Committee of Revision
(U.S.P. IX) xliii
Exogonium Purga 230
Expressed Oil of Almond 286
Exsiccated Alum 40
Alum, Assay 41
Ferrous Sulphate 171
Ferrous Sulphate, Assay 171
Sodium Arsenate 381
Sodium Arsenate, Assay 382
Sodium Phosphate 397
Sodium Phosphate, Assay 397
Sodium Sulphite 399
Sodium Sulphite, Assay 400
Extract of Aconite 143
of Aconite, Assay 144
of Aconite, Powdered 143
of Belladonna Leaves 144
of Belladonna Leaves, Assay . 145, 146
of Belladonna Leaves, Pilular. . . . 144
of Belladonna Leaves, Powdered . 145
of Cannabis 146
of Cannabis, Assay 147
of Cascara Sagrada 147
of Cascara Sagrada, Powdered. . . 147
of CimicLfuga 147
of Cimicifuga, Powdered 147
of Colchicum Corm 148
of Colchicima Corm, Assay 149
of Colchicum Corm, Powdered . . . 148
of Coloc\Tith 149
of Colocynth, Compound 150
of Colocjmth, Powdered 149
of Colocynth, Powdered, Com-
pound 150
of Ergot 150
of Gelsemium 152
of Gelsemium, Powdered 152
of Gentian 153
of Glycyrrhifa 153
of Glycyrrhiza, Pure 153
Extract of Golden Seal 154
Goulard's 249
of Hydrastis 154
of Hydrastis, Assay . 154
of Hydrastis, Powdered 154
of Hyoscyamus 155
of Hyoscyamus, Assay 155
of Licorice 153
of Malt 156
of Nux Vomica 156
of Nux Vomica, Assay 157
of Nux Vomica, Powdered 156
of Opium 158
of Opium, Assay 158
of Opium, Powdered 158
of Oxgall 151
of Oxgall, Powdered 151
of Physostigma 158
of Physostigma, Assaj' 160
of Rhubarb 160
of Rhubarb, Powdered 160
of Stramonium 161
of Stramonium, Assay 161, 162
of Stramonium, Pilular 161
of Stramonium, Powdered 161
of Sumbul 162
of Taraxacum 163
of Viburnum Prunifohum 163
of Mburnum Prunifolium, Pow-
dered 163
of Witch Hazel, Distilled 58
Extracta 141
Extracts 141
Assaj-s 142
Diluents 142
Pilular 141
Powdered 142
Preservation 142
Standards 142
Extractum Aconiti 143
Belladonnae FoHorum 144
Cannabis 146
Cannabis Indica; 146
Cascarai Sagrada) 147
Cimicifuga; 147
Colchici Cormi 148
Colocynthidis 149
686
INDEX
Extractum Colocynthidis Composi-
tum 150
Ergotae 150
FellisBovis 151
Gelsemii 152
Gentianje 153
Glycyrrhiza; 153
Glyc>Trhiza3 Purum 153
Hj-drastis 154
Hyoscyami 155
Malti 156
Nucis Vomicaj 1 56
Opii 158
Physostigmatis 158
Rhamni Purshiana; 147
Rhei 160
Stramonii 161
Sumbul 162
Taraxaci 163
Viburni Prunifolii 163
Fahrenheit to Centigrade Table .... 628
Fehhng's Solution 557
FelBovis 164
Fennel 197
OU 292
Seed 197
Water 58
P'ermentation Test with Yeast 621
Fern, Male 66
Male, Oleoresin 282
Ferri Carbonas Saccharatus 165
Chloridunti 166
et Ammonii Citras 166
et Quininae Citra.s 167
et Quininaj Citras Solubilis 167
Hydroxidum cum Magnesii Oxido 168
iodidi syrupus P.I 429
Phosphas 169
Phosphas Solubilis 109
Sulphas , 170
Sulphas Exsiccatus 171
Sulphas Granulatus 171
Ferric Acetate 510
Ammonium Sulphate 510, 532
Ammonium Sulphate, Anhydrous 510
Ammonium Sulphate T.S 532
P.\OE
Ferric Chloride 166, 510
Chloride, Anhydrous 510
Chloride, Assay 166
Chloride, Solution 240
Chloride T.S 532
Chloride, Tincture 454
Citrate, Soluble 166
Hydrate with Magnesia 168
Hydroxide 510
Hydroxide with Magnesium Oxide 168
Hypophosphite 510
Nitrate 510
Oxide 510
Phosphate 169
Phosphate, Assay 169
Phosphate (Normal) 510
Phosphate, Soluble 169
Pyrophosphate (Normal) 510
Subsulphate 510
Subsulphate, Solution 243
Sulphate 510
Sulphate, Basic, Solution 243
Sulphate, Solution 244
Tersulphate 510
Ferrous Bromide 510
Bromide, Anhydrous 510
Carbonate 510
Carbonate, Mass ■. . 267
Carbonate Pills 324
Carbonate, Saccharated 165
Iodide 510
Iodide, Pills 325
Iodide, Syrup 429
Iodide, Syrup, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards. Iviii
Lactate 510
Lactate, Anhydrous 510
Oxide '. 510
Sulphate 170,510
Sulphate, Anhydrous 510
Sulphate, Assay 170
Sulphate, Dried 171
Sulphate, Exsiccated 171, 510
Sulphate, Granulated 171
Sulphate, Precipitated 171
Sulphate T.S '. 532
Sulphate T.S. Acid 532
INDKX
68:
PAOB
Ferrous Sulphide 510, 532
Ferruginous Pills 324
Ferrum 172
Redactum 172
Reductum 172
Ferula Asafcrtida 65
fa'tida G5
Sumbul 421
Fifth Revision, U.S. Pharmacop<i'ia . xii
Fiftieth-Normal Potassium Hydrox-
ide V.S 506
Sulphuric Acid V.S 578
V.S 556
Filter Paper, Quantitative 532
Filtering Medium, Purifioil Talc . . . 437
Fineness of Powders 612
First Revision, U.S. Pharmacopoeia vii
Flasks, Measuring 555
Flaxseed 235
Meal 236
Oil 295
Flexible Collodion 122
Flies, Russian 99
Spanish 99
Flowers, Arnica 63
Lavender, Oil 293
Orange, Syrup 428
of Sulphur 420
Fluid Extract of Aconite 176
Extract of Aspidosperma 177
Extract of Belladonna Root 178
Extract of Bitter Orange Peel ... 178
Extract of Buchu 179
Extract of Cannabis 179
E.xtract of Cascara Sagrada 179
Extract of Cimicifuga 180
Extract of Cinchona 181
Extract of Colchicum Seed 181
Extract of Digitalis 182
Extract of Ergot 182
Extract of Eriodictyon 183
Extract of Eucaly])tus 183
Extract of Frangiila 183
Extract of Gelsemium 184
Extract of Gentian 184
Extract of Ginger 197
Extract of Glycyrrhiza 18-1
Fluid Extract of Grindelia 185
Extract of Guarana 185
Extract of Hydrastis ISO
Extract of Hyoscryamus 187
Extract of Ipecac 187
Extract of Lobelia 188
Extract of Nux Vomica 189
Extract of Pilocari)us 189
Extract of Podophyllum 190
Extract of Pomegranate 185
Extract of Rhubarb 190
Extract of Rose 190
Extract of Sabal 191
Extract of Sarsaparilla 191
Extract of Senega 193
Extract of Senna 193
Extract of Spigelia 11)4
Extract of Squill 192
Extract of Staphisagria 194
Extract of StiUingia 194
Extract of Sumbul 195
Extract of Taraxacum 195
Extract of Triticum 195
Extract of Uva Ursi 195
Extract of Veratrum Viride 19G
Extract of Viburnum Prunifolium 196
Extract of Xanthoxylum 196
Fluidextract of Aconite 176
of Aconite, Assay 177
Aromatic 177
of Aspidosperma 177
of Belladonna Root 178
of Belladonna Root, As.say 178
of Bitter Orange Peel 178
of Black Cohosh 180
of Black Haw 196
of Black Snakeroot ISO
of Buchu 179
of Buckthorn Bark 183
of Calisaya Bark 181
of Cannabis 1 79
of Cannabis, Assay 179
of Cascara Sagrada 1 79
of Cascara Sagrada, .Aromatic. . . 180
of Cimicifuga ISO
of Cinchona 181
of Cinchona, A.ssay 181
688
INDEX
PAGE
Fluidextract of Colchicum Seed. ... 181
of Colchicum Seed, Assay 182
of Couch Grass 195
of Dandehon 195
of Digitalis 182
of Digitalis, Assay 182
of Digitalis, Standard 608
of Ergot 182
of Eriodictyon 183
of Eucalyptus 183
of Frangula 183
of Gelsemium 184
of Gentian 184
of Ginger 197
of GlycjTrhiza 184
of Goldenseal 186
of Green Hellebore 196
of Grindelia 185
of Guarana 185
of Guarana, Assay 186
of Henbane 187
of Hydrastis 1 86
of Hydrastis, Assay 186
of Hyoscyamus 187
of Hyoscyamus, Assay. 187
of Ipecac 187
of Ipecac, Assay 188
of Jaborandi 189
of Licorice 184
of LobeUa 188
of Musk Root 195
of Nux Vomica 189
of Nux Vomica, Assay 189
of Pilocarpus 189
of Pilocarpus, Assay 190
of Pink Root 194
of Podophyllum 190
of Pomegranate 185
of Prickly Ash 196
of Quebracho 177
of Rhamnus Purshiana 179
of Rhamnus Purshiana, Aromatic 180
of Rhubarb 190
of Rose 190
of Sabal 191
of Sarsaparilla 191
of Sarsaparilla, Compound 191
PAGE
Fluidextract of Saw Palmetto 191
of Senega 193
of Senna 193
of Spigelia 194
of Squill 192
of Squill, Assay 193
of Squill, Standard 608
of Staphisagria 194
of Stavesacre 194
of StilUngia 194
of Sumbul 195
of Taraxacum 195
of Triticum 195
of Uva Ursi 195
of Veratrum Viride 196
of Viburnum Prunifohum 196
of Xanthoxylum 196
of Yerba Santa 183
Fluidextracta 173
Fluidextracts 173
alcohol, per cent 174
preservation 174
Type Process A 173, 174
Type Process B 173, 175
Type Process C 173, 175
Type Process D 173, 176
Fluidextractum Aconiti 176
Aromaticum 177
Aspidospermatis 177
Aurantii Amari 178
Belladonnae Radicis 178
Buchu 179
Cannabis 179
Cannabis Indicse 179
Cascarse Sagradae 179
Cascarae Sagrada; Aromaticum . . . 180
Cimicifugaj. 180
Cinchona; 181
Colchici Seminis 181
Digitahs 182
Ergotse 182
Eriodictyi 183
Eucalypti 183
Frangula; 183
Gelsemii 184
Gentianae 184
Glycyrrhizae 184
INDEX
689
PAOE
Fluidextractum Granati 185
Grindelia; 185
Guaranse 185
Hydrastis 186
Hyoscyami 187
Ipecacuanhae 187
Lobeliae 188
Nucis Vomica? 189
Pilocarpi 189
Podophylli 190
Rliamni Purshiana^ 179
Rhamni Purshianae Aromaticum . 180
Rhei 190
Rosae 190
Sabal 191
Sarsaparillie 191
Sarsaparillae Compositum 191
Scillffi 192
Senega; 193
Sennse 193
Spigeliae 194
Staphisagria; 194
Stillingia^ 194
Sumbul 195
Taraxaci 195
Tritici 195
Uvaj Ursi 195
Veratri Viridis 196
Viburni Prunif olii 196
Xanthoxyli 196
Zingiberis 197
Fluorescein 510, 516, 532
Fluorine 503,510
FcEniculum 197
vulgare 197, 292
Food and Drugs Act xvi, xxxvi
Formaldehyde 245, 505, 511
Solution 245
Formic Acid 504
Aldehyde 505
Formulas, General xxxiii, xxxvii
Structural xxxix
Type . . ^ xxxiii, xxxvii
Fovu"th Revision, U. S. Pharma-
copana xii
Fowler's Solution 251
Foxglove 131
40
PAOB
Fractional Percolation 614
Frangula 198
Fluidcxtract 183
Fraxinus Ornus 267
Frog.. . 131, 182, 192, 371, 415, 453, 466,
467, 606
Fruit, Parsley 315
Parsley, Oleoresin 283
Fuchsin 511, 533
Acid 533
di-sulphonic Acid 533
S 533
Sulphurous Acid T.S 534
Tri-sulphonic Acid 533
Fuming Nitric Acid 540
Sulphuric Acid 552
Fused Silver Nitrate 62
Gadolinium ■ 503, 511
Gadus Morrhua 297
Galla 198
Gallate, Bismuth, Basic 81
Galhc Acid 10,504
Acid, Anhydrous 504
Gallium 503,511
Gallotannic Acid 26
Galls, Aleppo 198
Smyrna 198
Gambir 199
Tincture, Compound 455
Gamboge 97
Ganjah 98
Garcinia Hanburii 97
Gasometric Estimations 600
Gastric Contents, Reagents for. . . . 621
Gaultheria Oil 272
procumbens 272
Gelatin 199
for Capsules 200
Glucose 625
Glycerinated 200
Plain 625
T.S 534
Gelatinum 199
Glycerinatum 200
GeUdium 35
Gelsemium 201
690
INDEX
Gelsemium Extract 152
Extract, Powdered 152
Fluidextract 184
sempers-irens 201
Tinctvire 455
General Directions for Alkaloidal
Assaj's 593
Formulas xxxiii, xxxvii
Principles to be Followed for the
Ninth Revision xxxi
Process for Aromatic Waters .... 60
Process A, Fluidextracts .... 173, 174
Process B, Fluidextracts .... 173, 175
Process C, Fluidextracts. . . . 173, 175
Process D, Fluidextracts 173, 176
Process, Infusions 226
Process for Percolation 613
Process for Suppositories 422
Process M for Tinctures 445
Process P for Tinctures 444
Process for Triturates 473
Tests xviii, xxxvii, 584
Gentian .
201
Extract 153
Fluidextract 184
Root, Yellow 201
Tincture, Compound 455
Gentiana 201
lutea 201
Gerhardt's Test 619
German Chamomile 269
Germanium ^■^^ 511
Giemsa's Stain ^22
Gigartina Mamillosa 109
Ginger 496
African 496
Calcutta 496
Calicut 496
Cochin 497
Fluidextract 1" '
Jamaica 4 Jo
Japanese 497
Oleoresin 284
S>Tup 436
Tincture 469
Glacial Acetic Acid 7
Acetic Acid, Assay ^
PAGE
Glands, Suprarenal, Desiccated 424
Thyroid, Desiccated 443
Glandulse Suprarenales Siccae, U.S.P.
VIII 424
ThjToideje Sicc«, U.S.P. VIIl ... 443
Glass Measuring Apparatus Cali-
bration Table 653
Wool 534
Wool, Lead Acetate 536
Glauber's Salt 398
Globulins, Antidiphtheric 375
Antitetanic 377
Gloiopeltis 35
Glonoin, Spirit 407
Glucinum 503, 511
Glucose 142, 202, 511, 518
Agar-agar 626
Bouillon 625
Dry 534
Gelatin 625
Liquid 202
S>Tupy 202
Glucosum 202
Glasidum 76
I Glycerin 203, 511
Agar-agar 626
Suppositories 424
Glycerinated Gelatin 200
Gelatin Suppositories 423
Vaccine Virus 487
Glycerinophosphate, Sodium 389
Sodium, Solution 255
Glycerinum 203
Glycerite of Boroglycerin 204
of Carbolic Acid 206
of Golden Seal 205
of Hydrastis 205
of Hydrastis, Assay 205
of Phenol 206
of Starch 204
of Tannic Acid 204
of Tannin 204
Glyceritum Acidi Tannici 204
Amyli 204
Boroglycerini 204
Hydrastis 205
INDEX
()91
PAQB
Glyceritum Phenolis 206
(Hyccrol 203,511
(tlycerophosphate, Calcium 91
Sodium 389
Sodium, Solution 255
(rlyceropliosphoric Acid 91, 504
(rlycerjd Trinitrate 511, 514
Trinitrate, Spirit 407
Crlycyrrhiza 206
Elixir 133
Extract 153
Extract, Pure 153
P'luidextract 184
glabra glandulifera 206
glabra typica 206
Mixture, Compound 275
Powder, Compound 345
Powdered 142
Glycyrrhizin, Ammoniated 207
Glycyrrhizinum Ammoniatum 207
Goa Powder 110
Gold 503,511
and Sodium Chloride 69
and Sodium Chloride, Assay 70
Chloride 511,534
Chloride T.S 534
Chloride T.S., Diluted 534
Trichloride 511
Goldenseal 223
Seal, Extract 154
Seal, Fluidextract 186
Seal, Glycerite 205
Seal, Tincture 456
Gossypium herbaceum 208, 293
Purificatum 208
Goulard's Extract 249
Gracilaria (Sphaerococcus) lichen-
oides 35
Gram's Iodine Solution 624
Stain 624
Granatum 208
Granulated Ferrous Sulphate 171
Opium 307
Opium, Assay 308
Grape Sugar 511, 518
Grass, Couch 472
Dog 472
PAOB
Gray Powder 221
Green Hellebore 486
Hellebore, l-'luidcxtract 196
Soap, Tincture 235
(Gregory's Powder 347
Grindelia 209
camporum 209
cuneifolia 209
Fluidextract 185
squarrosa 209
Guaiac 211
Resin 211
Solution 619
Tincture 456
Tincture, Ammoniated 456
Guaiacol 125, 210, 511
Carbonate 210, 511
Guaiacolis Carbonas 210
Guaiacum 211
officinale 211
sanctum 211
Guarana 211
Assay 212
Fluidextract 185
Guaza 98
Guinea-pig. . . 29. 143, 176, 247, 445, 606
Gum Arabic 3
Asafetida 65
Benjamin 75
Myrrh 279
Tragacanth 470
Gun Cotton, Soluble 348
Gunning's Reaction 618
Giinzburg's Reagent 621
Gypsum 508
Ha;matoxylon Campechianum 580
Half-Normal Alcoholic Potassium
Hydroxide V.S 567
Hydrochloric Acid V.S 560
Potassium Hydroxide V.S 565
Sulphuric Acid V.S 576
V.S 556
Hamamelis virginiana 58
Water 58
Hartshorn Liniment 232
Haj-em's Solution 622
692
INDEX
PAGE
Heavy Liquid Petrolatum 314
Magnesia 264
Magnesium Oxide 264
Metals Test 586
Helianthin 581
Hebum 503,511
Hellebore, American 486
Green 486
Green, Fluidextract 196
Hemalum, Mayer's 623
Hematein 511, 534
Hematoxylin 58C
T.S 580
Hematoxylon 511
Hemaglobin Estimation, Solution
for 622
Hemometer, SahU's 622
Henbane.. 225
Fluidextract 187
Tincture 457
Hexam 212
Hexamethylenamina 212
Hexamethylenamine 212, 511
Hexamethylene-tetramine 212, 511
Historical Introduction v
Hive Syrup 434
Hoffmann's Drops 402
Hog 30,308,312
Holmium 503, 511
Holocaine 511
Hydrochloride 511
Homatropinae Hydrobromidum 213
Homatropine 511
Bromide 213
Hydrobromide 213
Hydrochloride 511
Honduras Sarsaparilla 368, 369
Honey 269
Clarified 270
of Rose 270
Hops 213
Hordeum sativum 265
Humulus 213
Lupulus 213
Hundredth-Normal Potassium Hy-
droxide V.S 56^
Silver Nitrate V.S -"''2
PAGE
Hundredth-Normal V.S 556
Hupert's Reaction 619
Hydrargyri Chloridiun Corrosivum. 214
Chloridum Mite 215
lodidiun Flaviun 216
lodidum Rubrvun 216
Oxidum Flavum 217
Oxidum Rubrum 218
SaUcylas 219
unguentum P.I 479
Hydrargyrum 219
Ammoniatum 220
cum Greta 221
Hydrastina 222
Hydrastinse Hydrochloridum 222
Hydrastine 222, 511
Chloride 222
Hydrochloride 222, 511
Hydrastininae Hydrochloridum 223
Hydrastinine Chloride 223
Hydrochloride 223, 511
Hydrastis 223
Assay 224
canadensis 223
Extract 154
Extract, Powdered 154
Fluidextract 186
Glycerite 205
Tincture 456
Hydrate, Potassium 338
Sodium 390
Terpin 439
Hydrated Chloral 107
Chloral, Assay 108
Chloral Suppositories 422
Chloral T.S 534
Hydriodic Acid 504
Acid, Diluted 11
Acid, Syrup 427
Hydrobromic Acid 504
Acid, Diluted 12
Hydrobromide, Homatropine 213
Hyoscine 372
Hyoscyamine 224
Quinine 352
Scopolamine 372
Hydrochloric Acid 13, 504
Index
693
PAQB
Hydrochloric Acid, Assay 13
Acid, Concentrated for Tests 534
Acid, Diluted 14
Acid Table 642
Acid V.S., Half-Normal 560
Acid V.S., Normal 559
Acid V.S., Tenth-Normal 621
Solution of Arsenic 236
Hydrochloride, Apomorphine 51
Betaeucaine 77
Beta-iminazolyl-ethylamine 247
Cocaine 116
Cotarnine 124
Diacetylmorphine 130
Emetine 133
Ethylmorphine 34
Hydrastine 222
Hydrastinine 223
Methyltliionine 273
Morphine 276
Pilocarpine 321
Quinine 353
Quinine and Urea 351
Hydrocyanic Acid 284, 504
Acid, Assay 285
Acid, Diluted 15
Acid, Diluted, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards, hii
Hydrofluoric Acid 504
Hydrogen 503,511
Dioxide 511
Dioxide, Solution 246
Iron by 172
Peroxide, Solution 246
Sulphide 504, 511, 535
Sulphide T.S 535
Hj'drosulphuric Acid 504, 511
Hydrous Magnesium Silicate 437
Wool Fat 32
Hydroxide, Aluminum 41
Calcium, Solution 239
Ferric with Magnesium Oxide. . . 168
Potassium, Solution 252
Sodium 390
Sodium, Solution 255
Hj'droxybenzene 316
Hydroxybrasilin 580
PAGE)
Hyoscine 516
Hydrobromide 372
Hyo.scyami foUum P.I 225
tinctura P.I 457
Hyoscyamina; Hydrobromidum . . . . 224
Hyoscyamine 511
Bromide 224
Hydrobromide 224, 511
Sulphate 511
Hyoscyamus 225
Assay 225
Comparison of U.S.P. IX and P.I.
Standards Iv
Extract 155
Fluidextract 187
niger 225
Tincture 457
Hypophosphite, Calcium 92
Potassium 339
Sodium 390
Hypophosphites, Syrup 430
Hypophosphorous Acid 15, 504
Acid, Assay 16
Acid, Diluted 16
Hypophysis, Desiccated 226
Sicca 226
Solution 247
Hyposulphite, Sodium 400
IlUcium verum 286
Incorporation Articles xix
Certificate xix
India Senna 373, 374
Indian Tobacco 259
Indican Reactions 620
Indicators 579
Indigo Carmine 391
Carmine T.S 535
Indigotindisulphonate, Sodium 391
Indium 503,511
Infusa 226
Infusion of DigitaUs 227
of Senna, Compound 227
Infusions 226
Infusorial Earth, Purified 439
Infusum DigitaUs 227
Sennae Compositum 227
694
INDEX
PAGE
International Conference for the
Unification of Formulas for
Potent Remedies xxxii
Protocol xxxA'ii
Protocol Compared with U.S.P.
IX liii
Standards xxxii
Introduction, Historical v
Introductory Notices xlv
lodeosin 511, 518, 580
T.S 580
Iodide, Anamonium 45
Arsenic and Mercuric, Solution. . 238
Arsenous 63
Ferrous, Pills 325
Ferrous, SjTup 429
Mercuric 216
Mercuric, Red 216
IMercurous 216
Mercurous, Yellow 216
Mercury, Red 216
of Mercury, Yellow 216
Potassium 340
Sodium 392
Strontium 412
Thymol 442
Iodides, Assaj- 589
Iodine 228, 503, 511
Absorption Value 590
Alcoholic Solution (10 per cent.) . 618
Assay 229
Ointment 481
Pota-ssium Iodide Solution 618
Purified 535
Solution, Alcoholic (1 per cent.). 619
Solution, Compound 247
Solution, Gram's 624
T.S 535
Tincture 457
'J'inctiire, Comparison of U.S.P.
IX and P.I. Standards Iviii
V.S. Tenth-Normal 561
lodo-bromide T.S 536
Iodoform 228, 511
Ointment 481
lodoformum 228
lodol 511,518
PAGE
lodum 228
Ipecac 229
and Opium Powder 346
Assay 230
Cartagena 229
Comparison of U.S.P. IX and P.I.
Standards Iv
Fluidextract 187
Powder, Compound 346
Rio 229
Syrup 430
Ipecacuanha 229
Ipecacuanhte radix P.I 229
Iridium. . 503, 511
Irish Moss 109
Iron 172,503,511
and Ammonium Acetate, Solution 242
and Ammonium Citrate 166
and .\mmonium Citrate, Assay . . 167
and Quinine Citrate 167
and Quinine Citrate, Assay 168
and Quinine Citrate, Soluble 167
by Hydrogen 172
Metallic 536
Perchloride 166
Perchloride, Solution 240
Protosulphate 170
Quevenne's 172
Reduced 172
Sesquichloride 166
Tersulphate, Solution 244
Iso-amyl-nitrite 48
Iso-punicine 311
Italian Licorice 206
Jaborandi 322
Fluidextract 189
Maranham 322
Pernambucx) 322
Jalap 230
Assay 2;}0
Powder, C<jm])()und 346
Resin 357
Jalapa 230
Jamaica Ginger 496
Ginger, Tincture 469
Quassia 349
INDKX
GU5
PAOE
Jamaica Sarsaparilla 368
Jambosa Caryophyllus 102, 289
Jamestown Weed 411
Japanese Ginger 497
Jasmine, Root, Yellow 201
Jateorhiza palmata 95
Jelly, Petroleum 313
Petroleum, White 314
Jennorian Vaccine 487
Jemier's Stain G22
Jessamine, Yellow 201
Jimson Weed 411
Juniper Berries, Oil 293
Oil 293
Spirit 408
Spirit, Compound 408
Tar, Oil 288
Juniperis oxycedrus 288
Juniperus communis 293
Kaolin 505, 51 1
Keeping of Reagents 521
Kentish's Ointment 235
Kieselguhr, Purified 439
Kino 231
Tincture 458
Koppeschaar's Solution 558
Kosmos Red, Extra 579
Krypton 503, 511
Labarraque's Solution 253
Lac Sulphuris 419
Lactate, Calcium 93
Lactic Acid 17, 504
Acid, Assay 17
Anhydride 17
Lactophosphate, Calcium, Syrup . . . 428
Lactose 363, 518
Lactose-litmus Agar-agar 626
Lactucarium 231
SjTup 431
Tincture 458
Lactuca virosa 231
Lfevo - methylamino - cthanol - cate-
chol 424,536,608
Lange's Test 618
Lanolm 32
PAOB
Lanolin anhydrous 31
Lanthanum 106, 503, 511
I^ard 30
Benzoinated 31
Latin Titles Changed Ixvi
Laudanum 462
Lavandula officinalis 293
spica 293
vera 293
Lavender Flowers, Oil 293
Oil 293
Spirit 409
Spirit, Compound 459
Tincture, Compound 459
Lead 503,511
Acetate 328,512
Acetate, Anhydrous 512
Acetate, Assay 328
Acetate, Basic 512
Acetate Glass Wool 536
Acetate Solution 620
Acetate Test Paper 536
Acetate T.S 536
Acetate T.S., AlcohoHc 536
Acetate T.S., Basic 536
Carbonate, Basic 512
Chloride 512
Chromate 512
Dioxide 512,535
Iodide 512
Nitrate 512,536
Oxide 329,512
Oxide, Assay 329
Peroxide 512, 536
Plaster 135
Subacetate 512
Subacctate, Solution 249
Subacetate, Solution, Diluted... 250
Sulphate 512
Sulphide 512
Sugar of 326
Water 250
Leaves, Belladonna 72
Belladonna, Extract 144
Belladonna, Tincture 448
Blue Gum 140
Deadly Nightshade 72
696
INDEX
PAGE
Lees, Wine 27
Legal'sTest 618
Lemon juice 9
Oil 294
Peel 232
Peel, Tincture : 460
Lengths, Metric Equivalents 657
Levant Licorice 206
Licorice 206
EUxir 133
Extract 153
Fluidextract 184
Powder, Compound 345
Russian 207
Spanish 206
Lieben's Solution 618
Light Liquid Petrolatum 314
Magnesia 264
Lime 95, 508, 512
Chlorinated 96
Freshly Slaked 537
juice 9
Liniment 233
Sulphurated 94
Water 239
Limitations of Time and Tolerances Ixvi
" Limit of " omitted from U.S.P. IX xlviii
Limonis Cortex 232
Limonene 512
Linalyl Acetate 512
Liniment, Ammonia 232
Belladonna 233
Camphor 233
Chloroform 234
Hartshorn 232
Lime 233
Soap 234
Soft Soap 235
Turpentine 235
Volatile 232
Linimentum Ammonia;. 232
Belladonna? 233
Calcis 233
Camphora; 233
Chloroformi 234
Saponis 234
Saponis Mollis 235
PAGE
Linimentum Terebinthinse 235
Linseed 235
Meal 236
Oil 295
OU, Raw 295
Linvun 235
usitatissimvjn 235
Liquefied CarboUc Acid 317
Phenol 317
Phenol, Assay 317
Liquidambar orientalis 417
Liquid Apiol 283
Glucose 202
Opodeldoc 234
Paraffin 314
Petrolatum 314
Petrolatum, Heavy 314
Petrolatum, Light 314
Petrolatum, Viscosity 315
Storax 417
Liquor Acidi Arsenosi 236
Ammonii Acetatis 237
arsenicalis Fowleri P.I 251
Arseni et HydrargjTi lodidi 238
Calcis 239
Cresolis Compositus 240
Ferri Chloridi 240
Ferri et Ammonii Acetatis 242
Ferri Subsulphatis 243
Ferri Tersulphatis 244
Formaldehydi 245
Hydrogenii Dioxidi 246
Hypophysis 247
lodi Compositus 247
Magnesii Citratis 248
Plumbi Subacetatis 249
Plumbi Subacetatis Dilutus 250
Potassoe 252
Potassii Arsenitis 251
Potassii Citratis 251
Potassii Hydroxidi 252
Sodse 255
Soda; Chlorinatse 253
Sodii Arsenatis 254
Sodii Chloridi Physiologicus 254
Sodii Glycerophosphatis 255
Sodii Hydroxidi 255
INDEX
697
PAGE
Liquor Zinci Chloridi 256
Liquorice Root 206
List of Preparations in which Official
Articles are used xxxiii, xxxix
Litharge 329
Lithii Bromidum 257
Carbonas 258
Citras 258
Lithium 603, 512
Benzoate 512
Bromide 257, 512
Bromide, Assay 257
Carbonate 258, 512
Carbonate, Assay 258
Citrate 258,512
Citrate, Assay 259
Phosphate, Anhydrous 512
SaHcylate 512
Sulphate, Anhydrous 512
Litmus Paper and T.S 581
Paper, Blue 581
Paper, Red 581
T.S 581
Liver of Sulphur 330
Lobelia 259
riuidextract 188
inSata 259
Tincture, Comparison of U.S. P.
IX and P.I. Standards Iviii
Tincture 460
Lobelise tinctura P.I 460
Loffler's Methylene Blue Solution . . 623
Mixture 627
Long Buchu 85
Lugol's Solution 247
Solution, Diluted 624
Lunar Caustic 62
Lutecium 503, 512
Lycopodium 260
clavatum 260
Maceration 615
Process for Tinctures 445
Macrotys Ill
Magenta 533
Acid 533
Magma Bismuthi 260
PAGE
Magma Magnesiae 261
Magnesia 263, 512
Calcined 263
Heavy 264
Light 263
Magma 261
Magma, Assay 262
Milk 261
Mixture T.S 537
with Ferric Hydrate 168
Magnesii Carbonas 262
Oxidum 263
Oxidum Ponderosum 264
Sulphas 265
Magnesium 503, 512
Carbonate 142, 262
Carbonate, Assay 263
Carbonate, Basic 512
Citrate, Solution 248
Chloride 512,537
Chloride, Anhydrous 512
Hydroxide 512
Oxide 142,263,512
Oxide, Assay 264
Oxide, Heavy 264
Oxide with Ferric Hydroxide .... 168
PjTophosphate 512
SiUcate 437
Sulphate 265,512
Sulphate, Anhydrous 512
Sulphate, Assay 265
Sulphate T.S 537
Male Fern 66
Fern, Oleoresin 282
Malt 130, 265
Assay 266
Extract 156
Maltum 265
Mandrake 329
Manganese 503, 512
Dioxide 512
Dioxide, Precipitated 266
Hypophosphite 512
Hypophosphite, Anhydrous 512
Sulphate 537
Sulphate T.S 537
Mangani Dioxidum Praecipitatum . . 266
698
INDEX
PAGE
Mangauous Sulphate 512
Sulphate, Anhydrous 512
Oxide 512
Manna 267
Mannitol Hexanitratc 512
Manufacturing on a. large scalp .... xlv
Maranham Jaborandi 322
Marc from dregs 142
Marsh Mallow Koot 39
Mass, Blue 268
of Ferrous Carbonate . 267
of Ferrous Carbonate, Assay .... 268
of Mercury 268
of Mercury, Assay 268
Vallet's 267
Massa Ferri Carbonatis 267
Hydrargyri 268
Matricaria 269
Chamomilla 269
May Apple Rhizome 329
Mayer's Hemalmn 623
Reagent 538
Meal, Flaxseed 236
Linseed 236
Measures and Weights xxxiii, xlix
and Weights, Equivalents lii
Approximate li
Measuring Apparatus, Glass, Cali-
bration Table 653
Flasks 555
Meat Extract 527
Medicinal Substances Must Con-
form to U.S. P. Standards xlv
Melaleuca Leucadendron 288
Mel 269
Depuratum 270
Rosae 270
Melting Points xlvii, 596
Membership of Convention of 1910. xxiv
Mentha Piperita 271, 295
spicata . . . . 271,296
viridis '. . . . 271,296
Menthol 272, 295, 512
Menthyl acetate 295, 512
Morcuratnmonium Chloride 513
Mercurial Ointment 478
Ointment, Assay 479
PAGE
Mercurial Ointment, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards. Ivi
Ointment, Diluted 479
Mercuric and Arsenous Iodide, Solu-
tion 238
Bromide 513,537
Bromide T.S 537
Bromide T.S., Alcoholic 538
Chloride 214, 513
Chloride T.S 538
Chloride, Corrosive 214
Cyanide 513
Iodide 216,513
Iodide, Red 216
Nitrate 513
Nitrate, Anhydrous 513
Nitrate, Ointment 480
Nitrate T.S 538
Oxide 513
Oxide, Assay, Electrolytic 587
Oxide, Red 218
Oxide, Yellow 217
Oxide, Yellow, Ointment 480
Potassium Iodide 513
Potassium Iodide T.S 538
Potassium Iodide T.S., Alkaline. . 538
Salicylate 219
Salicylate, Assay, Electrolytic . . . 587
SubsaUcylate . .'. 219, 513
Subsulphate 513
Sulphate 513
Sulphide 513
Mercurous Chloride 215, 513
Chloride, Mild 215
Iodide 216,513
Iodide, Yellow 216
Nitrate 513
Nitrate, Anhydroas 513
Nitrate T.S 538
Sulphate 513
Mercury 219, 503, 513
Ammoniated 220, 513
Ammoniated, Ointment 479
Assay 220
Assay, ICloct roly tic 587
Bichloride 214
Biniodidc 216
INDKX
699
TAOE
Mercury, Iodide, Ked 21G
Iodide, Yellow 210
Mass 2G8
Oleate 281
Perchloride 214
Protiodide 210
Protochloride 215
Salicylate, Assay 219
Subchloride 215
with Chalk 221
with Chalk, Assay 222
with Chalk, Assay, Electrolytic;. . 587
Metadihydroxybenzene 300
Metallic Copper 530
Iron 530
Silver 540
Tin 553
Zinc 553
Metals Heavy, Test 580
Methyl Alcohol 505
Benzene 519, 553
H\'droxide 505
Morphine 509
Orange 513, 517, 581
Orange T.S 581
Red 513,582
RedT.S 582
Salicylate 272, 513
Salicylate, Assay 273
Violet OB '. 538
Violet OB, Solution, Alcoholic. . . 023
Methylacetanilid 513
Methylaurin 513
Methylene-Azur II 525
Methylene-azur-eosin 525
Methylene Blue 273, 513, 518
Blue, Borax Solution 023
Blue Eo.sin 525
Blue Kosinate 525
Blue Solution, I.offler's 023
Blue Suli)hone-tH)siiiate 525'
Green 539
Methylis Salicylas 272
Methylmorphine 117
Methylprotocatechuic Aldehyde. . . . 485
Methyl-punicine 311
Methvlthioninae Chloridum 273
MethylthioniniC Ilydrochloriduin . . 273
Methylthionino Chloride.. 273,513,518
Hydrochloride 273
Metric and Apothecaries lOcjuiva-
lents •. . . li, lii
Kcjuivalents, Weights, Volumes
and Ixnigths 654
I'onnulas to .\pothecaries Meas-
ures 661
Formulas to Apothecaries Weights 662
Formulas to Avoirdupois 660
Weights and Measures xlix
Mexican Sarsaparilla 308, 369
Mezereon 274
Mezereum 274
Micro-organisms, Stains and Acces-
sories 623
Mild Mercurous Chloride 215
Mercurous Chloride, Assay 215
Mercurous Chloride, Assay, Elec-
trolytic 587
Milk of Almond 136
of Asafetida 137
of Bismuth 260
of Magnesia 261
of Sulphur 419
Sugar 303,518
Mils vs. Cc xxxviii
Mindererus, Spirit 237
Mineral Oil 314
Mint 271
Mistura Creta? 274
Glycyrrhizte Composita 275
Mixture, Basham's 242
Brown 275
Chalk 274
of Glycyrrhiza, Compound 275
Loffler's 627
of Zinc Acetate 619
Molecular Weignt^ 504
Weight, Multiples 520
Molybdenum 503, 513
Molybdic Acid 505, 539
Monkshood 29
Monobromated Camphor 98
Monochlorethane 34
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate. . 386
700
INDEX
PAGE
Monohydrated Sodium Carbonate,
Assay 387
Monomethyl ether of ortho-dihy-
droxybenzene 210
Mono-nitro-methylene Blue 539
Monoxide, Nitrogen 280
Monsel's Solution 243
Morphina 275
Morphinae Hydro chloridum 276
Sulphas 277
Morphine 275, 513
Acetate 513
Anhydrous 513
Chloride 276
Diacetyl 129
Diacetyl, Hydrochloride 130
Hydrochloride 276, 513
Hydrochloride, Anhydrous 513
Sulphate 277,513
Sulphate, Anhydrous 513
Moschus 277
moschiferus 277
Moss, Irish 109
Moulded Silver Nitrate 62
Silver Nitrate, Assay of 62
Mucilage of Acacia 277
of Tragacanth 278
Mucilago Acaciae 278
Tragacanthae 278
Multiples of Atomic and Molecular
Weights 520
Musk 277
Deer 277
Root 421
Root, Fluidextract 195
Tincture 460
Tonquin 277
Mustard, Black 379
Brown 379
Oil 302
Oil, Volatile 302
Paper 136
Plaster 136
White " 379
Yellow 379
Mutton Suet. ., 378
Myristica 279
PAGE
Myristica fragrans 279, 297
Oil 297
Myrrh 279
Tincture 461
Myrrha 279
Naphthalene 513
Naphthol 78, 507, 513
Naphthylamine Acetate 513
Alpha Hydrochloride 539
Alpha Hydrochloride T.S 539
Beta Hydrochloride 540
Hydrochloride 513
Neodymium 503, 513
Neon 503,513
Neoytterbium 503, 519
Nessler's Reagent 538
Neutral Sodium Tartrate 550
Nickel 503,513
Nickelous Oxide 513
Sulphate 513
Sulphate, Anhydrous 513
Ninth Decennial Convention Pro-
ceedings Abstract xxiii
Revision of U. S. Pharmacopoeia,
General Principles xxi
Niton 503,513
Nitrate, Bismuth, Basic 82
Mercuric, Ointment 480
Pilocarpine 322
Potassium 341
Silver 61
Silver, Moulded 62
Strychnine 416
Uranium 483
Nitre, Sweet Spirit of 403
Nitric Acid 18, 505, 540
Acid, Assay 18
Acid, Diluted 540
Acid, Fuming 540
■ Acid Solution 624
Acid Table 643
Oxide 514
Nitrite Amyl 48
Sodium 393
Nitrogen 503,513
Dioxide, Estimation 601
INDEX
701
PAGE
Nitrogen Monoxide 280, 514
Nitrogenii Monoxidum 280
Nitroglycerin 511, 514
Spirit 407
Nitrohydrochloric Acid 18
Acid, Diluted 19
Nitromuriatic Acid 18
Acid, Diluted 19
Nitrosyl Chloride 18, 19
Nitrous Acid 505
Ether, Spirit 403
Oxide 280,514
Nomenclature for U.S. P. IX xxxi,xxxviii
Non-volatile Extractive, Soluble in
Ether, Determination of 592
Matter, Determination 589
"Non-weighable," Definition xlviii
Normal Hj-drochloric Acid V.S 559
Potassium Hydroxide V.S 563
Salt Solution 254
Sodium Hydroxide V.S 573
Sulphuric Acid V.S 575
V.S 556
Northern Prickly Ash Bark 488
Notices, Introductory xlv
Novocaine 514
Nucis vomicae extractum P.I 156
NutgaU 198
Ointment 478
Nutgalls 26
Nutmeg 279
Oil 297
Nux Vomica 280
Vonaica, Assay 281
Vomica, Comparison of U.S. P. IX
and P.I. Standards Ivi
Vomica, Extract 156
Vomica, Extract, Powdered 156
Vomica, Fluidextract 189
Vomica, Tincture 461
Nj'lander's Reagent 620
Obermej'er 's Solution 620
"Official," its meaning xlv
Officers of the 1910 Convention. . . xli
Oil, Allspice 298
Almond, Expressed 286
PAOE
Oil, American Wormseed 290
Anise 286
Benne 301
Betula 272
Birch, Sweet 272
Bitter Almond 284
Bitter Almond, Assay 285
Cade 288
Cajeput 288
Cajuput 288
Camphorated 233
Caraway 288
Carron 233
Cassia 290
Castor 299
Cedarwood 540
Chenopodium 290
Cinnamon 290
Cinnamon, Assay 290
Clove 141,289
Clove, Assay 289
Cod Liver 297
Cod Liver, Emulsion 137
Coriander 290
Cottonseed 293
Croton 305
Cubeb 291
Dwarf Pine Needles 299
Eucalyptus 291
Eucalyptus, Assay 291
Fennel 292
Flaxseed 295
Gaultheria 272
Juniper 293
Juniper Berries 293
Juniper Tar 288
Lavender 293
Lavender Flowers 293
Lemon 294
Lemon, Assay 294
Linseed 295
Linseed, Raw 295
Mineral 314
Mustard, Assay 302
Mustard, Volatile 302
Myristica 297
Nutmeg 297
ro2
INDEX
PAGE
Oil, OUvc 298
Orange 287
Peppermint 295
Peppermint, Assaj' 295
Pimenta 298
Pimenta, Assay 299
Rosemar3- 300
Rosemary, Assay 300
Sandalwood 300
Santal 300
Santal, Assay 300
Santalwood 300
Sassafras 301
Sesame 301
Spearmint 296
Spearmint, Assaj' 296
Star Anise 286
Sweet Almond 286
Sweet Birch 272
Sweet Orange 287
Tar, Rectified 298
Teaberry 272
Teel 301
Theobroma 304
Theobroma, Supj^ositories 422
Thyme 304
Thyme, Assay 304
Turpentine 302
Turpentine, Emulsion 138
Turpentine, Oxygenated 619
Turpentine, Rectified 303
Wintergreen 272
Oils, Volatile, Heavy Metals Test. . 586
Ointment 476
Ammoniated Mercury 479
Basihcon 106
Belladonna 477
Blue 479
Boric Acid 476
Carbolic Acid 481
Chrysarobin 478
Citrine 480
Diachylon 478
Iodine....- 481
Iodoform 481
Kentish's .... 235
Mercurial 478
PAGE
Ointment, Mercurial, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards. Ivi
Mercurial, Diluted 479
Mercuric Nitrate 480
Nutgall 478
Petrolatum 313
Phenol 481
Rose Water 477
Simple 476
Stramonium 482
Sulphur 482
Tannic Acid 476
Tar 482
White Precipitate 479
Yellow Mercuric Oxide 480
Zinc 483
Zinc O.xide 483
Olea europoca 298
Oleate of Mercury 281
Oleatum Hydrargyri 281
Oleic Acid 20,505
Oleoresin of Aspidium 282
of Capsicum 282
of Cubeb 283
of Ginger 284
of Male Fern 282
of Parsley Fruit 283
of Pepper 284
Oleoresina Aspidii 282
Capsici 282
Cubebac 283
PetroseUni 283
Piperis 284
Zingiberis 284
Oleum Amygdala; Amara; 284
Amygdala; Expressum 286
Anisi 286
Aurantii 287
Aurantii Corticis 287
Betulae 272
Cadinum 288
Cajuputi 288
Cari 288
Caryophylli 289
Cassia; 290
Chenopodii 290
Cinnamomi 290
INDKX
•():{
PAGE
Oleum Coriaiidri 290
Cubebiv 291
Eucalypti 291
Foeniculi 292
Gaultheriae 272
Gossypii Seminis 293
Jecoris Aselli 297
Juuiperi 293
Juniperi Empyreuinaticuin 2SS
Lavandulae 293
Lavandulae Floruiii 293
Limonis 294
Lini 295
Menthae Piperita' 295
Menthae Viridis 290
Morrhuae 297
Myristicae 297
Olivae 298
Picis Liquidae 298
Picis Liquidai Rectificatuni 298
Pimentae 298
Pini Pumilionis 299
Ricini 299
Rosmarini 300
Santali 300
Sassafras 301
Sesami 301
Sinapis Volatile 302
Terebinthinaj 302
Terebinthinae Rectificatuni 303
Theobromatis 304
ThvTni 304
Tiglii 305
Olive Oil 298
Opii et Ipecaciianhap pulvis coni-
positus P.I 346
Extractum P.I 158
Pulvis 305
Pulvis P.I 305
tinctura P.I 4G2
tinctura benzoici P.I 4()2
Opium 30G
and Ipecac Powder 34G
As.say 3(H)
Comparison of U.S.P. IX and P.I.
Standards Ivi
Deodoratum 307
PAOB
Opium, Deodorized, Assay 307
Deodorized, 'I'inctura 403
E.\tra(;t 158
I"]xtract, Powdered 158
(tranulated, As.say 308
( fraiuilatum 307
Powdered 305
Powdered, A.s.say 305
Tincture 462
Tincture, As.say 462
Tincture, Camjjhorated 462
Tincture, Deodorized 463
Tincture, Deodorized, Assay 464
Opodeldoc, liiquid 234
Optical Rotation 602
Orange III 581
Flower, Syrup 428
Flower Water. . 55
Flower Water, Stronger 55
G 540
Oil 287
Oil, Sweet 287
Peel, Bitter 69
Peel, Bitter, Iluidextract 178
Peel, Bitter, Tincture 447
Peel, Oil 287
Peel, Sweet 69
Peel, Sweet, Tincture 447
Spirit, Compound 406
Syrup 427
Orcin 540
Orcinol 540
Ordeal Bean 319
Organic Acids, Alkali Salts, As.say . . 589
Ortho-arsenic Acid 524
Orthoform 514
Ortho-hj'droxy benzene, Mono-
methyl ether 210
Orthohydroxybenzoic acid 22
Ortho-monobromcamphor 98
Ortho-sulphamide-benzoic Acid .... 76
Osmium 503,514
Ouabain. . 131, 1S2, 192, 453, 466, 467,
514, 541, 608
Ourouparia Gambir 199
Ovis aries 31, 32, 378
Ox 164, 308
704
INDEX
PAGE
Oxalate, Cerium 106
Oxalic Acid 505
Acid, Anhydrous 505
Acid, Purified 641
AcidT.S 541
Acid V.S., Tenth-Normal 562
Oxgall 164
Extract 151
Extract, Powdered 151
Oxide, Calcium 95
Lead 329
Magnesium 263
Magnesium, Heavy 264
Mercuric, Red 218
Mercuric, Yellow 217
Mercuric, Yellow, Ointment 480
Nitrous 280
Silver 62
Zinc 492
Zinc, Ointment 483
Oxygen 308, 503, 514
Assay 308
Oxygenated oil of turpentine 619
Oxygenium 308
Oxymethyl - oxymethylene - dihydro-
isoquinoline Chloride 124
Pale Catechu 199
Catechu, Tinctiu-e, Compound . . . 455
PaUadium 503, 514
Palladous Chloride 514, 541
Chloride T.S 541
Palmetto Berries, Saw 362
Pancreatin 308
Assay 309
Pancreatinum 308
Papaver sonanif erum 306
Paper, Litmus 681
Litmus, Blue 681
Litmus, Red 581
Mxistard 136
Phenolphthalein 582
Turmeric 583
Para-amidophenetol 5
Paradiaminodiphenyl 527
Paradimethylaminoazobenzeneor-
thocarboxylic Acid 582
PAQB
Paradimethylaminobenzaldehyde. . . 542
Paraffin 309
Liquid 314
Paraffinum , 309
Paraform 310, 519
Paraformaldehyde 310, 514
Assay 310
Paraformaldehydum 310
Paraldehyde 310, 514
Paraldehydum 310
Para-rosanihne Acetate 533
Hydrochloride 533
Paregoric 462
Paris Violet 6B 538
Parsley Fruit 315
Fruit, Oleoresin 283
Seed 315
Part I, U.S.P. IX 3
Part II, U.S.P. IX xxxvi, 499
PauUinia Cupana 211
Pavy's Solution • 621
Peel, Lemon 232
Lemon, Tincture 460
Orange, Bitter 69
Orange, Bitter, Fluidextract 178
Orange, Bitter, Tincture 447
Orange, Oil 287
Orange, Sweet 69
Orange, Sweet, Tincture 447
Pelletierinae Tannas 311
Pelletierine Tannate 311
Pellitory Root 347
Tincture 464
Pentose Reactions 620
Pepo 312
Pepper 327
Black 327
Cayenne 100
Oleoresin 284
Peppermint 271
Essence 409
Oil 295
Spirit 409
Water 59
Pepsin 312
Assay 313
Pepsinum 312
INDEX
705
PAGE
Peptone 542
Perborate, Sodium 394
Percentage, Alcoholic, of Piei)ara-
tions xxxiii, xl, 593
Perchloride, Iron 166
Iron, Solution 240
Mercury 214
Percolation 613
Process for Tinctures 444
Permanganate, Potassium 342
Pernambuco Jaborandi 322
Peroxide, Hydrogen, Solution 246
Persian Licorice 206
Peru Balsam 70
Peruvian Bark, Red 112
Bark, Yellow 112
Petrolatum 313
Album 314
Liquid, Heavj' 314
Liquid, Light 314
Liquidum 314
Ointment 313
White 314
Petroleum Benzin 527
Benzin, Purified 74
Ether 74
JeUy 313
Jelly, White 314
Petroselinum 315
sativum 315
Pharmacognostical Descriptions. . xxxiv
Phenacetin 5
Phenazone 51
Pheaol 316,514
Assay 316
Glycerite 206
Liquefactum 317
Liquefied 317
Ointment 481
Suppositories 422
Water, Comparison of U.S. P. IX
and P.I. Standards Ivii
Phenoldisulphonic Acid 505
AcidT.S 542
Phenolphthalein 317, 514
Paper 582
T.S 582
50
PAflK
Phenolsulphonate, Sodium 395
Zinc 492
Phenol.sulphonic Acid 605
Phenyl Salicylate 318, 514, 516
Phenylacetamide 604, 514
Phenylamine 624
Phenylcinchoninic Acid 20, 505
Phenyldinictiiylpyrazolon 61
Phenylhydrazine 514, 542
Di hydrochloride 642
Hydrochloride 514, 542
PhenylLs Salicylas 318
Phenyl-quinoline-carboxylic Acid ... 20
Phloroglucinol 614, 543
T.S 643
Phosphate, Codeine 118
Ferric 169
Ferric, Soluble 169
Sodium 395
Sodium, Effervescent 396
Sodium, Exsiccated 397
Phosphoric Acid 21, 605
Acid, Assay 21
Acid, Diluted 21
Phosphorous Acid 605
Phosphorus 319, 503, 514
Pills 326
Phosphotungstic Acid 643
Physeter macroccphalus 107
Physical Constants xxxiv
Physiological Salt Solution 254
Solution of Sodium Chloride 254
Physostigma 319
Assay 320
Extract 158
Extract, Powdered 158
Tincture 464
venenosum 319
Physostigminae Sahcylas 320
Physostigmine 514
Salicylate 320, 514
Sulphate 614
Picrasma excelsa 349
Picric Acid 471,505, 519
AcidT.S 553
Picrotoxin 514
Pills, Aloes 323
706
INDEX
PAGE
Pills, Asafetida 324
Blaud's 324
Blue 268
Cathartic, Compound 324
Chalybeate 324
Ferrous Carbonate 324
Ferrous Carbonate, Assay 325
Ferrous Iodide 325
Ferruginous 324
Phosphorus 326
Rhubarb, Compound 326
PilocarpinjB Hydrochloridum 321
Nitras 322
Pilocarpine 514
Chloride 321
Hydrochloride 321, 514
Nitrate 322, 514
Pilocarpus 322
Assay 323
Fluidextract 189
Jaborandi 322
microphyllus 322
Pilula; Aloes 323
Asaf oetidie 324
Cathartica; Compositse 324
Ferri Carbonatis 324
Ferri lodidi 325
Phosphor! 326
Rhei Composite? 326
Pilular Extract, Diluent 142
Extract of Belladonna Leaves .... 144
Extract of Belladonna l^eaves,
Assay 145
Extract of Stramonium 161
Extracts 141
Pimenta officinaUs 298
Oil 298
Pimpinella Anisum 49, 286
Pine Tar 327
Pink Root, Fluidextract 194
Pinkroot 402
Pinus Montana 299
palustris 302, 327, 356
Pumilio .299
Pipe Gamboge 97
Piper 327
Cubeba 127,291
PAQX
Piper nigrum 327
Piperine 514
Pipettes 555
Pituitary Body, Desiccated 226
Body, Solution 247
Pix Liquida 327
Plain Agar-agar 626
Bouillon 625
Gelatin 625
Plan of Revision for U.S.P. IX . . . xxxv
Plaster, Adhesive 136
Adhesive, Rosin 136
Adhesive, Rubber 135
Belladonna 134
Cantharides 134
Capsicum 135
Diachylon 135
Lead 135
Mustard 136
Rosin 136
Rubber 135
Platinic Chloride 514, 543
Chloride T.S 543
Platinum 503, 514
Plumbi Acetas 328
Oxidum 329
Podophyllin 358
Podophyllum 329
Assay 330
Fluidextract 190
peltatum 329
Resin 358
Poison Tablets of Corrosive Mer-
curic Chloride 470
Tablets of Corrosive Mercuric
Chloride, Assay 470
Polygala Senega. 372
Pomegranate 208
Bark 208
Flviidextract 185
Populus 364
i^osologj' xlviii
Potash, Caustic 338
Potassa 514,515
Solution 252
Sulphurata 330
Potassii Acetas 330
INDKX
ro7
PA OK
Potassii ]5icarlK)iias 'SM
Bitarlras 332
Bromiduin . . . 333
Carbonas 334
Chloras 335
Citras 336
Citras Effervesccns 330
et Sodii 'I'artras 337
Hydroxiduni 338
Hypoi)hospliis 339
lodidum 340
Nitras 341
Pennanganas 342
Potassio-Morcuric Iodide T.S 538
Mercuric Iodide T.S., Allcaline. . . 538
Potassium 503, 514
Acetate 330,514
Acetate, Assay 331
Alum 39
and Aluminum Sulphate 39
and Antimony Tartrate 50
and Cadmium Iodide 528
and Sodium Tartrate 337, 515
and Sodium Tartrate, Anhydrous 515
and Sodium Tartrate, Assay 338
Arsenite 514
Arsenite, Solution 251
Arsenite Solution, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards. Ivii
Benzoatc 514
Benzoate, Anhydrous 514
Bicarbonate 331, 514
Bicarbonate, Assay 332
Bichromate 514, 515, 544
Bisulphatc 514
Bitartrate 332, 514, 543
Bitartrate, Assay 333
Bromate 514, 544
Bromide 333, 514
Bromide, Assay 334
Carbonate 334, 514
Carbonate, Assay 334
Carbonate T.S 544
Chlorate 335,514
Chlorate, Assay 335
Chlorate, Troches 474
. Chloride 515
Potassium Clil()roi)l;t(inale 515
Chromate 515, 544
Chromatc T.S 544
Citrate 330, 515
Citrate, Anhj-drous 515
Citrate, A.s,say 336
Citrate, KfTervesccnt 336
Citrate, Solution 251
Cyanide 388,515
Dichromate 514, 515
Dichromate, Purified 544
Dichromate T.S 544
Dichromate V.S., Tenlli-Xormal . 562
Fcrricyanide 515, 544
Ferricyanide T.S 545
Ferrocyanidc 515, 545
Ferrocyanide, Anhydrous 515
Ferrocyanidc T.S 545
Hydrate 338
Hydroxide 338, 514, 515, 545
H\-droxidc, Assay 339
Hydroxide, Solution 252
Hydro.xidc T.S 545
Hydro.xide T.S., Alcoholic 545
Hydroxide T.S., Special 545
Hydroxide V.S., Fiftieth-Normal. 566
Hydroxide V.S., Half-Normal. . . . 565
Hydroxide V.S., Half-Normal,
Alcoholic, 507
Hydroxide V.S., Hundredth-Nor-
mal 566
Hydroxide V.S., Normal 563
Hydroxide V.S., Tenth-Normal . . 565
Hypophosphite 339, 515
Hypophosphite, Assay 340
Iodide 340,515
Iodide, Assay 341
Iodide T.S 545
Lactate 515
MetarscTiite 514
Nitrate 341, 515, 545
Nitrate, Assjiy 341
Permanganate 342, 515
Permanganate, Assay 342
Permanganate T.S 545
Permanganate V.S., Tenth-Nor-
mal 568
708
INDEX
PAGE
Potassium Phosphate, Dibasic 515
Polysulphides 330
SaUcylate 515
Sulphate 515, 545
Sulphate T.S 546
Sulphite 515
Sulphite, Anhydrous 515
Sulphocyanate 515, 546
Sulphocyanate T.S 546
Sulphocyanate V.S., Tenth-Nor-
mal 570
Sulphocyanide 515
Tartrate 515
Tartrate, Anhydrous 515
Thiocyanate 546, 330
Potato Starch 551
Potent Drug Tinctures 444
Remedies xvi, xxxii
Powder, Aromatic 343
Chalk, Compound 344
Dover's 346
Effervescing, Compound 344
Glycyrrhiza, Compound 345
Gray 221
Gregory's 347
Ipecac and Opium 346
Ipecac, Compound 346
Jalap, Compound 346
Licorice, Compound 345
Rhubarb, Compound 347
SeidUtz 344
Powdered Compound Extract of
Colocynth 150
Drugs xxxiv, xxxix
Extract of Aconite 143
Extract of Belladonna Leaves . . . 145
Extract of Belladonna Leaves,
Assay 146
Extract of Cascara Sagrada 147
Extract of Cimicif uga 147
Extract of Colchicum Corm 148
Extract of Colocynth 149
Extract of Gelsemium 152
Extract of Hydrastis 154
Extract of Nux Vomica 156
Extract of Opium 158
Extract of Oxgall 151
PAGE
Powdered Extract of Physostigma . . 158
Extract of Rhubarb 160
Extract of Stramonium 161
Extract of Viburnum Prunifolium 163
Extracts 142
Extracts, diluent 142
Opium 305
Opium, Assay 305
Zinc 554
Powders 612
Standard 612
Praseodymium 503, 515
Precedents xxxiv
Precipitate, Red 218
White 220
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ... 90
Calcium Carbonate, Assay 90
Chalk 90
Ferrous Sulphate 171
Manganese Dioxide 266
Manganese Dioxide, Assay 266
Sulphur 419
Sulphur, Assay 420
Zinc Carbonate 490
Zinc Carbonate, Assay 491
Preface, U.S.P. IX xxxv
Preparations, Compound xxxiv
in which an Official Article is
used xxxiii, xxxix
Prepared Chalk 127
Chalk, Assay 127
Suet 378
Preservation of Extracts 142
of Fluidextracts 174
of Reagents 521
Prickly Ash Bark 488
Ash Bark, Northern 488
Ash Bark, Southern 489
Ash, Fluidextract 196
Principles to be followed for Ninth
Revision xxxi
Proceedings of Ninth Decennii.1
Convention, 1910, Abstract. . . xxiii
Process A, Fluidextracts 173, 174
B, Fluidextracts 173, 175
C, Fluidextracts 173, 175
D, Fluidextracts 173, 176
INDEX
709
PACE
Process for Aromatic Waters (U)
for Percolation, General ()13
for Tinctures, General 444
Infusions 226
Processes, Assay xxxiii
Type. . xxxvii
Protiodide of Mercury 216
Protochloride of Mercury 215
Protocol, International xxxvii
International Compared with
U.S.P. IX liii
Protosulphate, Iron 170
Proximate Assays 5G3
Prunus Amygdalus 2^6
Amygdalus amara 284
Amygdalus dulcis 47
serotina 342
Virginiana 342
Pseudo-punicine 311
Pterocarpus Marsupium 231
santilinus 365
Publicity for U.S.P. IX Revision xx.xiii,
XXXV i
Pulfrich Ref ractometer 604
Pulp, Colocynth 122
Pulvis Aromaticus 343
Cretae Compositus 344
Effervescens Compositus 344
Glycyrrhizae Compositus 345
Ipecacuanhse et Opii 346
Jalapae Compositus 346
Purgans 346
Rhei Compositus 347
Pumpkin Seed 312
Punica Granatum 208
Pimicine 311
Pure Extract of Glycyrrhiza 153
Purified Antidiphtheric Serum ..... 375
Antitetanic Serum 377
Cotton 208
Infusorial Earth 439
Iodine 535
Kieselguhr 439
OxaHc Acid 541
Petroleum Benzin 74
Potassium Bichromate 544
Sawdust 546
PAGE
Purified Siliceous Earth 439
Sulphuric Acid for Tests 552
Talc 437
Talc for Filtering 437
Purity and Strength of Pharmaco-
pocial Articles xxxii
Rubric xvi, xlvi
Pycnometers, Calibration Table. . . . 652
Pyrethrum 347
Tincture 464
Pyroboric Acid 505
PyrogaUic Acid 348, 505, 515
•Pyrogallol 348, 515
Pyrogallol T.S., Alkahne 546
Pyroxylin 348
Pyroxylinum 348
Quantitative Filter Paper 532
Quassia 349
amara 349
Jamaica 349
Surinam 349
Tincture 465
Quebracho 67
Fluidextract 177
Queen's Root 410
Quercus infectoria 198
Quevenne's Iron 172
Quicklime 95
Quicksilver 219
Quinidine 515
Sulphate 515
Sulphate, Anhydrous 515
Quinina 349
Quininae Bisulphas 350
Dihydrochloridum 351
et Ureae Hydrochloridum 351
Hydrobromidmn 352
Hydrochloridum 353
SaUcylas 354
Sulphas 355
Tannas 356
Quinine 349, 515
and Iron Citrate 167
and Iron Citrate, Soluble 167
and Urea Chloride 351
and Urea Hydrochloride .... 351, 515
710
INDEX
Quinine and Urea Hydrochloride,
Assay '. 352
Anhydrous 515
Bisulphate 350, 515
Bisulphate, Anhydrous 515
Bromide 352
Chloride 353
Dihydrochloride 351, 515
Hydrobromide 352, 515
Hydrobroinide, Anhydrous 515
Hydrochloride 353
Hydrochloride, Anhydrous 515
Salicylate 354, 515
Salicylate, Anhydrous 515
Sulphate 355,515
Sulphate, Anhydrous 515
Tannate 356
Valerate 515
Valerianate 515
Radium 503,516
Raw Linseed Oil 295
Reagent, Mayer's 538
Nessler's 538
Reagents, Chemical 521
Diagnostical xxxiv, xxxix, 618
for Counter Staining 624
for Examination of Blood 622
for the Examination of Gastric
Contents 621
for Examination of Urine 618
for Tubercle Bacilli 623
Preservation of 521
Rectal Suppositories 423
Rectified Oil of Tar 298
Oil of Turpentine 303
Tar Oil 298
Turpentine Oil 303
Red Cinchona 112
Cinchona, Assay 113
Congo 579
Dianil 579
Iodide of Mercury 216
Kosmos, Extra 579
Litmus Paper 581
Mercuric Iodide 216
Mercuric Iodide, Assay 217
PAGE
Red Mercuric Iodide, Assay, Electro-
lytic 587
Mercuric Oxide 218
Mercuric Oxide, Assay 218
Peruvian Bark 1 12
Precipitate 218
Rose 362
Saunders 365
Reduced Iron 172
Iron, Assay 172
Reduction of Apparent to True
Specific Gravity Table 650
of Apparent Weight in Air to
Weight in Vacuum Table 651
Refined and Concentrated Diph-
theria Antitoxin 375
and Concentrated Tetanus Anti-
toxin 377
Refractive Index xl, 603
Refractometer, Abbe 604
Butyrozeiss 604
Immersion, Zeiss 604
Pulfrich 604
Remedies, Potent xvi, xxxii
Repercolation 614
Resin, Guaiac 211
of Jalap 357
of Podophyllum 358
of Scammony 359
Resina 356
Jalapae ' 357
Podophylli 358
Scammonia' 359
Resins, Acid Number 591
Resorcin 360, 516
Resorcinol 360, 516
Assay : 360
T.S 546
Resorcinolphthalein 510, 516, 532
Revision Committee Members, Gen-
eral xlii
Committee Members, Executive, xliii
Plan for U.S.P. IX xxxv
Rhamnus Frangula 198
Purshiana 103
Purshiana, Fluidextract 179
Purshiana, Fluidextfact, Aromatic 180
INDEX
711
PAGE
Rheum 361
officinale 3G1
palmatum 361
Rhizome, May Apjjlc 329
Rhodium 503, 516
Rhubarb 361
Extract 160
Extract, Powdered 160
Fluidextract 100
Pills, Compound 326
Powder, Compound 347
Syrup 433
Syrup, Aromatic 433
Syrup, Spiced 433
Tincture 465
Tincture, Aromatic 465
Ricinus Communis 299
Rio Ipecac 229
Rochelle Salt 337
Root, Aconite 29
Belladonna 72
Belladonna, Fluidextract 178
Blood 365
Colchicum 119
Deadly Nightshade 72
Gentian, Yellow 201
Licorice 206
Marsh Mallow 39
Musk 421
Pellitory 347
Queen's 410
Scammony 370
Yellow Jasmine 201
Rosa Gallica 362
Rosaniline 533
Acetate 616, 533, 546
Hydrochloride 533
Rosemary Oil 300
Rose, Fluidextract 190
Honey of 270
Red 362
Water 60
Water, Ointment 477
Water, Stronger 60
Rosin 356
Adhesive Plaster 136
Cerate 106
PACE
Rosin Plaster 136
Rosmarinus oflicinalis 300
Rosolic Acid 505, 513, 582
Acid Solution 621
Acid T.S 582
Rubber Adhesive Plaster 135
Plaster 135
Rul)idiuni 503,516
Rubin 533
Acid 533
Rubric, Purity xvi, xlvi
Russian Flies 99
Licorice 207
Ruthenium 503, 516
Rye 138
Ergot of 138
Spurred 138
Sabal 362
Fluidextract 191
Saccharatod Ferrous Carbonate. .. . 165
Ferrous Carl)onate, Assay 166
Saccharin 76, 507, 516
Sodium 383
Soluble 383
Saccharum 363
Lactis 363
officinarum 363
Safrol 516
Sahli's Hemometer 622
Saigon Cinnamon 114
Salicin 364,516
Salicinum 364
Salicylate, Ammonium 46
Bismuth, Basic 83
Eserine 320
Mercuric 219
Methyl 272
Phenyl 318
Physostigmine 320
Quinine 354
Sodium 398,440
Strontium 413
SaUcyhc Acid 22, 505
Acid, Assay 23
Salix 364
Salkowski's Test 618
712
INDEX
PAGE
Salol 318,514,516
Salt, Epsom 265
Glauber's 398
Rochelle 337
Solution, Normal 254
Solution, Physiological 254
Tartar 334
Saltpetre 341
Samarium 503, 516
Sandalwood Oil 300
Sanguinaria 365
canadensis 365
Tincture 466
Santalol 300,516
Santalum album 300
Rubrum 365
Santalwood Oil 300
Santol Oil 3C0
Santonin 366, 516
Santoninum 366
Sapo 366
Mollis 367
Saponification Value SCO
Sarsaparilla 368
Fluidextract 191
Fluidextract, Compound 191
Honduras 368, 369
Jamaica 368, 369
Mexican 368, 369
Syrup, Comjwund 434
Sassafras 369
Oil 301
variifolium 301, 369
Saturated Aqueous Solution of Tri-
nitrophenol 618
Stannous Chloride T.S 551
Saunders, Red 365
Sawdust, Purified 546
Saw Palmetto Berries 362
Palmetto, Fluidextract 191
Scammonia) Radix 370
Scammony, Resin 359
Root 370
Root, Assay 371
Scandium 503, 516
Scilla 371
Scope of U.S. P. IX xxxi, xxxv
PAGE
Scopolaminae Hydrobromidum 372
Scopolamine 516
Bromide 372
Hydrobromide 372, 516
Hydrobromide, Anhydrous 516
Secale cereale 138
Cornutum F.I 138
Secalis cornuti extractum fluidum
P.I 182
Second Revision, U. S. Pharmaco-
poeia ix
Seed, Caraway 101
Cardamom 101
Colchicum 119
Colchicum, Fluidextract 181
Colchicum, Tincture 453
Coriander 123
Fennel 197
Parsley 315
Pumpkin 312
Seidlitz Powder 344
Selenium 603, 516
Selenous Acid 546
Seneca Snakeroot 372
Senega 372
Fluidextract 193
Snakeroot 372
Syrup 435
Senna 373
Alexandria 373
Fluidextract 193
India 373,374
Infusion, Compound 227
Syrup 435
Serenoa serrulata 362
Serpentaria 374
Serum Antidiphthericum 375
Antidiphthericum Purificatum . . . 375
Antidiphthericum Siccum 376
Antitetanicum 377
Antitetanicum Purificatum 377
Antitetanicum Siccum 378
Serums and other Biological Prod-
ucts xxxiii
Sesame Oil 301
Sesamum indicum 301
Sesquichloride of Iron 166
INDEX
713
PAOB
Seventh Revision, U. S. Pharmaco-
pceia XV
Sevum Praparatum 378
Sheep 31,32,378
Short Buchu 85
Siam Benzoin 75
SiHca 439,516
Sihcate, Magnesium 437
Siliceons Earth, Purified 439
SiUcon 503,516
Oxide 516
Silver 503,516
Ammonium Nitrate T.S 546
Chloride 516
Cyanide 516
Iodide; 516
MetaUic 546
Nitrate 61, 516
Nitrate, Assay 61
Nitrate, Fused 62
Nitrate, Moulded 62
Nitrate T.S 547
Nitrate V.S., Hundredth-Normal 572
Nitrate V.S., Tenth-Normal 571
Nitrite 516
Oxide 62,516
Sulphate 516, 547
Sulphate T.S 547
Sulphide 516
Simple Cerate 105
Elixir 132
Ointment 476
Syrup 425
Sinapis Alba 379
Nigra 379
Sirup 425
Sixth Revision, U. S. Pharmacopoeia xiii
SHppery Elm 475
Smallpox Vaccine 487
Smilax medica .... 368
officinalis 368
ornata 368
Smyrna Galls 198
Snakeroot, Black Ill
Black, Fluidextract ISO
Seneca 372
Senega 372
PAGE
Snakeroot, Texas 374
Virginia 374
Soap 366
Castile, White 366
Green, Liniment 235
Liniment 234
Soft 367
Soft, Liniment 235
Socotrine Aloes 37
Soda 516,517
Caustic 390
Chlorinated, Solution 253
Solution 255
Sodii Acetas 380
Arsenas 381
Arsenas Exsiccatus 381
Benzoas 382
Benzosulphinidum 383
Bicarbonas 383
Boras 384
Bromidum 385
Cacodylas 386
Carbonas Monohydratus 386
Chloridum. 387
Citras 388
Cyanidum 388
Glj'cerophosphas 389
Hj'droxidum 390
Hj'pophosphis 390
Indigotindisulphonas 391
lodidum 392
Nitris 393
Perboras 394
Phenolsulphonas 395
Phosphas 395
Phosphas Effervescens 396
Phosphas Exsiccatus 397
SaUcylas 398
Sulphas 398
Sulphis Exsiccatus 399
Thiosulphas 400
Sodio-Benzoate, Caffeine 88
Sodio-Salicylate, Theobromine 440
Sodium 503
Acetate 380, 516
Acetate, Anhydrous 516, 547
Acetate, Assay 380
714
INDEX
PAGE
Sodium Acetate T.S 547
and Gold Chloride 69
and Potassium Tartrate 337
Arsenate 381, 516
Arsenate, Anhydrous 516
Arsenate, Assay 381
Arsenate, Comparison of U.S. P.
IX and P.I. Standards. ._ Ivii
Arsenate, Ex.siccated 381
Arsenate, Solution 254
Arsenite 516
Azo - benzene - betanaphthol di-
sulphonate 540
Benzoate 382,516
Benzoate, A.ssay 383
Benzosulphinide 383, 516
Bicarbonate 383, 516
Bicarl)onate, Assay 384
Bicarbonate, 'J'roches 475
Bisulphite 516,547
Bisulphite T.S 547
Bitartratc 510, 547
Bitartrate T.S 548
Borate 384,516
Borate, Anhydrous 516
Borate, Assay 385
Bromate 516
Bromide 385, 516
Bromide, Assay 385
Cacodylatc 386, 516
Cacodylate, Anhjdrous 517
Cacodylate, Assay 386
Carbonate 517, 548
Carbonate, Anhydrous 517, 548
Carbonate, Monohydrated . . 380,517
Carbonate T.S 548
Chlorate 517
Chloride 387,517,548
Chloride, Assaj- 387
Chloride, Solution, Physiological. 254
Chloride V.S., Tenth-Normal. ... 573
Citrate 388,517
Citrate, Anhydrous 517
Citrate, Assay 388
Cobaltic Nitrite 517
Cobaltic Nitrite T.S. 549
Cyanide 388, 517
PAGE
Sodium Cyanide, Assay 389
Cyanide T.S 549
Dimethylaminoazo - benzene - sul-
phonate 513,517
Dimethylarsenate 386
Gh'cerinophosphate 389
Glycerinophosphate, Solution .... 255
Glycerophosphate 389
Gh'cerophosphate, Anhjdrous. . . 517
Glycerophosphate, Assay 389
Glycerophosphate, Solution 255
Hydrate 390
Hydroxide 390, 517
Hydro.xide, Assay 390
Hydroxide, Solution 255
Hydro.xide Solution for Sugar
Reaction 620
Hydro.xide T.S 549
Hydroxide V.S., Double-Normal. 573
Hydroxide V.S., Normal 573
Hypobromite, Solution 620
Hypobromite T.S 549
Hypophosphite 390, 517
Hypopho.sphit", Anh3'drous 517
H3^popho.sphi(c, As.say 391
Hj'posulphite 400, 517
Hyposulphite, Anhydrous 517
Indigotindi.sulphonate 391, 517
Iodide 517
Iodide, As.say 393
Lactate 517
Metarsenite 510
Monosulphide 517
Monosulphide, Anhydrous 517
Nitrate 517
Nitrite 393,517
Nitrite, As.say 394
Nitroprussidc 517, 549, 618
Nitroprussidc T.S 549
O.xalatc 517,549
Perborate 394, 517
Perborate, Anhydrous 517
Perborate, Assay 394
PhenoLsulphonate 395, 517
PhenoLsulphonate, Anhydrous. . . 517
Phenolsulphonate, Assay 395
Pho.sphatc 395
INDEX
715
PAOE
Sodium Phosphate, Anhydrous .... 517
Phosphate, Assay 396
Phosphate, Dibasic 517
Phosphate, Effervescent 390
Phosphate, J'lvsiccated 397
Phosphate T.S 550
Phospho-tungstate T.S 550
Phospho-wolframatc 550
Pyroborate 384
Pyrophosphate 517
Pyrophosphate, Anhydrous 517
Saccharin 383
Salicylate 39S, 440, 517
Salicylate, Assay 398
Sulphate 398,517
Sulphate, Anhydrous 517
Sulphate, Assay 399
Sulphide 517, 550
Sulphide T.S 550
Sulphite 517
Sulphite, Anhydrous 517
Sulphite, E.xsiccatetl 399
Sulphocarbolate 395, 517
Tartrate 517
Tartrate, Anhydrous 517
Tartrate, Neutral 550
Tartrate T.S 550
Tetraborate 384, 516
Theobromine 440, 517
Thiosulphate 400, 401, 517, 550
Tliiosulphate, Anhydrous 517
Thiosulphate T.S 551
Thiosulphate V.S., Tenth-Xornial 574
Tungstate 518
Wolframate 551
Soft Soap 367
Soap Liniment 235
Solanum tuberosum 551
SokibiUties xxxiv, xlvii, 599
Soluble Ferric Citrate 106
Ferric Phosphate 109
Gun Cotton 347
Iron and Quinine Citrate 167
Saccharin 383, 516
Solution, Alumhematoxyhn 623
of Ammonium Acetate 237
of Ammonium Acetate, Assay . . . 237
Sohition, Aniline Water-Methyl ^■io-
let 6B 624
of Arsenic Chloride 236
of Arsenic, Hydrochloric . .'. 230
of Arsenous Acid 230
of Arsenous Acid, A.ssay 237
of .\rsenous and Mercuric Iodide. 238
of Arsenous and Mercuric Iodide,
Assay 238
of Basic Ferric Suljjhate 243
Borax-Methylene Blue 023
of Calcium Chloride (10 per cent.) 019
of Calcium Hydroxide 239
of Calcium Hydro.xide, Assay .... 239
Carbolfuchsin 023
Carbolfuchsin, Diluted 622
of Carbol Methyl Violet 623
of Chlorinated Lime 620
of Chlorinated Soda 253
of Chlorinated Soda, Assaj* 254
of Copper Sulphate 620
of Cre-sol, Compound 240
of Dimethylaminoazobenzene, Al-
coholic 02 1
Donovan's 238
Ehrlich's 019
Fehling's 557
of Ferric Chloride 240
of Ferric Chloride, Assay 242
of Ferric Subsulphate 243
of Ferric Subsulphate, Assay .... 244
of Ferric Sulphate 244
of Ferric Sulphate, Assay 245
of Formaldehyde 245
of Formaldehyde, Assay 245
for Hemoglobin Estimation 022
Fowler's 251
of Guaiac 019
Hayem's 022
of Hydrogen Dioxide. .• 240
of Hydrogen Dioxide, Assay 247
of Hydrogen Peroxide 246
of Hypophysis 247
of Hypophysis, Assay 247
of Iodine, Alcoholic 019
of Iodine, Alcoholic (10 percent.) 018
of Iodine, Compound 247
716
INDEX
PAGE
Solution, Iodine, Gram's 624
of Iron and Ammonium Acetate.. 242
of Iron Perchloride 240
of Iron Tersulphate 244
Koppeschaar's 558
Labarraque's 253
of Lead Acetate 620
of Lead Subacetate 249
of Lead Subacetate, Assay 250
of Lead Subacetate, Diluted 250
Lieben's 618
Lugol's 247
Lugol's, Diluted 624
of Magnesium Citrate 248
of Magnesium Citrate, Assay .... 249
of Mercuric Nitrate, Assay, Elec-
trolytic 587
of Methylene Blue, Loffler's 623
of Methyl Violet 6B, AlcohoUc. . . 623
Monsel's 243
Nitric Acid 624
Obermeyer's 620
Pavy's 621
Pituitary Body 247
of Potassa 252
of Potassium Arsenite 251
of Potassium Arsenite, Assay. ... 251
of Potassium Arsenite, Compari-
son of U.S.P. IX and P.I.
Standards Ivii
of Potassium Citrate 251
of Potassium Citrate, Assay 252
of Pota.ssium Hydroxide 252
of Potassium Hydroxide, Assay. . 253
of Rosolic Acid 621
Salt, Normal 254
Salt, Physiological 254
of Soda 255
of Sodium Arsenate 254
of Sodium Arsenate, Assay 254
of Sodium Chloride, Physiological 254
of Sodium Glycerinophosphate . . . 255
of Sodium Glycerophosphate .... 255
of Sodium Glycerophosphate,
Assay 255
of Sodium Hydroxide 255
FAGB
Solution of Sodium Hydroxide, Assay 256
of Sodium Hydroxide for Sugar
Reaction 620
of Sodium Hypobromite 620
Toison's 622
for Testing 521
Volhard's 570
of Zinc Chloride 256, 618
of Zinc Chloride, Assay 257
Southern Prickly Ash Bark 489
Spanish Flies 99
Licorice 206
Translation of U. S. Pharmaco-
poeia xviii
Sparteinae Sulphas 401
Sparteine 518
Sulphate 401,518
Sulphate, Anhydrous 518
Spearmint 271
Oil 296
Spirit 409
Water 59
Special Potassium Hydroxide T.S . . 545
Specific Gravity, Apparent to True 650
Gravity, True to Apparent 650
Gravity Temperature lii
Spermaceti 107
Sperm Whale 107
Spiced Syrup of Rhubarb 433
Spiegler-JoUes' Reagent 618
Spigelia 402
Fluidextract 194
marilandica 402
Spirit of Ammonia 522
of Ammonia, Aromatic 404
of Anise 405
of Bitter Almond 405
of Camphor 406
of Camphor, Assay 406
of Chloroform 407
of Cinnamon 407
of Ether 402
of Glonoin 407
of Glyceryl Trinitrate 407
of Juniper 408
of Juniper, Compound 408
of Lavender 409
INDf:X
717
PAOB
Spirit of Lavender, Compound 459
of Mindererus 2'.n
of Nitroglj'cerin 407
of Nitrous Ether 403
of Nitrous Ether, Assay 404
of Orange, Compound 40()
of Peppermint 409
of Spearmint 409
Spirits of Turpentine 302
Spiritus yEtheris 402
iEtheris Nitrosi 403
Ammoniae Aromaticus 404
Amygdalae Amarai 405
Anisi 405
Aurantii Compositus 40G
Camphora; 406
Chloroformi 407
Cinnamomi 407
Glj'cerylis Nitratis 407
Juniperi 40<S
•Tuniperi Compositus 408
Lavandulae 409
Menthae Piperitae 409
Menthae Viridis 409
Spun Glass 534
Spurred Rye 138
SquiU 371
Assay 371, 606
Fluidextract 192
Standard G08
Syrup 434
Syrup, Compound 434, 435
Tincture 466
Vinegar 5
Stain, Arsenic, Standard 585
Ehrlich's Triacid 622
Giemsa's 622
Gram's 624
Jenner's 622
Wright's 622
Stains for Micro-organisms 623
Standard, Aconite 606
Arsenic Stain 585
Arsenic T.S 584
Cannabis 606
Digitalis 608
Fluidextract of Digitalis 608
PAGE
Standard, Fluidextract of Squill. . . 608
Squill 608
Strophanthus 608
Suprarenal Gland 609
Temperature xxxiv, xxxviii
Thermometers 610
Tincture of Squill 608
Tincture of Stroi)hanthus 608
Standards, International xxxii
Powder 6J2
Temperature xlix
of U.S. P. for Medicinal Substances xlv
Stannic Chloride 518
Stannous Chloride 518, 551
Chloride, Anhydrous 518
Chloride T.S 551
Chloride T.S., Acid 551
Chloride T.S., Saturated 551
Staphisagria 410
Fluidextract 194
Star Anise, Oil 286
Starch 49
Corn 49
Dried 142
Glycerite 204
Potato 551
T.S 551
Stavesacre 410
Fluidextract 194
Steapsin 308
Stearate, Zinc 493
Stearic Acid 23, 505
Sterilization xxxix, 616
Sterilized Distilled Water 58
SteriUzing Emulsions in Glycerin. . . 617
Emulsions in Oil 617
Glass Utensils 616
Medicinal Solutions not Easily •
Decomposed by Heat 616
Medicinal Solutions of Substances
Readily Decomposed by Heat . 616
Metal Utensils 616
Stoppers 616
Surgical Dressings 617
StiUingia 410
Fluidextract 194
sylvatica 410
718
INDEX
PAGE
Stock, Bouillon 624
Storax 417
Stramonium 411
Assay 411
Extract 161
Extract, Pilular 161
Extract, Powdered 161
Ointment 482
Tincture 467
Strength and Purity of Pharmaco-
poeial Articles xxxii
Comparative, of U.S. P. VIII and
U.S. P. IX Preparations Ixviii
Stronger Ammonia Water 53
Orange Flower Water 55
Rose Water 60
Strontii Bromidum 412
lodidum 412
Salicylas 413
Strontium 503, 518
Bromide 412,518
Bromide, Anhydrous 518
Bromide, A.ssay 412
Carbonate 518
Iodide 412, 518
Iodide, Anhydrous 518
Iodide, Assay 413
Lactate 518
Lactate, Anhydrous 518
Salicylate 413,518
Salicylate, Anhydrous 518
Salicylate, Assay 414
Sulphate 518
Strophanthin 414
Strophanthinum 414
Strophanthi tinctura P.I 4(57
Strophanthus 415
Assay 415, 606
gratus 541
hi.spidus 415
Koml)c 411,415
Standard 608
Tincture 467
Tincture, Comparison of U.S. P.
IX and P.I. Standards Iviii
Structural Formulas xxxix
Strychnina 415
PAGE
Strychninae Nitras 416
Sulphas 416
Strychnine 415, 518
Nitrate 416, 518
Sulphate 416, 518
Sulphate, Anhydrous 518
Strychni semen P.I 280
tinctura P.I 461
Strychnos CastelnaM 530
Crevauxii 530
Nux-vomica 280
Toxifera 530
Styrax 417
Benzoin 75
Subacetate, Lead, Solution 249
Lead, Solution, Diluted 250
Subcarbonate, Bismuth 80
Subchloride of Mercury 215
Subgallate, Bismuth 81
Sublimed Sulphur 420
Sulphur, Assay 421
Subnitrate, Bismuth 82
Subsalicylate, Bismuth 83
Mercuric 219
Subsulphate, Ferric Solution 243
Sucrose 363, 518
Succinic Acid 505. 552
Suet Mutton 378
Prepared 378
Sugar 142,363
Cane 518
Grape 518
Lead 328
Milk 142,363,518
Reactions 620
Sulphanihc Acid 505, 552
Acid, Anhydrous 505
Acid T.S 552
Sulphate, Aluminum and Ammo-
nium 39
Aluminum and Potassium 39
Atropine 68
Cinchonidinc 113
Cinchonine 114
Codeine 119
Copper 128
Cupric 128
1 NDKX
719
PAGE
Sulphate, Ferric, Basic, Solution .... 243
Ferric, Solution 244
Ferrous 170
Ferrous, Dried 171
Ferrous, Exsiccated 171
Ferrous, Granulated 171
Ferrous, Precipitated 171
Magnesia 265
Morphine 277
Quinine 355
Sodium 398
Sparteine 401
Strychnine 416
Zinc 494
Sulphide, Calcium, Crude 94
Sulphite, Sodium, Exsiccated 399
Sulphocarbolate, Sodiiun 395
Zinc 492
Sulphonal 418
Sulphonethylmethane 418, 518
Sulphonethylmethanum 418
Sulphonmethane 418, 518
Sulphonmethanum 418
Sulpho-Salicylic Acid 552
Sulphur 503,518
Dioxide 518
Flowers 420
Liver 330
Lotum 419
Milk 419
Ointment 482
Precipitated 419
Praecipitatum 419
Sublimed 420
Sublimatum 420
Washed 419
Sulphurated I.,inie 94
Potassa 330
Potassa, Assay 330
Sulphuric Acid 24, 505, 552
Acid, Aromatic 24
Acid, Assay 24
Acid, Diluted 25
Acid, Fuming 552
Acid, Purified for tests 552
Acid Table 640
Acid V.S., Fiftieth-Normal 578
PAGE
Sulphuric Acid V.S., Half-Normal . . 576
Acid V.S., Normal 575
Acid V.S., Tenth-Normal 577
Sulphurous Acid . 505, 553
Acid Fuchsin T.S 534
Sumatra Benzoin 75
Sumbul 421
Extract 162
Fluidextract 195
Supplement to U.S. P. IX xxxiii
Suppositoria 422
Glycerini 424
Supi)ositories of Glycerin 424
of Glycerinated Gelatin 423
of Hydrated Chloral 422
of Oil of Theobroma 422
of Phenol 422
Rectal 423
Type process 422
Urethral 423
Vaginal 423
Suprarenal Gland, Assay 60S
Gland, Standard 609
Suprarenals, Dried 424
Suprarenalum Siccum 424
Surgical Dressings, Sterilizing 617
Surinam Quassia 349
Sus scrofa 30, 308, 312
Sweet Almond 47
Almond Oil 286
Birch Oil 272
Orange Oil 287
Orange Peel 69
Orange Peel Tincture 447
Spirit of Nitre 403
Synonyms for U.S. P. IX. . xxxii, x.\xviii
Synthetic Methyl Salicylate 272
Syrup 425
of .\cacia 426
of Calcium Lactophosphate 428
of Citric Acid 420
of Ferrous Iodide 429
of Ferrous Iodide, Assay 429
of Ferrous Iodide, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards. Iviii
of Ginger 436
Hive 434
'20
INDEX
^PAGE
Syrup of Hydriodic Acid 427
of Hydriodic Acid, Assaj' 427
of Hj'pophosphites 430
of Ipecac 430
of Lactucarium 431
of Orange 427
of Orange Flowers 428
of Rhubarb 433
of Rhubarb, Aromatic 433
of Rhubarb, Spiced 433
of Sarsaparilla, Compound 434
of Senega 435
of Senna 435
Simple 425
of Squill 434
of Squill, Compound 434
of Tar 431
of Tolu 436
of Wild Cherry 432
Syrupus 425
Acacise 426
AcidiCitrici 426
Acidi Hydriodici 427
Aurantii 427
Aurantii Florum 428
Calcii Lactophosphatis 428
Ferri lodidi 429
Hypophosphitum 430
Ipecacuanhae 430
Lactucarii 431
Picis Liquidse 431
Pruni Virginianse 432
Rhei 433
Rhei Aromaticus 433
Sarsaparillae Compositus 434
Scillae. 434
Scillae Compositus 434
Senegae 435
Sennae 435
Tolutanus 436
Zingiberis 436
Syrupy Glucose 202
Table, Acetic Acid 639
Alcoholic Content in Prepara-
tions 593
Alcoholonietric 633
PAGE
Table, Alcoholometric, Temperature
Corrections 636
Ammonia 649
for Cahbration of Glass Measur-
ing Apparatus 653
for Cahbration of Pycnometers . 652
for Converting Metric Quantities
in Pharmaceutical Processes to
Quantities in Apothecaries
Measure 66 1
for Converting Metric Quantities
in Pharmaceutical Processes to
Quantities in Apothecaries
Weights 662
for Converting Metric Quanti-
ties in Pharmaceutical Processes
to Quantities in the Avoirdupois
System 660
for Reduction of Apparent to True
Specific Gravity 650
for Reduction of Apparent Weight
in Air to Weight in Vacuum. . . 651
Hydrochloric Acid 642
Metric Equivalents 654
Nitric Acid 643
Showing Comparative Strengths
of U.S.P. VIII and U.S.P. IX Ixviii
Sulphuric Acid 646
Temperature Corrections for Alco-
holometric Table 636
Thermometric Equivalents 628
Weight and Volume Relations . . . 658
Tables, Acid and Alkali 638
of U.S.P. IX xlvii
Tablespoonf ul li
Tablets, Bichloride 470
of Corrosive Mercuric Chloride . . 470
of Corrosive Subhmate 470
Talc, Purified 437
Talcum Purificatum 437
Tallow 23
Tannate, Quinine 356
Tannic Acid 26, 505
Acid, Glycerite 204
Acid, Ointment 476
AcidT.S 553
Acid, Troches , 473
INDKX
721
PAGE
Taiiiiiii 26
Glyccritc 204
Tantalum 503, 518
Tar 327
Juniper, Oil 2S8
Oil, Rectified 298
Ointment 482
Pine 327
Syrup 431
Taraxacum 438
Extract 163
riuidcxtract 195
officinale 438
Tartar, Cream of 332
Emetic 50
Salt of 334
Tartaric Acid 27, 505
Acid, Assay 27
AcidT.S 553
Tartrate, Antimony and Potassium . 50
Potassium and Sodium 337
Tartrated Antimony 50
Teabcrry, Oil 272
Teaspoonf ul '. li
TeelOil. 301
Tellurium 503, 518
Temperature Corrections for Alco-
holometric Table 636
for Specific Gravity lii
Standard xxxiv, xxxviii, xlix
Terbium 503, 518
Terebene 438,518
Terebenum 438
Terpin Hydrate 439, 518
Terpini Hydras 439
Terra Silicea Purificata 439
Tersulphate, Iron, Solution 244
Test, Arsenic 584
Arsenic, Bettendorf 's 586
Gerhardt's 619
Heavy Metals 586
Heavy Metals in Volatile Oils. . . 586
Lange's 618
Legal's 618
Paper, Congo Red 621
Paper, Lead Acetate 536
Salkowski 618
51
FAGB
Test Solution, Albumen 522
Ammonia 522
Ammonium Carl)onate 522
Ammonium Cliloride 622
Anunonium Molylxlate 522
Ammonium Oxalate 523
Ammonium Polysuljiliide 523
Anunonium Sulphide 523
Aniline Sulphate 524
Arsenic Acid, Concentrated . . . 524
Arsenic Standard 584
Azohtmin 579
Barium Cliloride 526
Barium Hydroxide 526
Barium Nitrate 527
Bromine 527
Cadmium Chloride 528
Calcium Chloride 628
jCalcium Hydroxide 628
Calcium Sulphate 528
Chlorine 629
Cobaltous Chloride 630
Cochineal 579
Congo Red 580
Cupric Acetate 530
Cupric Ammonium Sulphate . . 530
Cupric Sulphate 530
Cupric Tartrate 530
Diphenj'lamine 531
Ferric Ammonium Sulphate . . . 532
Ferric Chloride 532
Ferrous Sulphate 532
Ferrous Sulphate, Acid 532
Fuchsin-Sulphurous Acid 534
Gelatin 534
Gold Chloride 534
Gold Chloride, Diluted 534
Hematoxylin 580
Hydrated Chloral 534
Hydrogen Suli)hide 535
Indigo Carmine 535
lodeosin 580
Iodine 535
lodo-bromide 536
Lead Acetate 536
Lead Acetate, Alcoholic 536
Lead Acetate, Basic . .' 536
■22
INDEX
PAGE
Test Solution, Litmus 581
Magnesia Mixture 537
Magnesium Sulphate 537
Manganese Sulphate 537
Mercuric Bromide 637
Mercuric Bromide, Alcoholic . . 538
Mercuric Chloride 538
Mercuric Nitrate 538
Mercuric Potassium Iodide.. . . 538
Mercurous Nitrate 538
Methyl Orange 581
Methyl Red 582
Naphthylamine Alpha Hydro-
chloride 539
O.xahc Acid 541
Palladous Chloride 541
Phenoldisulphonic Acid 542
Phenolphthalein 582
Phloroglucinol 543
Picric Acid 553
Platinic Chloride 543
Potassium Carbonate 544
Potassium Chromate 544
Potassium Bichromate 544
Potassium Ferri cyanide 545
Potassium Ferrocyanide 545
Potassium Hydroxide 545
Potassium Hydroxide, Alco-
holic 545
Potassium Hydroxide, Sjjecial . . 545
Potassium Iodide 545
Potassium Permanganate 545
Potassium Sulphate 546
Potassium Sulphocyanate 546
Pyrogallol, Alkaline 546
Resorcinol 546
Rosolic Acid 582
Silver Ammonium Nitrate .... 546
Silver Nitrate 547
Silver Sulphate 547
Sodium Acetate 547
Sodium Bisulphite 547
Sodium Bitartrate 648
Sodium Carbonate 548
Sodium Cobaltic Nitrite 549
Sodium Cyanide 649
Sodium Hydroxide 649
Test .Solution, Sodium Hypobromite 54'.)
Sodium Nitropru.sside 549
Sodium Phosphate 550
Sodium Phosphotungstate 650
Sodium Sulphide 550
Sodium Tartrate 550
Sodium Thiosulphate 551
Stannous Chloride 651
Stannous Chloride, Acid 651
Stannous Chloride, Saturated . . 55 1
Starch 551
Sulphanihc Acid 652
Tannic Acid 653
Tartaric Acid 653
Trinitrophenol 653
Test Solutions 621
Tests, Chemical xlviii, 618
General xviii, xxxvii, 584
Tenth-Normal Barium Hydroxide
V.S 558
Bromine V.S 558
Hydrochloric Acid V.S 621
Iodine V.S 661
Oxalic Acid- V.S 662
Potassium Bichromate V.S 662
Potassium Hj-droxide V.S 565
Potassium Permanganate V.S . . . 568
Potassium Sulphocyanate V.S. . . 570
Silver Nitrate V.S 671
Sodium Chloride V.S 573
Sodium Thiosulphate V.S 574
Sulphuric Acid V.S 577
V.S 556
Tetanus Antitoxin 377
Antitoxin, Concentrated 377
Antitoxin, Dried 378
Antitoxic Globulins 377
Tetraboric Acid 605
Tctraiodofluorescein 611, 518, 580
Tetraiodopyrrol 511, 518
Tetra - methyl - mono - iiitro - thio-
nin-chloridc 539
Tetramethylthionine Chloride . 273, 518
Texas Snakeroot • . . . 374
ThalUum 603,518
Thea sinensis 85, 441
Theine 85
INDKX
723
PAGE
Theohroma Cat-ao .... . . ;i04
Oil 304
Theobromina> Sodio-Salicyhis 440
Tlieol)roniine 441, 518
Sodio-Salinylatc 440
Soclio-Salicylak', Assay 440
Sodium 440
Theophyllina 441
Theophylline 441,518
Thermometer, Auxiliary (HI
Thermometers, Standard 010
Thermometric Equivalents 628
Thiosinamine 505, 518
Thiosulpliate, Sodium 400
Third Revision, U.S. PharinacopoMa xi
Thorium 5015,518
Thulium 503, 518
Thyme Oil 304
Thymol 441,518
Iodide 442,510,519
Iodide, Assay 442
Thymolis lodidum 442
Thymus vulgaris 304, 441
Thyroideum Siccum 443
Thyroid Glands, Desiccated 443
Thyroids, Dried 443
Time Limitations and Tolerances . . xlvi
Tin 503, 519, 553
Tinctura Aconiti 445
Aloes 446
Arnicae 446
Asafoetidse 447
Aurantii Amari 447
Aurantii Dulcis 447
Belladonnae Foliorum 448
Benzoini 448
Benzoini Composita 448
Calumbsp . ■ 449
Cannabis 449
Cannabis Indica', U.S.P. VIII. . . 449
Cantharidis 450
Capsici 450
Cardamomi 450
Cardamom i Composita 451
Cinchona^ 451
Cinchona' Cemposita 452
Cinnamomi 452
p\at
Tinctura Colchici Scminis 453
Digitalis 453
Ferri Chloritli 454
(laml)ir Composita 455
(rclscmii 455
(rontiana' ('oiuposita 455
(Jiiaiaci 456
Cruaiaci .\miuoniata 456
Hydrastis 456
Ilyoscyami 457
lodi 457
Kino 458
Lactucarii 458
Lavandula' Composita 459
Limonis Corticis 460
I Loi)clia! 460
Moschi 460
Myrrha' 4()1
Nueis Vomica' 461
Opii 462
Opii Camphorata 462
Opii Deodorati 463
Physostigmatis 404
Pyrethri 464
Quassia; 405
Rhei 465
Rhei Aromatica 465
Sanguinaria; 466
Scilla- 466
Stramonii 467
Strophanthi 467
Tolutana 468
ValerianiB 468
Valeriana; Ammoniata 469
Veratri Viridis 469
Zingiberis 469
Tinctura" 444
Tincture of Aconite 445
of Aconite, Assay 445
of Aloes 446
of Arnica 446
of .\safetida 447
of Belladonna Leaves 448
of iiclladonna Leaves, As.say. . . . 418
of Benzoin 448
of Benzoin, C'ompound 448
of Bitter Orange Peel 447
724
INDEX
PAGE
Tincture of Bloodroot 466
of Calabar Bean 464
of Calumba 449
of Cannabis 449
of Cannabis, Assay 449
of Cantharides 450
Cantharides, Comparison of U.H.P
IX and P.I. Standards Iviii
of Capsicum 4.50
of Cardamom 450
of Cardamom, Compound 451
of Cinchona 451
of Cinchona, Assay 451
of Cinchona, Compound 452
of Cinnamon 452
of Colchicum Seed 453
of Colchicum Seed, Assay 453
of Deodorized Opium 463
of Digitalis 453
of Digitalis, Assay 453
of Digitalis Standard 608
of Ferric Chloride 454
of Ferric Chloride, Assay 454
of Gambir, Compound 455
of Gelsemium 455
of Gentian, Compound 455
of Ginger 469
of Golden Seal 456
of Green Soap 235
of Guaiac 456
of Guaiac, Ammoniated 456
of Henbane 457
of Hydrastis 456
of Hydrastis, Assay 456
of Hyoscyamus 457
of Hyoscyamus, Assay 457
of Iodine 457
of Iodine, Assay 45S
Iodine, Comparison of IT.S.P. IX
and P.I. Standards Iviii
of Jamaica Ginger 469
of Kino 458
of Lactucarium 458
of Lavender, Compoimd 459
of Lemon Peel. 460
of Lobelia 460
PAGE
Tincture Lobelia, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards. Iviii
of Musk 460
of Myrrh 461
of Nux Vomica 461
of Nux Vomica, Assay 461
of Opium 462
of Opium, Assay 462
of Opium, Camphorated 462
of Opium, Deodorized 463
of Pale Catechu, Compound 455
of Pellitory 464
of Physostigma 464
of Physostigma, Assay . 464
of Pj'rethrum 464
of Quassia 465
of Rhubarb 465
of Rhubarb, Aromatic 465
of Tolu . . . 468
Turmeric 583
of Sanguinaria 466
of Squill 466
of Squill Standard. 608
of Stramonium 467
of Stramonium, Assay 467
of Strophanthus 467
of Strophanthus, Assay 468
Strophanthus, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards. Iviii
of Strophanthus, Standard 608
of Sweet Orange Peel 447
of Valerian 468
of Valerian, Ammoniated 469
of Veratrum Viride 469
Tinctures 444
of Potent Drugs 444
Process, Modification for Assayed
Tinctures 444
Type Process M 445
Type Process P 444
Titanium 503, 519
Titles, English, Changes Ixvii
Latin, Changes Ixvi
Tobacco, Indian 259
Toison's Solution 622
'^I'oleraiices and Limitations xlvi
Tolu Balsam 71
INDKX
725
PAOE
Tolu Syrup 436
Tincture 468
Toluene 619,553
Toluifera Pareirae 70
Toluol 519,553
Tonquin Musk 277
Toxitabellip Hj'drargjri Chloridi
Corrosivi 470
Tragacanth 470
Mucilage 278
Tragacantha 470
Translation of U. S. Pharmacopoeia,
Eighth xviii
Triacid Stain, Ehrlich's 621
Triainido-tliphcnyl-carhinol 533
Triami(lo-diphenyl-toIyl-carl)in()l . . . 533
Trichloracetic Acid 2S, 505
Acid, Assay 28
Trichloraldehydo 107
Trihydric Alcohol 203
Trihydroxybenzene 348
Triiodomethane 228
Trimethyl - benzoyl - oxy - piperi-
dine Hydrochloride 77
Trinitrophenol 471, 519
Saturated Aqueous Solution 618
T.S 553
Trional 418
Trioxide, Arsenic 04
Chromium 110
Trioxymethylene 310, 514, 519
Trit icum 472
1'luide.xtract 195
Tritiu-atio Elaterini 473
Triturationes 473
Trituration of Elaterin 473
Triturations 473
Troches of Ammonium Chlori<le . . . 474
of Cubeb 474
of Potassium Chlorate 474
of Sodium Bicarbonate 475
of Tannic Acid 473
Trochisci Acidi Tannici 473
Ammonii Chloridi 474
Cubeba> 474
Potassii Chloratis 474
Sodii Bicarbonatis 475
Tropaeolin D 581
PAOE
True Specific Gravity to Apparent . 650
Trustees, Board (1910-1920) xli
Trypsin 308
Tul)ercle Bacilli Iteagents 623
Tungsten . 503, 519
Tungstic Acid 505
Turkish Licorice 206
Turmeric Paper 583
Tincture 583
Turpentine, Canada 528
Liniment 235
Oil 302
Oil, Emulsion 138
Oil, Oxygenated 619
Oil, Rectified 303
Spirits 302
Type Formulas xxxvii
Process A, Fluidextracts . . . 173, 174
Process B, Fluidextracts. . 173, 175
Process C, Iluidextracts . . , . 173, 175
Process D, Fluidextracts. . . . 173, 176
Process, Aromatic Waters 60
Process, Infusions 226
Process M, Tinctures 445
Process P, Tinctures 444
Process, Percolation 613
Process, Suppositories 422
Process, Triturates 473
Processes xxxvii
Two - Hundredth - Normal Sodium
Thiosulphate V.S 575
Ulmus 475
fulva 475
Unguentum 476
Acidi Borici 476
Acidi Tannici 476
Aquie Rosa? 477
Belladonnae 477
Chrysarobini 478
Diachylon 478
Galhe 478
Hydrargyri 478
Hydrargyri Anunoniati 479
Hydrargyri Dilutum 479
Hj'drargyri Oxidi Flavi 480
Hydrargyri Nitratis 480
lodi 4S1
•26
INDEX
PAGE
Unguentum lodoformi 481
Phenolis 481
Picis LiquidiE 482
Stramonii 482
Sulphuris 482
Zinci Oxidi 483
Units of Capacity' for \'.S 555
Uranii Nitras 483
Uranium 503, 519
Nitrate 483, 519
Nitrate, Anhydrous 519
Nitrate, Assay 483
Uranyl Nitrate 483, 519
Urea and Quinine Chloride 351
and Quinine Hj'drochloride 351
Estimation 620
Urethral Suppositories 423
Urginea maritima 371
Urine Examination, Reagents 618
Uroliilin 618
Urobilinogen 619
U. S. Pharmacopoeia, First Revision vii
U. S. Pharmacopoeia, Second Revi-
sion ix
U.S. Pharmacopoeia, Third Revision xi
U. S. Pharmacopoeia, Fourth Revi-
sion xii
U.S. Pharmaoopciiia, P^ifth Revision xii
U. S. Pharmacopana, Sixth Revision xiii
U. S. Pharmacopcjeia, Seventh Revi-
sion XV
U. S. Pharmacopoeia, Eighth Revi-
sion xvi
Uva Ursi 484
Ursi, Fluidextract 195
Vaccine, Jennerian 487
Smallpox 487
Virus 487
Virus, Glycerinated 487
Vaginal Supi)ositories 423
Valerate, Ammonium 47
Zinc 495
Valerian 484
Tincture 468
Tincture, Ammoniated 469
Valeriana 484
ofiicinalis 484
Valerianate, Zinc 495
Valerianic Acid 505
Valeric Acid 505
Vallet's Mass 267
Vanadium 503, 519
Vanillin 485,519
Vanillinum 485
Vegetable Drugs xlvii
Veratria 486
Veratrina 486
Veratrine 486
Veratrum Viride 486
Viride, Fluidextract 196
Viride, Tincture 469
Ve.sicating Collodion 121
Viburnum 487
Lentago 487
Prunifolium 487
Prunifolium Extract 164
Prunifolium, Extract, Powdered.. 163
Prunifolium, Fluidextract 196
Vinegar of Squill 5
Virginia Snakeroot 374
Virus Vaccine 487
Vaccinicum 487
Viscosity of Liquid Petrolatum .... 315
Volatile Extractive, Soluble in Ether,
Determination of 591
Liniment 232
Oils, Heavy Metals Test 586
Oil of Mu.stard 302
Volhard's Solution 570
Volume and Weight Equivalents. . . lii
and Weight Relations, Table. . . . 658
Volumes, Metric Equivalents 655
V.S. Alkaline Cupric Tartrate 557
Double-Normal 556
Double-Normal Sodium Hydrox-
ide 573
Empirical 556
Fiftieth-Normal 556
Fiftieth-Normal Pota-ssiiun Hy-
droxide 566
Fiftieth-Normal Suli)iiuric Arid . . 578
Half-Normal 556
Half-Normal Alcoholic Pot:ussium
Hydroxide 567
Half-Normal Hvdrochloric Acid 560
INDEX
PACK
V.S. Half-Normnl rotassiuni Hy-
droxide ,')().')
EliUf-Nomial Sulplniric Acid 570
.HundiTdth-Normid 55()
IIuiulnvKli - Xorinal Potassium
Hydroxide .OliC)
Huudredth-Norinal Silver Nitra((^ AT'J
Iodine, Teiifli-Norinal f)!)!
Nornial .OoO
Normal Hydrochlorie Aeid GoO
Normal Potassium Hydroxide... 5(53
Normal Sodium Hydroxide 571^
Normal Sulphuric Acid 57")
Pota.ssium Permanganate, Tenth-
Normal 568
Tenth-Xormal 556
Tenth-Normal Barium Hydroxide 558
Tenth-Normal liromine 55S
Tenth-Normal Hydrochloric Aeid ()21
Tenth-Normal Oxalic Acid 5()2
Tenth-Normal Pota.ssium Dichro-
mate 5()2
Tenth-Normal Potassium Hy-
droxide 565
Tenth-Normal Potassium Sul-
phocyanate 570
Tenth-Normal Silver Nitrate. . . . 571
Tenth-Normal Sodium Chloride. . 573
Tenth-Normal Sodium Thiosul-
phate 574
Tenth-Normal Sulphuric Acid. . . 577
Two-Hundredth-Normal Sodium
Thiosulphate 575
units of capacity 553
Volumetric Solutions 521, 555
Vouacapoua Araroba 110
Washed Sulphur 411)
Sulphur, Assay 419
Water 52,519
Ammonia 53
Ammonia, Stronger 53
Anise 54
Bitter Almond 54
Bitter Almond, Comparison of
U.S.P. IX and P.I. Standards. liv
Bromine 527
Camphor 55
Water, Cherry I,aurel, P.I. Standard liv
Chlorine 529
Chloroform 56
Cinnamon 56
Creosote 57
Distilled 57
Distilled, Sterilized 58
Pennel 58
Hamamelis 58
Lead 250
i.iime 239
Orange Flower 55
Orange Flower, Stronger 55
Peppermint 59
Phenol, Comparison of U.S.P. IX
and P.I. Standards Ivii
Rose 60
Rose, Ointment 477
Rose, Stronger 60
Spearmint 59
Witch Hazel 58
Waters, Aromatic 60
Wax, White 104
Yellow 104
Weed, Jamestown 411
Jinison 411
.Weight and Volume Equivalents. . . lii
and Volume Relations, Table. . . . 658
in Air to Weight in \'acuum 651
Weights and Measures xxxiii, xlix
and Measures, Equivalents lii
Atomic xxxiii, x.xxvii, 503, 504
Atomic ami Molecular, Multiples 520
Metric E(iuivalcnts 654
Molecular 504
Whale, Sperm 107
\Vhite Arsenic 64
Castile Soap 366
Mustard 379
Petrolatum 314
Petroleum Jelly 314
Precipitate 220
Precipitate Ointment 479
Wax 104
Wild Black Cherry Bark 342
Chamomile 269
Cherry 342
Cherry, Syrup 432
728
INDEX
Wine of Antimony, P.I. Standard. . Iviii
Lees 27
Wintergrcen, Oil 272
Witch Hazel, Distilled Extract 58
Hazel Water 58
Wood, Bitter 349
Charcoal 101
Wool Fat 31
Fat, Anhydrou.s 32
Glass 534
Wormseed, American, Oil 290
Wright's Stain . 622
Xanthoxylum 488
Americanum 488
Clava-Herculis 488
Fluidextract 196
Xenon 503,519
Xylene 519, 553
Xylol 519,553
Yeast 553
Yellow, Butter 530
Cinchona 112
Eosin 531
Gentian Root 201
Iodide of Mercury 216
Jasmine Root 201
Jessamine 201
Mercuric Oxide 217
Mercuric Oxide, Assay 217
Mercuric Oxide, Ointment 480
Mercurous Iodide 216
Mercurous Iodide, Assay 216
Mercurous Iodide Assay, Electro-
lytic 587
Mustard 379
Peruvian Bark 112
Wax 104
Yerba Santa ., 139
Santa, Fluidextract 183
Ytterbium 503, 519
Yttrium 503,519
Zea Mays 49
Zeiss Butyro Ref ractometer 604
Immersion Refractometer 604
Zinc 495, 503, 519, 553
PAGE
Zinc Assay 496
Assay, Electrolytic 587
Acetate 489,519
Acetate, Anhydrous 519
Acetate, Assay 490
Acetate, Mixture 619
Bromide 519
Carbonate, Normal 519
Carbonate, Precipitated 490
Chloride 491,519
Chloride, Assay 491
Chloride, Solution 256, 618
Dust 554
for Arsenic Test 553
Iodide 519
Ointment 483
Oxide 492,519,554
Oxide, Assay 492
Oxide Ointment 483
Perborate, Anhydrous 519
Phenolsulphonate 492, 519
Phenolsulphonate, Anhydrous 519
Phenolsulphonate, Assay 493
Phosphide.... 519
Powdered 554
Stearate 494
Stearate, Assay 494
Sulphate 494,519
Sulphate, Anhydrous 519
Sulphate, A.ssay 494
Sulphide 519
Sulphocarbolate 492, 519
Valerate 495, 519
Valerate, As.say 495
Valerianate 495, 519
Zinci Acetas 489
Carbonas PriL'«'ij)itatus 490
Chloridum 491
Oxidum 492
Phcnolsulphonas 492
Stearas 493
Sulphas 494
Valeras 495
Zincum 495
Zingiber 496
officinale 496
Zirconium 503, 519
r
I
RS The Pharmacopeia of the
1/^1 United SV;tes of America
P5
1916
Biological
Sc Medical
S<t rials
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